Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for uplink multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding in full-duplex systems

Abstract

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and computer program products for indicating a leakage matrix for UL MIMO precoding are described. A method may include receiving a set of ZP resources for FD leakage measurements and performing leakage measurements. If codebook-based UL transmission is configured, the method may include sending a LMI indicating the FD leakage information set, receiving first and second TPMIs, determining one of the TPMIs to use for UL transmission and applying a selected precoder (e.g., the first or second TPMI) and / or sending the UL transmission on scheduled resources. If non-codebook-based UL transmission is configured, the method may include sending an indication of a subset of SRS ports that cause a highest leakage, receiving first and second SRIs, determining one of the SRIs to use for UL transmission and sending the UL transmission using the indicated SRS ports on the scheduled resources.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR UPLINK MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT (MIMO) PRECODING IN FULL-DUPLEX SYSTEMS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63 / 615,444 filed December 28, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIELD

[0002] Example embodiments described in the present disclosure are generally directed to the fields of communications, software and encoding, including, for example, to methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems related to uplink (UL) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) precoding, for example, in full-duplex or similar systems. BACKGROUND

[0003] A full-duplex transceiver may have both receive (RX) and transmit (TX) functions operating at the same time. In full-duplex systems, the frequency and time resources used for transmission and reception may have no overlap, partial overlap, or full overlap. SUMMARY

[0004] Some embodiments may be directed to a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), which may include circuitry, including any of a processor, memory, transmitter and / or receiver. The WTRU may be configured to receive configuration information indicating a set of zero power (ZP) resources for full duplex (FD) leakage measurements, and to perform leakage measurements on at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from transmit antenna ports on receive antennas of the WTRU, where the results of the leakage measurements form a full duplex (FD) leakage information set.

[0005] In an embodiment, on condition that the WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink transmission, the WTRU may be configured to send a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) indicating the FD leakage information set, receive a first transmit precoding matrix indicator (TPMI) and a second TPMI in downlink control information (DCI), determine one of the first TPMI and the second TPMI to use for an UL transmission and, based on the determined TPMI, apply a selected precoder (e.g., the first TPMI or the second TPMI) and send the UL transmission(e.g., a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission) on resources scheduled by the DCI.

[0006] In an embodiment, on condition that the WTRU is configured with non-codebook-based uplink transmission, the WTRU may be configured to send an indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage, receive a first SRS resource indicator (SRI) and a second SRI in downlink control information (DCI), determine one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use for an UL transmission and, based on the determined SRI, send the UL transmission using the indicated SRS ports on resources scheduled by the DCI.

[0007] In an embodiment, the indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage is indicated by a dedicated uplink resource associated with a configured SRS transmission.

[0008] In an embodiment, the first SRI is without consideration of the SRI reported by the WTRU, and the second SRI is with consideration of the SRI reported by the WTRU.

[0009] In an embodiment, the one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use is determined based on one or more conditions, wherein the one or more conditions comprise any of: whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available, and whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

[0010] In an embodiment, the leakage measurements are performed on the at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from all transmit antenna ports on all receive antennas of the WTRU.

[0011] In an embodiment, to receive the configuration information, the circuitry is configured to determine information related to the time and frequency location of ZP resources from a configured or scheduled transmission.

[0012] In an embodiment, the full duplex (FD) leakage information set is represented as a leakage matrix.

[0013] In an embodiment, the first TPMI is without consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU and the second TPMI is with consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU.

[0014] In an embodiment, the one of the first and the second TPMI to use is determined based on one or more conditions, wherein the one or more conditions comprise any of: whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available, and whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

[0015] Some embodiments may be directed to a method implemented in a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU). The method may include receiving configuration information indicating a set of zero power (ZP) resources for full duplex (FD) leakage measurements, andperforming leakage measurements on at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from transmit antenna ports on receive antennas to form a full duplex (FD) leakage information set.

[0016] In an embodiment, on condition that the WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink transmission, the method may include sending a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) indicating the FD leakage information set, receiving a first transmit precoding matrix indicator (TPMI) and a second TPMI in downlink control information (DCI), determining one of the first TPMI and the second TPMI to use for an UL transmission and, based on the determined TPMI, applying a selected precoder (e.g., the first or second TPMI) and sending the UL transmission (e.g., PUSCH or PUCCH transmission) on resources scheduled by the DCI.

[0017] In an embodiment, on condition that the WTRU is configured with non-codebook-based uplink transmission, the method may include sending an indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage, receiving a first SRS resource indicator (SRI) and a second SRI in downlink control information (DCI), determining one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use for an UL transmission and, based on the determined SRI, sending the UL transmission (e.g., a PUSCH or PUCCH transmission) using the indicated SRS ports on resources scheduled by the DCI. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] A more detailed understanding may be had from the detailed description below, given by way of example in conjunction with drawings appended hereto. Figures in such drawings, like the detailed description, are examples. As such, the Figures (FIGs.) and the detailed description are not to be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Furthermore, like reference numerals ("ref.") in the FIGs. indicate like elements, and wherein:

[0019] FIG.1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system;

[0020] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A;

[0021] FIG.1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A;

[0022] FIG.1D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A;

[0023] FIG.2 illustrates an example architecture of a full duplex (FD) transceiver;

[0024] FIG.3 illustrates an example architecture of a MIMO-based FD transceiver;

[0025] FIG.4 an example flow diagram of a method, according to an embodiment;

[0026] FIG.5 an example flow diagram of a method, according to an embodiment; and

[0027] FIG.6 an example flow diagram of a method, according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and / or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and / or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and / or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof.

[0029] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0030] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single- carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0031] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a core network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d, or any other WTRU mentioned or described herein, may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0032] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0033] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may providecoverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0034] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0035] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0036] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0037] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0038] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0039] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0040] The base station 114b in FIG.1A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG.1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0041] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG.1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

[0042] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may includecircuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0043] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG.1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0044] FIG.1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG.1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other elements / peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0045] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG.1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip.

[0046] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, inan embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0047] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG.1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0048] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0049] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read- only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0050] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0051] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0052] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0053] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0054] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0055] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0056] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG.1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0057] The CN 106 shown in FIG.1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0058] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0059] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0060] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0061] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditionalland-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0062] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0063] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0064] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0065] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0066] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0067] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[0068] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n, and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support meter type control / machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0069] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, forexample, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0070] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0071] FIG.1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0072] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0073] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0074] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standaloneconfiguration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0075] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG.1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0076] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0077] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access,services for MTC access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as Wi- Fi.

[0078] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0079] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi- homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0080] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0081] In view of FIGs.1A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs.1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other element(s) / device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements / devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0082] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0083] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0084] Embodiments disclosed herein are representative and do not limit the applicability of the apparatus, procedures, functions and / or methods to any particular wireless technology, any particular communication technology and / or other technologies. The term network in this disclosure may generally refer to one or more base stations or gNBs or other network entity which in turn may be associated with one or more Transmission / Reception Points (TRPs), or to any other node in the radio access network.

[0085] It is noted that, throughout example embodiments described herein, the terms “serving base station”, “base station”, “gNB”, collectively “gNB” may be used interchangeably to designate any network element such as, e.g., a network element acting as a serving base station. Embodiments described herein are not limited to gNBs and are applicable to any other type of base stations.

[0086] FIG. 2 illustrates an example architecture of a full duplex (FD) transceiver. In a full- duplex transceiver, both receive (RX) and transmit (TX) functions can operate at the same time. In general, the frequency and time resources used for transmission and reception may have no, or partial or full overlap. In any case, it is expected that the front-end duplexer / circulator function provides sufficient isolation between the transmitted and received signals. However, this may not be always achieved, and counter measures are needed to address the issue. In NR Rel-18, full-duplex operation with non-overlapping frequency resources for downlink / uplink transmission are studied.

[0087] The main issue in a full-duplex system is the leakage factor, which results from insufficient isolation between the TX and RX units. FIG.3 illustrates an example architecture of a MIMO-based FD transceiver. In a MIMO-based FD transceiver, the leakage factor varies between different TX and RX antenna ports, i.e., on a port-by-port basis. The leakage factor between any pair of ports can vary according to various implementation issues, for example, their relative polarization, relative placements, and / or distance, etc. Further, the leakage factor may also be impacted by other issues, such as transmit power level, user hand-gripping, etc. As shown in FIG.3, in a MIMO-based FD transceiver, the leakage between the TX and RX functions can be represented by a matrix, e.g., HL_a.

[0088] In a non-FD uplink MIMO transmission, a WTRU can determine and apply precoding in one of codebook-based or non-codebook-based modes. In the case of codebook-based uplink MIMO, the determination of the precoder, W, relies on an sounding reference signal (SRS) transmission, by which a gNB can determine and indicate the best precoder to the WTRU based on the observed channel H. Alternatively, in the case of non-codebook-based uplink MIMO, the WTRU determines the uplink precoder, W, according to the estimated uplink channel HTbased on the received downlink channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). In either case (e.g., codebook- or non-codebook-based modes), the main driver of determination of uplink MIMO precoder W is the uplink channel.

[0089] For an FD-based uplink MIMO transmission, at least the following issues are addressed by example embodiments discussed herein: indication of the leakage matrix for UL MIMO precoding, procedure for leakage measurement for UL MIMO precoding, and trigger mechanisms and conditions for leakage measurement and reporting. While example embodiments discussed herein may be presented with respect to an FD-based uplink MIMO transmission, example embodiments may be equally applicable for other modes of transmission, e.g., downlink, etc.

[0090] In an FD-based uplink MIMO transmission, due to the presence of signal leakage between the transmitter and receiver units, besides the uplink channel H, determination of the MIMO precoder may also consider the FD interference represented by HL. In other words, it is desirable that the uplink precoder be jointly determined based on maximizing an uplink performance metric (e.g., SNR, capacity, etc. at the gNB side) and / or based on minimizing the leakage at the WTRU receiver side.

[0091] As will be discussed in more detail in the following, certain embodiments may include a method of indication of leakage matrix for UL MIMO precoding, for example, in a FD or similarsystem. In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with a set of zero power (ZP) resources for FD leakage measurements. Alternatively, in an embodiment, a WTRU may determine some or all of information related to the time / frequency location of ZP resources from a configured or scheduled transmission, such as from a configuration for a SRS transmission. For example, a WTRU may determine the resources for leakage measurement from a configured SRS transmission. In an embodiment, a WTRU may perform leakage measurement on ZP resources that are originated from the transmit antenna ports (e.g., all transmit antenna ports or a subset of transmit antenna ports) on the receive antennas (e.g., all receive antennas or a subset of receive antennas) to form or produce a FD leakage information set which may be represented as a matrix, e.g., leakage matrix.

