Methods, devices and medium for joint communications
The proposed method for selecting and prioritizing access network devices addresses serving challenges for ambient IoT devices, enhancing the efficiency of polling and inventory processes and reducing redundant transmissions.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/075358
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-08
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-14
AI Technical Summary
Ambient Internet of Things (IoT) devices face challenges in following cell-based procedures such as monitoring paging, accessing cells, and managing mobility due to unclear serving mechanisms when covered by multiple cells or network nodes, and uncertain responses to polling/paging/inventory messages.
A method involving a first access network device selecting one or more second access network devices based on priority orders to initiate transmissions to a terminal device, and the terminal device receiving and responding to these transmissions from multiple access network devices.
Enhances the detection and management of radio link failures in ambient IoT devices by enabling efficient polling, paging, and inventory processes, optimizing resource utilization and reducing redundant transmissions.
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Figure CN2025075358_14082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS, DEVICES AND MEDIUM FOR JOINT COMMUNICATIONSFIELDS
[0001] Various embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication and in particular, to methods, devices and computer readable storage medium for joint communications.BACKGROUND
[0002] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.
[0003] Wireless Internet of Thing (IoT) devices are often battery powered. Both battery changing or replacement and battery lifetime may be concerns for many potential applications such as asset tracking, or environmental or industrial sensors. In the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) , a work on the ZE-IoT technology has started which includes a study item “Ambient-IoT” (or A-IoT or A IoT) . The wireless communication industry has been interested in zero-energy (ZE) devices or ZE-IoT devices. The ZE devices refer to wireless IoT devices that do not require battery replacement and can harvest energy from the environment. In some use cases, such as monitoring of the temperature of foodstuffs, the ZE devices may have small batteries that are disposable (e.g., organic and / or compostable) , rechargeable or have very limited capacity.
[0004] In addition, these ZE-IoT devices can be of very small form factor and may even be printable. The ZE-IoT devices target ultra-low power consumption to enable operations based on either energy-harvesting from an ambient sources or back-scattering communications such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) communications. Instead of relying on energy provided by a battery, a ZE-IoT device is harvested from vibrations, solar power, radio frequency (RF) and / or the like (in the harvesting cases) . Alternatively, the ZE-IoT device is provided with a charge carrier wave which is modulated and reflected back to a reader (in the back-scattering communication cases) . This enables energy autonomous operations during the lifetime of the ZE-IoT devices without a need for either manual replacement or charging of the batteries.SUMMARY
[0005] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0006] It may be challenging for an A-IoT user equipment (UE) to follow the cell-based procedure, e.g., monitoring paging, accessing to and camping on a cell, sending and receiving of data and signaling to / from a serving cell, mobility management (e.g., serving cell monitoring, handover or cell reselection) .
[0007] It appears that an A-IoT UE may be commanded by any cell or network node (e.g., gNodeB, base station) if the A-IoT UE is in the coverage of the cell or network node. In case of the A-IoT UE is in the coverage of more than one cell or network node. It is unclear how the A-IoT UE is served by multiple cells or network nodes. Furthermore, it is also unclear what will happen if a cell or a network node fails to receive a response of a polling / paging / inventory / query message from the A-IoT UE.
[0008] To overcome or mitigate at least one of the above-mentioned problems or other problems or provide a useful solution, embodiments of the present disclosure propose methods, devices and storage medium for joint communications.
[0009] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented at a first access network device. In the method, the first access network device selects one or more second access network devices from a list of access network devices based at least in part on priority orders of respective access network devices in the list. The first access network device sends, to the one or more second access network devices, an indication that a transmission is to be performed by the second access network device to the terminal device.
[0010] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented at a second access network device. In the method, the second access network device determines that the second access network device is to initiate a transmission towards a terminal device, based on priority orders of respective access network devices of a list in access network devices. The second access network device initiates a transmission towards the terminal device.
[0011] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented at a terminal device. In the method, the terminal device receives a plurality of transmissions from a plurality of access network devices. The terminal device selects an access network device from the plurality of access network devices. The terminal device transmits, to the selected access network device, a response for a transmission of the plurality of transmissions from the selected access network device.
[0012] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first access network device. The first access network device comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory containing instructions executable by the processor, whereby the first access network device is operative to select one or more second access network devices from a list of access network devices based at least in part on priority orders of respective access network devices in the list; and send, to the one or more second access network devices, an indication that a transmission is to be performed by the second access network device to the terminal device.
[0013] In an example, the first access network device is further operative to implement the method according to the first aspect.
[0014] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second access network device. The second access network device comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory containing instructions executable by the processor, whereby the second access network device is operative to determine that the second access network device is to initiate a transmission towards a terminal device, based on priority orders of respective access network devices of a list in access network devices; and initiate a transmission towards the terminal device.
[0015] In an example, the second access network device is further operative to implement the method according to the second aspect.
[0016] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory containing instructions executable by the processor, whereby the terminal device is operative to receive a plurality of transmissions from a plurality of access network devices; select an access network device from the plurality of access network devices; and transmit, to the selected access network device, a response for a transmission of the plurality of transmissions from the selected access network device.
[0017] In an example, the terminal device is further operative to implement the method according to the third aspect.
[0018] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor of a device, cause the device to perform the method according to the first, second, or third aspect.
[0019] With the present disclosure, a failure of a radio link may be detected more effectively and efficiently.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] Through the more detailed description of some embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, where the same reference generally refers to the same components in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 1A-1E illustrate topologies in TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0 according to the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication environment in which embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented.
[0023] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method for A-IoT at a first access network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method at a second access network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 6 shows function units of a first access network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 7 shows function units of a second access network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 8 shows function units of a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 9 shows a communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 10 shows a computer readable storage medium in accordance with some embodiments.
[0031] FIG. 11 shows an example of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments.
[0032] FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a UE in accordance with some embodiments.
[0033] FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a network node in accordance with some embodiments.
[0034] FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a host in accordance with some embodiments.
[0035] FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0036] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.
[0037] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and / or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a / an / the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and / or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.
[0038] Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in any single embodiment of the disclosure. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the disclosure.
[0039] As used herein, the terms "first" , "second" and so forth refer to different elements. The singular forms "a" and "an" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms "comprises" , "comprising" , "has" , "having" , "includes" and / or "including" as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components and the like, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. The term "based on" is to be read as "based at least in part on" . The term "one embodiment" and "an embodiment" are to be read as "at least one embodiment" . The term "another embodiment" is to be read as "at least one other embodiment" . Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0040] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to a device which is intended for accessing services via an access network and configured to communicate over the access network. The terminal device may be able to communicate with a network node, such as a base station, or with another terminal device by transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals. For instance, the terminal device may include, but is not limited to: a mobile phone, a smart phone, a sensor device, a meter, a vehicle, a household appliance, a medical appliance, a media player, a camera, or any type of consumer electronic, for instance, but not limited to, a television, radio, lighting arrangement, a tablet computer, a laptop, a personal computer (PC) , or an Internet of Thing (IoT) device. The terminal device may also include a portable, pocketstorable, hand-held, computer-comprised, or vehicle-mounted mobile device, enabled to communicate voice and / or data, via a wireless connection. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0041] As used herein, the term “network device” or “network node” refers to a device in a communication network via which a terminal device receives services from the network. The terms “network node” , “network function” may be used interchangeably. A network function can be implemented either as a network element on a dedicated hardware, as a software instance running on a dedicated hardware, or as a virtualised function instantiated on an appropriate platform, e.g., on a cloud infrastructure. The network node comprises an access network node via which a terminal device accesses an access network. Examples of access network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and newNR NodeBs (gNBs) ) . In the following description, the terms “network device” , “network node” , “base station” and “BS” may be used interchangeably.
[0042] As used herein, the term “communication device” refers to a device capable of communications. Examples of a communication device may comprise a terminal device and a network device.
[0043] As mentioned above, a work on the ZE-IoT technology has started in 3GPP, which includes a study item “Ambient-IoT” (or A-IoT or A IoT) . TR 22.840, version 19.0.0 is being developed by SA1 to capture potential use cases, traffic scenarios, device constraints of A-IoT and identify new potential service requirements as well as new key performance indicators (KPIs) . Meanwhile, a study item at RAN plenary level RP-222685, “Study on Ambient IoT” is being carried out with a focus on the feasibility of meeting design targets for relevant use cases of Ambient IoT and the outcome is being reported in TR 38.848, version 18.0.0. The study on Ambient-IoT targets at a new 3GPP IoT technology, suitable for deployment in a 3GPP system, which relies on ultra-low complexity devices with ultra-low power consumption for the very-low end IoT applications. The study needs to provide clear differentiation, e.g., addressing use cases and scenarios which cannot otherwise be fulfilled based on existing 3GPP low power wide area (LPWA) IoT technology, e.g., narrow band IoT (NB-IoT) with reduced peak transmitting (Tx) power.
[0044] In terms of energy storage, the study considers the following device characteristics. For example, pure batteryless devices with no energy storage capability at all are considered which are completely dependent on the availability of an external source of energy. Devices with limited energy storage capability are also considered which will not be replaced or recharged manually. Device categorization based on corresponding characteristics (e.g., energy sources, energy storage capabilities, passive or active transmission, and / or the like) may be discussed during the study, in relation with the relevant use cases. The peak power consumption of the device will be limited by its practical form factor for the intended use cases, under consideration of its energy source.
[0045] The suitable deployment scenarios and their characteristics will be identified at least for the use cases or services agreed in SA1’s “Study on Ambient power-enabled internet of Things” , comprising among at least the following aspects: indoor or outdoor environments; base station characteristics, e.g., macro, micro or pico cells-based deployments; connectivity topologies, including which node (s) , e.g., a base station, a UE, a relay, a repeater, and / or the like, can communicate with target devices; Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , and frequency bands in licensed or unlicensed spectrum; coexistence with UEs and infrastructure in frequency bands for existing 3GPP technologies; device originated and / or device terminated traffic assumption.
[0046] It is to be noted that there can be more than one deployment scenario identified for a use case, and a deployment scenario may be common to more than one use case. In the case where more than one deployment scenario is identified for a use case, the trade-offs between the deployment scenarios are also to be studied. It is also to be noted that there is no need to prioritize deployment aspects that are be coordinated with standalone (SA) , e.g., public or private networks, with or without CN connection. Moreover, it is to be noted that a representative use case can be studied for a group of use cases that have similar requirements.
[0047] In addition, a set of radio access network (RAN) design targets are formulated based on the identified deployment scenarios and their characteristics for the relevant use cases, at least including: power consumption, complexity, coverage, data rate, positioning accuracy. It is to be noted that the requirements from SA1 on the relevant use cases will be taken into consideration. The study aims to provide better coverage compared to existing non-3GPP technologies for the relevant use cases. Other RAN design targets in relation to connection density, mobility, security, latency, reliability, and / or the like may be discussed, if necessary for the relevant use cases. Detailed definitions of the RAN design targets will be discussed during the study.
