Prediction of water quality parameters via monitoring reporting and verification sensor-geospatial fusion networks

Abstract

Prediction of water quality parameters via monitoring, reporting, and verification sensor-geospatial fusion networks may be provided by a system comprising a plurality of separate water fixtures, wherein each of the plurality of separate water fixtures includes: an optical sensor, and a data transmission system configured to transmit sensor data from each of the plurality of separate water fixtures; and a contamination detection system configured to: receive sensor data from each of the plurality of separate water fixtures and remote sensing data; calculate changepoints within the sensor data; split the data into intervals at the changepoints; classify the intervals using a machine learning model; and identify a predicted contamination of a water source based on the classified intervals using the sensor data from a subset of the plurality of separate water fixtures and the remote sensing data to yield a near-time estimation of water quality parameters.

Description

TITLEPREDICTION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS VIA MONITORING REPORTING AND VERIFICATION SENSOR-GEOSPATIAL FUSION NETWORKSCROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present disclosure claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 549,141 titled “PREDICTION OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS VIA MONITORING REPORTING AND VERIFICATION SENSOR- GEOSPATIAL FUSION NETWORKS”, which was filed on 2024-02-02, and which is incorporated herein in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] In recent years, telemetry-connected electronic sensors have been developed and applied within water service programs to perform objective and continuous site-level monitoring for various usages and functionalities. These sensors can be used for the monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of various environmental management goals, such as the generation of carbon credits, management of land and water resources, and control of water treatment processes. A digital MRV system may facilitate project design, automated monitoring, control and data assimilation, robust verification, and data visualization; however, current systems rely on infrequent collection of data, limited spatial interpolation, and are generally poor at incorporating external data collected at inconsistent rates or from environments with sparse sensor deployment.SUMMARY

[0003] The present disclosure provides for the prediction of water quality parameters via monitoring reporting and verification sensor-geospatial fusion networks.

[0004] Additional features and advantages of the disclosed method and apparatus are described in, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description and the Figures. The features and advantages described herein are not all-inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the figures and description. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has beenprincipally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and not to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] Figure 1 illustrates an example environment, such as a watershed, in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced.

[0006] Figure 2 illustrates a functional model for tracking water quality and attributing changes in water quality to various actors, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0007] Figure 3 is an example system, as may use the described models for monitoring, reporting, and validation with sensor-remote sensing fusion, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] Figure 4 is a flowchart of an example method for assimilating sensor data from a plurality of separate water fixtures, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0009] Figure 5 illustrates an example system for detecting water contamination, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0010] Figure 6 illustrates a pair of example water fixtures, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0011] Figure 7 illustrates a computing device, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] The present disclosure provides for the prediction of water quality parameters via monitoring reporting and verification sensor-geospatial fusion networks.

[0013] The climate impacts of conventional water and wastewater treatment (which, in general, are proportional to influent water quality, in-stream water quality, water demand, and carbon intensity of the local electric grid) are generally approached as manmade problems requiring manmade solutions, with nature based solutions poised as a lesser (if even considered) alternative as the effect of the manmade solutions are more easily monitored, despite having potential lower impact and requiring more costly inputs than managing the natural environment.By improving influent and in-body water quality, there can be both nearly-immediate and longterm (over 30 years) avoidances of emissions by reducing the need for further upgrades to gray infrastructure. By using the improved MRV techniques describe herein, operators are given tools to find and quantify the effects of green alternatives to manmade solutions, which may be less expensive, less energy intensive, and less carbon intensive, among various other incentives (such as carbon credits).

[0014] As discussed herein, water quality may refer to various parameters that are judged individually, in aggregate, or in direct correlation with one another. The present disclosure contemplates that various localities and professional organizations shall be understood to define various goals or levels of water quality that one of ordinary skill in the art is expected to be familiar with. The individual parameters may include chemical measurements, such as the presence, absence, or concentration of various chemicals or classes of chemicals in a given amount of water, which may directly indicate the presence of a chemical in question (e.g., higher concentration of Calcium ions to indicate a higher concentration of Calcium in the water) or provide indirect evidence of a chemical in question (e.g., higher concentration of Calcium ions to indicate a higher concentration acids in the water that dissolve rocks carrying Calcium). The individual parameters may include physical measurements, such as the amount of water flowing through a given area, a speed of flow of the water, a number of influx and efflux directions of the water, a temperature, a turbulence, or the like. The individual parameters may include various microbial or biological measurements, such as the presence, absences, or concentration of various microbes, fishes, crustaceans, amphibians, plants, algae, fungi, or other water-dwelling aquatic or semi-aquatic life and the markers thereof in and around the water. Additionally, the various microbial or biological measurements and chemical measurements may identify the presence, absence, or concentration of fecal matter or other makers of the effects of non-aquatic life in and around the water (e.g., due to farm or habitation runoff into a waterway) on the water. For avoidance of doubt, these various parameters may collectively be referred to as physio-bio-chemical parameters.