[0092] According to an embodiment, for example when a WTRU is configured with codebook- based uplink transmission, e.g., txConfig=‘codebook’, a WTRU may report a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) representing the FD interference matrix. For example, a WTRU may report the leakage matrix on the basis of reporting of column-by-column, row-by-row, element-by-element, etc. A WTRU may receive a first and a second transmit precoding matrix indicators (TPMIs) in an uplink scheduling downlink control information (DCI), where the first indicated TPMI is without consideration of the reported LMI by WTRU, and the second indicated TPMI is with consideration of the reported LMI by WTRU. A WTRU may use one of the indicated TPMI based on one or more of the conditions, for example, based on one or more of the following: (a) whether there is a simultaneous DL scheduling, for example, a WTRU may use the first TPMI when there is not a simultaneous DL reception, and / or (b) whether there is a simultaneous DL measurement event, for example, a WTRU may use the first TPMI when there is not a simultaneous DL reception. Based on the determined TPMI, WTRU applies an identified or selected precoder (e.g., to the transmission or signal) and transmits the PUSCH (transmission) on the scheduled resources.

[0093] In an embodiment, for example when a WTRU is configured with non-codebook-based uplink transmission, e.g., txConfig=‘nonCodebook’, a WTRU may report a subset of SRS ports that cause the highest leakage. The information may be indicated by a dedicated uplink resource that may be associated with the configured SRS transmission. A WTRU may receive a first and a second SRS resource indicators (SRIs) in an uplink scheduling DCI, where the first indicated SRI is without consideration of the reported SRI by WTRU, and the second indicated SRI is with consideration of the reported LMI by WTRU. A WTRU may use one of the indicated SRI based on one or more conditions, for example, based on one or more of the following: (a) whether there is a simultaneous DL scheduling, for example, a WTRU may use the first SRI when there is not a simultaneous DL reception, and / or (b) whether there is a simultaneous DL measurement event, forexample, a WTRU may use the first SRI when there is not a simultaneous DL reception. Based on the determined SRI, the WTRU may transmit PUSCH using the indicated SRS ports on the scheduled resources.

[0094] As will be discussed in more detail in the following, certain embodiments may include a procedure for leakage measurement for UL MIMO precoding, for example, in a FD or similar System. In an embodiment, a WTRU may indicate its capability for leakage measurement for uplink MIMO in full-duplex. For instance, the WTRU may receive configuration information for performing leakage measurement, e.g., in a “Quiet” mode, where the configuration information may include at least one or more of: values for PCmax_Quiet and / or PEmax_Quiet, an alpha_Quiet value for fractional power control factor, a P0_Quiet as the target received power, and / or a power threshold and a power offset, P_Threshold and P_offset.

[0095] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive an SRS configuration, e.g., according to the configured mode of uplink MIMO operation, e.g., usage = ’codebook’ or ‘nonCodebook’. The SRS configuration may include configuration of one or more SRS resources. Further, the WTRU may receive a CSI-RS configuration information associated to the SRS configuration, where the configuration information has a same time / frequency resource mapping, and a same number of configured ports as the configured SRS. The WTRU may receive an indication to perform leakage measurement, e.g., in the “Quiet” mode, where it includes indication of one or more of the configured one or more SRS resources, e.g., according to the mode of uplink MIMO operation. The indication may also include uplink resources for reporting leakage information.

[0096] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may determine SRS power, Psrs, according to one or more of the following. The WTRU may adjust one or more of legacy PCmax, PEmax, P0 and alpha based on the estimated pathloss (WTRU distance to gNB). Alternatively, the WTRU may replace one or more of legacy PCmax, PEmax, P0 and alpha with PCmax_Quiet, PEmax_Quiet, P0_Quiet and alpha_Quiet, if configured.

[0097] In an embodiment, when a WTRU is not configured with a power threshold, P_Threshold, the WTRU may transmit SRS in the indicated one or more SRS resources using the according to the SRS resource configuration and determined power. The WTRU may perform leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources, for example on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources that use the same time / frequency resources as the indicated one or more SRS resources and, for example, at the same (or similar) time the WTRU transmits the SRS in those resources.

[0098] In an embodiment, when a WTRU is configured with a power threshold, P_Threshold, the WTRU may compute a first and a second power, e.g., Psrs_1, Psrs_2. For example, the WTRUmay compute Psrs (e.g., Psrs_1, Psrs_2) based on other configured parameters, for example, as follows: ^ Psrs_1 = Psrs – Poffset <= Threshold, ^ Psrs_2 = Psrs + Poffset > Threshold, where Poffset is a configured value.

[0099] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may estimate a first and a second leakage measurement, e.g., LMI_1 and LMI_2, according to the following. The WTRU transmits a first SRS using at least a first resource of the indicated SRS resources and the first determined power, e.g., Psrs_1. The WTRU performs a first leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resource(s) mapped to at least the first resource of the indicated SRS resources , to determine LMI_1. The WTRU transmits a second SRS according using at least a second resource of the indicated SRS resources and the second determined power, e.g., Psrs_2. The WTRU performs a second leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resource(s), mapped to at least the second resource of the indicated SRS resources to determine LMI_2. The WTRU may report one or more estimated leakage measurements, e.g., LMI or {LMI_1, LMI_2}, using the indicated uplink resources.

[0100] Certain embodiments may include or may be directed to a method for providing trigger mechanism and / or conditions for leakage measurement and / or reporting. As will be discussed in more detail in the following, an embodiment may include trigger mechanisms and / or conditions for leakage measurement and reporting, for example, in a FD or similar system. According to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive first and second configuration information for leakage measurement. The first leakage measurement configuration may include at least one or more of the following: one or more ZP CSI RS resources to be used for leakage measurement (e.g., including information related to time / frequency mapping of the ZP CSI RS resources), a measurement window to determine duration of the measurement, and / or a threshold to compare the measured leakage against. The second leakage measurement configuration may include at least one or more of the following: an uplink reference signal resource configuration (e.g., an SRS), and / or a set of CSI-RS associated to the configured uplink reference signal, where the association implies that CSI-RS configuration shares a same time / frequency resource mapping and a same number of configured ports as the configured uplink reference signal.

[0101] In an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an indication to perform leakage measurement using the first leakage measurement configuration. The indication may be based on an RRC configuration, a MAC CE, or included in an uplink transmission grant. Using the first leakage configuration, the WTRU may perform measurements on the configured ZP CSI RS resourcesover the duration of the configured measurement window to determine a first measured leakage. The measurements may be performed while the WTRU is transmitting at least one of a PUSCH, PUCCH or SRS that was granted or scheduled to occur during the window. If the first measured leakage meets the configured threshold, e.g., exceeds the threshold, the WTRU sends a request to perform a leakage measurement based on the second configuration. In an embodiment, the WTRU may also include information related to the first measured leakage, e.g., power.

[0102] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an indication, e.g., a DCI, to trigger an uplink reference signal transmission, e.g., an SRS, using the configured resources in the second configuration. In certain embodiments, the WTRU may also receive an uplink resource for reporting of the leakage information.

[0103] In an embodiment, the WTRU may perform a second leakage measurement using the resources in the second configuration. The WTRU may report the second measured leakage using the indicated and / or configured uplink resources.

[0104] As introduced above, some example embodiments may include procedures relating to indicating a leakage matrix for UL MIMO precoding, for example, in FD or similar systems.

[0105] In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with a set of ZP resources for FD leakage measurements. Additionally or alternatively, in an embodiment, a WTRU may determine some or all of information related to the time and / or frequency location of ZP resources from a configured or scheduled transmission, such as from a configuration for a SRS transmission. For example, a WTRU may determine the resources for leakage measurement from a configured SRS transmission.

[0106] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may perform leakage measurement on ZP resources that are originated from the transmit antenna ports (e.g., all transmit antenna ports or a subset of transmit antenna ports) on the receive antennas (e.g., all receive antennas or a subset of the receive antennas) to form or provide a FD leakage information set which may be represented as a matrix, e.g., leakage matrix.

[0107] In an embodiment, for example when a WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink transmission, e.g., txConfig=‘codebook’, a WTRU may report a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) representing the FD interference matrix. For example, a WTRU may report the leakage matrix on the basis of reporting of column-by-column, row-by-row, element-by-element, etc.

[0108] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive a first TPMI and a second TPMI. For instance, the WTRU may receive the first and second TPMIs in an uplink scheduling DCI, where the first indicated TPMI is without consideration of the reported LMI by the WTRU and the second indicated TPMI is with consideration of the reported LMI by the WTRU. In certainembodiments, a WTRU may use one of the indicated TPMIs (e.g., the WTRU may select or determine one of the first and the second TPMI) based on one or more conditions. For example, the one or more conditions may include or may be based on one or more of the following: (a) whether there is simultaneous DL scheduling (e.g., whether simultaneous DL scheduling is available), for example, a WTRU may use the first TPMI when there is not a simultaneous DL reception; and / or (b) whether there is a simultaneous DL measurement event, for example, a WTRU may use the first TPMI when there is not a simultaneous DL measurement event. In an embodiment, based on the determined TPMI, the WTRU may apply an identified or selected precoder (e.g., the precoder may be selected or identified based on the determined one of the first and second TPMI, or the precoder may be or may be associated with the determined one of the first and second TPMI) and may send a transmission (e.g., to which the precoder was applied) in a PUSCH on the scheduled resources.

[0109] In some embodiments, a WTRU may report or send information indicating a subset of SRS ports that cause the highest leakage. As one example, the WTRU may be configured to report the information, for instance if the WTRU is configured with non-codebook-based uplink transmission, e.g., txConfig=‘nonCodebook’. According to an embodiment, the information may be indicated by a dedicated uplink resource that may be associated with the configured SRS transmission.

[0110] According to certain embodiments, a WTRU may receive a first SRI and a second SRI. As one example, the WTRU may receive the first and second SRIs if the WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink transmission. For example, in an embodiment, the first and second SRIs may be received in an uplink scheduling DCI, where the first indicated SRI is without consideration of the reported SRI by WTRU, and the second indicated SRI is with consideration of the reported LMI by WTRU. In an embodiment, the WTRU may use one of the indicated first or second SRIs based on one or more conditions. For example, the conditions may include or may relate to one or more of the following: (a) whether there is a simultaneous DL scheduling (e.g., whether simultaneous DL scheduling is available), for example, a WTRU may use the first SRI when there is not a simultaneous DL reception; and / or (b) whether there is a simultaneous DL measurement event, for example, a WTRU may use the first SRI when there is not a simultaneous DL measurement event. According to an embodiment, based on the determined SRI, the WTRU may send a transmission in PUSCH using the indicated SRS ports on the scheduled resources (e.g., the resources scheduled by the DCI).

[0111] An embodiment may relate to resource configuration for the leakage measurement. For the measurement of leakage (e.g., hardware impairments, electromagnetic leakage and / orinterference) originating from one or more transmitting antennas to one or more receive antennas, a CSI configuration and / or indication of time and / or frequency resources may be needed to perform the measurement.

[0112] For example, in some embodiments, a WTRU may be dynamically or semi-statically configured (e.g., by RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) with a set of resources. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a set of zero-power channel state information reference signal (ZP-CSI- RS) resources for measuring leakage originating from one or more antenna elements or antenna ports.