[0048] The feasibility of meeting the design targets for relevant use case will be compared and assessed on the basis of the deployment scenario (s) appropriate to the use case. Assumptions on required functionality to be supported will be identified. It is to be noted that this is not to require a detailed work group (WG) -level of analysis. This study will target for an IoT segment well below the existing 3GPP IoT technologies, e.g., NB-IoT, enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) , reduced capability (RedCap) , etc. The study will not aim to replace existing 3GPP LPWA technologies.
[0049] Based on the outcome of the RAN study item, and the discussion during Release 19 (Rel-19) workshop during RAN#100 (RWS-230488) , a WG-level study item is expected to continue in Rel-19. In addition, depending on the progress and outcome of the WG-level study, a work item may be started during Rel-19 as well. There is a need to have focused scope on issues such as device type (s) , deployment scenario (s) , topology option (s) , and so on. There is a need to address cross-technical specification group (TSG) -dependencies. It may be studied that whether there is a need and whether it is feasible to convert the study and thereby specify the ambient IoT in Rel-19.
[0050] Various deployment scenarios, use cases, services for Ambient-IoT are described in clause 4 of TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0. In some use cases, two sets or levels of grouping were defined. The first, Grouping A, is on the basis of the deployment environment (s) described for a use case in TR 22.840 Version 19.0.0, and the second, Grouping B, is on the basis of functionality or application described in TR 22.840 Version 19.0.0. The Grouping A includes indoor, outdoor, indoor / outdoor. The Grouping B includes inventory, sensors, positioning, command. These two groupings are then used to form representative use cases (rUCs) as follows, which are used in Clause 4.2 which refers to deployment scenarios and connectivity topologies. Multiple rUCs which include rUC1 regarding indoor inventory, rUC2 regarding indoor sensors, rUC3 regarding indoor positioning, rUC4 regarding indoor command, rUC5 regarding outdoor inventory, rUC6 regarding outdoor sensors, rUC7 regarding outdoor positioning, and rUC8 regarding outdoor command may be formed. This resulted in the following mapping from SA1 use cases and traffic scenarios onto RAN rUCs: Table 1: Mapping between RAN rUCs and SA1 use cases in TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0.
[0051] The following connectivity topologies for A-IoT networks and devices are defined for the purposes of the study. In all these topologies, the A-IoT device may be provided with a carrier wave from other node (s) either inside or outside the topology. The links in each topology may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
[0052] It is to be noted that a BS, a UE, an assisting node, or an intermediate node may be multiple BSs, UEs, assisting nodes, or intermediate nodes, respectively. The mixture of indoor and outdoor placement of such nodes is regarded as a network implementation choice. It will be necessary to take account of potential impact on device or node complexity. In the connectivity topologies, this does not imply the existence of multi-hop assisting or intermediate nodes. Different topologies are illustrated in below with reference to FIG. 1A-FIG. 1E respectively.
[0053] FIG. 1A illustrates a topology 110 in TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0 according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown is FIG. 1A, the topology 110 includes a base station 110 and an A-IoT device 114.
[0054] In the topology 110, the A-IoT device 114 directly and bidirectionally communicates with the base station 112. The communication between the base station 112 and the A-IoT device 114 includes A-IoT data and / or signaling. The topology 110 includes a possibility that the base station 112 transmitting to the A-IoT device 114 is different from the base station 112 receiving from the A-IoT device 114.
[0055] FIG. 1B illustrates a topology 120 in TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0 according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown is FIG. 1B, the topology 120 includes the base station 112, the A-IoT device 114, and an intermediate node 122.
[0056] In the topology 120, the A-IoT device 114 communicates bidirectionally with the intermediate node 122 between the A-IoT device 114 and the base station 112. In this topology, the intermediate node 122 may be a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a UE, a repeater, etc. which is capable of supporting ambient IoT. The intermediate node 122 transfers A-IoT data and / or signaling between the base station 112 and the A-IoT device 114.
[0057] FIG. 1C illustrates a topology 130 with downlink assistance in TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0 according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown is FIG. 1 C, the topology 130 includes the base station 112, the A-IoT device 114, and an assisting node 132. In the topology 130, the A-IoT device 114 transmits ambient IoT data / signaling to the base station 112, and the A-IoT device 114 receives ambient IoT data / signaling from the assisting node 132.
[0058] FIG. 1D illustrates a topology 140 with uplink assistance in TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0 according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown is FIG. 1 D, the topology 140 includes the base station 112, the A-IoT device 114, and the assisting node 132. In the topology 140, the A-IoT device 114 receives ambient IoT data / signaling from the base station 112 and transmits ambient IoT data / signaling to the assisting node 132. In this topology, the assisting node 132 may be a relay, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc. which is capable of supporting ambient IoT.
[0059] FIG. 1E illustrates a topology 150 in TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0 according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown is FIG. 1 E, the topology 150 includes the A-IoT device 114 and a UE 152. In the topology 150, the A-IoT device 114 communicates bidirectionally with the UE 152. The communication between the UE 152 and the A-IoT device 114 involves ambient IoT data and / or signaling.
[0060] Deployment scenarios for Ambient-IoT described in clause 4 of TR 38.848 Version 18.0.0 include deployment scenario 1 with device indoors, base station indoors; deployment scenario 2 with device indoors, base station outdoors; deployment scenario 3 with device indoors, a UE-based reader; deployment scenario 4 with device outdoors, base station outdoors; deployment scenario 5 with device outdoors, a UE-based reader.
[0061] Regarding device categories, A-IoT devices are characterized in the study according to energy storage capacity of the devices, and capability of generating radio frequency (RF) signals for their transmissions. The study considers that a device has no energy storage at all or has a limited energy storage.
[0062] Relying on storage capacities, the study considers the following set of A-IoT devices including Device A with no energy storage, and no independent signal generation / amplification, i.e. backscattering transmission; Device B which has an energy storage, and no independent signal generation, i.e. backscattering transmission. The use of stored energy may include amplification for reflected signals. The study further considers Device C which has an energy storage, and independent signal generation, i.e., active RF components for transmission.
[0063] A limited energy storage may be different among implementations within Device B or implementations within Device C, and may be different between Device B and Device C. Such storage is expected to be order (s) of magnitude smaller than an NB-IoT device may typically include. The Device A, Device B, and Device C are able to demodulate control, data, etc. from the relevant entity in RAN according to connectivity topology.
[0064] Furthermore, for A-IoT, 3GPP will target an IoT segment well below the existing Cell IoT (CIoT) technologies rather than replacement of existing 3GPP LPWA technologies. It is expected that together with simplifications in a physical layer design, a higher layer (e.g., L2 or L3) design will also be much more lightweighted than the existing higher layer design in 3GPP. For example, a minimal set of functionalities (both at access stratum and non-access stratum levels) , which is even more simplified compared to that adopted for the existing CIoT technologies, may be used to operate A-IoT devices.
[0065] One way of such simplifications is to design a communication protocol which is shifted from full-connection communications oriented with both non-access stratum (NAS) and radio resource control (RRC) connections between a device and a network to connectionless communications with no RRC connections or even also no NAS connections between the device and the network. As such, the protocol and signaling overhead associated with the handshaking between the device and the network may be minimized. This means that A-IoT devices do not setup and maintain an RRC connection with the network. Moreover, A-IoT devices do not setup and maintain access stratum (AS) context including (dedicated) radio bearers, logical channels, etc.
[0066] One way to implement connectionless communications is to employ a message-based or self-contained transmission where context or control information associated with the signaling or data traffic is transmitted together with or right after the signaling or data traffic. In the case that the context or control information is transmitted right after the associated signaling or data traffic, no other transmissions occur between the context or control information and the associated signaling or data traffic, which carry information that is needed for reception of the signaling or data traffic. One such example is that in downlink (DL) signaling or data traffic is transmitted within or right after a paging message.
[0067] As discussed above, A-IoT has been agreed to be one study and / or work item for 3GPP Rel-19. Limited by hardware capabilities (e.g., memory, RF, power and digital processing) , it may be challenging for an A-IoT UE to follow the cell-based procedure which is designed for a new radio (NR) / long term evolution (LTE) capable UE, e.g., monitoring paging, accessing to and camping on a cell, sending and receiving of data and signaling to / from the serving cell, mobility management (e.g., serving cell monitoring, handover or cell reselection) .
[0068] It appears that the demand of functional and protocol simplifications for A-IoT may result in a framework that an A-IoT UE (which may be all types of A-IoT devices or at the least one type of A-IoT device, e.g., type A and type B A-IoT devices) does not have a serving cell identified exclusively by dedicated identities of the UE and the cell. In other words, an A-IoT UE may be commanded by any network node (e.g., gNB, BS) if it is assumed that the network node has an authority to command the A-IoT UE, and if the A-IoT UE is in the coverage of the network node. In case of a single node covering the A-IoT UE, the framework is valid. However, in some cases, the A-IoT UE may be in the coverage of more than one cell or network node. In this situation, it is unclear how the A-IoT UE is served by multiple cells or network nodes. Similarly, it is also unclear what will happen if a cell or a network node fails to receive a response of a polling / paging / inventory / query message from the A-IoT UE.
[0069] Certain aspects of the disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. Some embodiments of the present disclosure propose solution may help the network to perform efficient polling / paging / query / inventory towards one or multiple intended A-IoT devices. This solution allows one or more second access network devices to be selected from a list of access network devices based at least in part on priority orders of respective access network devices in the list. A first access network device sends, to the one or more second access network devices, an indication that a transmission is to be performed by the second access network device to the terminal device.
[0070] It is to be noted that although the issue is originating from a mechanism for ambient AIoT or ZE-IoT devices, the proposed solution herein may be applied in general for different types of terminal devices including both low power devices and normal devices.
[0071] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication environment 200 in which embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented.
[0072] As shown in FIG. 2, the communication environment 200 comprises a terminal device 210 (e.g., a UE) . The communication environment 200 further comprises a first access network device (e.g., a primary RAN node) 220 of the terminal device 210 and a second access network device (e.g., a secondary RAN node) 230. The terminal device 210 may communicate with the first access network device 220 and the second access network device 230.
[0073] Communications in the communication environment 200 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocols and technologies. It is to be understood that the numbers of devices are illustrated in FIG. 2 only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The communication environment 200 may include any suitable numbers of terminal devices and network devices for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the serving network device 220 may have a plurality of neighbor network devices that may communicate with the terminal device 210.
[0074] In the following, use cases with ultra-low power devices, zero-energy (based on backscattering or energy harvesting, or both backscattering and energy harvesting) , or IoT devices may be considered and assumed. However, the proposal mechanisms may not be limited to such devices, and can be extended to other service or device classes or categories, e.g., related to Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) , massive-MTC, Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) , Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) , etc.
[0075] In the following, the procedures which the terminal device 210 conducts covering DL reception and UL transmission includes measurements for radio link monitoring and / or mobility purposes, paging monitoring, logging / reporting measurement results, tracking area update, searching for a new Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) , random access or other access scheme, camping on a cell, cell change, data transmission and reception etc. In a general view, these procedures will consume power in devices.
