Method and device for transmitting and receiving signal in wireless communication system

Abstract

A method performed by an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, according to at least one from among embodiments disclosed in the present disclosure, comprises the steps of: receiving a configuration related to at least one first shift gap; transmitting a physical device to reader channel (PDRCH) to a reader on the basis of the at least one first shift gap; and receiving, from the reader, a physical reader to device channel (PRDCH) related to the PDRCH.

Description

Method and device for transmitting and receiving signals in a wireless communication system

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method and device for transmitting or receiving an uplink / downlink wireless signal in a wireless communication system.

[0002] The 5G mobile communications system, the successor to LTE (long-term evolution), is a new, clean-slate mobile communications system characterized by high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR can utilize all available spectrum resources, from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz, to intermediate-frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and high-frequency (millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. 6G mobile communications systems are being developed based on the underlying technologies of 5G mobile communications.

[0003] The 6G (wireless) system aims to provide (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) low energy consumption for battery-free Internet of Things (IoT) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity.

[0004] The technical task to be achieved in the present disclosure is to provide a method for efficiently performing a wireless signal transmission and reception process and a device therefor. As an example, a method for more efficiently performing collision avoidance between Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices in A-IoT communication and a device therefor can be provided.

[0005] The technical tasks to be achieved are not limited to the technical tasks mentioned above, and other technical tasks not mentioned can be inferred from the description below.

[0006] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method performed by an ambient Internet of Things (IoT) device comprises the steps of: receiving a configuration associated with at least one first shift gap; transmitting, to a reader, a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) based on the at least one first shift gap; and receiving, from the reader, a Physical Reader to Device Channel (PRDCH) associated with the PDRCH.

[0007] An ambient IoT (Internet of Things) device according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises at least one processor; and at least one computer memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the ambient IoT device to perform operations, the operations comprising: receiving a setting associated with at least one first shift gap; transmitting a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) to a reader based on the at least one first shift gap; and receiving a Physical Reader to Device Channel (PRDCH) associated with the PDRCH from the reader.

[0008] Preferably, based on the at least one first shift gap including a frequency shift gap, the center frequency of the PDRCH is shifted from a reference frequency by the at least one first shift gap. Similarly, based on the at least one first shift gap including a time shift gap, the center frequency of the PDRCH is shifted from a reference time point of a transmission time point of the PDRCH by the at least one first shift gap. More preferably, the frequency shift gap is related to the number of periods of a square wave for the PDRCH.

[0009] Preferably, based on the number of the first transition gaps being two or more, the ambient IoT device selects one of the two or more first transition gaps based on a device index determined as an arbitrary value, and applies the selected first transition gap to the PDRCH.

[0010] Preferably, the PRDCH is transmitted from the reader to the ambient IoT device based on a second transition gap corresponding to the at least one first transition gap. Alternatively, the PRDCH may include information related to the at least one first transition gap.

[0011] Preferably, the setting related to the at least one first transition gap is received from a base station or an intermediate node. In particular, the reader may be at least one of the base station or the intermediate node.

[0012] Also, according to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method performed by a reader comprises the steps of: receiving a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) from an ambient Internet of Things (IoT) device based on at least one first shift gap; and transmitting a Physical Reader to Device Channel (PRDCH) related to the PDRCH to the ambient IoT device.

[0013] A reader according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises the steps of: receiving a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) from an ambient Internet of Things (IoT) device based on at least one first shift gap; and transmitting a Physical Reader to Device Channel (PRDCH) related to the PDRCH to the ambient IoT device.

[0014] Preferably, the reader can transmit in advance to the ambient IoT device a setting related to the at least one first transition gap.

[0015] The above problem solving methods are only some of the examples of this specification, and various examples reflecting the technical features of this specification can be derived and understood by a person having ordinary knowledge in the relevant technical field based on the detailed description below.

[0016] According to one embodiment, the wireless signal transmission and reception process can be performed efficiently. For example, in Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) communication, collision avoidance between A-IoT devices can be performed more efficiently.

[0017] Other effects not mentioned can be inferred from the description below.

[0018] The accompanying drawings, which are included as part of the detailed description to aid in understanding implementations of this specification, provide examples of implementations of this specification and, together with the detailed description, illustrate implementations of this specification.

[0019] Figure 1 illustrates a flexible network topology to which some examples of this specification may be applied.

[0020] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a communication system applicable to the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 4 illustrates a communication procedure between a first node (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (e.g., a base station) applicable to the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 5 illustrates a general functional architecture for an AI / ML model.

[0024] Figure 6 illustrates a communication procedure between a first node (e.g., terminal) and a second node (e.g., base station) to which an AI / ML model is applied.

[0025] FIG. 7 illustrates an electromagnetic spectrum according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a procedure for transmitting system information for THz communication to which the present disclosure applies.

[0027] Figure 9 illustrates a beam management procedure applicable to the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a sensing operation according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 11 illustrates time / frequency resources for sensing operations according to one embodiment of the present specification.

[0030] FIG. 12 illustrates a procedure related to a sensing operation according to one embodiment of the present specification.

[0031] FIG. 13 illustrates a topology (e.g., topology 1) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are directly connected according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 14 illustrates a topology (e.g., topology 2) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected via an intermediate node according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 15 illustrates a topology (e.g., topology 3) supported by an auxiliary node according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 16 illustrates a topology (e.g., topology 4) in which a terminal and an A-IoT device are directly connected according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figure 17 is a diagram explaining the energy harvesting operation of an A-IoT device.

[0036] Figure 18 illustrates a situation where conflict resolution is required in A-IoT topology #1.

[0037] Figure 19 illustrates a situation where conflict resolution is required in A-IoT topology #2.

[0038] FIG. 20 illustrates a signal flow diagram in which a reader and an A-IoT device transmit and receive signals according to the present disclosure.

[0039] FIG. 21 is a flowchart of operations performed by an A-IoT device according to the present disclosure.

[0040] Figure 22 is a flowchart of operations performed by a reader according to the present disclosure.

[0041] As used herein, "A or B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." In other words, as used herein, "A or B" can be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, as used herein, "A, B or C" can mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0042] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma can mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C."

[0043] In this specification, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A", "only B" or "both A and B". Additionally, in this specification, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" may be interpreted identically to "at least one of A and B".

[0044] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.” Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C.”

[0045] Additionally, parentheses used herein may mean "for example." Specifically, when "control information (ABC)" is indicated, "ABC" may be described as an example of "control information." For example, "control information" may include DEF as another example. In other words, "control information" in this specification is not limited to "ABC," and "ABC" may be described as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., ABC)," "ABC" may be described as an example of "control information."

[0046] Additionally, in this specification, terms such as “first,” “second,” etc. are used only for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another component and are not used to limit the components, and do not limit the order or importance between the components unless specifically limited. Accordingly, a first component in one embodiment of this specification may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and similarly, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

[0047] In the following explanation, ‘when, if, in case of’ can be replaced with ‘based on’.

[0048] Technical features individually described in a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0049] In this specification, a terminal is a user equipment (UE) or a consumer-side device, and may also be referred to as a base station / second node / IAB node / first node that receives / transmits signals from / to a Transmission-Reception Point (TRP). A terminal may correspond to a physical node or a logical node. A terminal may correspond to an endpoint on the user side, or may correspond to an intermediate point between other endpoints. In a communication between two points that is not limited to endpoints (including one-to-one / many-to-one / one-to-many / many-to-many communication), a terminal may correspond to a served node. A terminal may be a node with a fixed location, or a node with an unfixed location (or mobile).

[0050] In this specification, a base station (BS) is a device on the network side, and may also be called a second node / IAB node / x-NodeB (x-NodeB, x may be an abbreviation related to radio access technology (RAT)) / Transmission-Reception Point (TRP). A BS may correspond to a physical node or a logical node. A BS may correspond to an endpoint on the network side, or may correspond to an intermediate point between other endpoints. In communication between two points that are not limited to endpoints (including one-to-one / many-to-one / one-to-many / many-to-many communication), a BS may correspond to a serving node. A BS may be a node with a fixed location, or a node with an unfixed location.

[0051] In this specification, higher layer parameters may be set for the terminal, preset, or predefined. For example, the base station may transmit higher layer parameters to the terminal. For example, the terminal may transmit parameters such as capabilities to the base station as higher layer parameters. For example, the higher layer parameters may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0052] In this specification, the information / state / parameter being “configured or pre-configured” can be interpreted as the information / state / parameter being provided / pre-provided to the terminal through pre-defined signaling (e.g., SIB, MAC, RRC) from the base station. In this specification, the information / state / parameter being “defined or pre-defined” can be interpreted as the information / state / parameter being known in advance or pre-stored at the base station and the terminal without signaling between the base station and the terminal.

[0053] The technology described in this specification can be used in various wireless communication systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). CDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as UTRA (universal terrestrial radio access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as GSM (global system for mobile communications) / GPRS (general packet radio service) / EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution). OFDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, E-UTRA (evolved UTRA), LTE (long term evolution), and 5G NR.

[0054] The technology described in this specification can be implemented with 6G wireless technology and applied to various 6G systems. For example, the 6G system can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), artificial intelligence (AI) integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0055] Figure 1 illustrates a flexible network topology to which some examples of this specification may be applied.