[0113] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, a WTRU may be dynamically or semi-statically configured (e.g., by RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) to determine the ZP resources for leakage measurement based on one or more scheduled and / or configured uplink transmissions. In an example, a WTRU may determine the ZP power resources, e.g., the time and frequency location(s) of the ZP resources for leakage measurement from a configured or a scheduled uplink transmission, e.g., from a configuration of an SRS, PUSCH and / or PUCCH. In another example, a WTRU may be configured to utilize all or partial time and / or frequency resources for the uplink transmission, e.g., the time and / or frequency resources for SRS, PUCCH, and / or PUSCH for the measurement of a leakage matrix. In certain example embodiments, a WTRU may also be configured to determine more than one leakage matrices, e.g., a first leakage matrix measured in a first frequency and / or time unit (e.g., measured in a first resource block and / or slot) and a second leakage matrix measured in a second frequency and / or time unit (e.g., a second resource block and / or slot).

[0114] The configuration-based solution detailed above may include at least one of the following: (a) a configuration of an uplink reference signal, e.g., an SRS for measuring the leakage matrix, and / or (b) an association of frequency and / or time domain resources to transmit and / or receive antennas. In an example, the association may include a transmit and a receive antenna activation pattern for transmitting the RS configured for leakage measurement and measuring the leakage at a receiving antenna. The activation pattern may also be associated with a measurement type, e.g., Type-A, Type-B or Type-C measurement.

[0115] Some example embodiments may relate to the measurement of the leakage matrix. According to an embodiment, a WTRU may be dynamically or semi-statically configured (e.g., by RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) to measure and / or determine and report a leakage based on a Type-A, Type-B, or a Type-C measurements.

[0116] Type-A leakage measurement matrix may contain one or more rows and columns, wherein the number of columns may equal the number of transmit antennas and the number ofrows may equal the number of receive antennas. In Type-A measurement, a WTRU may measure and record the leakage originating from a single transmit antenna to all receive antennas. To measure the leakage, a WTRU may perform one or more of the following: (i) activate a first transmit antenna at a first transmission time instant, (e.g., symbol) as per the activation pattern for the transmission of an uplink RS, e.g., SRS and measure the leakage from the first transmit antenna on one or more of the receive antennas, e.g., on all receive antennas; (ii) activate a second transmit antenna at the second transmission time instant as per the activation pattern for the transmission of an uplink RS, e.g., SRS and measure the leakage from the second transmit antenna on one or more of the receive antennas, e.g., on all receive antennas; and / or (iii) measure leakage from all transmit antennas and record it in a matrix form accordingly.

[0117] Type-B leakage measurement matrix may contain one or more rows and columns, wherein the number of columns may equal the number of transmit antennas the number of rows may equal the number of receive antennas. In Type-B measurement, a WTRU may measure and record the leakage originating from all transmit antenna to a single receive antenna. To measure the leakage, a WTRU may perform one or more of the following: (i) activate all transmit antennas at a first transmission time instant (e.g., symbol) as per the activation pattern for the transmission of an uplink channel or a RS, e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, or SRS and measure the leakage at the first receive antenna; (ii) activate all transmit antennas at a second transmission time instant (e.g., symbol) as per the activation pattern for the transmission of an uplink channel or a RS, e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, or SRS and measure the leakage at the second receive antenna; and / or (iii) measure leakage from all transmit antennas over a number of transmission time instants equal to the number of transmit antennas and record it in a matrix form accordingly.

[0118] Type-C leakage measurement may be a vector in length equal to the number of receiving antennas. Type-C may be a single shot measurement, where all transmit antennas at a transmission time instant can be active and the receive antennas measure the leakage.

[0119] Some example embodiments may relate to codebook-based uplink transmission. In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with a codebook-based uplink transmission, e.g., txConfig=’codebook’. A WTRU may first quantize the leakage matrix and then report it, as discussed in more detail in the following.

[0120] According to an example embodiment, a WTRU may perform at least one of the following when quantizing the leakage matrix: identify the index of a transmitting antenna causing the highest interference, identify the index of a receiving antenna experiencing the highest interference, identify the index of a receiving antenna, and / or use the strongest leakage indicator (SLI) as a reference of a quantization rule to quantize the remaining leakage coefficients.

[0121] For example, a WTRU may identify the index of a transmit antenna causing the highest interference, e.g., the index of a transmit antenna or the index of a column with the highest coefficient value(s) in the leakage matrix, when the WTRU is configured with Type-A leakage measurement and reporting. For example, a WTRU may identify the index of a receiving antenna experiencing the highest interference, e.g., the index of a receive antenna or the index of a row with the highest coefficient value(s) in the leakage matrix, when the WTRU is configured with Type-B leakage measurement and reporting. For example, a WTRU may identify the index of a receiving antenna experiencing the highest interference, e.g., the index of a receive antenna or the index of the highest coefficient value in the leakage vector, when the WTRU is configured with the Type-C leakage measurement and reporting. The identified index, e.g., transmit antenna index in Type-A and receive antenna index in Type-B and Type-C may also be referred to as the strongest leakage indicator (SLI). For example, a WTRU may use SLI as a reference of a quantization rule to quantize the remaining leakage coefficients. In an example, a WTRU may a quantize theamplitude coefficients of the leakage matrix according to a rule, e.g., 1 െ2ொ, ^^ denotes the number of bits to represent each quantized amplitude, ^^ ൌ 1,⋯ ,^^, and ^^ is aconstant. The quantized coefficient value of the strongest leakage coefficient or SLI may beobtained by setting ^^ ൌ 0.

[0122] In some example embodiments, when reporting the leakage matrix, at least one or more of the following may apply: WTRU may report an indicator, WTRU may report more than one indicator, WTRU may report an indicator having a higher priority. WTRU may report elements of an indicator in a column-by-column, row-by-row, or in an element-by-element manner, and / or report different elements of an indicator based on a priority.

[0123] For example, in certain embodiments, a WTRU may report an indicator, e.g., a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) representing the leakage matrix or FD interference matrix. As another example, a WTRU may report an indicator, e.g., a SLI representing the index of a transmit antenna causing the most leakage or interference or SLI represents the index of a receive antenna experiencing the most leakage or interference. In yet another example, a WTRU may report both LMI and SLI in a CSI report. In some examples, a WTRU may report SLI with a higher priority as compared to LMI. In an example, a WTRU may report SLI in a high priority portion of a CSI report, e.g., part 1 of a CSI report and LMI in a portion of a CSI report with less smaller reporting priority as compared to part 1, e.g., part 2 of a CSI report. In an alternative example, a WTRU may report SLI in a higher priority portion of a CSI report, e.g., in part 2, group 0 of a CSI report and LMI in a smaller priority portion of a CSI report, e.g., in part 2, group 1 of a CSI. In some examples, a WTRU may report the elements of LMI in a column-by-column, row-by-row, or in an element-by-element manner. In an example, a WTRU may report elements of Type-A and Type-B measurement matrices in a column-by-column or row-by-row. In another example, a WTRU may report elements of Type-C measurement vector in an element-by-element fashion. In some examples, a WTRU may report different elements of the leakage measurement matrix and / or LMI with different priorities. In an example, a WTRU may report the even numbered columns and / or rows of the measurement matrix in group 1, part 2 of a CSI report and odd numbered columns and / or rows in group 2, part 2 of a CSI report.

[0124] Some example embodiments may relate to uplink scheduling. In an embodiment, when scheduling a codebook-based uplink transmission, one or more of the following aspects may apply.

[0125] In one example, a WTRU may dynamically or semi-statically (e.g., by RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) receive configurations and / or indications for more than one precoding matrices. In an example, a WTRU may receive a first TPMI and a second TPMI in an uplink scheduling DCI: the first TPMI is without the consideration of the SLI and / or LMI, e.g., the first TPMI is a FD non- friendly TPMI, and the second TPMI is with consideration of SLI and / or LMI, e.g., the second TPMI is a FD friendly TPMI. The scheduling DCI may include an additional field to indicate the absence or presence of the second TPMI.

[0126] According to another example, a WTRU may receive a dynamic and / or semi-static (e.g., by RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) configuration of a first TPMI and a semi-static (e.g., by RRC) configuration of a transformation vector or a matrix. In an example, a WTRU may receive a dynamic (e.g., by DCI) configuration and / or indications for a first TPMI and a semi-static (e.g., by RRC) configuration and / or indication for a vector or a matrix, e.g., vector A or matrix A, where vector A or matrix A is a transformation vector or matrix. A WTRU may use the first TPMI and the transformation vector or matrix to derive a second TPMI.

[0127] In another example, a WTRU may receive one or more TPMIs for an uplink grant and the WTRU may use or determine a subset of TPMIs for the uplink transmission associated with the uplink grant. Uplink grant may be signaled dynamically (e.g., via DCI), configured via a higher layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE or RRC), or combination of both. The number of TPMIs in an uplink grant may be determined based on mode of operations. In a first operation mode, only a single TPMI may be included or signaled and the WTRU may use the indicated TPMI for the uplink transmission. The same TPMI may be used for all allocated uplink frequency resources. In a second operation mode, more than one TPMIs may be included or signaled in the uplink grant, wherein a first subset of TPMIs may be associated with a first type of TPMI and a second subset of TPMIs may be associated with a second type of TPMIs. The first type of TPMI may be a TPMI used or determined when a WTRU performs a first type of UL transmission and the second typeof TPMI may be a TPMI used or determined when a WTRU performs a second type of UL transmission. In a third operation mode, more than one TPMIs may be included or signaled in the uplink grant. The WTRU may determine or use TPMIs received in the uplink grant for one or more subbands associated with the TPMIs.

[0128] When a WTRU receives more than on types of TPMIs in an uplink grant, one or more of following aspects may apply. The WTRU may determine one type of TPMIs for the scheduled uplink transmission. For example, the WTRU may determine whether a first type of TPMIs to use for the uplink transmission or a second type of TPMIs to use for the uplink transmission. The WTRU may determine the type of TPMIs for the uplink transmission based on one or more of the following: (i) uplink scheduling type (e.g., dynamic grant, configured grant, configured grant type, e.g., type 1 or type 2), (ii) transmission / reception (TRX) mode (e.g., full duplex mode, half duplex mode, SBFD mode. For example, a WTRU may determine a first TPMI type when the WTRU performs a first TRX mode; a WTRU may determine a second TPMI type when the WTRU performs a second TRX mode, wherein the TRX mode may be determined based on at least one of uplink and downlink scheduling, self interference level, leakage matrix information, resource type, e.g., whether slot is dedicated to uplink or downlink or used for both uplink and downlink), and / or (iii) cross-Link Interference (CLI) level, wherein CLI may be WTRU-to-WTRU CLI or network node to network node (e.g., gNB-to-gNB) CLI. A CLI may be measured by a WTRU or indicated from the network (e.g., a gNB). A second type of TPMIs may be indicated as an offset from a first type of TPMIs. A second type of TPMIs may be indicated as a transform matrix (e.g., transform matrix index) and a WTRU may use the indicated transform matrix to determine the second type of TPMIs by applying the transform matrix to a first type of TPMIs.