[0076] In some embodiments, the term “RAN node” may be used which may be a network node (e.g., the serving network device 220 or the neighbor network device 230) or a UE (e.g., the terminal device 210) . Examples of network nodes are NodeB, base station (BS) , multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node such as MSR BS, eNodeB, gNodeB, MeNB, SeNB, location measurement unit (LMU) , integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, network controller, radio network controller (RNC) , base station controller (BCS) , relay, IAB, repeater, donor node controlling relay, base transceiver station (BTS) , Central Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Distributed Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Baseband Unit, Centralized Baseband, C-RAN, access point (AP) , transmission points, transmission nodes, transmission reception point (TRP) , RRU, RRH, nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS) , core network node (e.g. MCS, MME, etc. ) , O&M, OSS, SON, positioning node (e.g. E-SMLC) , etc. In particular, in A-IoT scenario the RAN nodes comprise intermediate node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) and assisting node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) . In particular, in A-IoT scenarios the RAN nodes comprise intermediate node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) and assisting node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) .
[0077] The term time resource used herein may correspond to any type of physical resource or radio resource expressed in terms of length of time. An example of time resources is a symbol, a time slot, a subframe, a radio frame, a transmit time interval (TTI) , an interleaving time, a slot, a sub-slot, a mini-slot, a system frame number (SFN) cycle, a hyper-SFN (H-SFN) cycle etc.
[0078] In this invention, “polling” , “poll” , “paging” , and “page” may be used to represent one or more than one signal transmitted by a network node broadcast wise or specially to a dedicated UE. The purpose of the signal is to facilitate / serve / manage / command one or more than one UE to synchronize to the network node (DL / UL synchronize to a reference time / frame / symbol, or synchronize to one or more than one signal which the UE receives from the network node, or synchronize based on a pre-defined rule) , receive DL data, response and transmit UL data correctly in intended resources. The content of such signal may be a particular reference signal or a signal carrying control information and / or data. Such signal may be transmitted periodically or a periodically configured by the network node. In this invention, “A-IoT UE” , “A-IoT device” , “device” , or “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0079] The proposed solution is set (s) of mechanisms for an A-IoT UE of being polled and served by at the least a first network node (also referred to as NW1, e.g., a gNB) and a second network node (also referred to as NW2 e.g., gNB) . The solution mainly covers how multiple RAN nodes collaborate between each other on querying / polling / paging / inventory a UE. For example, a node may be defined as a primary node to signal control / configuration information to the UE and store the context of the UE. For example, a priority order among multiple RAN nodes may be defined / configured, based on which, a RAN node is determined to serve, trigger a querying message towards the UE. The priority order may be defined considering load, processing capabilities, and radio signal quality of each node.
[0080] In some embodiments, a RAN node may exchange information with another RAN node. For instance, the exchanged information may include whether the RAN node is a primary node. For example, the exchanged information may include a priority order of the RAN node. For example, the exchanged information may include the load of the RAN node. In addition, the load may also contain an overload indicator. For example, the exchanged information may include processing capabilities of the RAN node. For example, the exchanged information may include radio channel quality towards the UE. For example, the exchanged information may include whether the RAN node has transmitted a querying / polling / paging / inventory message to the UE, i.e., whether the RAN node has initiated a querying / polling / paging / inventory round toward the UE. For example, the exchanged information may include whether the RAN node has received a response message from the UE in the recent querying / polling / paging / inventory round. For example, the exchanged information may include data transmission / reception status including whether the RAN node keeps DL data destined to the device, e.g., in case the device moved to another area, i.e., no response after a number of paging / polling attempts, before data transmission. In this example, data forwarding between current / source RAN node and a new / target RAN node may be needed. In another example, the exchanged information may include when / how often the paging / polling / inventory / query message is transmitted. This might be important for coordination among RAN nodes regarding how often inventory of a selected tag population would be beneficial.
[0081] In some examples, core network (CN) node may provide RAN nodes with necessary configuration. For example, the configuration may include mapping / association between RAN nodes and a UE. For example, the configuration may include information about when to start / stop / resume querying / polling / paging / inventory towards a UE. For instance, the configuration may include resources for the RAN nodes to transmit a querying / polling / paging / inventory command to the UE.
[0082] In some embodiments, a RAN node may determine that it can reach or has coverage towards a UE after initiating a transmission / aquery round towards the UE, and the RAN node may receive a response (e.g, a positive response) from the UE. Alternatively, or in addition, a RAN node may determine that it can reach or has coverage towards a UE based on a transmission recently received by the RAN node from the UE (e.g., a registration message) .
[0083] In some embodiments, a RAN node may determine that it cannot reach or has no coverage towards a UE, because the RAN node has transmitted multiple (e.g., N) transmissions / query rounds, however there is no response (e.g., positive response) received from the UE. Alternatively, or in addition, a RAN node may determine that it cannot reach or has no coverage towards a UE, since there is no UL transmission received from the UE over a configured time period.
[0084] A-IoT devices do not support ordinary mobility operation (e.g., cell selection / reselection and handover) . This may make it challenging for the network to trace the location / geographic area of a device. The proposed RAN / CN coordination mechanism may help the RAN / CN to perform efficient query / inventory towards one or multiple intended A-IoT devices.
[0085] Mechanisms and solutions to enable multiple RAN network nodes are deployed in a collocated manner, or closely in an area covering a number of A-IoT UEs. The intention of deployment of multiple RAN nodes is to increase coverage in the area, to offload A-IoT traffic between RAN nodes, to reduce or avoid redundant querying / polling / paging / inventory messages initiated by the network, and to better support mobility. Multiple RAN network nodes may share the same area ID.
[0086] In order to not increase design complexity (e.g., hardware cost &complexity) of the A-IoT UE, these RAN nodes may be deployed on the same carrier band / region. When these RAN nodes transmit a signal / command to the UE, the (same) transmissions may be performed in a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) fashion, i.e., RAN nodes transmit the messages or the data in different time slots. It may be feasible for multiple RAN nodes to perform the transmissions on the same carrier regions and in the same slot. The UE may combine reception from multiple RAN nodes to increase the receiving signal strength. For A-IoT UEs with more advanced capabilities, the UEs may be capable of receiving signals on multiple carriers at the same time. In this case, these RAN nodes use different carrier waves / carrier frequencies / carrier segments to transmit the message or the data towards the UE.
[0087] With the mechanisms and solutions, these multiple RAN nodes may coordinate between each other to achieve an efficient querying / polling / paging / inventory procedure towards an A-IoT UE, meanwhile, to avoid wasting RAN resources by not triggering unnecessary querying / polling / paging / inventory procedures.
[0088] To facilitate the procedure for an A-IoT UE monitoring polling / paging message, receiving DL transmission, enable UL transmission in case of more than one network node, methods of multiple RAN nodes-based procedure to an A-IoT UE are described in the following.
[0089] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method 300 for A-IoT at a first access network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 300 may be implemented by the first access network device 220 as shown in FIG. 2. For the purpose of discussion, the method 300 will be described from the perspective of the first access network device 220. The first access network device, for example, may be a primary node. However, in some cases, the first access network device will not be limited to a primary node and may also operate as a secondary node.
[0090] As shown in FIG. 3, at block 310, the first access network device selects one or more second access network devices from a list of access network devices based at least in part on priority orders of respective access network devices in the list.
[0091] In some embodiments, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to a load of each of the respective access network devices. In an example, the priority order among the RAN nodes may be defined based on criteria / information including the load of each RAN node. The load may be defined as the number of UEs being served by the node, number / volume of resources occupied by UEs in the RAN node. According to the above definition, the higher the value, the higher the load. In an example, a RAN node with higher load is defined with higher priority, while a RAN node with lower load is defined with lower priority.
[0092] Alternatively, or in addition, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to a processing capability of each of the respective access network devices. In an example, a RAN node with higher processing capability is defined with higher priority, while a RAN node with lower processing capability is defined with lower priority. As an embodiment, a primary and secondary RAN node definition can be relative if it depends on UE’s capability. For example, the active devices can select a node with possibility largest coverage. On the other for passive devices, network can define specific cells with associated carrier wave emitter (CWE) nodes should be considered as primary nodes. As it may happen the RAT may differ to some extent in treating different devices based on their capabilities.
[0093] Alternatively, or in addition, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to a radio channel quality of each of the respective access network devices. In some examples, the priority order among the RAN nodes may be defined based on radio channel quality of each RAN node towards the same UE. For example, the UE may report measured DL radio quality to a RAN node, that is, the UE may be able to measure DL radio quality during reception. For example, a RAN node may measure UL radio quality upon reception of a transmission from a UE. In an example, a RAN node with higher radio quality is defined with higher priority, while a RAN node with lower radio quality is defined with lower priority.
[0094] Alternatively, or in addition, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to an association of each of the respective access network devices with a carrier wave emitter node. In some examples, the priority order among the RAN nodes may be defined based on the association with CWE or carrier wave (CW) nodes. For example, the primary cell or gNb was selected based cell associated with large number of CWE nodes or specific prioritized CWE nodes.
[0095] Alternatively, or in addition, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to provisions of carrier waves of the list of access network devices to the terminal device. In an embodiment, the priority of the RAN node or the selection of the primary RAN node serving a UE depends on the type of node providing the carrier wave for the UE. For example, a RAN node which is also providing the carrier wave transmissions to the UE is considered as higher priority than another RAN node which does not provide the carrier wave transmissions. In this case, such RAN node is selected as the primary RAN node. In another example, assuming that the carrier wave is provided by a third device (e.g. intermediate node) , in this case any of RAN nodes are selected as the primary node. The selection may further depend on the load, processing capabilities, radio channel conditions as described herein.
[0096] Alternatively, or in addition, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to a capability of the terminal device. For example, the priority order may be defined based on processing capabilities (e.g., number of hardware resources, decoding / encoding timing etc. ) of each RAN node.
[0097] Alternatively, or in addition, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to a type of the terminal device. In an example, the selection of primary RAN node may depend on type of UE being served. The UE type depends on the device capabilities, e.g., a UE which is capable of generating an independent signal (also denoted as type C or device (ii) in the AIoT SID) may select any RAN node as its primary node based on the criteria (e.g., load, radio conditions etc. ) . However, a UE with limited capabilities (such as Device A or B as described herein) selects a RAN node as the primary RAN node if it is also providing the carrier wave.
[0098] Alternatively, or in addition, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to a number of responses received by each of the respective access network devices from the terminal device. In some examples, if the RAN node has determined a transmission (or up to N transmissions) has failed towards the UE, the RAN node may ask one or more neighbor RAN nodes to inform whether they have received response (s) (e.g., positive response (s) ) from the UE, alternatively the neighbor RAN node (s) may inform (or proactively inform) the RAN node whether they have received response (s) (e.g., positive response (s) ) from the UE. The RAN node then informs the neighbor RAN node that has received the most number of response (s) (e.g., positive response (s) ) or the highest priority neighbor RAN node among the neighbor RAN nodes that have received at least M response (s) (e.g., positive response (s) ) to send further transmission towards the UE. The neighbor RAN nodes may be a node which is already configured / associated with the UE.