[0015] Figure 1 illustrates an example environment 100, such as a watershed, in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced. As illustrated, various bodies HOa-g (generally or collectively, bodies 110) are illustrated, which may include standing bodies 110 of water (e.g., lakes, reservoirs, dammed streams, aquafers), moving bodies 110 of water (e.g., rivers, streams, aqueducts, canals), and temporary bodies 110 (e.g., arroyos, seasonally dry / floodedcreeks, retaining or catchment ponds, storm sewers), and include natural bodies 110, purely human-made bodies 110, and enhanced or human-engineered natural bodies 110. Surrounding lands 120a-c (generally or collectively, lands 120) associated with various owners and users may drain into theses bodies 110 due to collected precipitation (e.g., rain runoff, snowmelt, etc.). Additionally, various users 130a-c (generally or collectively, users 130) may output water and other effluents to the bodies 110, draw water and other inputs from the bodies 110, or use the water in the bodies 110 for motive force (e.g., hydroelectric power generation), navigation, or as a cooling source. The owners or users of lands 120 that drain into the bodies 110 may also be users 130 of the bodies 110, but are not required to do so. Accordingly, the entities that own or use the lands 120 and the users 130 of the bodies 110 may collectively be referred to herein as actors.

[0016] The quality and quantity of the water in the various bodies 110 may affect various nonhuman organisms living in the bodies 110 (e.g., invertebrates, fish, amphibians, water plants, algae) or using the water therein for habitat (e g., waterfowl, beavers) or drinking purposes, affect the lands 120 bordering those bodies, and affect the ability of the users 130 to apply the water for various uses. Accordingly, various sensors can be deployed and monitored throughout the environment 100 to identify water quality, and take actions to address various issues related to water quality.

[0017] In various embodiments, the sensors may include computing devices (such as those discussed in greater detail in regard to Figure 5), that collect various data related to the quantity and characteristics of the water in the bodies 110, the land 120 as use thereof, and how the actors previously, currently, and expectedly used / use / will use the water and the surrounding lands. In addition to quantitative values for various features of the water and the land 120 (e.g., rainfall in a given time period, particulate counts (e.g., total organic carbon (TOC)) in a given time period, temperature at a given time, presence of a given biomarker or chemical, locations / thicknesses of vegetative cover, various fluorescence measures, etc.) the sensors may collect qualitative data and survey-reported data (e.g., from the actors). The sensors may, therefore, be deployed to specific portions of the environment 100 for longitudinal data collection, be intermittently present in the environment 100 (e.g., satellites collecting images of the environment 100, research teams deploying or collecting sensors or data at various intervals) to collect snapshots of data.

[0018] As will be appreciated, saturation of the environment 100 with sensors to measure every possible variable affecting water quality continuously and in real-time is not feasible.Accordingly, the environment 100 is modeled by one or more functional models that use the collected data to extrapolate various data that are not directly measured.

[0019] Figure 2 illustrates an example functional model 200 for tracking water quality and attributing changes in water quality to various actors, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. A transfer model 210 receives in-site sensor data 220 from various sensors deployed throughout an environment 100 being monitored for water quality measures, and lab training data 230. The in-site sensor data 220 includes various details collected directly from sensors in the environment 100, while the lab training data 230 include data generated in a laboratory setting from data or sample collected from the environment 100. As will be appreciated, in-field sensors may ordinarily lack certain capabilities that laboratory analysis tools provide, which requires extracting a sample from the environment and performing an “offline” or non-real-time analysis in a different setting to provide those values. For example, conventional in-field sensors may provide real-time data on water and air temperature at various points in the environment 100 using easy to deploy temperature probes. In contrast, performing a conventional population survey of different microbes in a body 110 may require extracting a water sample and performing a statistical analysis for the different strains of microbes visually identified therein, which is either infeasible or impossible to perform in real-time or with in-field systems alone. The present disclosure therefore augments the functionalities of the in-field systems via a transfer model 210 that is trained to correlate in-field sensor data with lab-based analyses (e.g., set as a ground truth or labeled output for a training date set) to model what values the lab-based analyses would produce using as-of-yet uncollected in-field data to thereby avoid or reduce the amount of lab-based analyses needed.

[0020] The transfer model 210 may be one of various types of machine learning (ML) models, which identifies correlations between the various values for the in-site sensor data 220 and the lab training data 230, and extrapolates modelled lab data 235 (i.e., the predictions of quantified water quality parameters modelled from the in-field data that are conventionally determined by lab instruments) from given inputs of in-site sensor data 220. Accordingly, based on training the transfer model 210 using previously collected in-site sensor data 220 and lab training data 230, the transfer model 210 may develop a function that generates a value for modelled lab data 235 based on one or more values of newly collected in-site sensor data 220. For example, the level of a given pollutant in a body 110 in parts per million (PPM) may require the use of a centrifuge and varioustests that are impractical to carry out in real time in the field, and may therefore be collected and calculated in a laboratory. Several collected values of these lab-generated data are used along with data collected from the environment to train the model transfer model 210 so that in-site sensor data 220 can later be used to generate values that approximate the training data within a given confidence threshold to thereby be used to extrapolate, with confidence, values for the modelled lab data 235 as though those values were based on lab analysis.

[0021] In various embodiments, the sensors may provide in-site sensor data 220 that include one or more of turbidity, conductivity, fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) measurements, chlorophyll a (Chl-A) measurements, temperature, flow rate / water speed, water level, and metadata related to z-score, N-day averages for various values, sensor percentile, days since deployment, days since last cleaning / maintenance, presence indicators for various chemical compounds, etc. In various embodiments, the lab data include turbidity, conductivity, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (TN ), Kjedldahl Nitrogen content, weighted combinations of N and P lab data, presence or quantity indicators for various chemical compounds / biomarkers / species / strains, etc.