[0129] In an embodiment, a WTRU may identify a precoder (e.g., a first or second TPMI) for uplink transmission on the scheduled resources (e.g., PUSCH or PUCCH) based on at least one of the following aspects.

[0130] For example, a WTRU may determine a subset of TPMI for transmission based on one or more of following: (i) one or more conditions (e.g., slot type, WTRU capability, configuration), (ii) measurement (e.g., self-interference level, cross-link leakage level, cross-link interference level, out-of-band leakage level, etc. For example, the level of interference is higher than a threshold from the measurement, a WTRU may determine a subset of TPMIs for UL transmission.), (iii) previously reported information (e.g., latest reporting leakage matrix information. For example, if the latest reporting of self-interference information (e.g., leakage matrix, self-interference level) meets a certain condition (e.g., higher than a threshold), the WTRU may determine a subset of TPMIs which mitigates self-interference.), (iv) scheduling information(e.g., whether it is scheduled with DL reception in the same time / frequency resource or UL Tx and DL Rx resources are partially overlapped or within a certain frequency gap), and / or (v) transmission link (e.g., whether a WTRU transmit signals in uplink or sidelink. For example, a first TPMI may be used for uplink and a second TPMI may be used for sidelink).

[0131] For example, a WTRU may use a first TPMI for uplink transmission if there are no simultaneous downlink transmissions, e.g., if there are no simultaneous downlink transmissions of PUSCH and / or PUSCH, where simultaneous downlink transmissions may be referred to as the case where the WTRU may need to receive one or more downlink signal in the same time and / or frequency resource with the uplink transmission and the uplink transmission may interfere for the one or more downlink reception. Herein, a WTRU’s uplink transmission interferes the WTRU’s downlink reception may be referred to as a self-interference. A WTRU may determine a first TPMI for uplink transmission when there is no simultaneous downlink transmission. A WTRU may determine a first TPMI for uplink transmission when there is simultaneous downlink transmission with the self-interference level below a threshold. The threshold may be predetermine, configured, or up to WTRU implementation. A WTRU may determine a second TPMI otherwise.

[0132] As an example, a WTRU may use a first TPMI for uplink transmission if there is not a simultaneous downlink measurement event, e.g., if there are no downlink CSI-RS for channel measurement. As another example, a WTRU may use a second TPMI if the uplink and downlink transmissions fully or partially collide in one or more time-units (e.g., symbols or slots) and / or frequency-units (e.g., a subcarriers). As yet another example, a WTRU may be dynamically or semi-statically configured (e.g., by RRC, MAC-CE and / or DCI) to perform uplink transmission on a second TPMI if the uplink and downlink transmissions collide in a configured and / or indicated number of time-units and / or frequency-units. In an example, a WTRU may use a second TPMI for uplink transmission if the uplink and downlink transmission collides in 1 / 3 of the resources configured for uplink and / or downlink transmission.

[0133] Some example embodiments may relate to a leakage matrix indication and SRS resource determination in non-codebook UL precoding. In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with an SRS resource set with usage set to ‘nonCodebook’ (NCB). In this configuration, the SRS resource set is comprised of K single-port SRS resources that may be aggregated to indicate up to a K port SRS transmission. The WTRU may receive a scheduling grant (e.g., for PUSCH) with an SRI bit field that indicates the number of SRS resources to aggregate, and the mapping of SRS resources to layers. The WTRU may determine the LMI for each corresponding aggregated ports indicated by the SRI. As part of its capability reporting, the WTRU may indicate that a subset of SRS resources or SRS resource pairs may be used in FD mode of operation. A WTRU may beconfigured with an SRI over all SRS resources, and may be configured with an SRI for FD mode of operation where the SRI maps only to the ports that support FD mode of operation.

[0134] In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with a PUCCH or PUSCH resource for reporting NCB related CSI. The CSI reporting configuration may consist of an SRI and a leakage threshold, or an SRI and an explicit measurement of the LMI. The explicit measurement may be quantized to reduce the feedback overhead. The WTRU may report an SRI to indicate the ports and layers where the WTRU measured a leakage above the threshold. For example, the WTRU may report an SRI indicating ports 1 and 2 which signals that the WTRU measured a leakage above the threshold when using either of those ports. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report one SRI per port combinations where the WTRU measured a leakage above a threshold. For example, the WTRU may report an SRI indicating ports 1 and 2 which signals that the WTRU measured a leakage above the threshold only when using ports 1 and 2 together. WTRU may include an SRI indicating port 1 if it measured a leakage above the threshold when only using port 1. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may report one or more SRIs, and an explicit measurement of the LMI associated to the ports and layers given by the SRI. For example, the WTRU may report an SRI indicating ports 1 and 2, and the LMI measured on the two port SRS resource.

[0135] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be triggered to transmit a MAC-CE where the MAC- CE includes the leakage report (e.g., SRI and explicit LMI). The trigger may be based on the leakage measurement crossing above a configured threshold (e.g., if any of the SRS resources / ports exceeds the leakage threshold) or based on the number of SRS resources / ports in the SRS resource set with a measurement above a threshold (e.g., the MAC-CE is triggered if more than 2 ports exceed the leakage threshold). The WTRU may be configured with pairs / combinations of ports for LMI measurements to compare with a threshold. If triggered, the WTRU may multiplex the LMI report in the next scheduled PUSCH grant (CG- or DG-), or PUCCH report. A priority may be configured for the LMI report. The WTRU may determine based on the priority to multiplex the LMI report over other contents such as CSI reports.

[0136] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive a grant for MIMO FD where the fields indicates scheduling information based on spatial filters determined for SRS resources with and without leakage. The grant may contain two SRS resource sets, and the WTRU may determine to use the first or second SRS resource set as a function of the FD transmission state when PUSCH is scheduled. A WTRU may be configured with two SRS resource sets, where the first SRS resource set indicates an SRS resource for scheduling UL-only (e.g., PUSCH), and the second SRS resource set indicates an SRS resource for simultaneous UL and DL (e.g., PUSCH+PDSCH) scheduling.The WTRU may select the spatial filter for the grant as a function of whether a DL channel is scheduled to be transmitted in the same slot as the UL channel.

[0137] For example, if the grant indicates PUSCH at time t0, and only UL signals are transmitted at time t0, then the WTRU may use the same precoder for PUSCH that it used on the SRS ports given by the first SRI. If the WTRU determines that at t0 there is a PUSCH and DL transmission, the WTRU may use the same precoder for the PUSCH that it used on the SRS ports given by the second SRI. The DL transmission may be a PDCCH, a CG or DG PUSCH, etc.

[0138] If the UL and DL grants partially overlap, the WTRU may be configured with a threshold, and may select the first or second SRI as a function of the percentage of UL and DL overlap compared to the threshold. For example, the overlap threshold may be O_t %, and the WTRU may use the first SRI if the overlap is less than O_t %; otherwise, it may use the second SRI.

[0139] The WTRU may determine based on priority rules of UL channel transmissions. For example, the WTRU may multiplex a PUCCH that is scheduled on the same slot as a PUSCH.

[0140] In an embodiment, the SRS resource set indicator may be configured to dynamically switch between SRS resource sets, and between gNB or WTRU selection of SRS resource sets. For example, the SRS resource set indicator consists of 2 bits, where bits 00 indicates to the WTRU the first SRI, 01 indicates to the WTRU the second SRI, 10 indicates to the WTRU that it’s left up to the WTRU determination which SRI is selected.

[0141] In an embodiment, based on the determined SRI, the WTRU may send a transmission in PUSCH using the indicated SRS ports on the scheduled resources.

[0142] FIG.4 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method for indication of leakage matrix for UL MIMO precoding, according to some example embodiments. For example, the method illustrated in the example of FIG.4 may be directed to or facilitate the indication of leakage matrix for UL MIMO precoding in communications systems, such as FD or similar systems. The example method of FIG. 4 and accompanying disclosures herein may be considered a generalization or synthetization of the various embodiments discussed above. For convenience and simplicity of exposition, the example of FIG.4 may be described with reference to the architecture or system described above with respect to FIGs.1A-1D and / or FIGs.2-3, for instance. However, the example method depicted in FIG.4 may be carried out using different architectures as well. According to some embodiments, the method of FIG. 4 may be implemented by a UE or WTRU, such as the WTRU 102 described in the foregoing.

[0143] It is noted that the method of FIG.4 may include further steps, procedures or details as discussed in detail elsewhere in this disclosure. As such, the method of FIG.4 may be modified to include any of the steps, procedures and / or details illustrated and / or discussed in the foregoing.Moreover, it is noted that the method and / or blocks of FIG.4 may be modified to include, or to be replaced by, any one or more of the procedures or blocks discussed elsewhere herein. As such, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that FIG. 4 is provided as one example and modifications thereto are possible while remaining within the scope of certain example embodiments.

[0144] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 4, the method may include, at 405, receiving configuration information indicating a set of zero power (ZP) resources for full duplex (FD) leakage measurements. In an embodiment, the receiving 405 of the configuration information may include determining information related to the time and frequency location of ZP resources from a configured or scheduled transmission.

[0145] In the example of FIG. 4, the method may include, at 410, performing leakage measurements on at least one ZP resource from the set of ZP resources. For example, the leakage measurements may be performed on the at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from the transmit antenna ports (e.g., all transmit antennas or antenna ports) on the receive antenna ports (e.g., all receive antennas or antenna ports) of the WTRU, in order to form a full duplex (FD) leakage information set (e.g., the results of the leakage measurements will form, provide, or result in a set of FD leakage information). In some embodiments, the leakage measurements may be performed on the at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from all or a subset of the transmit antenna ports on all or a subset of the receive antenna ports of the WTRU, in order to produce the full duplex (FD) leakage information set. In one example, the full duplex (FD) leakage information set may be, may include or may be represented as a leakage matrix.