[0099] Alternatively, or in addition, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to coverage of each of the respective access network devices towards the terminal device.
[0100] In some embodiments, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are determined by the first access network device or received by a core network device. For example, for A-IoT UEs, among those RAN nodes configured or associated with the UE, there is a priority order defined or configured among those RAN nodes. The priority order is maintained by RAN nodes. Different priority order among RAN nodes may be configured for different UE groups. In an example, the priority order is determined by the CN, e.g., Access and Mobility management Function (AMF) and is inform to the relevant network nodes. The list of relevant network nodes includes RAN nodes and CN functions. For example, the coordinating / primary node can be a CN network function (NF) (e.g., AMF) that coordinates RAN node of a configured area, e.g., registration / tracking area when it comes to communication with A-IoT device (s) in the area. In another example, CN updates the priority order according to the reporting from relevant RAN nodes about the device mobility, e.g., the RAN node which the device last visited / responded is the primary node.
[0101] In an embodiment, the priority of a RAN node serving one or multiple UEs is redefined / reconfigured based on update of the information / criteria. In an embodiment, a RAN node is defined / configured as a primary RAN node for a UE according to the same criteria / information as in the above. In an embodiment, a RAN node with highest priority is defined as a primary RAN node for a UE. Alternatively, or in addition, a CN node may determine the primary RAN node among those RAN nodes if the CN node is provided with the aforementioned information.
[0102] In some examples, among all RAN nodes configured for a UE, multiple RAN nodes are triggered to transmit a querying / polling / paging / inventory message or data to the UE. In the extension, the network may enable or disable or flexibly select configurations between where the querying initiated by primary node (followed by secondary node subject to trigger) or by all RAN nodes (all nodes treated a peer nodes) . In an example, a RAN node may retransmit the querying / polling / paging / inventory message to the UE if the RAN node cannot receive a response message from the UE within a configured period. As soon as at least one response message is received by any one of the nodes, these RAN nodes stop sending the querying / polling / paging / inventory to the UE.
[0103] In some embodiments, after a RAN node has initiated a message or data transmission to a UE, the RAN node determines whether the transmission has been successfully completed by the RAN node depending on whether the RAN node has received a response message from the UE within a configured time period. It is to be noted that the determination is only with respect to this specific RAN node, that is, no matter the other RAN node (s) have received a response message from the UE within the configured time period or not. On the contrary, the RAN node determines the transmission has failed by the RAN node if the RAN node cannot receive a response (e.g., a positive response) from the UE within a configured time period.
[0104] In some embodiments, the priority orders of the respective access network devices are predefined or configured by a network for a group of terminal devices including the terminal device.
[0105] In some embodiments, the second access network device is selected based on at least one condition being satisfied, and the at least one condition may comprise a condition that no response is received from the terminal device in a time period after a transmission from the first access network device towards the terminal device. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one condition may comprise a condition that no response is received from the terminal device after a number of transmissions from the first access network device towards the terminal device.
[0106] In some examples, for A-IoT UEs, among those RAN nodes configured or associated with the UE, there is a priority order defined or configured among those RAN nodes. the priority order is maintained by RAN nodes. Different priority order among RAN nodes may be configured for different UE groups. The RAN node with highest priority may be the primary RAN node. The RAN node with highest priority is first to transmit / trigger a polling / querying / paging / inventory cycle / message for the UE. The other RAN nodes with lower priority are triggered to transmit a polling / querying / paging cycle / message for the UE only when the RAN node with higher priority cannot reach the UE, e.g., not able to receive the response of the UE over a configured or predefined (or fixed) period of time and / or not able to receive the UE’s response after a certain number of polling / querying / paging / inventory cycle / messages.
[0107] In one example, the primary RAN node transmits / trigger a polling / querying / paging / inventory cycle / message for the UE. If no response was received after Nth attempt, a fallback mechanism is started, which means that one or more of the secondary RAN nodes triggers the same or updated polling / querying / paging / inventory cycle / message for the UE. In this example, a value of N may be configured or predefined, and it may further depend on the type of message / query etc. An example value of N may be 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
[0108] In another example, if no response was received from the UE for the request / query from the RAN node with the highest priority order, the same or updated query / message is sent by the RAN node next in the list of priority order for the RAN nodes. This process is repeated until the response is received from the UE. In order to do that, the primary node indicate / to the next in line RAN node, or indicate / inform CN / AMF and CN requests next in line RAN node to indicate polling.
[0109] In some embodiments, the first access network device is included in the list of access network device, and the first access network device determines that the first access network device is removed from the list of access network device based on the at least one condition being met.
[0110] At block 320, the first access network device sends, to the one or more second access network devices, an indication that a transmission is to be performed by the second access network device to the terminal device.
[0111] In some embodiments, the first access network device sends, to a core network device, an indication that a transmission from the first access network device towards the terminal device is failed. The first access network device receives, from the core network device, an indication for the list of access network devices. In some examples, the RAN node may send a message to the CN of the information indicating failed paging / polling. Further, the CN may indicate set (s) of the RAN node to page / poll the UE with respect to a determination of the CN. If the CN knows that there is at the least one of other RAN nodes has successfully paged / polled the UE and / or has successfully received UL transmission from the UE, the CN may respond the RAN node to stop paging / polling the UE from now on. If the CN does not know any RAN node, or know none of RAN node has successfully paged / polled the UE and / or has successfully received UL transmission from the UE, the CN may indicate an additional set (s) of the RAN node to continue page / poll the UE.
[0112] In an embodiment, at the beginning, any RAN node is not allowed to enable paging / polling the UE, unless the CN indicates set (s) of RAN nodes to page / poll a UE with respect to the determination of the CN. According to the results and feedback received / forwarded from / by the RAN nodes to the CN, then the CN may determine and indicate which RAN node to perform further DL transmission and UL reception, including control and data, to / from the UE.
[0113] In an embodiment, given UEs are scattered in the region, different RAN nodes may act as primary nodes to different UEs. A method of selecting primary node is where UE is inventoried / paged / polled / queried last time successfully. Alternatively, or in addition, the method of selecting primary node is where the context of the UE resides. Alternatively, or in addition, the method of selecting primary node is where CN indicates to specific RAN node to act a primary node to a specific UE. The AF may assist in making such decision as certain should belong to certain areas, e.g., the A-IOT tags attached to certain clothes, then always kept in certain shelf or department, then these tags always be connected using the primary RAN node which is located close to the at shelf or department.
[0114] In an embodiment, prior to paging / polling a UE, a RAN node may send a request massage to other RAN nodes, e.g., to one or more than one RAN nodes or in RAN level, through Xn interface or to CN for forwarding other RAN nodes, to check if any other RAN node has paged / polled the UE successfully. According to the results and feedback, the RAN node (which sends the request) may stop paging / polling the UE if there is at the least one of other RAN nodes has successfully paged / polled the UE.
[0115] In an embodiment, the CN provides set (s) of (time / frequency) resources (multiplexing in time / frequency domain) to the RAN nodes. In one example, the CN provides candidates of resources broadcast wise, one RAN node may choose one out of the candidates. In another example, the CN provides set of particular resources deliberately to each RAN node.
[0116] In some embodiments, the first access network device sends, to at least one of a core network device or a third access network device of the list of access network devices, an indication that the first access network device is removed from the list of access network device. The third access network device may or may not be included in the one or second network devices.
[0117] In an example, a RAN node is removed from the list of the RAN nodes operating a UE when the RAN node cannot reach / has no coverage towards the UE, i.e., when at least one of the below conditions are met. The RAN node has transmitted N transmissions / query messages to the UE, however, there is no response (e.g., positive response) received from the UE. The RAN node is informed that there has been N transmissions / query messages transmitted to the UE, however, there is no response (e.g., positive response) received from the UE. There is no any UL transmission received from the UE over a configured time period. The RAN node can determine whether itself is removed or stopped for the UE based on the above conditions. Upon determination that itself has been removed / stopped operating the UE, the RAN node may send the information to a CN node e.g., AMF, SMF or a CN node managing A-IoT traffic / UEs, or to a neighbor RAN node. based on the information, the CN node can update the list of RAN nodes for the UE, update the primary RAN node for the UE and the neighbor node can determine to serve the UE from now on.
[0118] In some embodiments, the first access network device may receive, from a third access network device of the list of access network devices, information comprising a priority order of the third access network device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include a priority order of the RAN node.
[0119] Alternatively, or in addition, may receive, the information received by the first access network device from the third access network device may comprise a load of the third access network device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include the load of the RAN node. In addition, the load may also contain an overload indicator.
[0120] Alternatively, or in addition, may receive, the information received by the first access network device from the third access network device may comprise a processing capability of the third access network device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include processing capabilities of the RAN node.
[0121] Alternatively, or in addition, may receive, the information received by the first access network device from the third access network device may comprise an identifier of the terminal device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include the ID and / or the group of the concerned UE (s) .
[0122] Alternatively, or in addition, may receive, the information received by the first access network device from the third access network device may comprise an identifier of a group of terminal devices including the terminal device. Alternatively, or in addition, may receive, the information received by the first access network device from the third access network device may comprise a radio channel quality of the third access network device towards the terminal device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include radio channel quality towards the UE.
[0123] Alternatively, or in addition, may receive, the information received by the first access network device from the third access network device may comprise carrier wave emitter related information of the third access network device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include the CW related information, e.g., CWE it’s supporting or associated with.
[0124] Alternatively, or in addition, may receive, the information received by the first access network device from the third access network device may comprise data transmission and / or reception status of the third access network device associated with the terminal device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include data transmission / reception status including whether the RAN node keeps DL data destined to the device, e.g., in case the device moved to another area, i.e., no response after a number of paging / polling attempts, before data transmission. In this example, data forwarding between current / source RAN node and a new / target RAN node may be needed.
[0125] Alternatively, or in addition, may receive, the information received by the first access network device from the third access network device may comprise timing, resource or synchronization information of the access network device. For example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include timing, resource or synchronization information for e.g. a Carrier Wave for the purpose of increased carrier reception possibility at an A-IoT device.
[0126] In some embodiments, the first access network device may receive, from a third access network device of the list of access network devices, information indicating whether the third access network device operates as a primary node of the terminal device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include whether the RAN node is a primary node.
[0127] Alternatively, or in addition the information received by the first access network from the third access network device indicates when or how often a transmission is performed to the terminal device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include when / how often the message (paging / polling / inventory / query) is transmitted. This might be important as coordination among RAN nodes regarding how often inventory of a selected tag population would be beneficial.
[0128] Alternatively, or in addition the information received by the first access network from the third access network device indicates whether the third access network device has performed a transmission towards the terminal device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include whether the RAN node has transmitted a querying / polling / paging / inventory message to the UE, i.e., whether the RAN node has initiated a querying / polling / paging / inventory round toward the UE (s) .
[0129] Alternatively, or in addition the information received by the first access network from the third access network device indicates whether the third access network device has received a response from the terminal device after a transmission from the third access network device to the terminal device. In an example, a RAN node may exchange with another RAN node with at least one of the information for a concerned UE. The information may include whether the RAN node has received a response message from the UE for the recent sent querying / polling / paging / inventory message to the UE. It is to be noted that the querying / polling / paging / inventory message may be sent by another RAN node.