[0022] As will be appreciated, some of the developed transfer functions in the transfer model 210 may be specific to one environment 100 or portion of a given environment 100 and not applicable to other environments 100 or other portions of the given environment 100. For example, a first environment 100 located in a cold climate and a second environment 100 located in a warm climate may each produce a transfer function for microbe content based on in-site data 220 for ambient temperature, the presence and type of farms, and precipitation levels, but have different outputs due to whether ambient temperatures preclude the presence of various strains of microbe in the given environment 100, the different crops grown or livestock raised on those farms, and whether the precipitation is snow or rain, among other factors. In another example, a standing body 110 may have different values calculated than a moving body 110 in the same environment 100 based on the same inputs of the in-site data 220 from that environment 100 based on the water flow properties in those different bodies 110 as different portions of the same environment 100.

[0023] A calibration model 250 receives the modelled lab data 235 and (optionally) various in-site sensor data 220 to produce interpolated data 260 matched in space in time to the environment 100. The calibration model 250 identifies the time and space where modelled lab data 235 are assigned in the environment 100, and generates modelled sensor data 225 for valuesmeasured by “virtual” sensors at locations where the physical sensors are not deployed. For example, using in-site sensor data 220 collected at time tO-tn from various physical sensors, the calibration model 250 can place the modelled lab data 235 for various extrapolated (but otherwise lab-calculated values) at specific coordinates or zones in the environment 100 at various times.

[0024] When determining values for modelled sensor data 225 for virtual sensors, the calibration model 250 may extrapolate a value based on reported values from two or more physical sensors in the environment 100. For example, a virtual temperature sensor “placed” between two physical temperature sensors to spatially interpolate a temperate at a third location in the modeled environment where no physical temperature sensor is located may be expected to report a modelled temperature value between the two physically measured temperature values, or a different value if another environmental feature that affect temperature is identified in the environment (e.g., a heat exchanger from a power plant). Similarly, the calibration model 250 can use the in-site sensor data 220 collected from times to-tn from various physical sensors to calculate values measured at times before data collection (e.g., to-x), extrapolated / forecasted after data collection (e.g., tn+x), or temporally interpolated between two or more times of data collected (e.g., at time ti when readings are taken at time to and time t2, but not time ti). When generating forecasted values, the calibration model 250 lags the data features by an equivalent number of time intervals and cross-validates the predictions against observed data (when eventually collected) for retraining and improving the calibration model.

[0025] In various embodiments, the calibration model 250 uses a multi-fold (e.g., / / -fold) stratified cross-validation structure to improve the accuracy of the predicted values over time. In cross-validation, the observed data are sequentially partitioned into independent training and testing subsets. Multiple equally-sized subsamples are generated randomly with the time series observations from one physical sensor being grouped in the same partition. The calibration model 250 is trained with at least one of the subsets and is tested on one remaining, held-out subsample as a testing dataset. This training process repeated a total of n times (“ / / -fold”) with each of the subsamples being used once as the testing dataset. Cross-validation allows for the calculation of performance statistics and the ability to generalize the model to new data as part of the n-fold stratified retraining process.

[0026] The calibration model 250 may also receive additional features for analysis including: rainfall data, stream flow data, location data (e.g., latitude, longitude, altitude, and combinationsthereof), hydrologic unit code (HUC12) land cover classification, topographic models, temporal livestock density data, temporal nutrient / insecticide / herbicide application data.

[0027] Using these data, the calibration model 250 can identify attribution data 270, which identify from the various actors and environmental factors the causes of water quality variability due to predictors including land-management practices, water-management practices, and weather events (e.g., storms, wildfires, droughts).

[0028] Figure 3 is an example system 300, as may use the described models for MRV with sensor-remote sensing fusion, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The system 300 includes one or both of water treatment sites 310 that extract water from a watershed, and treated water sites 320 that output water to the watershed, which the system 300 may signal or control via a machine learning model 330 (running on one or more computing devices) that receives data from a plurality of sensors 340. In various embodiments, the plurality of sensors 340 includes sensors 340 that are disposed in bodies 110 of water in the watershed that are configured to continuously collect and transmit data to the machine learning model 330. In various embodiments, the plurality of sensors 340 include data collection devices that provide qualitative data collected via survey of actors, inputs of topographical and uses of land 120 in the watershed, soil data for the watershed, precipitation data, temperature data, forecasted weather data, and other data related to the watershed that is not reported directly from the environment.

[0029] In various embodiments, the sensors 340 report various data related to water quality and water volume in the watershed. These sensors 340 may include an optical sensor to identify transmittance, reflectance and / or fluorescence of the water. In various embodiments the sensors 340 are configured to collect remote sensing data such as rainfall, biomass cover and land surface properties, and / or quantitative and qualitative survey data. The data collected by the sensors 340 may be collected via wireless transmissions (e.g., using cellular communication or satellite uplinks) so that the sensors may remain deployed in the field and not require an operator to go out to where the sensor 340 is deployed collect the data from the sensors 340.

[0030] In various embodiments, the sensors 340 may be deployed to various bodies 110 of water that include constantly moving water (e.g., rivers), bodies of intermittent moving water (e.g., seasonally dry creeks), natural bodies of standing water (e.g., lakes), manmade bodies of standing water (e.g., reservoirs), manmade bodies of moving water (e.g., aqueducts).

[0031] In some embodiments, the sensors 340 may include (or be supplemented with data from) devices used to collect farm survey details, such as the types and quantities of crops / livestock present on a parcel of land; the types and quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides used; harvest and planting timings, and other operation details of the farm. Additionally or alternatively, the sensors 340 may include (or be supplemented with data from) devices used to collect land survey data details, such as soil type, demarcations between properties, topologies, plant cover, seasonal precipitation data, or the like.