[0056] To compensate for incomplete network coverage areas, a network topology that allows for more flexible and resilient split radio access networks (RANs) may be considered. For this purpose, various nodes, such as IAB nodes, relays, and RF repeaters, as illustrated in the example in Figure 1, may be applied, or NTNs may be integrated. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a node that provides wireless backhaul. For example, a relay may refer to any intermediate point, or in the case of a sidelink relay where a terminal functions as a relay, it may collectively refer to a terminal-to-network (U2N) relay and a terminal-to-terminal (U2U) relay. For example, an RF repeater may correspond to a node that simply performs the function of signal amplification and forwarding, while a network-controlled repeater may not only amplify and forward signals but also adjust transmission and reception settings based on information provided by the network. For example, an NTN node may correspond to a satellite or aircraft that provides NTN coverage that is difficult for terrestrial networks to provide. In addition to these examples, various intermediate points can be introduced to improve the network topology.

[0057] Referring to Figure 1, a split RAN can support the division of a base station into a centralized unit (CU) and one or more distributed units (DUs). The CU and DU can correspond to logical units. The CU can be further divided into a control plane (CP) portion and one or more user plane (UP) portions. Since a failure in the CU-CP affects not only the CU-UP but also the DUs, various intermediate points can be introduced to compensate for this.

[0058] An intermediate point may correspond to a terminal or a base station, depending on its relationship to other nodes. For example, an IAB node may include a mobile-termination (MT) portion and a unit (DU). The MT may connect the IAB node to a donor node. The unit (DU) of an IAB node may serve other terminals or connect to other IAB nodes to provide multi-hop wireless backhaul to the terminal. In other words, an IAB node may correspond to a base station in its relationship to a user-side node, and to a terminal in its relationship to a network-side node.

[0059] In some examples of this specification, the description of a terminal can be equally applied not only to a user-side endpoint, but also to an intermediate point corresponding to a terminal in a relative relationship with a network-side endpoint. Similarly, in some examples of this specification, the description of a base station can be equally applied not only to a network-side endpoint, but also to an intermediate point corresponding to a base station in a relative relationship with a user-side endpoint. However, in most cases where there is no additional description of the operations of three or more entities, the communicating entities in this specification are briefly described as terminals and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes), and the terms terminal and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes) are interpreted to include / replace any endpoint or any intermediate point in relation to other nodes.

[0060] That is, in some examples of this specification, for the sake of simplicity of explanation, the subjects of the operation may be referred to as a base station and / or a terminal (or a first node and / or a second node). In addition, the terms base station and / or terminal (or a first node and / or a second node) may also be interpreted / replaced as in the following examples: For example, the base station (or a first node) and the terminal (or a second node) may respectively correspond to the first endpoint and the second endpoint; may respectively correspond to the endpoint and the intermediate point; may respectively correspond to the intermediate point and the endpoint; or may respectively correspond to the first intermediate point and the second intermediate point.

[0061] In this specification, there may be zero or more intermediate points between the base station and the terminal. If intermediate points exist, they may be IAB nodes, relays, RF repeaters, NTN (non-terrestrial network) nodes, or nodes supporting other functions. An intermediate point may be a node with a fixed location or a node with an unfixed location.

[0062] Figure 2 illustrates a communication system applicable to the present disclosure.

[0063] The communication system (100) of FIG. 2 includes a wireless device (110), a network device (120), and a network (130). Here, the wireless device (110) refers to a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G), and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G / 6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device (110) may include a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR (extended reality) device (110c), a hand-held device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT (Internet of Things) device (110f), and an AI (artificial intelligence) device / server (110g). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2) may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device (110c) includes an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) device, and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device (110d) may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.), etc. The home appliance (110e) may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device (110f) may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. The wireless device (110) may correspond to a terminal (or first node) or an intermediate point.The network device (120) may correspond to a base station (or second node) or another intermediate point. For example, the network device (120) may also be implemented as a wireless device (110), and a specific wireless device (120a) may act as a network device (120) to another wireless device (110).

[0064] Wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to a network (130) via a network device (120). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (110a to 110f), and the wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to an AI server (110g) via a network (130). The network (130) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR), or a 6G network. The wireless devices (110a to 110f) can communicate with each other via the network device (120) / network (130), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the network device (120) / network (130). For example, vehicles (110b-1, 110b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2X (vehicle to everything) communication). Additionally, IoT devices (110f) (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (110a to 110f).

[0065] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (110a to 110f) / network devices (120), network devices (120) / network devices (120). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be established through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and communication between network devices (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access backhaul)). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless device and the network device / wireless device, and the network device and the network device can transmit / receive wireless signals to each other. For example, the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on various descriptions of the present disclosure, at least some of various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), resource allocation processes, etc. may be performed.

[0066] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0067] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals via various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G). The wireless device (200) includes at least one processor (202) and at least one memory (204), and may additionally include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208).

[0068] The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate first information / signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signal via the transceiver (206). In addition, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signal via the transceiver (206), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, the memory (204) may store software code including instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202), or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. Here, the processor (202) and the memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology. The transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via at least one antenna (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present disclosure, a wireless device may also mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0069] Hereinafter, the hardware elements of the wireless device (200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, at least one protocol layer may be implemented by at least one processor (202). For example, at least one processor (202) may implement at least one layer (e.g., a functional layer such as physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio resource control (RRC), and service data adaptation protocol (SDAP)). At least one processor (202) may generate at least one Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and / or at least one Service Data Unit (SDU) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate a message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) can generate a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) including a PDU, an SDU, a message, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and / or methods disclosed in this document, and provide the signal to at least one transceiver (206). At least one processor (202) can receive a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) from at least one transceiver (206) and obtain the PDU, SDU, message, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.

[0070] At least one processor (202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a microcomputer. The at least one processor (202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, at least one application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), at least one digital signal processing device (DSPD), at least one programmable logic device (PLD), or at least one field programmable gate array (FPGA) may be included in the at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the at least one processor (202), or may be stored in at least one memory (204) and executed by the at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions and / or sets of instructions.

[0071] At least one memory (204) can be connected to at least one processor (202) and can store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions and / or commands. The at least one memory (204) can be configured as a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, a hard drive, a register, a cache memory, a computer readable storage medium and / or a combination thereof. The at least one memory (204) can be located internally and / or externally to the at least one processor (202). In addition, the at least one memory (204) can be connected to the at least one processor (202) via various technologies such as a wired or wireless connection.

[0072] At least one transceiver (206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., mentioned in the methods and / or flowcharts of this document to at least one other device. At least one transceiver (206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document from at least one other device. For example, at least one transceiver (206) can be connected to at least one processor (202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, at least one processor (202) can control at least one transceiver (206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to at least one other device. Furthermore, at least one processor (202) can control at least one transceiver (206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from at least one other device. In addition, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one antenna (208), and at least one transceiver (206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document through at least one antenna (208). In this document, at least one antenna may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the received wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using at least one processor (202). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using at least one processor (202).For this purpose, at least one transceiver (206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0073] The components of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 may be referred to by different terms in terms of functionality. For example, the processor (202) may be referred to as a control unit, the transceiver (206) as a communication unit, and the memory (204) as a storage unit. In some cases, the communication unit may be used to mean at least a portion of the processor (202) and the transceiver (206).

[0074] The structure of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 can be understood as the structure of at least a portion of various devices. For example, the structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 can be at least a portion of various devices described with reference to FIG. 2 (e.g., a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR device (110c), a portable device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT device (110f), an AI device / server (110g)). Furthermore, according to various embodiments, in addition to the components illustrated in FIG. 3, the device may further include other components.

[0075] For example, the device may be a portable device such as a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an interface unit that includes at least one port for connection with another device (e.g., an audio input / output port, a video input / output port), and an input / output unit for inputting and outputting image information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input from a user.

[0076] For example, the device may be a mobile device such as a mobile robot, a vehicle, a train, an aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a driving unit including at least one of an engine, a motor, a power train, wheels, brakes, and a steering unit of the device, a power supply unit including a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. that supplies power, a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, an autonomous driving unit that performs functions such as path maintenance, speed control, and destination setting, and a position measurement unit that obtains location information of the mobile device through a global positioning system (GPS) and various sensors.

[0077] For example, the device may be an XR device such as an HMD, a head-up display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an input / output unit that obtains control information, data, etc. from the outside and outputs the generated XR object, and a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or the surroundings of the device.

[0078] For example, the device may be a robot that can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc. types depending on the purpose or field of use. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a driving unit that performs various physical actions, such as moving the robot joints.

[0079] For example, the device may be an AI device such as a TV, a projector, a smartphone, a PC, a laptop, a digital broadcasting terminal, a tablet PC, a wearable device, a set-top box (STB), a radio, a washing machine, a refrigerator, digital signage, a robot, a vehicle, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of an input unit that acquires various types of data from the outside, an output unit that generates output related to sight, hearing, or touch, a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a training unit that trains a model composed of an artificial neural network using learning data.

[0080] The structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be understood as a part of a terminal (or first node), or as a part of an intermediate point, or as a part of a base station (or second node). If the device illustrated in FIG. 3 is a base station (or second node), the device may further include a wired transceiver for front haul and / or back haul communications. However, if the front haul and / or back haul communications are based on wireless communications, at least one transceiver (206) illustrated in FIG. 3 may be used for front haul and / or back haul communications, and a wired transceiver may not be included.

[0081] FIG. 4 illustrates a communication procedure between a first node (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (e.g., a base station) applicable to the present disclosure.

[0082] The second node of FIG. 4 supports dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS), which can provide connectivity to both nodes implementing 6G technology and nodes implementing pre-6G wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G, 4G). That is, the first node of FIG. 4 can implement either 6G technology or pre-6G wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G, 4G). Furthermore, the first node and / or the second node can support full duplex mode as well as non-overlapping full duplex mode.