[0130] In some embodiments, the first access network device may determine, based on the information operating as a primary node of the terminal device. Based on the received information, the other RAN node receiving the information may determine whether to operate the UE, i.e., whether to serve the UE as the primary RAN node. In this way, mobility may be supported for the UE.
[0131] Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device may determine, based on the information performing more transmissions towards the terminal device. Based on the received information, the other RAN node receiving the information may determine whether to send more querying / polling / paging / inventory message towards the UE.
[0132] Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device may determine, based on the information cease a transmission towards the terminal device. Based on the received information, the other RAN node receiving the information may determine whether to stop sending querying / polling / paging / inventory message towards the UE.
[0133] Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device may determine, based on the information activating or deactivating more carrier wave emitter nodes. Based on the received information, the other RAN node receiving the information may determine whether to activate or deactivate more CWE nodes.
[0134] Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device may determine, based on the information informing a further surrounding terminal device to operate as a reader of the terminal device. Based on the received information, the other RAN node receiving the information may determine whether to inform surrounding other UEs to take the role of reader, i.e., receive transmissions from A-IoT UEs.
[0135] Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device may determine, based on the information aligning a carrier wave frequency transmission. Based on the received information, the other RAN node receiving the information may determine whether to align a carrier wave frequency transmission in an “SFN” fashion or similar.
[0136] In some embodiments, the first access network device determines that the first access network device has coverage towards the terminal device based on at least one condition being satisfied, the at least one condition comprising a condition that a response is received from the terminal device after a transmission from the first access network device towards the terminal device. Alternatively, or in addition, the at least one condition comprises a condition that a transmission has been received from the terminal device.
[0137] In some embodiments, in response to receiving a request for detection of satisfaction of the at least one condition, the first access network device determines whether the at least one condition is satisfied.
[0138] For example, a RAN node may determine that it can reach or has coverage towards a UE when either of the following conditions is met. One condition is that after a transmission / aquery message has been sent towards the UE (which may be sent by this RAN node or another RAN node) , the RAN node may receive a response (e.g, a positive response) from the UE. The other condition is that the RAN node has recently received a transmission from the UE (e.g., a registration message) . After determining that itself may reach / has coverage towards a UE, the RAN node may send this information to a CN node, and / or one or multiple neighbor RAN nodes.
[0139] In an embodiment, the RAN node may be requested by a neighbor RAN node or a CN node to serve the UE. Based on this, the RAN node will determine whether itself can reach / has coverage towards the UE and only accept to serve the UE when it can reach / has coverage towards the UE. Coverage towards a UE can be determined if the RAN node has successfully received an uplink transmission (including the reflected, backscattered, reference signals) from the said UE within the last T1 time duration. In one example, the UE is considered to be within a RAN node coverage if it has received a random-access transmission message from the UE. In another example, a UE is considered to be within RAN node coverage if it has received any response to a query, polling, paging etc.
[0140] In some embodiments, the first access network device sends, to at least one of a core network device or a third access network device of the list of access network devices, a request for detection of coverage of the third access network device towards the terminal device. In an example, a RAN node may send a request message to other RAN nodes to check if any RAN node has successfully paged / polled a UE with positive response (i.e., that node can reach / has coverage towards the UE) through e.g., Xn interface, or to CN for forwarding other RAN nodes with respect to the determination the CN. If at the least another RAN node replied that it has successfully received positive response of polling / paging from the UE, the RAN node may stop continuing paging / polling the UE and / or the RAN node may inform the CN of the information. Alternatively, or in addition, If at the least another RAN node replied that it has successfully received positive response of polling / paging from the UE, the RAN node may request the other RAN node to serve the UE. If at the least another RAN node replied that it has successfully received positive response of polling / paging from the UE, the CN may request the other RAN node to serve the UE based on the information received from the RAN node. If at the least another RAN node replied that it has successfully received positive response of polling / paging from the UE, in case the other RAN node accepts / determines to serve the UE, the RAN node may provide or request candidate resources to the other RAN node which has received positive response from the UE. In turn, the other RAN may provide the candidate resources for further polling / paging, and / or inform the UE to be prepared for receiving polling / paging in the candidate resources in future time.
[0141] If at the least one other RAN node replied that it cannot reach / has no coverage towards the UE, the RAN node may start to page / poll the UE and / or the RAN node may inform the CN of the information. Alternatively, or in addition, if at the least one other RAN node replied that it cannot reach / has no coverage towards the UE, the RAN node may request the other RAN node to stop polling / paging the UE, further inform the UE to be prepared for receiving further polling / paging from the RAN node instead. Alternatively, or in addition, if at the least one other RAN node replied that it cannot reach / has no coverage towards the UE, the CN may request the other RAN node to stop serving the UE based on the information received from the RAN node.
[0142] In some embodiments, the first access network device may update first resources of a transmission from the first access network device towards the terminal device, to avoid overlapping of the first resources and second resources of a transmission from a third access network device of the list of access network devices towards the terminal device.
[0143] In some embodiments, in response to identifying overlapping of first resources of a transmission from the first access network device towards the terminal device and second resources of a transmission from a third access network device of the list of access network devices towards the terminal device, the first access network device may perform at least one action. The action includes ceasing or suspending a transmission towards the terminal device using the first resources. Alternatively, or in addition, the action may include sending, to the third access network device, a request for cease or suspend of a transmission from the third access network device towards the terminal device using the second resources.
[0144] In some embodiments, after sending the request for the cease or suspending of the transmission using the second resources, the first access network device may receive, from the third access network device, a response indicating that the cease or suspend of the transmission using the second resources is accepted by the third access network device. The first access network device may continue use of the first resources for a transmission towards the terminal device.
[0145] In some embodiments, the first access network device may send a request for information about the second resources, to at least one of a core network device or the third access network device. The first access network device may receive the information from the at least one of the core network device or the third access network device. Updating of the first resources or identifying of overlapping of the first and second resources is performed based on the information.
[0146] In an example, one RAN node sends a request massage to other RAN nodes, e.g., to one or more than one RAN nodes or to CN for requesting information on other RAN nodes of the (time / frequency) resources (in time / frequency domain) which the other RAN nodes are using. After receiving the response from other RAN nodes or the CN, the RAN node may update its resources for paging / polling to avoid overlapping / interfering with other RAN nodes. Alternatively, if the RAN node identifies overlapping / interfering on the resources for paging / polling occurring, the RAN node may stop paging / polling for a while (e.g., for at least a configured period, e.g., a collision avoidance period) . Alternatively, if the RAN node identifies overlapping / interfering on the resources for paging / polling occurring with other RAN nodes, the RAN node may suspend paging / polling for a time period and then resume paging / polling. Alternatively, if the RAN node identifies overlapping / interfering on the resources for paging / polling occurring, the RAN node may request the other RAN node (e.g., a target RAN node) whose resources are overlapping / interfering to stop using the resources perform paging / polling. The target RAN node may accept and response, then the RAN node can use the resources for paging / polling from now on.
[0147] In some embodiments, the first access network device is operating as a primary node of the terminal device, and the first access network device may provide area specific controlling information or configuration to the terminal device. In an example, for one or multiple A-IoT UEs, multiple RAN nodes are configured / mapped to the UEs to jointly provide RAN coverage, where a RAN node may be defined / configured as a primary node in an area which is responsible for providing area specific controlling information / configuration to the UE, including e.g., uplink access or random access or RACH configuration, DL command / query / paging configurations, one or multiple DL transmission resources, or one or multiple UL transmission resources.
[0148] Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device may store context information of the terminal device. For example, the RAN node may be defined / configured as a primary node in an area which is responsible for storing UE context information, e.g., UE ID, authentication / authorization information, security / encryption keys, radio bearers. Alternatively, obtaining UE / device context from other network entity when needed to perform dedicated and secured / authenticated communication with the UE / device using UE / device ID. Example of other network entity / function includes CN function such as that creates and stores UE / device context.
[0149] Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device may transmit a querying, polling, paging, or inventory message to the terminal device. For example, the RAN node may be defined / configured as a primary node in an area which is responsible for sending querying / polling / paging messages / inventory to the UE, coordinating / interacting with CN to authenticate device / UE, and / or being authenticated by device / UE. In another example, the RAN node may be defined / configured as a primary node in an area which is responsible for DL / UL data transmission / reception including retransmission (s) , and / or providing timing tracking by sending reference signals indicating the start point / end point / boundary of DL transmission periodicity, and / or transmission and / or reception of reference signals which can be used by the UE and / or the RAN node for various tasks including monitoring of the radio channel as well as positioning the device.
[0150] Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device may provide a configuration pertinent to carrier wave emitter nodes to assist uplink backscatter. In an example, the RAN node may be defined / configured as a primary node in an area which is responsible for providing configuration pertinent to carrier wave emitter nodes to assist backscatter uplink.
[0151] In some examples, one or more other RAN nodes may be defined or configured as secondary (s) node which are responsible for sending querying / polling / paging / inventory messages to the UE if the primary node has failed to reach the UE. In some examples, one or more other RAN nodes may be defined or configured as secondary (s) node which are responsible for DL / UL data transmission / reception. In order to limit the impact to the UE, the mapping / association configuration between RAN nodes and the UE may be not necessary (pre) configured to the UE.
[0152] In some embodiments, the first access network device receives, from a core network device, mapping or association between the list of access network devices and the terminal device. Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device receives, from a core network device, a time to start, cease or resume a transmission towards the terminal device. Alternatively, or in addition, the first access network device receives, from a core network device, resources for a transmission towards the terminal device.
[0153] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method 400 at a second access network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 400 may be implemented by the second access network device 230 as shown in FIG. 2. For the purpose of discussion, the method 400 will be described from the perspective of the second access network device 230. The second access network device, for example, may be a secondary RAN node.
[0154] As shown in FIG. 4, at block 410, the second access network device determines that the second access network device is to initiate a transmission towards a terminal device, based on priority orders of respective access network devices of a list in access network devices.
[0155] At block 420, the second access network device initiates a transmission towards the terminal device.
[0156] In some embodiments, the second access network device receives, from a core network device, an indication for the list of access network devices.
[0157] In some embodiments, the second access network device receives, from at least one of a core network device or a first access network device of the list of access network devices, an indication that the first access network device is removed from the list of access network device.
[0158] In some embodiments, the second access network device receives, from a third access network device of the list of access network devices, information comprising at least one of: a priority order of the third access network device, a load of the third access network device, a processing capability of the third access network device, an identifier of the terminal device, an identifier of a group of terminal devices including the terminal device, a radio channel quality of the third access network device towards the terminal device, carrier wave emitter related information of the third access network device, data transmission and / or reception status of the third access network device associated with the terminal device, or timing, resource or synchronization information of the access network device.