[0032] Although illustrated with respect to a natural watershed, the present disclosure contemplates that the sensors 340 and machine learning model 330 may similarly be deployed to and used with respect to various water systems, including natural man-made lakes, canals, and seas / oceans, and various closed (or semi-closed) systems. Accordingly, the presently described systems can be used in non-facility based water treatment applications, including waters or chlorinated piped systems that are nominally self-contained (e.g., not continuously pulling from or discharging to rivers / streams / reservoirs), such as in seagoing vessels, space vessels, secure facilities, wherein the “watershed” refers to a collection area or outflow area that a defined environment may collect from or discharge to during normal operations or intermittently. For example, a vessel may include water shipments, water recyclers, showers / sinks / toilets, etc., in a first artificial watershed for potable water, and may include bilges in a second artificial watershed for buoyancy / balance systems in the vessel that are periodically (but not continuously) opened to the natural environment to dump or intake water.

[0033] Accordingly, the treated water sites 320 may include water treatment sites 310 that output potable water, but may also include other grades of treated water. For example, a water treatment site 310 may treat water to remove a given microbe, a given living organism, a given chemical, or fecal matter may yield higher-quality, but still not potable (for human consumption) water. Water treatment sites 310 may include human-controlled treatment plants, biological filters (e.g., mangrove forests), managed wetlands, septic fields, stocked bodies of water (e.g., to introduce a given microbe, animal, plant, algae, or the like), and gated bodies of water (e.g., to remove, kill, or deter entry of various microbes, animals, plants, algae, or the like) and the like where one or more water quality parameters are intended to be altered.

[0034] Using the machine learning model 330, the collected data from the plurality of sensors 340 are used to generate a time series of estimates for water quality in the watershed, which in turnis used to activate at least one water treatment site 310 to extract or forego extraction of water from the watershed or at least one treated water site 320 to discharge or forego discharge of water into the watershed based on the time series of estimated of water quality. As will be appreciated, foregoing extraction may include a total pause in water extraction for a predefined length of time or a reduction in water extraction of at least 5% of the volume normally extracted during a similar time period of nominal extraction. In some embodiments, discharge includes diverting potable water from a treated water site 320 into the watershed (rather than a municipal water network) after treatment or processing, opening a reservoir, or outputting water from a treated water site 320 to the watershed. As will be appreciated, foregoing discharge to the watershed may include discharging water to a retaining pond or other body that can be separated or blocked from bodies 110 that are part of the watershed or a reduction in water output of at least 5% of the volume normally output during a similar time period of nominal output. Additionally, discharge can include water (treated or collected) and one or more treatment solution for affecting water quality downstream from the treated water site 320 within the watershed.

[0035] For example, when the water quality in the watershed is impaired by wildfire in the lands within the watershed based on a first data series from a first sensor and a second data series from a second sensor, the machine learning model 330 may reduce extraction from the bodies 110 in the watershed to improve downstream water quality (e.g., by diluting the effects of the wildfire on the water) and thereby reduce strain on downstream treatment facilities or actors. Additionally or alternatively, the machine learning model 330 may increase extraction from the bodies in the watershed to reduce the effect of runoff from the land affecting the flow in the bodies 110 (e.g., due to lack of vegetation increasing water input to the bodies 110).

[0036] For example, when the water quality in the watershed is impaired by human development in the watershed based on a data series from the sensors, such as farming, building, diverting streams, or the like, the machine learning model 330 may time the extraction from or input to the bodies 110 based on human activities to reduce a strain on water treatment sites 310 and treated water sites 320 (e.g., by timing extraction to reduce intake of runoff fertilizers, pesticides, waste, or debris, by timing output to dilute the effect of runoff fertilizers, pesticides, waste or debris).

[0037] In various embodiments, the system may seek to optimize water usage according to various targets. These targets may include goals set by an operator of a water treatment site 310 ortreated water site 320, such as reduced power usage, timed power usage to generation capacity of renewable generation systems, reduced reagent usage, improved flowrates, increases facility uptime / reduced maintenance expenses, or the like. In some embodiments, these targets may include regulatory set mandates (e.g., a maximum content in a body 110 of water for a given chemical) or green initiative goals, such as the conditions to receive (or avoid forfeiting) carbon credits.

[0038] Because not all water treatment sites 310 in a given watershed may be configured to affect all water quality parameters of interest, or that a first water treatment site 310 may be more efficient or effective at affecting a given water quality parameter than a second water treatment site 310, the machine learning model 330 is able to engage in water quality trading throughout the environment. This water quality trading may be between multiple water treatment sites 310 or treated water sites 320, but may also be between one or more water treatment sites 310 and surrounding users, or between two or more surrounding users (and no water treatment sites 310 or treated water sites 320).

[0039] For example, if a managed septic field is used as a treatment site 310 for multiple users, the model 330 can allocate usage (e.g., in total amount, flow within a given time period, etc.) between the multiple users to avoid or reduce runoff from the treatment site 310 into a local waterway. Similarly, if the land of two different users drain into a shared waterway with no intervening treatment sites 310, the model 330 can advise the users on how and when to apply fertilizer to avoid excessive runoff into the shared waterway that would negatively affect other users who are downstream from the advised users, but upstream from any treatment sites 310.

[0040] In another example, if two operators of water treatment facilities at different locations in a given watershed are collectively tasked with reducing a microbe count in a waterway to or below a given point downstream to both facilities via individual control of the two facilities, the machine learning model 330 can identify how the two facilities can most effectively reach the goal, which may include identifying users within the watershed to communicate with to curtail certain activities at various times (e.g., to manage or reduce run off waters from agricultural lands to a manageable amount by the facilities). Additionally or alternatively, the machine learning model 330 may be used to trade quality metrics throughout the watershed so that various actors may more efficiently reach the water quality goals.