[0083] In Fig. 4, for the sake of simplicity of explanation, the first node and the second node are assumed to be a terminal and a base station, respectively, and operations of the terminal (110) and the base station (120) transmitting and / or receiving data and operations performed prior thereto are illustrated. However, the operations of Fig. 4 are not limited to operations between the terminal and the base station, and may be interpreted as operations between the first node and the second node. In addition, although Fig. 4 illustrates direct wireless signal transmission and reception operations between the terminal (110) and the base station (120), one or more intermediate points may exist between the terminal (110) and the base station (120), and wireless signals may be transmitted and received via one or more intermediate points.

[0084] Referring to FIG. 4, in step 101, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) perform synchronization. For example, the terminal (110) performs an initial cell search operation. Specifically, the terminal (110) can detect a synchronization signal for connection to at least one base station transmitted from the base station (120) according to a predefined rule. Here, the synchronization signal can include a plurality of synchronization signals classified according to structure or purpose (e.g., a first synchronization signal (e.g., a primary synchronization signal), a second synchronization signal (e.g., a secondary synchronization signal), etc.). Through this, the terminal (110) can confirm the boundary of a unit (e.g., a frame, a subframe, a slot, and / or a symbol) constituting a wireless signal transmission of the base station (120) and obtain information (e.g., a cell identifier) ​​about the base station (120).

[0085] In step 103, the terminal (110) obtains system information transmitted from the base station (120). The system information is information related to the properties, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the base station (120) required to access the base station (120) and use the service, and may be classified according to the content (e.g., whether it is essential for access), transmission structure (e.g., channel used, whether provided on-demand), etc., and may be classified into, for example, first system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), primary system information), second system information (e.g., system information block (SIB), secondary system information), etc. If necessary, the terminal (110) may transmit a signal requesting system information before receiving the system information. However, the request and provision of the system information may be performed after the random access procedure described below.

[0086] In step 105, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) perform a random access procedure. The terminal (110) may transmit and / or receive at least one message (e.g., a random access preamble, a random access response (RAR) message, etc.) for the random access procedure based on information related to a channel for the random access procedure of the base station (120) obtained through system information (e.g., a channel position, a channel structure, a structure of a supported preamble, etc.). For example, the terminal (110) may transmit a first message (e.g., a preamble, MSG1) through the channel for the random access procedure, receive a second message (e.g., an RAR message, MSG2), transmit a third message (e.g., MSG3) including information related to the terminal (110) (e.g., identification information) to the base station (120) using scheduling information included in the second message, and receive a fourth message (e.g., MSG4) for contention resolution and / or connection establishment. As another example, the first and third messages may be sent and received as one message, or the second and fourth messages may be sent and received as one message.

[0087] In step 107, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) perform signaling of control information. Here, the control information may be defined in various layers, such as a layer that controls a connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer that handles mapping between logical channels and transport channels (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer that handles physical channels (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) may perform at least one of signaling for establishing a connection, signaling for determining settings related to communication, and signaling for indicating allocated resources.

[0088] In step 109, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) transmit and / or receive data. In other words, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can process, transmit, and / or receive data based on the signaling of the control information. For example, when transmitting data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and resource mapping on the information bits. Conversely, when receiving data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of signal extraction from resources, waveform demodulation for each antenna, signal arrangement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and channel decoding.

[0089]

[0090] Below, the core technologies of the 6G system are explained.

[0091] As core implementation technologies of the 6G system, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, FSO backhaul network, massive MIMO technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) can be adopted.

[0092]

[0093] Artificial intelligence

[0094] Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analytics to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. This means AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays. Time-consuming tasks such as handovers, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0095] The following describes a functional framework for AI / ML operations.

[0096] Below, to explain AI (or AI / ML) more specifically, the terms can be defined as follows.

[0097] - Data collection: Data collected from network nodes, management entities, or terminals as a basis for AI model training, data analysis, and inference.

[0098] - AI Model: A data-driven algorithm that applies AI technology to generate a set of outputs containing predictive information and / or decision parameters based on a set of inputs.

[0099] - AI / ML Training: An online or offline process of training an AI model by learning features and patterns that best represent the data and obtain a trained AI / ML model for inference.

[0100] - AI / ML Inference: The process of making predictions or inducing decisions based on collected data and the AI ​​model using a trained AI model.

[0101] Life Cycle Management (LCM) procedures for AI / ML models (i.e., model training, model deployment, model inference, model monitoring, model updates, etc.) can be divided into functionality-based LCM and model-based LCM. In functionality-based LCM, AI / ML models may not be identified by the network, and the network can direct the activation / deactivation / fallback / switching of AI / ML functionality. In model-ID (identifier)-based LCM, AI / ML models can be identified by the network, and the network / terminal can activate / deactivate / select / switch AI / ML models based on the model ID.

[0102] Figure 5 illustrates a general functional architecture for an AI / ML model.

[0103] In particular, Figure 5 illustrates a general functional architecture relevant to both Functionality-based LCM and Model-based LCM. Some of the functions or some of the data / information / command flows (i.e., arrows) illustrated in Figure 5 may be omitted.

[0104] Referring to FIG. 5, a general functional framework can be configured to include a data collection function (10), a model training function (20), a management function (30), an inference function (40), and a model storage function (50).

[0105] The Data Collection function (10) is a function that provides input data to the Model Training function (20), Management function (30), and Inference function (40). The Data Collection function (10) can perform data preparation based on raw data and provide input data processed through data preparation. Examples of raw data may include received data / measurement data from terminals or other network entities, inference / output of AI / ML models, etc. The Data Collection function (10) may be performed by a single entity (e.g., terminal, network node, etc.) or may be performed by multiple entities.

[0106] Here, training data (11) refers to data required as input for the AI / ML Model Training function (20). Monitoring data (12) refers to data required as input for the Management (30) of the AI / ML model or AI / ML function. Inference data (13) refers to data required as input for the AI / ML Inference function (30).

[0107] The Model Training function (20) is a function that performs AI / ML model training, validation, and testing, which can generate model performance metrics that can be used as part of the AI / ML model testing procedure. The Model Training function (20) can perform data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, forming, and transformation) based on the Training Data (11) transferred from the Data Collection function (10), if necessary.

[0108] Trained / Updated Model (21): If there is a Model Storage function (50), it is used to pass a trained, validated and tested AI / ML model to the Model Storage function (50) or to pass an updated version of the model to the Model Storage function (50).

[0109] The Management function (30) is a function that supervises the operation of the AI / ML model or AI / ML function. In addition, the Management function (30) may perform decisions to ensure appropriate inference operations based on data received from the Data Collection function (10) (i.e., Monitoring Data (12)) and / or data received from the Inference function (40) (i.e., Inference Output (41)).

[0110] Management Instruction (32) is information required as input to manage the Inference function (40). The relevant information may include selection / (de)activation / switching of an AI / ML model or AI / ML-based function, and may also include fallback to non-AI / ML operations (i.e., not relying on the inference process).

[0111] A Model Transfer / Delivery Request (33) can be used to request model(s) from Model Storage (50).

[0112] A Performance Feedback / Retraining Request (31) refers to information required as input to the Model Training function (20) (e.g., for the purpose of (re)training or updating the model).

[0113] The Inference function (40) is a function that provides output from the process of applying an AI / ML model or AI / ML function using data (i.e., Inference Data (13)) provided by Data Collection (10) as input. Data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) may also be performed based on the Inference Data (13) delivered by Data Collection (10). If necessary, the Inference function (40) may also perform data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing and cleaning, forming, and transformation) based on the Inference Data (13) provided by Data Collection function (10).

[0114] Inference Output (41) is data used in the Management function (30) to monitor the performance of an AI / ML model or AI / ML function. Inference Output (41) may include the inference output of the AI / ML model generated by the Inference function (30), and the details of the inference output may vary depending on the use case.

[0115] The Model Storage function (50) stores a learned / updated model that can be used to perform the Inference function (40). The Model Storage function (50) illustrated in FIG. 5 can be used as a reference point (if any) when applicable to protocol termination, model transmission / delivery, and related processes. Furthermore, the Model Storage function (50) is merely an example and is not intended to limit the storage location of actual AI / ML models, and may be omitted.

[0116] Model Transfer / Delivery (51) is used to transfer AI / ML models to inference functions.

[0117] The level of cooperation can be defined as follows depending on the capability of AI / ML functions between multiple nodes, and variations due to combination of multiple levels or separation of any one level are also possible.

[0118] Cat 0a) No collaboration framework: AI / ML algorithms are purely implementation-based and do not require any changes to the wireless interface.

[0119] Cat 0b) This level corresponds to a framework with a modified wireless interface tailored to efficient implementation-based AI / ML algorithms, but without collaboration.

[0120] Category 1) involves inter-node support to improve the AI / ML algorithms of each node. For example, this applies when a specific node receives support from another node (for training, adaptation, etc.) and vice versa. At this level, model exchange between network nodes is not required.

[0121] Category 2) Joint AI / ML tasks can be performed across multiple nodes. This level requires the exchange of AI / ML model commands or network nodes.

[0122] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an overall functional framework for an AI / ML model, and not all functions and / or all data / information / command signals illustrated in FIG. 5 may be performed within a specific node, but only some of them may be performed.