[0159] In some embodiments, the second access network device receives, from a third access network device of the list of access network devices, information indicating whether the third access network device operates as a primary node of the terminal device, when or how often a transmission is performed to the terminal device, whether the third access network device has performed a transmission towards the terminal device, and / or whether the third access network device has received a response from the terminal device after a transmission from the third access network device to the terminal device.
[0160] In some embodiments, the second access network device determines, based on the information, at least one of: operating as a primary node of the terminal device, performing more transmissions towards the terminal device, cease a transmission towards the terminal device, activating or deactivating more carrier wave emitter nodes, informing a further surrounding terminal device to operate as a reader of the terminal device, or aligning a carrier wave frequency transmission.
[0161] In some embodiments, the second access network device receives, from at least one of a core network device or a first access network device of the list of access network device, a request for detection of coverage of the second access network device towards the terminal device. The second access network device sends, to at least one of the core network device or the first access network device, a response to indicate whether the second access network device has coverage towards the terminal device.
[0162] In some embodiments, the second access network device receives, from a first access network device of the list of access network device, a request for cease or suspend of a transmission from the second access network device towards the terminal device using second resources. The second access network device sends, to the first access network device, a response indicating that the cease or suspend of the transmission using the second resources is accepted by the second access network device.
[0163] In some embodiments, the second access network device receives a request for information about the second resources, from at least one of a core network device or the first access network device. The second access network device sends the information to the at least one of the core network device or the first access network device.
[0164] In some embodiments, the first access network device is operating as a secondary node of the terminal device, and in response to a primary node having failed to reach the terminal device, the second access network device transmits a querying, polling, paging, or inventory message to the terminal device.
[0165] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method 500 at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 500 may be implemented by the terminal device 210 as shown in FIG. 2. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will be described from the perspective of the terminal device 210. The terminal device 210, for example, may be a UE.
[0166] As shown in FIG. 5, at block 510, the terminal device 210 receives a plurality of transmissions from a plurality of access network devices.
[0167] At block 520, the terminal device 210 selects an access network device from the plurality of access network devices.
[0168] At block 530, the terminal device 210 transmits, to the selected access network device, a response for a transmission of the plurality of transmissions from the selected access network device. For example, a UE may receive multiple signals / data carrying the same content / intention from multiple RAN nodes within the time period, it may determine to send response message or perform UL data transmission to one or more RAN nodes among them with respect to some rule.
[0169] In some embodiments, the selecting is performed based on a priority with respect to information carried by a transmission from each of the respective access network devices. For example, the RAN node (s) having higher priority with respect to the information received by the UE from one RAN node, e.g., the RAN node from which the UE receives DL signals.
[0170] Alternatively, or in addition, the selecting is performed based on a received signal level or signal quality of each of the respective access network devices. For example, the RAN node (s) which have higher signal level or higher signal quality of the signals received by the UE.
[0171] Alternatively, or in addition, the selecting is performed based on a timer interval between two transmissions from each of the respective access network devices. For example, the RAN node (s) from which the UE receives the signal within x ms after / before receiving the earliest / latest signal.
[0172] Alternatively, or in addition, the selecting is performed based on uplink resources provided by each of the respective access network devices to the terminal device. In an example, the RAN node (s) which provides the earliest / latest / largest available UL (time / frequency) resources or available UL (time / frequency) resources larger than a certain threshold for the UE.
[0173] Alternatively, or in addition, the selecting is performed based on provisions of carrier waves of the respective access network devices to the terminal device. For instance, the RAN node which also provide the carrier wave transmissions to the UE.
[0174] In some embodiments, the selected access network device is operating as a primary node of the terminal device. In an example, the UE which is being served by the primary RAN node or has been served by the primary RAN node within a pre-defined time period, may not be served by other RAN nodes, e.g., not responding to DL signaling from other RAN nodes or not sending UL signaling to other RAN nodes. On other hand, the UE which has been served by the primary RAN node before but not been served / reached in a pre-defined time period recently, is able to / allowed to be served by other RAN nodes through receiving / responding DL signaling from other RAN nodes or sending UL signaling to other RAN nodes. In one particular example, the UE depletes energy when it is served by the primary RAN node, if the UE recharges energy and resumes in a pre-defined time period, the UE shall maintain the service by the primary RAN node, otherwise, the UE is able to / allowed to be served by other RAN nodes through receiving / responding DL signaling from other RAN nodes or sending UL signaling to other RAN nodes. In some cases, the UE may provide any identity of the UE, e.g., UE ID in response message.
[0175] In some embodiments, the terminal device 210 updates mapping or association between the primary node and the terminal device based on changes in radio conditions. In an example, the mapping or association between the serving (main, or primary) RAN node and the UE can be dynamic and updated based on changes in the radio conditions, e.g. the received signals from current RAN node is below a certain threshold H1, signals received from a new / different RAN node is at least X1 dB better than those received from the current node.
[0176] Alternatively, or in addition, the terminal device 210 updates mapping or association between the primary node and the terminal device based on no transmission having been received or detected from the primary node in a time period. In an example, the mapping or association between the serving (main, or primary) RAN node and the UE can be dynamic and updated based on no transmissions have been received or detected from the current RAN node over last T1 time period.
[0177] Alternatively, or in addition, the terminal device 210 updates mapping or association between the primary node and the terminal device based on amount of energy harvested in the terminal device. In an example, the mapping or association between the serving (main, or primary) RAN node and the UE can be dynamic and updated based on the amount of energy harvested in the UE.
[0178] Alternatively, or in addition, the terminal device 210 updates mapping or association between the primary node and the terminal device based on a device type of the terminal device. In an example, the mapping or association between the serving (main, or primary) RAN node and the UE can be dynamic and updated.
[0179] In some embodiments, the terminal device 210 updates mapping or association between the primary node and the terminal device based on a type of operation mode of the terminal device. In an example, the mapping or association between the serving (main, or primary) RAN node and the UE can be dynamic and updated based on the type of device, where a first type is referred to operation as a passive device and a second type is referred to operation as an active device. Based on the type of operation mode, where a first mode is referred to operation using backscattering and a second mode is referred to operation using energy harvesting.
[0180] Alternatively, or in addition, the terminal device 210 updates mapping or association between the primary node and the terminal device based on preconfigured information in the terminal device. For example, the values of X1 and T1 may be configurable or preconfigured in the UE.
[0181] Alternatively, or in addition, the terminal device 210 updates mapping or association between the primary node and the terminal device based on information received from the primary node. In an example, the update of mapping or association between the primary RAN node and UE may be done autonomously in the UE, but it can also be done based on preconfigured information in the UE. It may also be updated based on received information from the current RAN node.
[0182] In some embodiments, the terminal device is configured or preconfigured to postpone sending a response to an access network device of the plurality of access network nodes for a time period after the terminal device receives a transmission from the access network device for the first time. In some embodiments, the time period is depending on at least one of a priority or an identifier of the access network device. In some examples, an A-IoT UE is (pre) configured to postpone sending response for a certain time period after the first time it receives a DL signal / data from a RAN node. Different time period may be (pre) configured depends on the priority and / or the ID of the RAN node from which the DL signal / data is received for the first time.
[0183] In some embodiments, the terminal device 210 transmits, to the selected access network device, an indication that no response is to be transmitted by the terminal device to at least one further access network device of the plurality of access network devices. In some embodiments, the indication is carried in the response or a dedicated message. In some embodiments, the indication includes at least one of: an identifier of the at least one further access network device, or information carried in at least one transmission of the plurality of transmissions from the at least one further access network device.
[0184] In some examples, the UE may signal, by one of information contained in the responses message or dedicatedly requested, one RAN node, e.g., the RAN node to which UE responses, of the information about the other RAN nodes which the UE has determined to not reply or that the RAN nodes which are not required to receive the response of the UE or UL data transmission (e.g., although the UE has received their signals successfully) , e.g., the identity of the other RAN nodes and / or information carried in the signals transmitted by other RAN nodes.
[0185] In some embodiments, the terminal device 210 transmits, to the selected access network device, an indication that no response is received from at least one further access network device of the plurality of access network devices after a transmission from the terminal device to the at least one further access network device. In some examples, the UE may also signal one RAN node, e.g., one of the RAN node (s) to which UE responses, of the information (e.g., RAN node ID) on the other RAN nodes which the UE has transmitted signals / data towards, however, the UE has not received response from.
[0186] In some embodiments, the terminal device 210 transmits, to the selected access network device, an indication of an impedance or a set of impedances of the terminal device. In some examples, the UE can indicate in response messages about its impedance or set of impedances, it can configure (which may be related to hardware limits) . Based on the response, the network can decide which cells, gNBs, resource, CW frequencies are suitable for UE’s backscattering communication.
[0187] In some examples, a UE may autonomously send a UL signaling towards at the least one RAN node for indicating presence. Alternatively, the UE may send a UL signaling, towards at the least one RAN node for indicating presence and situation if the UE receives DL signals but cannot identify the carried information. Alternatively, the UE may send a UL signaling towards at the least one RAN node for indicating presence and situation if the UE receives and decodes DL signals, but the provided UL (time / frequency) resources isn’t available to the UE. After reception of the signaling, the RAN node may further forward the information to the CN on the presence of the UE.
[0188] In some embodiments, in response to detecting changes in carrier wave transmissions, the terminal device 210 performs an uplink transmission to indicate or update presence or a geographical location of the terminal device. In an example, a UE which is capable of detecting changes in carrier wave transmission performs an uplink transmission (such as random-access transmission or any uplink reference signal transmission) to indicate or update its presence or geographical location in the coverage area. The reason is that, if a new / different carrier wave has been detected compared to previously used it can be seen as indication that the UE has moved and therefore it may be beneficial to inform the new RAN node about its presence.
[0189] In some embodiments, the plurality of transmissions comprise a plurality of paging, polling, inventory or query message or commands carrying same content.
[0190] In some embodiments, the terminal device 210 ceases a further response for a new transmission from the plurality of access network devices in a time period after transmitting the response to the selected access network device. In some embodiments, the plurality of access network devices serve a same area. In an example, the device that has replied to paging / polling / inventory / query message / command initiated by a RAN node within a configured period of time shall not reply to a new paging / polling / inventory / query message / command by another RAN node of the area. In some cases, the message / command may contain the area ID for the area in which the RAN nodes are associated / mapped / configured to the device.
[0191] In some embodiments, the terminal device 210 maintains at least one of: a flag indicating status whether a response has been transmitted by the terminal device to the plurality of access network devices, or a timer indicating a time length of validity of the response. In an example, the device maintains a 1-bit flag indicating the status of replying to the network paging / polling and possibly a timer indicating how long the reply is valid. For example, if the device is paged / polled and in communication with a RAN node of the defined area, it asserts the reply flag to “1” and starts the timer. If no other polling comes during 1 hour (configured time) , it shall revert the flag to “0” . In case other RAN nodes try to poll / page the device while the reply flag is still “1” , the device ignores the command.
[0192] FIG. 6 shows function units of a first access network device 600 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0193] As shown in FIG. 6, the first access network device 600 comprises a selecting unit 610 configured to select one or more second access network devices from a list of access network devices based at least in part on priority orders of respective access network devices in the list. The first access network device 600 comprises a sending unit 620 configured to send, to the one or more second access network devices, an indication that a transmission is to be performed by the second access network device to the terminal device.