[0041] In various embodiments, the machine learning model 330 generates the time series of estimates for control of the water system by identifying or calculating changepoints within the data. A changepoint may be identified by calculating a first standardized variable for a first segment of the data and a second standardized variable for a second segment of the data and determining that a difference between the first and second standardized variables exceeds an optimal threshold. Once this difference has been identified as exceeding the optimal threshold, the machine learning model 330 identifies a changepoint between the first segment and the second segment split the data into intervals at the changepoints and may then classify the intervals. These time series of estimates may identify one or more of predicted water quality, water volume, estimated carbon credits, and environmental benefits a water source based on the classified intervals using the data from a subset of the plurality of separate water sources.

[0042] For example, the machine learning model 330 may use these estimates to show compliance with or attainment of various carbon credit targets (e.g., to receive credit for these carbon credits) based on water quality or bioaccumulation in the watershed affected by water management policies. In another example, the machine learning model 330 may use the estimates to identify potential sources to receive some or all of a carbon credit, or be penalized (or identified as a target to work with) when land use policies by those entities affect water management policies in reaching (or nor reaching) a carbon credit target. Accordingly, the machine learning model 330 may attribute various effects in the bodies 110 of water to various actors, and help direct actions to improve land usage in the watershed with specific actors in need of positive or negative reinforcement.

[0043] In another example, the machine learning model 330 may identify the effects of a wildfire or other disaster (e.g., flood, hurricane, tornado) affecting the land of the watershed, and identify, using the time series of estimates, ways to reduce the effect on the water and downstream lands and actors of that disaster.

[0044] In various embodiments, the machine learning model 330 is configured to control various systems linked within the watershed to water quality based on the time series of estimates. The machine learning model 330 can determine which of the quality-linked systems or combinations thereof will have the largest, fastest, most cost-effective (or some combination thereof) positive effect on water quality for the users or the watershed as a whole and direct the operation of those quality-linked systems at various times to meet various water quality goals.These quality-linked systems may include potable water treatment facilities, wastewater treatment facilities, irrigation equipment, farm equipment (such as fertilizer applicators or harvesters), dams (for water retainment or redirection), fences (e.g., to control the movement or location of livestock, wildlife, or humans), in-stream or in-lake algae treatment systems, water sources (e.g., pumps at wellheads), broadcast systems (e g., to transmit advisories to persons or entities in the watershed or in neighboring watersheds), and the like.

[0045] For example, the machine learning model 330 may control an amount of water output by irrigation equipment located in the watershed, including at least one of a timing, a duration, and a location of irrigation. For example, the machine learning model 330 may control an amount of fertilizer or pesticide output by farm equipment located in the watershed, including at least one of a timing, a duration, an intensity, a chemical composition, and a location of application. For example, the machine learning model 330 may control movement of livestock within the watershed, including activating virtual or real electric fences. For example, the machine learning model 330 may transmit a boil-water advisory to persons and entities located in the watershed. For example, the machine learning model 330 may change an activation level (e.g., turn on, turn off, increase or decrease level of usage) of an algae treatment technology in the river or stream or a reservoir in the watershed. For example, the machine learning model 330 may release water from a dam fed by or feeding into the river or stream or control the dam to retain additional water from a current level. For example, the machine learning model 330 may direct a water utility to change a drinking water source used to supply users with. For example, the machine learning model 330 may direct a wastewater utility to change an activation level (e.g., turn on, turn off, increase or decrease level of usage) of treatment equipment or change a discharge level (e.g., turn on, turn off, increase or decrease level of usage) at one or more locations in the watershed.

[0046] Figure 4 is a flowchart of an example method 400 for assimilating sensor data from a plurality of separate water fixtures, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that the method 400 is presented at a high level, and that actual embodiments of the method 400 may include additional steps not depicted herein. Additionally, actual embodiments of the method 400 may combine steps depicted herein or perform additional actions incorporated into but not explicitly discussed as elements of the steps illustrated.

[0047] At block 402, a contamination detection system receives remote sensing data. For example, a device configured to adjust a rate of water uptake from one or more wells in responseto detected contamination may receive data about nearby weather, ground cover, and survey data from varying sources.

[0048] At block 404, the contamination detection system receives sensor data from each of a plurality of separate water fixtures. For example, several sensor 340 arrays at respective wells may transmit in-site sensor data 220 to the device configured to adjust the rate of water uptake from the wells.

[0049] At block 406, the contamination detection system calculates changepoints in the data. For example, the device configured to adjust the rate of water uptake may calculate a first standardized variable for a first segment of the sensor data 220 and a second standardized variable for a second segment of the sensor data 220, determine that a difference between the first and second standardized variables exceeds a predefined threshold, and identify a changepoint between the first segment and the second segment.

[0050] At block 408, the contamination detection system splits the data into intervals at the changepoints. For example, the device configured to adjust the rate of water uptake may determine that standardized variables of second-to-fifth segments are within the predefined threshold relative to a standardized variable of the first segment, and that the standardized variable of the sixth segment deviates beyond that threshold. The device may thus define a first interval as the first five segments. The device may then determine that, relative to a standardized variable of the sixth segment, standardized variables of the seventh and eighth segments are within the predefined threshold, but not the standardized variable of the ninth segment. Therefore, the device may designate a second interval as consisting of the sixth-to-eighth segments. This process may continue indefinitely, with any number of segments defining any number of intervals.