[0123] AI / ML models can be divided into one-side models and two-side models depending on whether training and / or inference are performed on a single node or jointly / sequentially on multiple nodes.

[0124] A one-side model can refer to an AI / ML model in which inference is performed entirely by a single node (e.g., a terminal or network). Here, AI / ML model training can also be performed entirely by a single node. AI / ML model training and inference can be performed by the same node, or they can be performed by separate nodes.

[0125] A two-side model can refer to an AI / ML model in which joint inference is performed across multiple nodes (e.g., terminals and networks). Joint inference refers to inference being performed jointly across multiple nodes. For example, the first part of the inference may be performed by a first node, and the remaining part by a second node. Two-side models can be categorized into several types depending on the training method of the AI / ML model, as follows:

[0126] - First type: AI / ML models can be trained on a single node. In this case, joint training can be performed. The trained model can then be distributed to other nodes / objects.

[0127] - Second type: Joint training of AI / ML models can be performed on multiple nodes / entities (e.g., networks and terminals). Joint training can mean that model generation (e.g., CSI generation part) and model reconstruction (CSI compression by sub-use case) are trained in the same loop for forward activation and backward gradient. In this type, joint training can include both simultaneous training (i.e., model generation training and model reconstruction training are performed simultaneously) and sequential training (i.e., model reconstruction training is performed after model generation training).

[0128] - Third type: Separate training of AI / ML models can be performed on multiple nodes (e.g., networks and terminals). Separate training may mean that training begins sequentially on one node and continues on other nodes. In this case, the first node first performs the AI / ML model and shares the training data with the second node. The second node can then use the shared training data to perform the AI / ML model. For example, training for the CSI generation part may be performed by the terminal, while CSI reconstruction may be performed by the network.

[0129] Figure 6 illustrates a communication procedure between a first node (e.g., terminal) and a second node (e.g., base station) to which an AI / ML model is applied.

[0130] The operations described in the present invention described below can be described / interpreted based on the AI / ML model as shown in Fig. 6 below, even without separate mention (i.e., without explicit mention of being by / based on / for the AI / ML model). In addition, unless specifically limited in the description of the present invention, the AI / ML model can correspond to a one-side model in which inference is entirely performed by a single node, or a two-side model in which joint inference is performed by multiple nodes.

[0131] Step 1: In the description of the present invention described below, signaling (e.g., information / data / channel / signal, etc.) or a set of signaling between a specific node (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) and another node can be interpreted as the signaling or set of signaling of the first step used to perform an operation based on an AI / ML model, even if there is no separate mention. For example, it can correspond to training data for training (i.e., generation and / or reconstruction) the AI / ML model of FIG. 5, or correspond to inference data used for inference of the AI / ML model, or correspond to feedback for the AI / ML model, etc. If signaling between nodes is not required prior to an operation based on an AI / ML model in the present invention, Step 1 can be omitted. If a one-side model is used in the present invention, the unidirectional / bidirectional signaling (set) in the present invention can correspond to the signaling of the first step. In addition, when a two-side model is used in the present invention, unidirectional / bidirectional signaling in the present invention may correspond to one stage of signaling, and also repetitive signaling operations may correspond to one stage of signaling.

[0132] For example, in AI / ML model-based beam management (BM), if a base station predicts (i.e., infers) beam(s) with good quality based on an AI / ML model, the base station can receive quality / intensity information for multiple beams from a terminal. Furthermore, if a terminal predicts (i.e., infers) beam(s) with good quality based on an AI / ML model, the terminal can receive multiple beams from the base station.

[0133] Step 2: In the description of the present invention described below, an operation (e.g., calculation, selection, prediction, etc.) in a specific node (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) or a joint operation (e.g., calculation, selection, prediction, etc.) in multiple nodes (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) may correspond to a two-step operation based on one or more functions in the functional framework of the AI / ML model, even if not mentioned separately. For example, it may correspond to training (i.e., generation and / or reconstruction) of the AI / ML model in FIG. 5 or inference of the AI / ML model, etc. When a one-side model is used, an operation performed by a single node in the present invention may correspond to a two-step operation, and also, when a two-side model is used, a joint operation performed by multiple nodes in the present invention may correspond to a two-step operation.

[0134] For example, in an AI / ML model-based BM, the base station can use quality / intensity information for multiple beams received from the terminal as inference data to predict (i.e., infer) beam(s) with good quality based on the AI / ML model. Furthermore, the terminal can measure multiple beams received from the base station and use the measurement results as inference data to predict (i.e., infer) beam(s) with good quality based on the AI / ML model.

[0135] Step 3: In the description of the present invention described below, the signaling (e.g., information / data / channel / signal, etc.) or set of signaling between a specific node (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) and another node can be interpreted as a three-stage signaling or set of signaling generated due to (as a result of) an operation based on an AI / ML model, even if not otherwise mentioned. For example, it can correspond to an output due to inference of the AI / ML model in FIG. 5. If signaling between nodes is not required as a result of an operation based on an AI / ML model in the present invention, Step 3 can be omitted. If a one-side model is used in the present invention, the one-way / two-way signaling (set) in the present invention can correspond to the three-stage signaling. In addition, if a two-side model is used in the present invention, the one-way / two-way signaling in the present invention can correspond to the three-stage signaling, and furthermore, a repetitive signaling operation can correspond to the three-stage signaling.

[0136] For example, in an AI / ML model-based BM, the base station can transmit to the terminal the beam(s) predicted based on the AI / ML model as candidates so that the terminal can determine the optimal beam. Furthermore, the terminal can report to the base station the beam(s) predicted based on the AI / ML model to request the base station to transmit the candidate beams as candidates for determining the optimal beam.

[0137]

[0138] <THz 통신(terahertz communication)>

[0139] Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase the capacity of 6G cellular communications. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0140] Figure 7 illustrates the electromagnetic spectrum according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of Figure 7 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) a widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates, and (ii) high path loss at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are essential). The narrow beamwidth generated by the highly directional antenna reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array techniques to overcome range limitations.

[0141] Transmitting system information (i.e., information related to the properties, characteristics, and / or capabilities of a BS required to use a service, such as MIB, SIB, etc.) in the THz frequency band may be inefficient because, as the beam width becomes narrower in high frequency bands, more beam sweeps must be performed to cover the entire area of ​​the cell. In particular, transmitting system information in this manner is even more inefficient when there are not many users in the cell. Accordingly, a system information transmission procedure such as that illustrated in FIG. 8 may be used.

[0142] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a procedure for transmitting system information for THz communications to which the present disclosure applies. While this example was developed with THz in mind, it is also applicable to 6G communication environments where THz is not applicable. Furthermore, the procedure illustrated in Figure 8 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, the embodiments described below can be performed based on system information acquired through the procedure illustrated in Figure 8.

[0143] Referring to FIG. 8, in step 501, the base station (520) transmits system information of cell #1 through cell #2. That is, the base station (520) provides at least two cells, cell #1 uses a THz frequency band, and cell #2 uses a frequency band other than the THz frequency band. Here, the system information may include at least one information / state / parameter / setting generated in each of a higher layer and a physical layer. For example, the at least one information / state / parameter / setting generated in the higher layer may include at least one of SFN, control information setting for SIB1 (e.g., PDCCH configuration for SIB1, etc.), information related to cell selection / entry (e.g., cell barring, cell re-selection, etc.), and subcarrier spacing, and the at least one information / state / parameter / setting generated in the physical layer may include at least one of SFN, half frame indicator, and SSB index. However, this is merely an example, and system information may include information / status / parameters / settings related to Cell #1 / Cell #2 generated from various types of physical layers / upper layers. For this purpose, as an example, Cell #1 and Cell #2 may have a relationship as a secondary cell and a primary cell.

[0144] In step 503, UE (510) acquires synchronization for cell #1. Synchronization can be acquired by detecting a synchronization signal. Typically, synchronization is acquired before receiving system information. However, since system information for cell #1 is received from cell #2, synchronization acquisition for cell #1 can be performed after receiving the system information. For example, UE (510) can acquire synchronization based on system information. However, unlike FIG. 8, in another example, synchronization acquisition can be performed before step 501.

[0145] In step 505, the UE (510) transmits a signal for accessing cell #1. For example, the signal may include information for accessing cell #1 (e.g., a random access preamble, etc.). The structure of the signal and the resources for transmitting the signal (e.g., a channel) may be identified through system information. Thereafter, in step 507, the UE (510) and the base station (520) perform an access procedure for cell #1 and communicate. In this step, operations according to various embodiments described below may be performed.

[0146] The procedure described with reference to FIG. 8 may be performed when the UE (501) first connects to cell #1 of the base station (520). Alternatively, a similar procedure may be performed when the UE (501) hands over to cell #1 of the base station (520). However, in the case of handover, the system information of cell #1 may be received from a cell of a base station other than cell #2 of the base station (520).

[0147] Communications in the THz band are expected to experience extremely severe path loss, and to overcome this, terminals and base stations must use extremely sharp beams. The use of sharp beams means that terminals and base stations must perform beam control in addition to beamforming, and the number of beams used increases significantly. Consequently, it takes a very long time to align the transmit and receive beams between the base station and terminals. Furthermore, if the beam alignment between the base station and terminals is misaligned due to the movement or movement of the terminals, frequent re-alignment of the beams is required, which can lead to link instability. Accordingly, a beam management procedure, as illustrated in FIG. 9 below, may be employed.