[0146] As illustrated in the example of FIG.4, on condition that the WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink transmission, the method may include: sending a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) indicating the FD leakage information set at 415, receiving a first transmit precoding matrix indicator (TPMI) and a second TPMI in downlink control information (DCI) at 420, determining one of the first TPMI and the second TPMI to use for an UL transmission at 425 and, based on the determined TPMI, applying an identified or selected precoder (e.g., applying the determined first or second TPMI to an UL transmission (e.g., a PSUCH transmission or PUCCH transmission) or signal) and sending the UL transmission (e.g., PUSCH or PUCCH transmission on resources scheduled by the DCI at 430. The first TPMI can be without consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU and the second TPMI may be with consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU. The one of the first and the second TPMI to use is determined based on one or more conditions,which may include whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available and / or whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

[0147] As further illustrated in the example of FIG.4, on condition that the WTRU is configured with non-codebook-based uplink transmission: sending an indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage at 435, receiving a first scheduling request indicator (SRI) and a second SRI in downlink control information (DCI) at 440, determining one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use for an UL transmission at 445 and, based on the determined SRI, sending the UL (e.g., PUSCH or PUCCH) transmission using the indicated SRS ports on resources scheduled by the DCI at 450. In one example, the indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage is indicated by a dedicated uplink resource associated with a configured SRS transmission. According to some examples, the first SRI can be without consideration of the SRI reported by the WTRU, and the second SRI can take into consideration the SRI reported by the WTRU. In an embodiment, the one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use (for the transmission) is determined based on one or more conditions, such as whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available and / or whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

[0148] Some example embodiments may relate to procedures for leakage measurement for UL MIMO precoding, for example, in a FD or similar system. In an embodiment, a WTRU may indicate its capability for leakage measurement for uplink MIMO in full-duplex. The WTRU may receive configuration information for performing leakage measurement(s), e.g., in a “Quiet” mode. For example, the configuration information may include at least one or more of: values for PCmax_Quiet and / or PEmax_Quiet, an alpha_Quiet value for fractional power control factor, a P0_Quiet as the target received power, and / or a power threshold and a power offset (e.g., P_Threshold and P_offset).

[0149] In an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an SRS configuration. For example, the received SRS configuration may be according to the configured mode of uplink MIMO operation, e.g., usage = ’codebook’ or ‘nonCodebook’. The SRS configuration may include configuration information associated with one or more SRS resources.

[0150] Further, in an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a CSI-RS configuration. The received CSI-RS configuration may be associated to the SRS configuration. For example, the CSI-RS configuration may have a same time and / or frequency resource mapping, and a same number of configured ports as the configured SRS.

[0151] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an indication to perform leakage measurement(s), e.g., in the “Quiet” mode. The received indication may include an indication ofone or more of the configured one or more SRS resources, e.g., according to the mode of uplink MIMO operation. The indication may also include uplink resources for reporting leakage information.

[0152] In an embodiment, the WTRU may determine SRS power, Psrs. For instance, the WTRU may determine the SRS power according to one or more of the following: (1) the WTRU may adjust one or more of legacy PCmax, PEmax, P0 and alpha based on the estimated pathloss (e.g., WTRU distance to gNB), and / or (2) the WTRU may replace one or more of legacy PCmax, PEmax, P0 and alpha with PCmax_Quiet, PEmax_Quiet, P0_Quiet and alpha_Quiet, if configured.

[0153] According to an embodiment, when the WTRU is not configured with a power threshold (e.g., P_Threshold), the WTRU may transmit SRS in the indicated one or more SRS resources according to (e.g., using) the SRS resource configuration and determined power. The WTRU may perform leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources, for example on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources that use the same time and / or frequency resources as the indicated one or more SRS resources and, for example, at the same or similar time the WTRU transmits the SRS in those resources.

[0154] In an embodiment, when the WTRU is configured with a power threshold (e.g., P_Threshold), the WTRU may determine or compute SRS power (Psrs) based on other configured parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine or compute a first and a second power, e.g., Psrs_1, Psrs_2, according to the following: ^ Psrs_1 = Psrs – Poffset <= Threshold; ^ Psrs_2 = Psrs + Poffset > Threshold, where Poffset is a configured value.

[0155] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may estimate a first and a second leakage measurement, e.g., LMI_1 and LMI_2, according to the following. The WTRU transmits a first SRS using at least a first resource of the indicated SRS resources and the first determined power, e.g., Psrs_1. The WTRU performs a first leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resource(s) mapped or associated to at least the first resource of the indicated SRS resources , to determine LMI_1. The WTRU transmits a second SRS according using at least a second resource of the indicated SRS resources and the second determined power, e.g., Psrs_2. The WTRU performs a second leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resource(s), mapped to at least the second resource of the indicated SRS resources to determine LMI_2. The WTRU reports or sends an indication of one or more estimated leakage measurements, e.g., LMI or {LMI_1, LMI_2}, using the indicated uplink resources.

[0156] Some example embodiments may relate to providing WTRU capability for leakage measurement and / or receiving a configuration for leakage measurements. In an embodiment, theWTRU may receive and decode a network request, e.g., through RRC, to provide capability information. In one example, the WTRU may receive and decode the request following a random- access procedure.

[0157] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may report or send a capability information message indicating a capability for leakage measurement for UL MIMO precoding, e.g., in a FD or similar system. The WTRU may send the WTRU capability information message through RRC, e.g., over the PUSCH. The WTRU capability information may then be used by the network to optimize its configuration and resource allocation in a FD or similar system, and / or for UL MIMO precoding.

[0158] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information related to leakage measurements in a FD or similar system, and / or for UL MIMO precoding. The configuration information may be based on at least one or more of the following aspects. The WTRU configuration may be explicitly signaled by RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI (e.g., an uplink transmission grant). The WTRU configured measurement may be periodic, semi-periodic, or aperiodic. For example, a WTRU may be configured to perform periodic measurement and indication of leakage based on a semi-static configuration, or alternatively triggered by the gNB. The WTRU configuration may include DL, UL, or both DL and UL resources for leakage measurement based on one or more of the following: (i) one or more UL resources, as the source for interference measurement, e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, SRS, SRS resources, SRS resource set(s), a particular type of SRS usage, e.g., SRS for ‘beam management’, ‘codebook-based’, ‘non-codebook-based’, or ‘antenna switching’ (e.g., in one example, WTRU receives an SRS configuration, e.g., according to the configured mode of uplink MIMO operation, e.g., usage = ’codebook’ or ‘nonCodebook’. The SRS configuration includes configuration of one or more SRS resources); (ii) one or more DL resources, as the target for interference measurement, e.g., CSI-RS resources, ZP CSI-RS resources, CSI-IM resources, CLI resources, NZP-CSI-RS resources; and / or (iii) information related to association, time and frequency mapping between DL and UL resources (e.g., in one example, WTRU receives a CSI-RS configuration associated to the SRS configuration, where the configuration has a same time / frequency resource mapping, and a same number of configured ports as the configured SRS. Alternatively, the configured CSI-RS configuration may only be associated to the SRS configuration partially).

[0159] The WTRU configuration may include information related to a “Quiet” mode to avoid creating interference on other WTRUs’ operations where other WTRUs may be using a similar configuration. WTRU configuration for the “Quiet” mode may include one or more of power level values such as: (i) maximum transmit powers in quiet mode, e.g., PCmax_QuietMode (maximumtransmit power in quiet mode) and PEmax_QuietMode (WTRU maximum output power capability in quiet mode); (ii) fractional power control parameters in quiet mode, e.g., alpha_QuietMode and / or P0_QuietMode (nominal power).

[0160] In one example, the WTRU may receive PCmax_QuiteMode and / or PEmax_QuietMode values that are smaller than the PCmax and PEmax values used for normal operation, respectively (e.g., this may be to ensure SRS power levels do not interfere with other WTRUs TX operations). In one example, the WTRU may receive alpha_QuietMode value that may be smaller than the alpha value used for normal operation. This may be to reduce the sensitivity of the WTRU’s transmit power with path loss, resulting in less likelihood of severe self-interference and interference caused to other WTRUs TX operations. In one example, the WTRU receives P0_QuietMode value that is smaller than the P0 value used for normal operation. This may relate, for example, to reducing potential self-interference and interfering with other WTRUs TX operations.

[0161] The WTRU configuration may include one or more power threshold (e.g., P_Threshold) or / and power offset (P_offset). These values may be used by WTRU to perform a first (e.g., only a first), or a first and second measurement, which might also impact the corresponding reporting of the leakage measurement.

[0162] In an example, WTRU configuration may include start, duration (e.g., in slots), and periodicity of the leakage measurement window. In an example, WTRU configuration may include uplink resources for reporting leakage information, e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, SR, RACH, etc.

[0163] Some example embodiments may relate to a WTRU indication and behaviors for leakage measurements. In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive an indication to, or based on the first configuration may determine to, perform leakage measurements in a FD or similar system, and / or for UL MIMO precoding where one or more of the following aspects may apply. A WTRU may receive an indication explicitly through a configuration, e.g., RRC configuration, or a dynamic indication, e.g., a MAC-CE, or a DCI. A WTRU may receive an indication that may include configuration of a “Quiet” mode to avoid creating interference. The indication may also include indication of one or more of the configured SRS resources, e.g., according to the mode of uplink MIMO operation, SRS resource set. A WTRU may receive an implicit indication that may be based on one or more of the following: ^ Failing to meet an expected performance metric, for example, degradation of DL performance due to high leakage of UL transmission, e.g., series of NACKs, poor BLER, low RSRP, inconsistent DL transmission rank, low MCS, etc.^ When the measured leakage exceeds a configured threshold, for example, when measurement of configured DL resources exceeding given thresholds, e.g., one or more ZP-CSI-RS to detect interference due to leakage of UL transmission. ^ Change in a transmission property, e.g., when transmit power exceeds a configured threshold, BWP switch, waveform switch, carrier switch, etc. In an embodiment, a WTRU may perform leakage measurement, when the computed transmit power exceeds a configured threshold. ^ When an indicated set of TPMIs meets certain conditions, e.g., TPMI_1=TPMI_2 that is a representative of excessive interference.

[0164] In some examples, the indication may also include uplink resources for reporting leakage information, e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, SR, RACH, etc.

[0165] For normal SRS operation, when a WTRU transmits SRS based on a configuration by SRS-ResourceSet on active UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c using SRS power controladjustment state with index l, the WTRU determines the SRS transmission power ^^SRS,^,^,^^^^, ^^^, ^^^in SRS transmission occasion i as, ^ PSRS,b,f,c(i,qs, l) ^ min ^ ^^

[0166] where, ^^CMAX,^,^^^^^ is the WTRU configured maximum output power defined in for carrier ^^ of serving cell ^^ in SRS transmission occasion ^^, ^^O_SRS,^,^,^^^^^^ is provided by p0 for active UL BWP ^^ of carrier ^^ of serving cell ^^ and SRS resource set ^^^provided by SRS- ResourceSet and SRS-ResourceSetId, ^^SRS,^,^,^^^^^ is a SRS bandwidth expressed in number of resource blocks for SRS transmission occasion ^^ on active UL BWP ^^ of carrier ^^ of serving cell ^^ and ^^ is a SCS configuration, ^^SRS,^,^,^^^^^^ is provided by alpha for active UL BWP ^^ of carrier ^^ of serving cell ^^ and SRS resource set ^^^, and ^^^^^,^,^^^^ௗ^ is a downlink pathloss estimate in dB calculated by the WTRU using RS resource index ^^ௗ.

[0167] Besides ^^CMAX,^,^, that is the configured maximum WTRU output power for carrier f of serving cell c in each slot, the following other configured power-related setting are also considered: PCMAX(the configured maximum WTRU output power), PCMAX,c(the configured maximum WTRU output power for serving cell c), PEMAX (maximum allowed WTRU output power signalled by higher layers), PEMAX, c (maximum allowed WTRU output power signalled by higher layers for serving cell c).