[0051] At block 410, a machine learning model classifies the intervals. For example, a neural network (or another type of machine learning model) may inspect the sensor data 220 and the remote data corresponding to each interval, then label each respective interval with one or more characteristics of that interval. Labels may include but are not limited to a change in a trend or value of a water quality metric, a cause of the change, an action taken by natural or human-caused elements of a water system (such as an elevated water uptake, a drought, a flood), and combinations thereof.

[0052] At block 412, the machine learning model identifies a predicted contamination of a water source based on the classified intervals using the sensor data from a subset of the pluralityof separate water fixtures and the remote sensing data to yield a near-time estimation of water quality parameters. For example, the machine learning model may identify from the remote sensing data that a large amount of rain has just occurred in a catchment area associated with a well at which a water fixture is placed. The machine learning model may monitor the sensor data 220 from the water fixture and determine that a turbidity of the well water is increasing as the rain continues. The machine learning model may then predict that, so long as the rain continues, the well water will continue to degrade in quality. The machine learning model may output this prediction, and may also reduce water uptake from the well until the rain has passed. The machine learning model may also signal to users to increase water uptake from alternative sources to compensate for the reduced output of the contaminated source.

[0053] Figure 5 illustrates an example system 500 for detecting water contamination, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. A first water fixture 510 and a second water fixture 520 are respectively associated with a first water source 590 and a second water source 592. The first water fixture 510 incudes a first optical sensor 512 configured to measure at least one of a transmittance, a reflectance, and a fluorescence of water from the first water source 590. Similarly, the second water fixture 520 includes a second optical sensor 522 configured to measure at least one of a transmittance, a reflectance, and a fluorescence of water from the second water source 592. The first optical sensor 512 and the second optical sensor 522 may feed data to a first transmitter 514 and a second transmitter 5124, respectively. The first water fixture 510 and the second water fixture 520 may include one or more additional sensors configured to measure at least one of a fluorescent dissolved organic matter concentration, a chlorophyll concentration, a turbidity, a dissolved oxygen concentration, and a temperature. These additional sensors may be configured to send data to the first transmitter 514 and the second transmitter 524, respectively, to be included in the first sensor data 516 and the second sensor data 526, respectively.

[0054] The first transmitter 514 and the second transmitter 524 may be included in the first water fixture 510 and the second water fixture 520, respectively. The first transmitter 514 and the second transmitter 524 may transmit first sensor data 516 and second sensor data 526, respectively, to a contamination detection system 540. The first transmitter 514 and the second transmitter 524 may transmit the first sensor data 516 and the second sensor data 526, respectively, as continuous data streams or as periodic segments. The first transmitter 514 and the second transmitter 524 may transmit via radio communication, tethered communication, optical communication, soniccommunication, or any other form of communication which may be employed to transmit data. The first transmitter 514 and the second transmitter 524 may transmit via a direct link with the contamination detection system 540, or may transmit to the contamination detection system 540 via the internet, an intranet, or any other form of networked communication.

[0055] The contamination detection system 540 may receive the first sensor data 516 and the second sensor data 526 along with remote sensing data 530. The remote sensing data 530 may include but is not limited to a rainfall, a biomass cover, a land surface property, quantitative survey data, and qualitative survey data. The remote sensing data 530 may be received as a continuous stream of data, periodically in batches, or combinations thereof.

[0056] The contamination detection system 540 may include a processor 542 coupled to a memory 544, and may execute a changepoint detector 546. The changepoint detector 546 may analyze the first sensor data 516, the second sensor data 526, and the remote sensing data 530. This analysis may include calculating a first standardized variable for a first segment of data and a second standardized variable for a second segment of data, determining that a difference between the first and second standardized variables exceeds a predefined threshold, and identifying a changepoint between the first segment and the second segment. Calculating a standardized variable may involve performing regression analysis, gradient analysis, or any other method for normalizing data. Once changepoints have been identified, the first sensor data 516, the second sensor data 526, and the remote sensing data 530 may be split into intervals at each respective changepoint and sent to a machine learning model 548.

[0057] The machine learning model 548 may also execute on the contamination detection system 540, or may execute remotely on a server or distributed computing platform. The machine learning model 548 may be configured to analyze intervals from the first sensor data 516, the second sensor data 526, and the remote sensing data 530. The machine learning model 548 may classify the intervals into one or more categories, then perform a macro-analysis of the classified intervals to yield an estimation 550 of one or more current or future water quality parameters. These parameters may include but are not limited to a total organic carbon, a phosphorus concentration, a nitrogen concentration, and an algae concentration. The parameters may not be measured directly, but may be interpolated from the first sensor data 516, the second sensor data 526, and the remote sensing data 530. The contamination detection system 540 may use the estimation 550 to automatically alter a configuration of the first water source 590 or the secondwater source 592. For example, upon determining that the first water source 590 will soon become contaminated, the contamination detection system 540 may increase a water uptake from the second water source 592 while decreasing or stopping water uptake from the first water source 590. The contamination detection system 540 may also output a summary of the estimation 550 to a user interface.

[0058] The machine learning model 548 may be trained on historical data, which may include data from one or both of the first water source 590 and the second water source 592. The machine learning model 548 may also be configured to employ one or more proscribed methodologies in analyzing the first sensor data 516, the second sensor data 526, and the remote sensing data 530. These proscribed methodologies may include but are not limited to geostatistical interpolation methods, regulatory standards for water quality measurement, water source preferences, and combinations thereof.