[0148] FIG. 9 illustrates a beam management procedure applicable to the present disclosure. FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a procedure for searching and / or selecting beams for THz communication, but is not limited to a THz environment, and the present disclosure is applicable to a 6G communication environment. In addition, the procedure illustrated in FIG. 9 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. Here, a beam may be interpreted as 'spatial (setting) information', 'spatial domain filter', 'spatial domain transmission filter', 'spatial domain reception filter', or / and a term having an equivalent technical meaning that can distinguish the beam (e.g., Reference signal, SSB (Synchronization Signal Block) Index, TRP (transmission reception point), panel, cell, TP (transmission point), base station, control resource related information (e.g., CORESET (control resource set) related information, etc.).

[0149] Referring to FIG. 9, in step 601, the base station (620) configures resources for beam management. Here, the resources may include at least one of time-frequency resources, channels, and spatial resources (e.g., antenna ports). For example, the base station (620) may utilize a beam search signal (BSS) that is transmitted spatially separated from an existing downlink signal / channel for beam search. Here, the BSS may be transmitted based on a dedicated port for beam search. The dedicated port may be a different port from a port for transmitting an existing downlink signal / channel (e.g., a synchronization signal (e.g., SSB, etc.), a data channel (e.g., PDSCH, etc.)). BSS is a term defined for convenience of explanation, and the technical concept according to the present embodiment is not limited to the term BSS itself. That is, a signal transmitted based on a dedicated port defined / configured for beam search may be included in the technical concept according to the present embodiment.

[0150] In step 603, the base station (620) transmits measurement signals using a plurality of transmission beams. For example, the measurement signals may include at least one of a reference signal and a synchronization signal. At this time, the measurement signals may be transmitted as many times as the number of beams that require measurement, and may be transmitted in a multi-beam transmission method that forms a plurality of beams simultaneously to reduce the sweeping time. Here, the multi-beam transmission may be performed based on at least one of a multi-panel, a sub-array, and a true time delay (TTD).

[0151] In step 605, the UE (610) transmits a feedback signal to the base station (620). The feedback signal indicates at least one beam selected by the UE (610). The UE (610) may select at least one preferred beam based on the measurement signals received in step 603. In step 607, the UE (610) and the base station (620) perform communication. At this time, the UE (610) and the base station (620) may perform communication using the beam selected in step 605. If channel reciprocity is established, the transmission beam of the UE (610) may also be determined through steps 603 and 605, and thus, the transmission operation of the UE (610) may also be performed using the beam selected in step 605. If channel reciprocity is not established, a procedure including transmitting measurement signals of the UE (610) and transmitting feedback signals of the base station (620) may be performed to determine the transmission beam of the UE (610). In step 607, operations according to various embodiments described below may be performed.

[0152]

[0153] Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)

[0154] Wireless sensing is a technology that uses radio frequencies to determine the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (range), etc. of an object, thereby obtaining information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within the environment. Because radio frequency sensing does not require a networked device to connect to the object, it can provide a service for object positioning without a device. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can enable a wide range of new capabilities, such as various object detection, object recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), and high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition. Wireless sensing services can provide information to a variety of industries (e.g., drones, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.), enabling applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, and health and traffic management. In some cases, wireless sensing can utilize non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, cameras) to further support 3GPP-based sensing. For example, the operation of wireless sensing services, i.e., sensing operations, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing offers an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from a communications network to a wireless communication and sensing network.

[0155] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a sensing operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 10 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 10(a) illustrates an example of sensing using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located at the same location (e.g., monostatic sensing), and FIG. 10(b) illustrates an example of sensing using a separated sensing receiver and sensing transmitter (e.g., bistatic sensing).

[0156] For example, in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, referring to FIG. 10(a), the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be configured to be included in a single base station (i.e., the same base station) or a single terminal (i.e., the same terminal). Alternatively, referring to FIG. 10(b), the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be configured to be included in different base stations, different terminals, or each terminal and base station.

[0157] In this regard, the following six types of sensing modes can be defined based on whether the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are included in the base station or the terminal, respectively.

[0158] - Mode 1: A mode in which the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are contained in a single base station (e.g., base station-based sensing mode in monostatic mode).

[0159] - Second mode: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in a first base station and the sensing receiver is included in a second base station different from the first base station (e.g., base station-based sensing mode in bistatic mode).

[0160] - Mode 3: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in the base station and the sensing receiver is included in the terminal (e.g., base station-terminal sensing mode).

[0161] - Mode 4: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in the terminal and the sensing receiver is included in the base station (e.g., terminal-base station sensing mode).

[0162] - Mode 5: A mode in which the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are contained in a single terminal (e.g., terminal-based sensing mode in monostatic mode).

[0163] - 6th mode: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in a first terminal and the sensing receiver is included in a second terminal different from the first terminal (e.g., terminal-based sensing mode in bistatic mode).

[0164] In a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, one or more of the six types of sensing modes described above may be utilized independently / in combination.

[0165] In relation to the sensing operation in FIG. 10, the sensing transmitter may transmit a sensing signal for sensing one or more objects (and / or an environment around the objects). For example, the sensing signal may correspond to a radio (frequency) signal defined to be transmittable by a base station / terminal in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification. The sensing receiver may receive a signal scattered / reflected by one or more objects (and / or an environment around the objects) from a sensing signal transmitted from the sensing transmitter. In the sensing receiver, sensing data may be derived from the scattered / reflected signals, and sensing results may be generated / obtained through processing of the sensing data. Here, the sensing results may include characteristic information (e.g., location, distance, speed, angle, etc.) about one or more objects (and / or the environment around the objects). The sensing results generated / obtained in this way may be utilized for wireless sensing services (e.g., detection, tracking, etc. of objects and / or environments) provided in the wireless communication system based on the 6G network of the present specification, or may be provided / disclosed to a trusted third party.

[0166] Additionally, the sensing operation in FIG. 10 is described as a representative example of the operation in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network, but can be extended and applied to cases where terminals / base stations / signals based on networks of previous generations (e.g., 4G, 5G, etc.) are utilized.

[0167] Additionally, with respect to the wireless sensing described herein, in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, time / frequency resources for sensing operations and time / frequency resources for general communications (e.g., UL / DL / sidelink-based communications, etc.) may be scheduled / configured separately.

[0168] FIG. 11 illustrates time / frequency resources for sensing operations according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 11 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0169] Referring to FIG. 11, time / frequency resources (hereinafter, sensing resources) for the aforementioned sensing operation (e.g., sensing operation based on FIG. 10) can be set / allocated separately from time / frequency resources (hereinafter, communication resources) for general communication.

[0170] For example, as illustrated in FIG. 11, sensing resources can be set / allocated in units of symbols in the time domain and / or resource blocks in the frequency domain. Resources other than those for which the sensing resources are set / allocated can be utilized as resources for general communication. That is, sensing resources and communication resources can be set / allocated based on a time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme and / or a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme in terms of the operation of the base station / terminal. Additionally or alternatively, unlike what is illustrated in FIG. 10, sensing resources can also be set / allocated based on other units in the time domain (e.g., slots, frames, absolute time (ms, us), etc.) and / or other units in the frequency domain (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, absolute frequencies (MHz, GHz), etc.).

[0171] Additionally or alternatively, in connection with the setting / allocation / scheduling of resources for general communication as described herein, the relationship between the resources and the aforementioned sensing resources may need to be considered. For example, when setting / allocating resources for general communication according to the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure, the resources may be set / allocated to rate-match or puncture the resource region corresponding to the sensing resource. For example, when scheduling resources for general communication according to the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure, the resources may be scheduled so as not to overlap with the resource region corresponding to the sensing resource. If the resources for general communication according to the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure and the resource region corresponding to the sensing resource are set / allocated / scheduled to overlap, one or both operations may be dropped, skipped, or postponed based on priorities, predefined rules, etc. That is, in the embodiment(s) of the present specification, it may be desirable that resources related to general communication (e.g., resources for signals / channels related to UL / DL / Sidelink-based data / control, etc.) are set / allocated / scheduled so as not to overlap with the sensing resources described above.

[0172] Additionally, various channel modeling methods may be applied in connection with the wireless sensing described herein. Channel modeling related to sensing may refer to configuring a path for transmitting and receiving sensing signals and / or scattered / reflected signals, taking into account the object being sensed and / or the environment in which the object resides. Channel modeling may be related to the performance / requirements of sensing in wireless communication systems, and thus may be an important factor in validating the sensing function.

[0173] Channels related to sensing can be divided into channels between objects (e.g., targets of interest) and sensing transmitters / receivers, and channels between the environment to which the object belongs and sensing transmitters / receivers. In this regard, channel modeling related to sensing can be divided based on sensing mode (e.g., the six types of modes described above), whether there is an object / environment, and / or sensing scenarios. For example, channel modeling for a target in a base station / terminal-based monostatic sensing mode, channel modeling for a target in a base station / terminal-based bistatic sensing mode, channel modeling for the environment in a base station / terminal-based monostatic sensing mode, and channel modeling for the environment in a base station / terminal-based bistatic sensing mode can be configured and optimized differently. For example, when various sensing scenarios are classified, channel modeling for detection, location, and tracking scenarios, channel modeling for motion recognition, and channel modeling for imaging / environment reconstruction scenarios can be divided, etc. Additionally, channel modeling related to sensing may be based on statistical channel modeling techniques and / or deterministic channel modeling techniques. For example, modeling for sensing in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present disclosure may be based on stochastic geometric channel modeling techniques and / or hybrid with ray tracing channel modeling techniques. Here, the stochastic geometric channel model may be based on various statistical characteristics of the channel state. Furthermore, the hybrid channel model may be based on both ray tracing techniques and stochastic techniques.In a hybrid approach, channels for objects requiring high accuracy and consistency (e.g., targets of interest) can be modeled using ray tracing techniques, while channels for the environment can be modeled using probabilistic techniques.