[0194] In some embodiments, the first access network device 600 may further comprise units for implementing actions or operations according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5.
[0195] FIG. 7 shows function units of a second access network device 700 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0196] As shown in FIG. 7, the second access network device 700 comprises a determining unit 710 configured to determine that the second access network device is to initiate a transmission towards a terminal device, based on priority orders of respective access network devices of a list in access network devices. The second access network device 700 further comprises an initiating unit 720 configured to initiate a transmission towards the terminal device.
[0197] In some embodiments, the second access network device 700 may further comprise units for implementing actions or operations according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5.
[0198] FIG. 8 shows function units of a terminal device 800 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0199] As shown in FIG. 8, the terminal device 800 comprises a receiving unit 810 configured to receive a plurality of transmissions from a plurality of access network devices. The terminal device 800 further comprises a selecting unit 820 configured to select an access network device from the plurality of access network devices. The terminal device 800 further comprises a transmitting unit 830 configured to transmit, to the selected access network device, a response for a transmission of the plurality of transmissions from the selected access network device.
[0200] In some embodiments, the terminal device 800 may further comprise units for implementing actions or operations according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5.
[0201] FIG. 9 shows a communication device 900 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0202] As shown in FIG. 9, the communication device 900 may comprise a processor 905 and a memory 910. The memory 910 may contain instructions 915 executable by the processor 905, whereby the communication device 900 may be operative to implement actions or operations according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8.
[0203] In some embodiments, the communication device 900 may operate as a first communication device. In these embodiments, the communication device 900 may be operative to: determine a failure of a radio link between the first communication device and a second communication device, based on at least one of: a transmission from the second communication device being unreceived after a predetermined number of transmissions from the first communication device towards the second communication device; a transmission from the second communication device being unreceived in a predetermined time period after one or more transmissions from the first communication device towards the second communication device; a transmission from the second communication device being unreceived after a predetermined number of discontinuous transmission events related to a transmission from the first communication device towards the second communication device; a number of missed transmissions among one or more transmissions to be performed by the second communication device towards the first communication device having reached a threshold number; an indication being received from the second communication device that a received quality of one or more transmissions from the first communication device to the second communication device being lower than a threshold; or a received quality of one or more transmissions from the second communication device being lower than a threshold.
[0204] In some embodiments, the communication device 900 may operate as a third communication device. In these embodiments, the communication device 900 may be operative to: receive at least one indication from at least one of a first communication device or a second communication device, the at least one indication comprising at least one of: an indication for a failure of a radio link between the first and second communication devices or an indication that the third communication device is to transmit a polling message to one of the first and second communication devices; transmits the polling message to the one of the first and second communication devices.
[0205] The processor 905 may be any kind of processing component, such as one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs) , special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The memory 910 may be any kind of storage component, such as read-only memory (ROM) , random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc.
[0206] FIG. 10 shows a computer readable storage medium 1000 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0207] As shown in FIG. 10, the computer readable storage medium 1000 comprising instructions 915 which when executed by a processor of a device, cause the device to perform any above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8.
[0208] The computer readable storage medium 1000 may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives.
[0209] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing the method 700 or 800 may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 700 or 800. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0210] FIG. 11 shows an example of a communication system 1100 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0211] In the example, the communication system 1100 includes a telecommunication network 1102 that includes an access network 1104, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 1106, which includes one or more core network nodes 1108. The access network 1104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 1110a and 1110b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 1110) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network 1102 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network 1102 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network 1102, including one or more network nodes 1110 and / or core network nodes 1108.
[0212] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes 1110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs 1112a, 1112b, 1112c, and 1112d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 1112) to the core network 1106 over one or more wireless connections.
[0213] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 1100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 1100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0214] The UEs 1112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 1110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 1110 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 1112 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 1102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 1102.
[0215] In the depicted example, the core network 1106 connects the network nodes 1110 to one or more hosts, such as host 1116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 1106 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 1108) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 1108. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0216] The host 1116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 1104 and / or the telecommunication network 1102, and may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host 1116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0217] As a whole, the communication system 1100 of FIG. 11 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
[0218] In some examples, the telecommunication network 1102 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 1102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 1102. For example, the telecommunications network 1102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0219] In some examples, the UEs 1112 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 1104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 1104. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio –Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0220] In the example, the hub 1114 communicates with the access network 1104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 1112c and / or 1112d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 1110b) . In some examples, the hub 1114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 1114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 1106 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 1114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 1110, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 1114. As another example, the hub 1114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 1114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 1114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 1114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 1114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0221] The hub 1114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 1110b. The hub 1114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 1114 and UEs (e.g., UE 1112c and / or 1112d) , and between the hub 1114 and the core network 1106. In other examples, the hub 1114 is connected to the core network 1106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 1114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 1104 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 1110 while still connected via the hub 1114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 1114 may be a dedicated hub –that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 1110b. In other embodiments, the hub 1114 may be a non-dedicated hub –that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 1110b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0222] FIG. 12 shows a UE 1200 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0223] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0224] The UE 1200 includes processing circuitry 1202 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1204 to an input / output interface 1206, a power source 1208, a memory 1210, a communication interface 1212, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in FIG. 12. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0225] The processing circuitry 1202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1210. The processing circuitry 1202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 1202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0226] In the example, the input / output interface 1206 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 1200. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0227] In some embodiments, the power source 1208 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source 1208 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1208 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 1200 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 1208. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 1208 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 1200 to which power is supplied.
[0228] The memory 1210 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 1210 includes one or more application programs 1214, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1216. The memory 1210 may store, for use by the UE 1200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0229] The memory 1210 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory 1210 may allow the UE 1200 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1210, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0230] The processing circuitry 1202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 1212. The communication interface 1212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1222. The communication interface 1212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1218 and / or a receiver 1220 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter 1218 and receiver 1220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0231] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 1212 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0232] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 1212, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0233] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0234] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a head-mounted display for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) , a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE 1200 shown in FIG. 12.
[0235] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0236] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0237] FIG. 13 shows a network node 1300 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0238] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0239] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0240] The network node 1300 includes a processing circuitry 1302, a memory 1304, a communication interface 1306, and a power source 1308. The network node 1300 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 1300 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 1300 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 1304 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1310 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node 1300 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1300, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1300.
[0241] The processing circuitry 1302 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 1300 components, such as the memory 1304, to provide network node 1300 functionality.
[0242] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1302 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1302 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1312 and baseband processing circuitry 1314. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1312 and the baseband processing circuitry 1314 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1312 and baseband processing circuitry 1314 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0243] The memory 1304 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1302. The memory 1304 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1302 and utilized by the network node 1300. The memory 1304 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1302 and / or any data received via the communication interface 1306. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1302 and memory 1304 is integrated.
[0244] The communication interface 1306 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface 1306 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) 1316 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface 1306 also includes radio front-end circuitry 1318 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 1310. Radio front-end circuitry 1318 comprises filters 1320 and amplifiers 1322. The radio front-end circuitry 1318 may be connected to an antenna 1310 and processing circuitry 1302. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1310 and processing circuitry 1302. The radio front-end circuitry 1318 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1318 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1320 and / or amplifiers 1322. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 1310. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1310 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1318. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1302. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0245] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node 1300 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1318, instead, the processing circuitry 1302 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1310. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1312 is part of the communication interface 1306. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 1306 includes one or more ports or terminals 1316, the radio front-end circuitry 1318, and the RF transceiver circuitry 1312, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 1306 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1314, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0246] The antenna 1310 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 1310 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1318 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 1310 is separate from the network node 1300 and connectable to the network node 1300 through an interface or port.
[0247] The antenna 1310, communication interface 1306, and / or the processing circuitry 1302 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1310, the communication interface 1306, and / or the processing circuitry 1302 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0248] The power source 1308 provides power to the various components of network node 1300 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source 1308 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1300 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 1300 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1308. As a further example, the power source 1308 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0249] Embodiments of the network node 1300 may include additional components beyond those shown in FIG. 13 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 1300 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1300 and to allow output of information from the network node 1300. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1300.
[0250] FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a host 1400, which may be an embodiment of the host 1116 of FIG. 11, in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, the host 1400 may be or comprise various combinations hardware and / or software, including a standalone server, a blade server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, a virtual machine, container, or processing resources in a server farm. The host 1400 may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.
[0251] The host 1400 includes processing circuitry 1402 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1404 to an input / output interface 1406, a network interface 1408, a power source 1410, and a memory 1412. Other components may be included in other embodiments. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the devices of previous figures, such as FIGS. 12 and 13, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of host 1400.
[0252] The memory 1412 may include one or more computer programs including one or more host application programs 1414 and data 1416, which may include user data, e.g., data generated by a UE for the host 1400 or data generated by the host 1400 for a UE. Embodiments of the host 1400 may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown. The host application programs 1414 may be implemented in a container-based architecture and may provide support for video codecs (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC) , High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , Advanced Video Coding (AVC) , MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) , MPEG, G. 711) , including transcoding for multiple different classes, types, or implementations of UEs (e.g., handsets, desktop computers, wearable display systems, heads-up display systems) . The host application programs 1414 may also provide for user authentication and licensing checks and may periodically report health, routes, and content availability to a central node, such as a device in or on the edge of a core network. Accordingly, the host 1400 may select and / or indicate a different host for over-the-top services for a UE. The host application programs 1414 may support various protocols, such as the HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol, Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) , Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) , Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) , etc.
[0253] FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1500 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1500 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 1500 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface.
[0254] Applications 1502 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment 1500 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0255] Hardware 1504 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1506 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs 1508a and 1508b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 1508) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 1506 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 1508.
[0256] The VMs 1508 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1506. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1502 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1508, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0257] In the context of NFV, a VM 1508 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 1508, and that part of hardware 1504 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 1508 on top of the hardware 1504 and corresponds to the application 1502.
[0258] Hardware 1504 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1504 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1504 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1510, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1502. In some embodiments, hardware 1504 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1512 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0259] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
[0260] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.