[0059] Figure 6 illustrates a pair 600 of example water fixtures 510, 520, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. A first water fixture 510 includes a first optical sensor 512, a fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) sensor 610, and a first transmitter 514. The second water fixture 520 includes a second optical sensor 522, a dissolved oxygen sensor 620, a temperature sensor 630, and a second transmitter 524. The first water fixture 510 and the second water fixture 520 may be associated with separate water sources, respectively. The water sources may be natural (e.g. a stream or spring) or artificial (e.g. a well). The first optical sensor 512, the second optical sensor 522, the fDOM sensor 610, the dissolved oxygen sensor 620, and the temperature sensor 630 may be configured to measure water from the respective water source.

[0060] The first optical sensor 512 and the second optical sensor 522 may be configured to measure one or more wavelengths of light. For example, the first optical sensor 512 and the second optical sensor 522 may be configured to measure light with a wavelength from 50-300 nanometers (nm) or from 700-1000 nm, respectively. Selecting different wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths may allow for measurement of different water quality metrics. For example, one type of contaminant might cause reflection of ultraviolet wavelengths while another might fluoresce under infrared light. Other values or subranges for the wavelengths of light to measure may be selected from the range of 10 nm to 100 micrometers (pm); encompassing any wavelength that may be defined in the ultraviolet, visible light, or infrared spectra.

[0061] The first transmitter 514 and the second transmitter 524 may combine data from the first optical sensor 512, the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) sensor 610, the second optical sensor 522, the dissolved oxygen sensor 620, and the temperature sensor 630 into a first sensor data and a second sensor data, respectively. The first sensor data and the second sensor data may then be transmitted by the first transmitter 514 and the second transmitter 524, respectively, to a contamination detection system (see Figure 5).

[0062] Figure 7 illustrates a computing device 700, as may be used for MRV with sensorremote sensing fusion, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The computing device 700 may include at least one processor 710, a memory 720, and a communication interface 730.

[0063] The processor 710 may be any processing unit capable of performing the operations and procedures described in the present disclosure. In various embodiments, the processor 710 can represent a single processor, multiple processors, a processor with multiple cores, and combinations thereof.

[0064] The memory 720 is an apparatus that may be either volatile or non-volatile memory and may include RAM, flash, cache, disk drives, and other computer readable memory storage devices. Although shown as a single entity, the memory 720 may be divided into different memory storage elements such as RAM and one or more hard disk drives. As used herein, the memory 720 is an example of a device that includes computer-readable storage media, and is not to be interpreted as transmission media or signals per se.

[0065] As shown, the memory 720 includes various instructions that are executable by the processor 710 to provide an operating system 722 to manage various features of the computing device 700 and one or more programs 724 to provide various functionalities to users of the computing device 700, which include one or more of the features and functionalities described in the present disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize that different approaches can be taken in selecting or designing a program 724 to perform the operations described herein, including choice of programming language, the operating system 722 used by the computing device 700, and the architecture of the processor 710 and memory 720. Accordingly, the person of ordinary skill in the relevant art will be able to select or design an appropriate program 724 based on the details provided in the present disclosure, n various embodiments, the program 724 may include or make use of a machine learning model that istrained to make determinations as set forth in the present disclosure, and may be retrained or updated based on data collected as set forth in the present disclosure.

[0066] The communication interface 730 facilitates communications between the computing device 700 and other devices, which may also be computing devices as described in relation to Figure 7. In various embodiments, the communication interface 730 includes antennas for wireless communications and various wired communication ports. The computing device 700 may also include or be in communication, via the communication interface 730, one or more input devices (e g., a keyboard, mouse, pen, touch input device, etc.) and one or more output devices (e.g., a display, speakers, a printer, etc.).

[0067] Although not explicitly shown in Figure 7, it should be recognized that the computing device 700 may be connected to one or more public and / or private networks via appropriate network connections via the communication interface 730. It will also be recognized that software instructions may also be loaded into a non-transitory computer readable medium, such as the memory 720, from an appropriate storage medium or via wired or wireless means.

[0068] Accordingly, the computing device 700 is an example of a system that includes a processor 710 and a memory 720 that includes instructions that (when executed by the processor 710) perform various embodiments of the present disclosure. Similarly, the memory 720 is an apparatus that includes instructions that, when executed by a processor 710, perform various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0069] Certain terms are used throughout the description and claims to refer to particular features or components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, different persons may refer to the same feature or component by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components or features that differ in name but not function.

[0070] As used herein, the term “optimize” and variations thereof, is used in a sense understood by data scientists to refer to actions taken for continual improvement of a system relative to a goal. An optimized value will be understood to represent “near-best” value for a given reward framework, which may oscillate around a local maximum or a global maximum for a “best” value or set of values, which may change as the goal changes or as input conditions change. Accordingly, an optimal solution for a first goal at a given time may be suboptimal for a second goal at that time or suboptimal for the first goal at a later time.

[0071] As used herein, various chemical compounds are referred to by associated element abbreviations set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will be familiar with. Similarly, various units of measure may be used herein, which are referred to by associated short forms as set by the International System of Units (SI), which one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will be familiar with.

[0072] As used herein, “about,” “approximately” and “substantially” are understood to refer to numbers in a range of the referenced number, for example the range of -10% to +10% of the referenced number, preferably -5% to +5% of the referenced number, more preferably -1% to +1% of the referenced number, most preferably -0.1% to +0.1% of the referenced number.

[0073] Furthermore, all numerical ranges herein should be understood to include all integers, whole numbers, or fractions, within the range. Moreover, these numerical ranges should be construed as providing support for a claim directed to any number or subset of numbers in that range. For example, a disclosure of a range from 1 to 10 should be construed as supporting ranges of any two numbers X and Y that fall into the initial range of from 1 to 10 where X > 1 and Y < 10.