[0168] In an embodiment, a WTRU may perform leakage measurements in a FD or similar system, and / or for UL MIMO precoding where one of more of the following behaviors may apply.The WTRU may determine SRS power (Psrs) according to one or more of the following: (i) WTRU may adjust one or more of legacy power values used in normal operation, e.g., PCmax, PEmax, P0 and alpha based on the estimated pathloss (WTRU distance to gNB), and / or WTRU may replace one or more of legacy power values in normal operation, PCmax, PEmax, P0 and alpha with PCmax_QuietMode, PEmax_QuietMode, P0_QuietMode and alpha_QuietMode, respectively, if configured.

[0169] Due to potential WTRU impairments, e.g., non-linearity in the WTRU transmit chain, a WTRU may need to perform more than one interference and / or leakage measurements and reports. In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with a P_Threshold. In an embodiment, depending on whether a P_Threshold is configured, a WTRU may perform at least one of the following procedures.

[0170] When a WTRU is not configured with a power threshold, P_Threshold, the WTRU may compute the SRS power, and may transmit SRS according to the SRS resource configuration. The WTRU may perform leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources, for example on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources that use the same time / frequency resources as the indicated one or more SRS resources and, for example, at the same (or similar) time the WTRU transmits the SRS in those resources.

[0171] When a WTRU is configured with a power threshold, P_Threshold, the WTRU may compute Psrs based on other configured parameters. For example, the WTRU may compute a first power value and a second power value, e.g., Psrs_1, Psrs_2, according to the following: ^ Psrs_1 = Psrs – Poffset <= P_Threshold, ^ Psrs_2 = Psrs + Poffset > Psrs, where Poffset is a configured value.

[0172] In an embodiment, a WTRU may estimate a first and a second leakage measurement, e.g., LMI_1 and LMI_2. For example, the WTRU transmits a first SRS using at least a first resource of the indicated SRS resources and the first determined power, e.g., Psrs_1. The WTRU performs a first leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resource(s) mapped to at least the first resource of the indicated SRS resources, to determine LMI_1. The WTRU transmits a second SRS according using at least a second resource of the indicated SRS resources and the second determined power, e.g., Psrs_2. The WTRU performs a second leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resource(s), mapped to at least the second resource of the indicated SRS resources to determine LMI_2.

[0173] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may perform leakage measurement from all transmit antenna ports on all receive antennas to form FD leakage information set which may berepresented as a matrix, e.g., leakage matrix. In an embodiment, a WTRU may perform leakage measurement per SRS resource set where each SRS resource set may represent a WTRU panel.

[0174] In an embodiment, a WTRU may perform leakage measurement based on a specific assumption for transmit and receive spatial filtering. In a further embodiment, the spatial filtering assumption may only be considered for one of transmit or receive units. In an example, a WTRU may be indicated or configured to use a same spatial filtering for uplink reference signal transmission and reception by the receive chains. However, in another example, a WTRU may use a first spatial filtering for the uplink reference transmission, and a second spatial filtering for receiver side leakage measurement and reporting.

[0175] According to an embodiment, a WTRU may perform leakage measurement per subband, BWP, carrier, band, etc. In an example, a WTRU may perform leakage measurement over a specific configured time and / or frequency resource, e.g., based on the configured measurement window.

[0176] While, for certain embodiments discussed herein, SRS is mentioned as the uplink reference signal employed as the source of interference for leakage measurement and reporting, other uplink signals may also be considered and used, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH, etc. For example, in an additional or alternate embodiment, a WTRU may use a new set of orthogonal uplink reference signal where a very limited number of resource elements may be used per antenna ports. For example, in an embodiment, a first port may be represented by one resource element that is placed at the different location in frequency / time grid than a second port. In a solution, a similar design as used for downlink CSI-RS may be used as the reference signal for interference measurement for uplink.

[0177] In some example embodiments, a WTRU may report leakage measurements in a FD or similar system, and / or for UL MIMO precoding where one or more of the following aspects may apply. For example, a WTRU may report the measured leakage information through the scheduled UL resources, e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, SR, RACH, etc. In an example, a WTRU may send a scheduling request (SR) to request an uplink resource for reporting its leakage measurement. In one embodiment, a WTRU may report the leakage information in form of a WTRU assistance information (UAI). According to one example, a WTRU, when configured, may continuously update and hold its leakage measurement until it receives a trigger to report.

[0178] According to certain example embodiments, depending on whether a WTRU is configured for codebook-based or non-codebook-based uplink MIMO transmission, a WTRU may adopt different quantities for reporting.

[0179] In an embodiment, when a WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink TX, txConfig=‘codebook’, the WTRU may quantize the actual leakage matrix (HL_a) between the TX and RX functions to report a leakage matrix (HL) using a codebook, e.g., a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) representing the quantized leakage matrix (HL). The WTRU may report the leakage matrix on the basis of column-by-column, row-by-row, element-by-element, etc. The WTRU may report the leakage information for more than one power level, e.g., LMI_1, LMI_2, etc. For example, a WTRU may report LMI_1 for when WTRU transmit power is below a threshold, and LMI_2 for when WTRU transmit is above the threshold.

[0180] In an embodiment, when a WTRU is configured with non-codebook-based uplink TX, txConfig=‘nonCodebook’, the WTRU may report a subset of SRS ports that constitute the highest amount of leakage.

[0181] FIG.5 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method for leakage measurement for UL MIMO precoding, according to an example embodiment. The example method of FIG. 5 and accompanying disclosures herein may be considered a generalization or synthetization of the various embodiments discussed above. For convenience and simplicity of exposition, the example of FIG. 5 may be described with reference to the architecture or system described above with respect to FIGs.1A-1D and / or FIGs.2-3, for instance. However, the example method depicted in FIG.5 may be carried out using different architectures as well. According to some embodiments, the method of FIG.5 may be implemented by a UE or WTRU, such as the WTRU 102 described in the foregoing.

[0182] It is noted that the method of FIG.5 may include further steps, procedures or details as discussed in detail elsewhere in this disclosure. As such, the method of FIG.5 may be modified to include any of the steps, procedures and / or details illustrated and / or discussed in the foregoing. Moreover, it is noted that the method and / or blocks of FIG.5 may be modified to include, or to be replaced by, any one or more of the procedures or blocks discussed elsewhere herein. As such, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that FIG. 5 is provided as one example and modifications thereto are possible while remaining within the scope of certain example embodiments.

[0183] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 5, the method may include, at 505, sending first information indicating a capability of the WTRU for performing leakage measurement(s) for uplink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in full duplex (FD) and, at 510, receiving configuration information associated with performing the leakage measurement(s). In an embodiment, the configuration information may indicate any of: (1) values for maximum transmit power in quiet mode and maximum output power capability in quiet mode, (2) fractional powercontrol parameters in quiet mode, (3) a value associated with nominal power, and (4) a power threshold and power offset.

[0184] As shown in the example of FIG.5, at 515, the method may include receiving sounding reference signal (SRS) configuration information indicating a configuration for one or more SRS resources and, at 520, receiving channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) configuration information indicating a configuration for CSI-RS resources associated with the SRS configuration information. In one embodiment, the channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources may have a same time and frequency resource association and a same number of configured ports as the one or more configured SRS resources.

[0185] In the example of FIG.5, at 525, the method may include receiving second information indicating to perform a leakage measurement(s). The second information may indicate at least one of the one or more configured SRS resources. The method may include, at 530, determining SRS power. On condition that the WTRU is not configured with a power threshold, the method may include, at 535, sending the SRS (e.g., an indication of SRS) in the indicated at least one of the one or more configured SRS resources according to the SRS configuration information and the determined SRS power, and, at 540, performing leakage measurement on the configured CSI-RS resources. On condition that the WTRU is configured with a power threshold, the method may include, at 545, determining a first power value and a second power value, and, at 550, estimating a leakage measurement in accordance with any of the first power value and the second power value. The method may then include, at 555, sending the leakage measurement using indicated uplink resources.

[0186] Some example embodiments may relate to trigger mechanisms and / or conditions for leakage measurement and / or reporting, for example, in a FD or similar system. In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive a first and a second configuration for leakage measurement. For example, the first leakage measurement configuration may include at least one or more of: (i) one or more ZP CSI RS resources to be used for leakage measurement, such as information related to time / frequency mapping of the ZP CSI RS resources; (ii) a measurement window to determine duration of the measurement; and / or (iii) a threshold to compare the measured leakage against. For example, the second leakage measurement configuration may include at least one or more of: (i) an uplink reference signal resource configuration, e.g., an SRS; and / or (ii) a set of CSI-RS associated to the configured uplink reference signal, where the association implies that CSI-RS configuration shares a same time / frequency resource mapping, and a same number of configured ports as the configured uplink reference signal.

[0187] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive an indication to perform leakage measurement using the first leakage measurement configuration. The indication may be based on an RRC configuration, a MAC CE, or included in an uplink transmission grant.

[0188] According to an embodiment, using the first leakage configuration, the WTRU may perform measurements on the configured ZP CSI RS resources over the duration of the configured measurement window to determine a first measured leakage. The measurements may be performed while the WTRU is transmitting at least one of a PUSCH, PUCCH or SRS that was granted or scheduled to occur during the window.

[0189] In an embodiment, if the first measured leakage meets the configured threshold, e.g., exceeds the threshold, the WTRU sends a request to perform a leakage measurement based on the second configuration. In one example, the WTRU may also include information related to the first measured leakage, e.g., power.

[0190] According to an embodiment, the WTRU receives one or more of: (i) an indication, e.g., a DCI, to trigger an uplink reference signal transmission, e.g., an SRS, using the configured resources in the second configuration; and / or (ii) an uplink resource for reporting of the leakage information.

[0191] In an embodiment, the WTRU performs a second leakage measurement using the resources in the second configuration. The WTRU may report the second measured leakage using the indicated / configured uplink resources.

[0192] Some example embodiments may relate to leakage measurements based on DL resource configuration. In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive, for example, from a network node (e.g., gNB), one or more configurations for the leakage measurement, e.g., in a FD or similar system and / or for UL MIMO precoding.

[0193] According to an embodiment, the one or more configurations may comprise a first leakage measurement configuration which is based on one or more DL resources (e.g., CSI-RS resources, ZP CSI-RS resources, CSI-IM resources, cross-link-interference (CLI) measurement resources, and / or NZP-CSI-RS resources, etc.). The first leakage measurement configuration may comprise at least one of: (i) the one or more DL resources (e.g., ZP CSI-RS resources) to be used for the leakage measurement which may include (e.g., be associated with) information related to time and / or frequency mapping of the DL resources; (ii) a measurement window to determine a duration of the leakage measurement; and / or (iii) a threshold to compare the measured leakage against.