[0174] FIG. 12 illustrates a procedure related to a sensing operation according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 12 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0175] For example, in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, in the case of a sensing operation in which a terminal participates, the base station may need to verify the capability of the terminal for the sensing operation. In this regard, the terminal may be configured to report capability information on whether it supports the sensing operation to the base station. Additionally or alternatively, if the terminal is defined in advance in the standard as supporting the sensing operation, the procedure may be omitted. In addition, in the case of a sensing operation in which only the base station participates, the base station may be configured to report capability information on whether it supports the sensing operation to an entity that configures / controls its sensing operation (e.g., a network entity at an upper level / layer of the base station).

[0176] For example, the base station can perform signaling with the terminal to exchange configuration information related to the sensing operation. For example, the base station can configure / instruct the terminal information about the mode of the sensing operation (e.g., based on the six types of modes described above), the subject of the sensing operation (e.g., sensing transmitter, sensing receiver), the resource of the sensing operation (e.g., sensing resource as in FIG. 11), the target of utilizing the sensing result (e.g., type of wireless sensing service based on 6G network, trusted third party), channel modeling for sensing (e.g., channel between the base station / terminal and object / environment), etc. For example, the base station can also configure / instruct such information from a network entity at an upper level / layer of the base station.

[0177] For example, the base station and / or the terminal may perform a sensing operation based on the set / instructed information. For example, the base station and / or the terminal may, as a sensing transmitter and / or a sensing receiver, perform procedures such as transmitting a sensing signal, receiving a scattered / reflected signal, deriving sensing data, obtaining a sensing result through processing the sensing data, and providing the sensing result, as in FIG. 9 described above. For example, in the operations of the base station / terminal described herein, the sensing result provided through the sensing operation may be utilized.

[0178]

[0179] Ambient IoT in 3GPP Standard Release 18

[0180] The Ambient Internet of Things (IoT) has recently attracted significant attention in the wireless communications world. By reducing the size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices and enabling the installation and connection of hundreds of billions or even trillions of IoT devices, it can be applied to a wide range of applications.

[0181] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be among the communication technologies considered to achieve low power operation of A-IoT devices.

[0182] For example, backscattering is a technique widely used in radio frequency identification (RFID), allowing devices to communicate with a network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with information to be transmitted. For example, devices can be powered by the incident RF signal or by stored energy.

[0183] For example, IoT devices can be categorized into various types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, depending on how they store energy and generate transmission signals. For example, passive devices do not have an energy storage device (e.g., a capacitor) and can communicate based on backscatter communication technology. For example, semi-passive devices have an energy storage device and can communicate using backscatter communication technology with the help of the energy storage device. For example, active devices have an energy storage device and can actively generate signals using active RF components and the stored energy to communicate.

[0184] For example, in the present disclosure, the following three types of IoT devices may be considered. For example, Device A may be a device without energy storage and without independent signal generation (e.g., a device that supports backscatter transmission). For example, Device B may be a device with energy storage and without independent signal generation (e.g., a device that supports backscatter transmission). In this case, for example, use of the stored energy may include amplification of the reflected signal. For example, Device C may be a device with energy storage and independent signal generation (e.g., a device with an active RF component for transmission).

[0185] For example, the following basic topologies may be considered to support A-IoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, the basic topologies may include direct connection between a base station and an A-IoT device, connection between a base station, an intermediate node, and an A-IoT device, connection support by auxiliary nodes, and / or connection between terminals and A-IoT devices. The basic topologies proposed in this disclosure are merely examples, and the proposals in this disclosure may be extended / applied to other topologies.

[0186] FIG. 13 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 1) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are directly connected, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 13 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0187] Referring to FIG. 13, the A-IoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with the base station. For example, communication between the base station and the A-IoT device can include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals can be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 13, the base station transmitting to the A-IoT device and the base station receiving from the A-IoT device can be different. For example, in the topology 1, the base station and the A-IoT device in a micro-cell environment can perform direct communication with each other. For example, the base station can be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with an existing 3GPP technology.

[0188] FIG. 14 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 2) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected via an intermediate node, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 14 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0189] Referring to FIG. 14, an A-IoT device can bidirectionally communicate with an intermediate node between the device and the base station. Here, for example, the intermediate node can be an A-IoT-capable relay, an IAB node, a terminal, a repeater, etc. For example, the intermediate node can transmit A-IoT data and / or signals between the base station and the A-IoT device. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals can be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 14, the intermediate node transmitting to the A-IoT device and the intermediate node receiving from the A-IoT device can be different. For example, in the topology 2, an intermediate node can exist between the base station and the A-IoT device in a macro-cell environment. For example, the base station can be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with an existing 3GPP technology. For example, intermediate nodes may be limited to terminals, and intermediate nodes may be located indoors.

[0190] FIG. 15 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 3) supported by an auxiliary node according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 15 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0191] Referring to (a) of Fig. 15, an auxiliary node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and the A-IoT device may receive data / signals from the auxiliary node. Referring to (b) of Fig. 15, an auxiliary node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, an A-IoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and the A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to an auxiliary node. Here, for example, the auxiliary node may be an A-IoT-capable relay, an IAB node, a terminal, a repeater, etc.

[0192] FIG. 16 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 4) in which a terminal and an A-IoT device are directly connected, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 16 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0193] Referring to FIG. 16, the A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with the terminal. For example, communication between the terminal and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0194] For example, transmission by an A-IoT device may be performed over a frequency division duplexing (FDD) spectrum (e.g., an FDD UL spectrum).

[0195]

[0196] Ambient IoT in 3GPP Standard Release 19

[0197] Recently, in 3GPP standard release 19, ambient IoT is being discussed to overcome the limitations of the existing IoT (Internet of Things).

[0198] The device types of A-IoT (ambient IoT) are divided into Type 1 and Type 2 as follows.

[0199] 1) Type 1: It has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW and transmits to the reader by backscattering a CW (carrier wave) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or UE or a separate node).

[0200] 2) Type 2: It has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW, and transmits to the reader by backscattering CW provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or UE, or a separate node) or by using a signal generated internally by itself. In the present disclosure, for convenience, a device type that performs D2R (Device to Reader) transmission through backscattering in device type 2 is defined as Type 2a, and a device type that performs D2R (Device to Reader) transmission through a signal generated internally by itself is defined as Type 2b.

[0201] Additionally, in 3GPP standard release 19, research is being conducted on topology #1, which considers a case where direct communication occurs between a base station in a micro-cell environment and an A-IoT device, and topology #2, which considers a case where an intermediate node exists between a base station in a micro-cell environment and an A-IoT device.

[0202] Additionally, 3GPP assumes that A-IoT communications will occur in the FDD licensed spectrum of FR1, and in particular, transmissions from A-IoT devices can occur at least in the FDD uplink spectrum (UL spectrum).

[0203] Figure 17 is a diagram explaining the energy harvesting operation of an A-IoT device.

[0204] First, referring to (b) of FIG. 17, S1 may be a sleep state, S2 may be an active state, and P1 and P2 may be power consumption in S1 and S2, respectively. For example, the active state may mean a state in which the device consumes power to perform operations such as receiving / transmitting or sensing for communication, and the sleep state may be a state in which it is not an active state.

[0205] Additionally, (a) of Fig. 17 may represent a device energy state corresponding to (b) of Fig. 17. Referring to (a) of Fig. 17, the E1 value and the E2 value may differ depending on the device (type / class), and the device may report information related to the E1 value and / or information related to the E2 value to R and / or the base station as capability parameters. For example, the E2 value may be defined as an energy value in a buffered state, and the E1 value may be defined as a minimum energy value required in an active state.

[0206] For example, a transition from S1 to S2 may be possible only when the device energy state value is E2 or has reached E2. For example, a transition from S1 to S2 may be possible when the device energy state value is greater than E1 (i.e., in the range between E1 and E2). The embodiment of FIG. 17 illustrates an example in which a transition from S1 to S2 is performed when the device energy state value is E2 or has reached E2.

[0207] A-IoT devices may require externally provided CW for backscatter transmission. For example, CW may be used to power A-IoT devices or as CW for downlink transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscatter transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0208] For example, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For example, the CW waveform type can be a single-tone CW waveform type or a somewhat more complex multi-tone CW waveform type. Single-tone CW can be advantageous over multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of tags or readers and in terms of interference because it uses fewer resources. On the other hand, multi-tone CW, for example, can transmit more energy when transmitting CW in DL, and also has the advantage of securing greater coverage from a single device.

[0209] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types can be supported in the A-IoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the A-IoT communication system can be configured / defined in advance, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to the A-IoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure / instruct / indicate the selected CW waveform type to the A-IoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0210] The methods proposed in this disclosure can be commonly applied to topologies #1 and #2, and the gNB and UE1 as an intermediate node (IN) are referred to as readers. Furthermore, the invention can be extended to cases where a reader receiving a BSS can directly generate and transmit a CW, or where the node transmitting the CW is a separate node from the reader.

[0211] An A-IoT BS (base station) (e.g., a reader) used in the present disclosure may be a gNB in ​​topology #1 and may be a specific UE in topology #2. Furthermore, an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) used in the present disclosure may be interpreted as an A-IoT device in both topology #1 and / or topology #2.