[0074] As used in the present disclosure, a phrase referring to “at least one of’ a list of items refers to any set of those items, including sets with a single member, and every potential combination thereof. For example, when referencing “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B, and C”, the phrase is intended to cover the sets of: A, B, C, A-B, B-C, A-C, and A-B-C, where the sets may include one or multiple instances of a given member (e.g., A-A, A-A-A, A-A- B, A-A-B-B-C-C-C, etc.) and any ordering thereof. For avoidance of doubt, the phrase “at least one of A, B, and C” shall not be interpreted to mean “at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C”.

[0075] As used in the present disclosure, the term “determining” encompasses a variety of actions that may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., via a table, database, or other data structure), ascertaining, receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory), retrieving, resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.

[0076] Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can use the preceding description to use the claimed inventions to their fullest extent. The examples and aspects disclosed herein are to be construed as merely illustrative and not a limitation of the scopeof the present disclosure in any way. It will be apparent to those having skill in the art that changes may be made to the details of the above-described examples without departing from the underlying principles discussed. In other words, various modifications and improvements of the examples specifically disclosed in the description above are within the scope of the appended claims. For instance, any suitable combination of features of the various examples described is contemplated.

[0077] Within the claims, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically stated as such, but rather as “one or more” or “at least one”. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. No claim element is to be construed under the provision of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or “step for”. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various embodiments described in the present disclosure that are known or come later to be known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.

Claims

CLAIMSThe invention is claimed as follows:

1. A system comprising: a plurality of separate water fixtures, wherein each of the plurality of separate water fixtures includes: an optical sensor, and a data transmission system configured to transmit sensor data from each of the plurality of separate water fixtures; and a contamination detection system configured to: receive sensor data from each of the plurality of separate water fixtures and remote sensing data; calculate changepoints within the sensor data; split the data into intervals at the changepoints; classify the intervals using a machine learning model; and identify a predicted contamination of a water source based on the classified intervals using the sensor data from a subset of the plurality of separate water fixtures and the remote sensing data to yield a near-time estimation of water quality parameters.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the contamination detection system calculates changepoints within the sensor data by: calculating a first standardized variable for a first segment of the sensor data and a second standardized variable for a second segment of the sensor data;determining that a difference between the first and second standardized variables exceeds a predefined threshold; and identifying a changepoint between the first segment and the second segment.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the water quality parameters include at least one of a total organic carbon, a phosphorus concentration, a nitrogen concentration, and an algae concentration.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the remote sensing data includes at least one of a rainfall, a biomass cover, a land surface property, quantitative survey data, and qualitative survey data.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the contamination detection system employs one or more geostatistical interpolation methods to yield the near-time estimation of water quality parameters.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical sensor is configured to measure at least one of a transmittance, a reflectance, and a fluorescence.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more water fixtures of the plurality of separate water fixtures includes one or more additional sensors configured to measure at least one of a fluorescent dissolved organic matter concentration, a chlorophyll concentration, a turbidity, a dissolved oxygen concentration, and a temperature.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the system does not directly measure the water quality parameters.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein each water fixture of the plurality of separate water fixtures is associated with a respective water system.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the respective water system is a natural water system.

11. The system of claim 9, wherein the respective water system is an artificial water system.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical sensor is configured to measure one range of wavelengths of light.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the range of wavelengths includes a single wavelength of light.

14. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical sensor is configured to measure two or more separate ranges of wavelengths of light.

15. The system of claim 1, wherein the contamination detection system is further configured to modify a configuration of a water source or a water system, responsive to the predicted contamination being above or below one or more predefined thresholds of values for one or more of the water quality parameters.

16. A method, comprising:receiving remote sensing data; receiving sensor data from each of a plurality of separate water fixtures; calculating changepoints within the sensor data; splitting the data into intervals at the changepoints; classifying the intervals using a machine learning model; and identifying a predicted contamination of a water source based on the classified intervals using the sensor data from a subset of the plurality of separate water fixtures and the remote sensing data to yield a near-time estimation of water quality parameters.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the calculating further comprises: calculating a first standardized variable for a first segment of the sensor data and a second standardized variable for a second segment of the sensor data; determining that a difference between the first and second standardized variables exceeds a predefined threshold; and identifying a changepoint between the first segment and the second segment.

18. The method of claim 16, further comprising modifying a configuration of a water source or a water system, responsive to the predicted contamination being above or below one or more predefined thresholds of values for one or more of the water quality parameters.

19. A non-volatile computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: receive remote sensing data;receive sensor data from each of a plurality of separate water fixtures; calculate changepoints within the sensor data; split the data into intervals at the changepoints; classify the intervals using a machine learning model; and identify a predicted contamination of a water source based on the classified intervals using the sensor data from a subset of the plurality of separate water fixtures and the remote sensing data to yield a near-time estimation of water quality parameters.

20. The non-volatile computer-readable medium of claim 19 storing further instructions which, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: calculate a first standardized variable for a first segment of the sensor data and a second standardized variable for a second segment of the sensor data; determine that a difference between the first and second standardized variables exceeds a predefined threshold; and identify a changepoint between the first segment and the second segment.

21. The non-volatile computer-readable medium of claim 19 storing further instructions which, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to modify a configuration of a water source or a water system, responsive to the predicted contamination being above or below one or more predefined thresholds of values for one or more of the water quality parameters.

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