[0194] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to perform the leakage measurements based on the first leakage measurement configuration, e.g., if the WTRU receive an explicitconfiguration or indication to do so, or this behavior may be defined (or determined based on a rule) to be performed by default, based on a periodicity, and / or based on an event triggering this behavior. The WTRU may receive an (e.g., explicit) indication to perform leakage measurement using the first leakage measurement configuration. The indication may be based on an RRC configuration, a MAC CE, and / or a DCI (e.g., an uplink transmission grant). Performing the leakage measurements based on the first leakage measurement configuration may include one or more of the following procedures. For example, the WTRU may perform the leakage measurements by using the one or more DL resources, e.g., based on the information related to time and / or frequency mapping of the DL resources. The WTRU may perform the leakage measurements within a time duration based on the configured measurement window to determine the time duration of the leakage measurement. In an example, using the first leakage configuration, the WTRU may perform measurements on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources over the duration of the configured measurement window to determine a first measured leakage. The measurements may be performed while the WTRU is transmitting at least one of a PUSCH, PUCCH or SRS that was granted or scheduled to occur during the window. The WTRU may report one or more values determined based on the measured leakage and / or based on comparing it with the threshold configured in the first leakage measurement configuration.

[0195] Some embodiments may relate to leakage measurements based on UL resource configuration. In this example, the one or more configurations may comprise a second leakage measurement configuration which is based on one or more UL resources (e.g., SRS, SRS resources, SRS resource set(s), a particular type of SRSs such as for ‘beam management’, ‘codebook-based’, ‘non-codebook-based’, or ‘antenna switching’, etc.). The second leakage measurement configuration may comprise at least one of: (i) the one or more UL resources to be used for the leakage measurement; and / or (ii) a set of CSI-RS associated to the configured uplink reference signal (e.g., the one or more UL resources), where the association may imply that CSI- RS configuration shares a same time / frequency resource mapping, and a same number of configured ports as the configured uplink reference signal.

[0196] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to perform the leakage measurements based on the second leakage measurement configuration, e.g., if the WTRU receive an explicit configuration or indication to do so, or this behavior may be performed conditioned on (e.g., depending on, based on) the measured leakage determined based on the first leakage measurement configuration, or this behavior may be defined (or determined based on a rule) to be performed by default, based on a periodicity, and / or based on an event triggering this behavior.

[0197] According to certain embodiments, performing the leakage measurements based on the second leakage measurement configuration may include one or more of the following procedures. The WTRU may perform the leakage measurements by using the one or more UL resources, e.g., where the WTRU may determine the amount of the leakage which causes by the WTRU’s transmission based on the one or more UL resources. The WTRU may perform, on the set of CSI- RS associated with the one or more UL resources, the leakage measurements by measuring a UL signal transmitted via the one or more UL resources. On condition that the first measured leakage meets a configured threshold, e.g., exceeds the threshold, the WTRU may send a request to perform a leakage measurement based on the second configuration. The WTRU may also include information related to the first measured leakage, e.g., where the information may comprise power- related parameter(s) or value(s) to be sent (e.g., to a gNB). The WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., a DCI) triggering an uplink reference signal transmission, e.g., an SRS, using the configured resources in the second configuration, where the indication may include (or indicate or be associated with) an uplink resource for reporting of the leakage information. The WTRU may report the second measured leakage using the indicated / configured uplink resources.

[0198] Some embodiments may relate to leakage measurements based on both DL and UL resource configuration. In an example, the WTRU may be configured to perform leakage measurements based on the first leakage measurement configuration (e.g., to determine or derive the first measured leakage). For example, this may provide benefits in terms of WTRU complexity reduction by measuring any actual transmitted UL signal or channel (e.g., at least one of a PUSCH, PUCCH or SRS that was granted or scheduled to occur during the window) and without transmitting an additional UL signal based on the one or more UL resources. The first measured leakage may be less accurate compared with the second measured leakage, but the WTRU may be configured to perform an averaging operation (e.g., averaging, weighted averaging, (weighted) averaging over time, and / or (weighted) averaging over frequency resources) over multiple samples determined (e.g., obtained) by the first measured leakage. In an example, the weighted averaging may be performed based on a configured or indicated function or rule for determining weighting parameter(s) for the weighted averaging. On condition that the first measured leakage meets a configured threshold, e.g., exceeds the threshold, the WTRU may start (e.g., initiate) to determine or derive the second measured leakage, by transmitting the additional signal of the one or more UL resources based on the second leakage measurement configuration. In an example, the transmission of the additional signal (e.g., SRS resource(s)) may be based on the “Quiet” mode, where the UL transmission power (level) for the additional signal transmission based on the “Quiet” mode may be less than a UL transmission power (level) for other UL transmissions (e.g.,PUSCH, PUCCH, etc.). At least one of embodiments described based on the “Quiet” mode may be applied when the WTRU performs the leakage measurement based on the second leakage measurement configuration.

[0199] In an embodiment, the WTRU may report the second measured leakage using the indicated and / or configured uplink resources. The WTRU may (e.g., be configured to) report both the first measured leakage and the second measured leakage when reporting the second measured leakage. Reporting the second measured leakage on condition that the first measured leakage meets a configured threshold may provide benefits in terms of UL resource overhead reduction and / or WTRU complexity reduction in that the WTRU performs to derive the second measured leakage based on an event related to the first measured leakage.

[0200] It should be noted that FIG. 4 is provided as one example method, according to some embodiments. However, the method depicted in FIG. 4 may be modified according to certain embodiments, including the omission or addition of certain steps or details as may be discussed elsewhere herein.

[0201] FIG. 6 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method relating to trigger mechanisms and / or conditions for leakage measurement and reporting, according to an example embodiment. The example method of FIG. 6 and accompanying disclosures herein may be considered a generalization or synthetization of the various embodiments discussed above. For convenience and simplicity of exposition, the example of FIG.6 may be described with reference to the architecture or system described above with respect to FIGs.1A-1D and / or FIGs.2-3, for instance. However, the example method depicted in FIG. 6 may be carried out using different architectures as well. According to some embodiments, the method of FIG.6 may be implemented by a UE or WTRU, such as the WTRU 102 described in the foregoing.

[0202] It is noted that the method of FIG.6 may include further steps, procedures or details as discussed in detail elsewhere in this disclosure. As such, the method of FIG.6 may be modified to include any of the steps, procedures and / or details illustrated and / or discussed in the foregoing. Moreover, it is noted that the method and / or blocks of FIG.6 may be modified to include, or to be replaced by, any one or more of the procedures or blocks discussed elsewhere herein. As such, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that FIG. 6 is provided as one example and modifications thereto are possible while remaining within the scope of certain example embodiments.

[0203] As illustrated in the example of FIG.6, the method may include, at 605, receiving a first leakage measurement configuration and a second leakage measurement configuration. The first leakage measurement configuration may indicate any of: (1) one or more zero power (ZP) channelstate information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources to be used for leakage measurement, (2) a measurement window to determine a duration of the measurement, and / or (3) a threshold to compare the measured leakage against. The second leakage measurement configuration may indicate any of: (1) an uplink reference signal resource configuration, and / or (2) a set of CSI-RS associated to the uplink reference signal resource configuration.

[0204] As shown in the example of FIG. 6, the method may include, at 610, receiving a first indication to perform leakage measurement using the first leakage measurement configuration, and, at 615, performing, using the first leakage measurement configuration, a first leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources over the duration of the measurement window to determine a first measured leakage. On condition that the first measured leakage meets the threshold, the method may include, at 620, sending a request to perform a second leakage measurement based on the second leakage measurement configuration, and, at 625, receiving a second indication to trigger an uplink reference signal transmission using the uplink reference signal resource configuration indicated in the second leakage measurement configuration. The second indication may indicate an uplink resource for reporting the second leakage measurement. The method may then include, at 630, performing the second leakage measurement using the second leakage measurement configuration, and, at 635, sending the second leakage measurement using the indicated uplink resource.

[0205] An example embodiment may include a method for indicating a leakage matrix for UL MIMO precoding, which may be performed by a UE or WTRU. The method may include receiving configuration information indicating a set of zero power (ZP) resources for full duplex (FD) leakage measurements. The method may include performing leakage measurements on at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from all transmit antenna ports on all receive antennas to form a full duplex (FD) leakage information set. On condition that the WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink transmission, the method may include: sending a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) indicating the FD leakage information set, receiving a first transmit precoding matrix indicator (TPMI) and a second TPMI in downlink control information (DCI), determining one of the first TPMI and the second TPMI to use and, based on the determined TPMI, applying an identified or selected precoder (e.g., to a transmission or signal) and / or sending a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission on resources scheduled by the DCI. On condition that the WTRU is configured with non-codebook-based uplink transmission, the method may include: sending an indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage, receiving a first scheduling request indicator (SRI) and a second SRI in downlink control information (DCI), determining one of the first SRI and the second SRI to useand, based on the determined SRI, sending a PUSCH transmission using the indicated SRS ports on resources scheduled by the DCI.

[0206] In an embodiment, the receiving of the configuration information may include determining information related to the time and frequency location of ZP resources from a configured or scheduled transmission.

[0207] In one example, the full duplex (FD) leakage information set may be, may include or may be represented as a leakage matrix.

[0208] In some examples, the first TPMI can be without consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU and the second TPMI is with consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU. The one of the first and the second TPMI to use is determined based on one or more conditions, which may include whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available and / or whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

[0209] In one example, the indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage is indicated by a dedicated uplink resource associated with a configured SRS transmission. According to some examples, the first SRI can be without consideration of the SRI reported by the WTRU, and the second SRI can take into consideration the SRI reported by the WTRU. In an embodiment, the one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use is determined based on one or more conditions, such as whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available and / or whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

[0210] An example embodiment may include a method for leakage measurement for UL MIMO precoding, for example, in a FD or similar system. The method may include sending first information indicating a capability of the WTRU for performing leakage measurement for uplink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in full duplex (FD), and receiving configuration information associated with performing the leakage measurement. The configuration information may indicate any of: (1) values for maximum transmit power in quiet mode and maximum output power capability in quiet mode, (2) fractional power control parameters in quiet mode, (3) a value associated with nominal power, and (4) a power threshold and power offset. The method may include receiving sounding reference signal (SRS) configuration information indicating a configuration for one or more SRS resources, and receiving channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) configuration information indicating a configuration for CSI-RS resources associated with the SRS configuration information. The channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources may have a same time and frequency resource association and a same number of configured ports as the one or more configured SRS resources. The method may include receiving second information indicating to perform a leakage measurement. The secondinformation may indicate at least one of the one or more configured SRS resources. The method may include determining SRS power. On condition that the WTRU is not configured with a power threshold, the method may include sending the SRS in the indicated at least one of the one or more configured SRS resources according to the SRS configuration information and the determined SRS power, and performing leakage measurement on the configured CSI-RS resources. On condition that the WTRU is configured with a power threshold, the method may include determining a first power value and a second power value, and estimating a leakage measurement in accordance with any of the first power value and the second power value. The method may then include sending the leakage measurement using indicated uplink resources.