[0212]

[0213] <A-IoT 통신을 위한 충돌 회피 방안>

[0214] In the present disclosure, the CW transmitted by the gNB or the IN (intermediate node) may be a CW for energy harvesting (EH) and a CW for backscattering (BSC). In the present disclosure, the CW may be applied to one of the two CWs in a limited manner or may be applied to both CWs in common. For convenience, the CW for EH is referred to as E-CW, and the CW for BSC is referred to as B-CW. In the present disclosure, only the UE is described as an IN for convenience, but the present disclosure may be extended to other types of nodes such as an IAB (Integrated access-backhaul) and an NCR (Network-controlled Repeater).

[0215] Figure 18 illustrates a situation where conflict resolution is required in A-IoT topology #1.

[0216] Referring to Figure 18, the gNB transmits CW (for BSC purposes) using frequency resource #A, and the A-IoT device receiving it performs BSC (backscattering) to transmit a BSS (backscattered signal). Since the gNB must receive the BSS from the A-IoT device while transmitting the CW, a SIC (self-interference cancellation) operation may be required.

[0217] One way to increase SIC performance by suppressing SI (self-interference) during SIC operation of a gNB may be to apply a frequency shift when an A-IoT device performs BSC (backscattering). The size of the frequency shift is conveniently expressed as F-gap, and can mean the gap between the center frequencies of CW and BSS, as shown in Fig. 8.

[0218] As an example of how A-IoT devices can implement the F-gap, the Miller sub-carrier encoding technique used in RFID standards (e.g., the EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 UHF RFID standard) can be applied. As another example, for device type 2 (i.e., type 2b) that performs uplink transmission using internally generated signals, a signal with a center frequency of CW + F-gap can be directly generated. In this case, it may not be easy to dynamically change the size of the F-gap compared to applying the F-gap based on an external CW in the implementation of the A-IoT device. In addition, if multiple A-IoT devices transmit BSS (backscattered signal) in response to the CW transmitted by the gNB, a collision may occur if the F-gap is the same.

[0219] Therefore, in this disclosure, we propose a method for generating an F-gap to maximize the SIC performance of a gNB and reduce collisions between A-IoT devices. Furthermore, since creating a time-gap (i.e., a T-gap) in addition to forming a frequency-axis gap, such as a frequency shift, can be beneficial for improving the SIC performance of a gNB and mitigating collisions between A-IoT devices, we also propose a method for generating a T-gap for the same purpose.

[0220] Figure 19 illustrates a situation where SIC operation is required in A-IoT topology #2.

[0221] Referring to FIG. 19, UE1, as an IN (Intermediate Node), transmits CW (for BSC purposes) using frequency resource #A, and the A-IoT device that receives it performs BSC (backscattering) to transmit a BSS (backscattered signal). Since UE1 must receive BSS from the A-IoT device while transmitting CW, a SIC (self-interference cancellation) operation may be required.

[0222] One way to increase SIC performance by suppressing SI (self-interference) during SIC operation of UE1 may be to apply a frequency shift when the A-IoT device performs BSC (backscattering). The size of the frequency shift is conveniently expressed as F-gap, and may mean the gap between the center frequencies of CW and BSS, as shown in FIG. 9 below.

[0223] As an example of how the A-IoT device implements the F-gap, the Miller sub-carrier encoding technique used in RFID standards (e.g., the EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 UHF RFID standard) can be applied. As another example, for device type 2 that performs uplink transmission using an internally generated signal, a signal with a center frequency of CW+F-gap can be directly generated. In addition, if multiple A-IoT devices transmit BSS (backscattered signal) in response to the CW transmitted by UE1, a collision may occur if the F-gap is the same.

[0224] Therefore, in this disclosure, we propose a method for generating an F-gap to maximize the SIC performance of UE1 and reduce collisions between A-IoT devices. In addition, since it can be beneficial to the SIC performance of UE1 and to mitigate collisions between A-IoT devices by creating a time-axis gap (named T-gap) in addition to forming a frequency-axis gap such as frequency shifting, we also propose a method for generating a T-gap for the same purpose.

[0225] Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, the F-gap and T-gap applied to signals transmitted from the A-IoT device to the reader are named F-gap_T and T-gap_T, respectively. In addition, the F-gap and T-gap applied to signals transmitted from the reader to the A-IoT device are named F-gap_R and T-gap_R, respectively.

[0226]

[0227] <Proposal 1: Signal Transmission Method of A-IoT Device and Signal Reception Method of Reader>

[0228] First, a signal transmission method of an A-IoT device applying F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T for each A-IoT device (group) is described.

[0229] When the A-IoT device determines the size of F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T, one or more of the parameters exemplified in 1) to 7) below may be considered, and the decision factor based on which the size of F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T is determined may be determined / defined in advance or set / instructed by the reader.

[0230] 1) A-IoT device index;

[0231] 2) Sub-frame index;

[0232] 3) Slot index;

[0233] 4) CP-OFDM symbol index of NR system;

[0234] 5) Symbol index for A-IoT communication;

[0235] 6) A-IoT device type (e.g., different sizes of F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T may be applied depending on type 1, type 2a, and type 2b, and the size values ​​may be determined / defined in advance or set / indicated by the reader);

[0236] 7) Performance (capability) for (maximum) F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T size of A-IoT.

[0237]

[0238] Specifically, the size of F-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for each device type may be different. For example, the size of F-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for device type 2b may be larger than the size of F-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for device type 1 / 2a. Alternatively, the size of F-gap_T applied to device type 2b may be defined in advance or set / indicated by the reader to be larger than the size of F-gap_T applied to device type 1 / 2a. In this way, efficient coexistence can be enabled by supporting FDM between different device types.

[0239] As an alternative to applying FDM between device types, the bands for R2D / D2R communication can be different for each device type. For example, coexistence through FDM can be enabled by setting the bands for R2D / D2R communication of device type 2b differently (i.e., disjointly) from the bands for R2D / D2R communication of device types 1 / 2a.

[0240] Alternatively, a method utilizing TDM may be considered as a method for efficient coexistence between different device types.

[0241] In one way, R2D / D2R communication sections, for example, sessions and / or inventory rounds, can be configured / operated differently depending on the device type. For example, the R2D / D2R communication sections for device types 1 / 2a and 2b can be configured / operated differently.

[0242] Alternatively, the R2D message, e.g., the preamble, midamble, postamble, PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel), query command or paging message, can be configured / instructed to respond only to certain device types. For example, if certain device types (e.g., Type 1 and / or Type 2a and / or Type 2b) are indicated / configured through a certain sequence or field in the R2D message, only those device types can transmit a response to that R2D message.

[0243] For reference, the preamble may be composed of a start indicator part and / or a clock acquisition part, where the start indicator part may serve as a signal indicating the start of the PRDCH, and the clock acquisition part may serve as a time / frequency synchronization performance for receiving the subsequent PRDCH.

[0244] A midamble can be inserted in the middle of a PRDCH to help perform time / frequency synchronization when receiving a PRDCH. In addition, a postamble can be inserted at the end of a PRDCH to help perform time / frequency synchronization when receiving a PRDCH or to help indicate the ending of a PRDCH. Alternatively, the size of T-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for each device type may be different. For example, the size of T-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for device type 2b may be larger (or smaller) than the size of T-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for device type 1 / 2a. Alternatively, the size of T-gap_T applied to device type 2b may be defined in advance to be larger (or smaller) than the size of T-gap_T applied to device type 1 / 2a, or may be set / indicated by the reader.

[0245] When there are A-IoT devices to which F-gap can be applied (hereinafter, device category 1) and A-IoT devices to which F-gap cannot be applied (hereinafter, device category 2), the FDM and / or TDM methods can be applied even when the two device categories coexist.

[0246] Specifically, R2D / D2R communication sections (e.g., sessions and / or inventory rounds) can be set / operated differently depending on the device category. For example, the R2D / D2R communication sections for device category 1 and the R2D / D2R communication sections for device category 2 can be set / operated differently.

[0247] Alternatively, only specific device categories can be configured / instructed to respond via an R2D message (e.g., preamble, midamble, postamble, PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel), query command or paging message). For example, if specific device categories (e.g., device category 1 and / or device category 2) are indicated / configured via a specific sequence or field within an R2D message, only those device categories can transmit a response to that R2D message.

[0248] Alternatively, the size of T-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for each device category may be different. For example, the size of T-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for device category 2 may be larger (or smaller) than the size of T-gap_T that can be defined / set / indicated for device category 1. Alternatively, the size of T-gap_T applicable to device category 2 may be predefined or set / indicated by the reader to be larger (or smaller) than the size of T-gap_T applicable to device category 1.

[0249]

[0250] Additionally, symbols for A-IoT communication can be represented by chips, and one chip can correspond to one modulation symbol modulated with OOK (On Off Keying) or BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying).

[0251] In this case, the symbol index for the A-IoT communication can be determined through Alt-1 to Alt-3 as follows. Considering the numerology of the NR system and the target data rate of the A-IoT system, the symbol duration for the A-IoT communication can be determined through one or more of the following methods. For reference, the NR system in the present disclosure can be replaced with a (5G and / or 6G) wireless communication system (or a mother system or a coexisting communication system, etc.), and the (CP-)OFDM symbol can be replaced with a basic transmission time unit of the (5G and / or 6G) wireless communication system (or a mother system or a coexisting communication system, etc.).