Claims
1.A method at a first access network device (220) , comprising:selecting (310) one or more second access network devices (230) from a list of access network devices based at least in part on priority orders of respective access network devices in the list; andsending (320) , to the one or more second access network devices (230) , an indication that a transmission is to be performed by the second access network device (230) to a terminal device (210) .2.The method (300) of claim 1, wherein the priority orders of the respective access network devices are related to at least one of:a load of each of the respective access network devices,a processing capability of each of the respective access network devices,a radio channel quality of each of the respective access network devices,an association of each of the respective access network devices with a carrier wave emitter node,provisions of carrier waves of the respective access network devices to the terminal device (210) ,a capability of the terminal device (210) ,a type of the terminal device (210) ,a number of responses received by each of the respective access network devices from the terminal device (210) , orcoverage of each of the respective access network devices towards the terminal device (210) .3.The method (300) of claim 1 or 2, wherein the priority orders of the respective access network devices are determined by the first access network device (220) or received by a core network device; or the priority orders of the respective access network devices are predefined or configured by a network for a group of terminal device (210) sincluding the terminal device (210) .4.The method (300) of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the second access network device (230) is selected (310) based on at least one condition being satisfied, the at least one condition comprising at least one of:a condition that no response is received from the terminal device (210) in a time period after a transmission from the first access network device (220) towards the terminal device (210) , ora condition that no response is received from the terminal device (210) after a number of transmissions from the first access network device (220) towards the terminal device (210) .5.The method (300) of claim 4, further comprising:sending, to a core network device, an indication that a transmission from the first access network device (220) towards the terminal device (210) is failed; andreceiving, from the core network device, an indication for the list of access network devices.6.The method (300) of claim 4 or 5, wherein the first access network device (220) is included in the list of access network device, and the method (300) further comprises:determining that the first access network device (220) is removed from the list of access network device based on the at least one condition being met;sending, to at least one of a core network device or a third access network device of the list of access network devices, an indication that the first access network device (220) is removed from the list of access network device.7.The method (300) of any of claims 1 to6, further comprising:receiving, from a third access network device of the list of access network devices, information comprising at least one of:a priority order of the third access network device,a load of the third access network device,a processing capability of the third access network device,an identifier of the terminal device (210) ,an identifier of a group of terminal devices including the terminal device (210) ,a radio channel quality of the third access network device towards the terminal device (210) ,carrier wave emitter related information of the third access network device,data transmission and / or reception status of the third access network device associated with the terminal device (210) , ortiming, resource or synchronization information of the access network device.8.The method (300) of any of claims 1 to 7, further comprising:receiving, from a third access network device of the list of access network devices, information indicating:whether the third access network device operates as a primary node of the terminal device (210) ,when or how often a transmission is performed to the terminal device (210) ,whether the third access network device has performed a transmission towards the terminal device (210) , and / orwhether the third access network device has received a response from the terminal device (210) after a transmission from the third access network device to the terminal device (210) .9.The method (300) of claim 7 or 8, further comprising:determining, based on the information, at least one of:operating as a primary node of the terminal device (210) ,performing more transmissions towards the terminal device (210) ,ceasing a transmission towards the terminal device (210) ,activating or deactivating more carrier wave emitter nodes,informing a further surrounding terminal device (210) to operate as a reader of the terminal device (210) , oraligning a carrier wave frequency transmission.10.The method (300) of any of claims 1 to 9, further comprising:determining that the first access network device (220) has coverage towards the terminal device (210) based on at least one condition being satisfied, the at least one condition comprising at least one of:a condition that a response is received from the terminal device (210) after a transmission from the first access network device (220) towards the terminal device (210) , ora condition that a transmission has been received from the terminal device (210) ;in response to receiving a request for detection of satisfaction of the at least one condition, determining whether the at least one condition is satisfied.11.The method (300) of any of claims 1 to 10, further comprising:sending, to at least one of a core network device or a third access network device of the list of access network devices, a request for detection of coverage of the third access network device towards the terminal device (210) .12.The method (300) of any of claims 1-11, further comprising:updating first resources of a transmission from the first access network device (220) towards the terminal device (210) , to avoid overlapping of the first resources and second resources of a transmission from a third access network device of the list of access network devices towards the terminal device (210) .13.The method (300) of any of claims 1 to 11, further comprising:in response to identifying overlapping of first resources of a transmission from the first access network device (220) towards the terminal device (210) and second resources of a transmission from a third access network device of the list of access network devices towards the terminal device (210) , performing at least one action, the at least one action comprising:ceasing or suspending a transmission towards the terminal device (210) using the first resources, orsending, to the third access network device, a request for cease or suspend of a transmission from the third access network device towards the terminal device (210) using the second resources.14.The method (300) of claim 13, further comprising:after sending the request for the cease or suspending of the transmission using the second resources, receiving, from the third access network device, a response indicating that the cease or suspend of the transmission using the second resources is accepted by the third access network device; andcontinuing use of the first resources for a transmission towards the terminal device (210) .15.The method (300) of any of claims 12 to 14, further comprising:sending a request for information about the second resources, to at least one of a core network device or the third access network device; andreceiving the information from the at least one of the core network device or the third access network device,wherein updating of the first resources or identifying of overlapping of the first and second resources is performed based on the information.16.The method (300) of claim any of claims 1 to 15, wherein the first access network device (220) is operating as a primary node of the terminal device (210) , and the method (300) further comprises:providing area specific controlling information or configuration to the terminal device (210) ;storing context information of the terminal device (210) ;transmitting a querying, polling, paging, or inventory message to the terminal device (210) ; and / orproviding a configuration pertinent to carrier wave emitter nodes to assist uplink backscatter.17.The method (300) of claim any of claims 1 to 16, further comprising:receiving, from a core network device, at least one of:mapping or association between the list of access network devices and the terminal device (210) ,a time to start, cease or resume a transmission towards the terminal device (210) , orresources for a transmission towards the terminal device (210) .18.A method (400) at a second access network device (230) , comprising:determining (410) that the second access network device (230) is to initiate a transmission towards a terminal device (210) , based on priority orders of respective access network devices of a list in access network devices; andinitiating (420) a transmission towards the terminal device (210) .19.The method (400) of claim 18, further comprising:receiving, from a core network device, an indication for the list of access network devices.20.The method (400) of claim 17 or 18, further comprising:receiving, from at least one of a core network device or a first access network device (220) of the list of access network devices, an indication that the first access network device (220) is removed from the list of access network device.21.The method (400) of any of claims 18 to 20, further comprising:receiving, from a third access network device of the list of access network devices, information comprising at least one of:a priority order of the third access network device,a load of the third access network device,a processing capability of the third access network device,an identifier of the terminal device (210) ,an identifier of a group of terminal devices including the terminal device (210) ,a radio channel quality of the third access network device towards the terminal device (210) ,carrier wave emitter related information of the third access network device,data transmission and / or reception status of the third access network device associated with the terminal device (210) , ortiming, resource or synchronization information of the access network device.22.The method (400) of any of claims 18 to 21, further comprising:receiving, from a third access network device of the list of access network devices, information indicating:whether the third access network device operates as a primary node of the terminal device (210) ,when or how often a transmission is performed to the terminal device (210) ,whether the third access network device has performed a transmission towards the terminal device (210) , and / orwhether the third access network device has received a response from the terminal device (210) after a transmission from the third access network device to the terminal device (210) .23.The method (400) of claim 21 or 22, further comprising:determining, based on the information, at least one of:operating as a primary node of the terminal device (210) ,performing more transmissions towards the terminal device (210) ,cease a transmission towards the terminal device (210) ,activating or deactivating more carrier wave emitter nodes,informing a further surrounding terminal device (210) to operate as a reader of the terminal device (210) , oraligning a carrier wave frequency transmission.24.The method (400) of any of claims 18 to 23, further comprising:receiving, from at least one of a core network device or a first access network device (220) of the list of access network device, a request for detection of coverage of the second access network device (230) towards the terminal device (210) ; andsending, to at least one of the core network device or the first access network device (220) , a response to indicate whether the second access network device (230) has coverage towards the terminal device (210) .25.The method (400) of any of claims 18 to 24, further comprising:receiving, from a first access network device (220) of the list of access network device, a request for cease or suspend of a transmission from the second access network device (230) towards the terminal device (210) using second resources.sending, to the first access network device (220) , a response indicating that the cease or suspend of the transmission using the second resources is accepted by the second access network device (230) .26.The method (400) of claim 25, further comprising:receiving a request for information about the second resources, from at least one of a core network device or the first access network device (220) ; andsending the information to the at least one of the core network device or the first access network device (220) .27.The method (400) of claim any of claims 18 to 26, wherein the first access network device (220) is operating as a secondary node of the terminal device (210) , and the method (400) further comprises:in response to a primary node having failed to reach the terminal device (210) , transmitting a querying, polling, paging, or inventory message to the terminal device (210) .28.A method (500) at a terminal device (210) , comprising:receiving (510) a plurality of transmissions from a plurality of access network devices;selecting (520) an access network device from the plurality of access network devices; andtransmitting (530) , to the selected access network device, a response for a transmission of the plurality of transmissions from the selected access network device.29.The method (500) of claim 28, wherein the selecting (520) is performed based on at least one of:a priority with respect to information carried by a transmission from each of the respective access network devices,a received signal level or signal quality of each of the respective access network devices,a timer interval between two transmissions from each of the respective access network devices,uplink resources provided by each of the respective access network devices to the terminal device (210) , orprovisions of carrier waves of the respective access network devices to the terminal device (210) .30.The method (500) of claim 28, wherein the selected access network device is operating as a primary node of the terminal device (210) .31.The method (500) of claim 30, further comprising:updating mapping or association between the primary node and the terminal device (210) based on at least one of:changes in radio conditions,no transmission having been received or detected from the primary node in a time period,amount of energy harvested in the terminal device (210) ,a device type of the terminal device (210) ,a type of operation mode of the terminal device (210) ,preconfigured information in the terminal device (210) , orinformation received from the primary node.32.The method (500) of any of claims 28 to 31, wherein the terminal device (210) is configured or preconfigured to postpone sending a response to an access network device of the plurality of access network nodes for a time period after the terminal device (210) receives a transmission from the access network device for the first time; wherein the time period is depending on at least one of a priority or an identifier of the access network device.33.The method (500) of any of claims 28 to 32, further comprising:transmitting, to the selected access network device, an indication that no response is to be transmitted by the terminal device (210) to at least one further access network device of the plurality of access network devices; wherein the indication is carried in the response or a dedicated message.34.The method (500) of claim 33, wherein the indication includes at least one of: an identifier of the at least one further access network device, or information carried in at least one transmission of the plurality of transmissions from the at least one further access network device.35.The method (500) of any of claims 28 to 34, further comprising:transmitting, to the selected access network device, an indication that no response is received from at least one further access network device of the plurality of access network devices after a transmission from the terminal device (210) to the at least one further access network device.36.The method (500) of any of claims 28 to 35, further comprising:transmitting, to the selected access network device, an indication of an impedance or a set of impedances of the terminal device (210) .37.A first access network device (220, 900) , comprising:a processor (905) ; anda memory (910) , the memory (910) containing instructions executable by the processor (905) , whereby the first access network device (220, 900) is operative to implement the method (300) according to any of claims 1-17.38.A second access network device (230, 900) , comprising:a processor (905) ; anda memory (910) , the memory (910) containing instructions executable by the processor (905) , whereby the second access network device (230, 900) is operative to implement the method (400) according to any of claims 18-27.39.A terminal device (210, 900) , comprising:a processor (905) ; anda memory (910) , the memory (910) containing instructions executable by the processor (905) , whereby the terminal device (210, 900) is operative to implement the method (500) according to any of claims 28-36.40.A computer-readable storage medium (1000) having instructions (915) stored thereon, the instructions (915) , which, when executed by at least one processor of a device, causes the device to perform the method (300) according to any of claims 1-17, the method (400) according to any of claims 18-27, or the method (500) according to any of claims 28-36.
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