[0211] An example embodiment may include a method directed to trigger mechanisms and / or conditions for leakage measurement and reporting. The method may include receiving a first leakage measurement configuration and a second leakage measurement configuration. The first leakage measurement configuration indicates any of: (1) one or more zero power (ZP) channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources to be used for leakage measurement, (2) a measurement window to determine a duration of the measurement, and (3) a threshold to compare the measured leakage against. The second leakage measurement configuration indicates any of: (1) an uplink reference signal resource configuration, and (2) a set of CSI-RS associated to the uplink reference signal resource configuration. The method may include receiving a first indication to perform leakage measurement using the first leakage measurement configuration, and performing, using the first leakage measurement configuration, a first leakage measurement on the configured ZP CSI-RS resources over the duration of the measurement window to determine a first measured leakage. On condition that the first measured leakage meets the threshold, the method may include sending a request to perform a second leakage measurement based on the second leakage measurement configuration, and receiving a second indication to trigger an uplink reference signal transmission using the uplink reference signal resource configuration indicated in the second leakage measurement configuration. The second indication may indicate an uplink resource for reporting the second leakage measurement. The method may then include performing the second leakage measurement using the second leakage measurement configuration, and sending the second leakage measurement using the indicated uplink resource.

[0212] Although features and elements are provided above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departingfrom its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods or systems.

[0213] In some example embodiments described herein, (e.g., configuration) information may be described as received by a WTRU from the network, for example, through system information or via any kind of protocol message. Although not explicitly mentioned throughout embodiments described herein, the same (e.g., configuration) information may be pre-configured in the WTRU (e.g., via any kind of pre-configuration methods such as e.g., via factory settings), such that this (e.g., configuration) information may be used by the WTRU without being received from the network.

[0214] Any characteristic, variant or embodiment described for a method is compatible with an apparatus device comprising means for processing the disclosed method, such as with a device comprising a processor configured to process the disclosed method, a computer program product comprising program code instructions and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing program instructions.

[0215] The foregoing embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to the terminology and structure of infrared capable devices, i.e., infrared emitters and receivers. However, the embodiments discussed are not limited to these systems but may be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves such as acoustic waves.

[0216] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "imagery" may mean any of a snapshot, single image and / or multiple images displayed over a time basis. As another example, when referred to herein, the terms "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and / or the terms "head mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and / or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and / or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures andfunctionality of a WTRU; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU recited herein, are provided herein with respect to FIGs.1A-1D. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein supra and infra are described as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than the head mounted display may be utilized and some or all of the disclosure and various disclosed embodiments can be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other device may include a drone or other device configured to stream information for providing the adapted reality experience.

[0217] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0218] Variations of the method, apparatus and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In view of the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are examples only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the following claims. For instance, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices, which may include or be utilized with any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery and the like, providing any appropriate voltage.

[0219] Moreover, in the embodiments provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are noted. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed" or "CPU executed."

[0220] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electricalsignals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0221] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the provided methods.

[0222] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0223] There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice representing cost versus efficiency tradeoffs. There may be various vehicles by which processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described herein may be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and / or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0224] The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and / or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be implemented, individually and / or collectively, by a wide range ofhardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and / or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and / or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0225] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and / or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and / or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and / or processes described herein may be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and / or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and / or velocity, control motors for moving and / or adjusting components and / or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing / communication and / or network computing / communication systems.

[0226] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components included within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated may also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being "operably couplable" to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.

[0227] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0228] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and / or the descriptions herein may include usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim including such introduced claim recitation to embodiments including only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and / or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if aspecific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Further, the terms "any of" followed by a listing of a plurality of items and / or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any multiple of," and / or "any combination of multiples of" the items and / or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and / or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term "multiple", as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with "a plurality".

[0229] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0230] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and thelike includes the number recited and refers to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

[0231] Moreover, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the terms "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, ¶ 6 or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the terms "means for" is not so intended.

[0232] Although various embodiments have been described in terms of communication systems, it is contemplated that the systems may be implemented in software on microprocessors / general purpose computers (not shown). In certain embodiments, one or more of the functions of the various components may be implemented in software that controls a general-purpose computer.

[0233] In addition, although some example embodiments are illustrated and described herein, the invention is not intended to just be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications and variations may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the spirit or scope invention.

[0234] ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

[0235] ACK Acknowledgement

[0236] BLER Block Error Rate

[0237] BWP Bandwidth Part

[0238] CAP Channel Access Priority

[0239] CAPC Channel access priority class

[0240] CCA Clear Channel Assessment

[0241] CCE Control Channel Element

[0242] CE Control Element

[0243] CG Configured grant or cell group

[0244] CP Cyclic Prefix

[0245] CP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (relying on cyclic prefix)

[0246] CQI Channel Quality Indicator

[0247] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0248] CSI Channel State Information

[0249] CW Contention Window

[0250] CWS Contention Window Size

[0251] CO Channel Occupancy

[0252] DAI Downlink Assignment Index

[0253] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0254] DFI Downlink feedback information

[0255] DG Dynamic grant

[0256] DL Downlink

[0257] DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal

[0258] DRB Data Radio Bearer

[0259] eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

[0260] FeLAA Further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

[0261] HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

[0262] LAA License Assisted Access

[0263] LBT Listen-Before-Talk

[0264] LTE Long Term Evolution, e.g., from 3GPP LTE R8 and up

[0265] NACK Negative ACK

[0266] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[0267] MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

[0268] NR New Radio

[0269] OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing

[0270] PHY Physical Layer

[0271] PID Process ID

[0272] PO Paging Occasion

[0273] PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

[0274] PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

[0275] RA Random Access (or procedure)

[0276] RACH Random Access Channel

[0277] RAR Random Access Response

[0278] RCU Radio access network Central Unit

[0279] RF Radio Front end

[0280] RLF Radio Link Failure

[0281] RLM Radio Link Monitoring

[0282] RNTI Radio Network Identifier

[0283] RO RACH occasion

[0284] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0285] RRM Radio Resource Management

[0286] RS Reference Signal

[0287] RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

[0288] RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

[0289] SDU Service Data Unit

[0290] SRI SRS resource indicator

[0291] SRS Sounding Reference Signal

[0292] SS Synchronization Signal

[0293] SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

[0294] SWG Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe)

[0295] SPS Semi-persistent scheduling

[0296] SUL Supplemental Uplink

[0297] TB Transport Block

[0298] TBS Transport Block Size

[0299] TRP Transmission / Reception Point

[0300] TSC Time-sensitive communications

[0301] TSN Time-sensitive networking

[0302] UL Uplink

[0303] URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications

[0304] WBWP Wide Bandwidth Part

[0305] WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 802.xx domain).

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: circuitry, including any of a processor, memory, transmitter and receiver, configured to receive configuration information indicating a set of zero power (ZP) resources for full duplex (FD) leakage measurements; perform leakage measurements on at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from transmit antenna ports on receive antennas of the WTRU, to form a full duplex (FD) leakage information set; and on condition that the WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink transmission: send a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) indicating the FD leakage information set, receive a first transmit precoding matrix indicator (TPMI) and a second TPMI in downlink control information (DCI), determine one of the first TPMI and the second TPMI to use for an uplink transmission, and based on the determined TPMI, apply a selected precoder for the uplink transmission, and send the uplink transmission on resources scheduled by the DCI.

2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein, on condition that the WTRU is configured with non- codebook-based uplink transmission, the circuitry is configured to: send an indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage; receive a first SRS resource indicator (SRI) and a second SRI in downlink control information (DCI); determine one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use for an uplink transmission; and based on the determined SRI, send the uplink transmission using the indicated subset of SRS ports on resources scheduled by the DCI.

3. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage is indicated by a dedicated uplink resource associated with a configured SRS transmission.

4. The WTRU of any of claim 2-3, wherein the first SRI is without consideration of the SRI reported by the WTRU, and the second SRI is with consideration of the SRI reported by the WTRU.

5. The WTRU of any of claims 2-4, wherein the one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use is determined based on one or more conditions, wherein the one or more conditions comprise any of: whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available, and whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

6. The WTRU of any of claims 1-5, wherein the leakage measurements are performed on the at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from all transmit antenna ports on all receive antennas of the WTRU.

7. The WTRU of any of claims 1-6, wherein, to receive the configuration information, the circuitry is configured to determine information related to a time and frequency location of ZP resources from a configured or scheduled transmission.

8. The WTRU of any of claims 1-7, wherein the full duplex (FD) leakage information set is represented as a leakage matrix.

9. The WTRU of any of claims 1-8, wherein the first TPMI is without consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU and the second TPMI is with consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU.

10. The WTRU of any of claims 1-9, wherein the one of the first and the second TPMI to use is determined based on one or more conditions, wherein the one or more conditions comprise any of: whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available, and whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

11. A method, implemented in a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information indicating a set of zero power (ZP) resources for full duplex (FD) leakage measurements;performing leakage measurements on at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from transmit antenna ports on receive antennas of the WTRU, to form a full duplex (FD) leakage information set; and on condition that the WTRU is configured with codebook-based uplink transmission: sending a leakage matrix indicator (LMI) indicating the FD leakage information set, receiving a first transmit precoding matrix indicator (TPMI) and a second TPMI in downlink control information (DCI), determining one of the first TPMI and the second TPMI to use for an uplink transmission, and based on the determined TPMI, applying a selected precoder for the uplink transmission, and sending the uplink transmission on resources scheduled by the DCI.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein, on condition that the WTRU is configured with non- codebook-based uplink transmission, the method comprises: sending an indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage; receiving a first SRS resource indicator (SRI) and a second SRI in downlink control information (DCI); determining one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use for an uplink transmission; and based on the determined SRI, sending the uplink transmission using the indicated subset of SRS ports on resources scheduled by the DCI.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the indication of a subset of sounding reference signal (SRS) ports that cause a highest leakage is indicated by a dedicated uplink resource associated with a configured SRS transmission.

14. The method of any of claims 12-13, wherein the first SRI is without consideration of the SRI reported by the WTRU, and the second SRI is with consideration of the SRI reported by the WTRU.

15. The method of any of claims 12-14, wherein the one of the first SRI and the second SRI to use is determined based on one or more conditions, wherein the one or more conditions compriseany of: whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available, and whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

16. The method of any of claims 11-15, wherein the performing of the leakage measurements comprises performing leakage measurements on the at least one ZP resource, from the set of ZP resources, that originated from all transmit antenna ports on all receive antennas of the WTRU, to form the full duplex (FD) leakage information set.

17. The method of any of claims 11-16, wherein receiving the configuration information comprises determining information related to a time and frequency location of ZP resources from a configured or scheduled transmission.

18. The method of any of claims 11-17, wherein the full duplex (FD) leakage information set is represented as a leakage matrix.

19. The method of any of claims 11-18, wherein the first TPMI is without consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU and the second TPMI is with consideration of the LMI reported by the WTRU.

20. The method of any of claims 11-19, wherein the one of the first and the second TPMI to use is determined based on one or more conditions, wherein the one or more conditions comprise any of: whether simultaneous downlink scheduling is available, and whether there is a simultaneous downlink measurement event.

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