[0252] - Alt-1: The N CP-OFDM symbol durations of the NR system can be defined as the symbol duration for one A-IoT communication, and the corresponding N value can be defined in advance or set / instructed to the A-IoT device.

[0253] - Alt-2: One CP-OFDM symbol duration of the NR system can be divided into M equal parts, and one of them can be defined as a symbol duration for A-IoT communication, and the corresponding M value can be defined in advance or set / instructed to the A-IoT device. At this time, one CP-OFDM symbol duration may or may not include a CP period, or may include only a part of a CP period.

[0254] - Alt-3: One or more OFDM samples (e.g., T_c or T_s in the 3GPP TS 38.211 standard document) are defined as a sample group, and K sample group(s) can be defined as a symbol duration for one A-IoT communication, and the corresponding K value and sample group determination method can be defined in advance or set / instructed to the A-IoT device.

[0255] One of the above Alt-1 to Alt-3 may be set / applied differently or commonly depending on the elements below.

[0256] - Use cases of A-IoT devices (e.g., inventory, sensors, positioning, commands, etc.)

[0257] - Device type of A-IoT device

[0258] - Topology of A-IoT communication

[0259] - A-IoT Device Index

[0260]

[0261] The A-IoT device index, which determines the size of the above F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T or determines the symbol index for A-IoT communication, may vary depending on the situation / scenario / procedure, etc., and may have the following types of indexes.

[0262] a) A-IoT device unique ID: This can refer to a unique index assigned to each A-IoT device during production, such as the EPC (Electronic Product Code) of RFID.

[0263] b) Random number: This can be a random value temporarily generated by the A-IoT device (e.g., a random value of size N bits). This can be for the purpose of identifying or inventorying A-IoT devices. For example, when performing random access or initial access, this can be a random, temporary index generated by each A-IoT device during a series of processes to reduce collisions between devices and allow them to connect at random times. From the reader's perspective, this random value may not be known which device used which index.

[0264] c) Index that can identify A-IoT devices: This can be an index used after random access or initial access is completed and contention resolution is achieved for the purpose of identification or inventory of A-IoT devices. Specifically, it can be an index value that each A-IoT device generates and notifies the reader, or that the reader assigns to each A-IoT device. It can be similar to C-RNTI in NR system or HANDLE in RFID, and can have a shorter bit size (i.e., bit-width) than the unique ID of the A-IoT device.

[0265]

[0266] If F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T are determined based on the A-IoT device index, it may be advantageous for the reader when there are many A-IoT devices that are expected to transmit BSS at a specific point in time. On the other hand, if there is only one or very few A-IoT devices expected to transmit BSS at a specific point in time from the reader's perspective, setting / indicating multiple or large numbers of F-gap_T candidates and / or T-gap_T candidates may not be efficient from a resource utilization perspective. For example, if the reader sets X kHz, 2*X kHz, and 3*X kHz as candidates for F-gap_T at a specific point in time, but the A-IoT device expected to transmit BSS at that point in time is a single device and applies the F-gap_T corresponding to 3*X kHz, there may be a disadvantage in that the frequency resources corresponding to X kHz and 2*X kHz are wasted. Therefore, a method for controlling the number of candidates corresponding to the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T applied by the reader to the BSS transmission at a particular point in time must be considered.

[0267] As one way to control the number of candidates, the reader can set / indicate whether an A-IoT device index can be involved, as the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T parameters of the A-IoT device.

[0268] For example, when the A-IoT device transmits BSS at a specific time point #A or during a specific time interval from a specific time point #A, the reader can set / instruct the A-IoT device to exclude the A-IoT device index as the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T parameters. The A-IoT device that receives the signaling can generate the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T and perform uplink transmission by applying a rule that is unrelated to the A-IoT device index when performing BSS at the corresponding time point. As another example, when the A-IoT device transmits BSS at a specific time point #A or during a specific time interval from a specific time point #A, the reader can set / instruct the A-IoT device to include the A-IoT device index as the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T parameters. An A-IoT device that receives the signaling can apply a rule that considers the A-IoT device index when performing BSS at a corresponding time point to generate F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T and perform uplink transmission.

[0269] As another way to control the number of candidates, whether or not the A-IoT device index can be involved can be determined by specific rules. Specifically, a rule can be set to include the A-IoT device index as the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T parameters when the A-IoT devices are in the process of random access or initial connection for identification or inventory purposes, when performing BSS before contention is resolved, or when transmitting a random value or an index value generated by the A-IoT device that can identify the A-IoT device.

[0270] For example, an A-IoT device in the process of random access or initial connection can generate F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T and perform uplink transmission by applying a rule that takes into account the A-IoT device index when performing BSS even without a separate setting / instruction. Conversely, after contention resolution is complete or in the case of uplink transmission based on the A-IoT device's unique ID or an index that can identify the A-IoT device, a rule unrelated to the A-IoT device index can be applied when performing BSS to generate F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T and perform uplink transmission.

[0271]

[0272] In generating F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T by applying rules considering the above-described A-IoT device index, the number of candidates for F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T can be set / indicated by the reader. This is because it can be efficient from a wireless resource utilization perspective to allocate relatively many candidates if the number of A-IoT devices expected to receive BSS is large, and conversely, to allocate relatively few candidates if the number of A-IoT devices expected to receive BSS is small.

[0273] For example, when an A-IoT device transmits BSS at a specific point in time #A or during a specific time period from a specific point in time #A, the reader can set / indicate that the number of candidates for F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T is K. The A-IoT device that has received the signaling can perform uplink transmission by determining one F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T based on the mapping relationship between the A-IoT device index and the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T when performing BSS at the corresponding point in time. An example of the mapping relationship may mean that K F-gap_T candidates and / or T-gap_T candidates are assigned indices from 0 to (K-1), and the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T of the index corresponding to the result of performing a modulo K operation on the A-IoT device index is selected.

[0274] Alternatively, the number of candidates for F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T may be determined by specific rules. Specifically, when random access or initial connection is in progress for the purpose of identifying or inventorying A-IoT devices, BSS is performed before contention is resolved, or an arbitrary value or an index value that can identify the A-IoT device generated by the A-IoT device is transmitted, the number of candidates for F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T may be a specific K value (the K value may be a value defined in advance or set / indicated by the reader).

[0275] For example, an A-IoT device in the process of random access or initial connection can perform uplink transmission by determining one F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T based on the mapping relationship between the A-IoT device index and the K F-gap_T candidates and / or T-gap_T candidates when performing BSS without a separate setting / instruction. Specifically, the K F-gap_T candidates and / or T-gap_T candidates can be indexed from 0 to (K-1), and the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T of the index corresponding to the result of performing a modulo K operation on the A-IoT device index can be selected. Conversely, after the contention resolution is completed, or in the case of uplink transmission based on the unique ID of the A-IoT device or an index that can identify the A-IoT device, there may be only one candidate for F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T, and the A-IoT device may generate the corresponding F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T and perform uplink transmission when performing BSS.

[0276] In applying a rule unrelated to the A-IoT device index described above or in determining an F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T based on the mapping relationship between the A-IoT device index and the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T, the pool of F-gap_Ts that the A-IoT device can select may vary depending on whether an external CW is required when the A-IoT device performs BSC (backscattering) and / or whether the reader transmits CW when performing BSS. For example, in the case of a device that generates a signal internally, it may be permissible to select 0 as the F-gap_T since it can perform BSS without CW (in fact, if it generates and transmits a signal internally by itself without an external CW). In other words, the value F-gap_T=0 may be included in the pool of F-gap_Ts that the A-IoT device can select. As another example, if the A-IoT device can determine that the reader will not perform a CW transmission at a particular uplink transmission point in time, it may be acceptable to select 0 as the F-gap_T value for that transmission point (in other words, the value F-gap_T=0 may be included in the pool of F-gap_Ts that the A-IoT can select).

[0277] In applying a rule unrelated to the A-IoT device index above or determining one F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T based on the mapping relationship between the A-IoT device index and the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T, the pool of F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T that the A-IoT device can select may be defined differently or set / indicated differently depending on the device type and / or device category. For example, a total of two F-gap_T candidates may be set / indicated for device type 1 / 2a, and a total of four F-gap_T candidates may be set / indicated for device type 2b. Each A-IoT device may perform D2R transmission by applying one F-gap_T based on the device index within the pool of F-gap_T corresponding to its own type.

[0278] In the present disclosure, in setting / indicating a pool of candidates for F-gap_T, not only a method of setting / indicating the unit of F-gap_T (e.g., X Hz) and the number of candidates K is possible, but also a method in which the A-IoT device derives K through a combination of {unit of F-gap_T, entire band to which F-gap_T can be applied (e.g., 2*Y or Y Hz)} is possible. For example, K may be determined using floor(Y / X), or, excluding the position of the CW tone, K may be determined through floor(Y / X)-1.

[0279]

[0280] <Proposal 2: Method for receiving signals from an A-IoT device and transmitting signals from a reader>

[0281] As described in Proposal 1, BSS can be transmitted by applying different F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T for each A-IoT device. When a reader receives a signal from one or more A-IoT devices through different F-gap_T at a specific point in time or receives a signal from one or more A-IoT devices through different T-gap_T during a specific time interval, a method may be required to distinguish and transmit a corresponding response from the reader to the corresponding one or more A-IoT devices. In addition, from the perspective of an A-IoT device applying F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T, it may be necessary to determine whether the corresponding reader's transmission corresponds to the signal it transmitted or not.

[0282] Therefore, in the present disclosure, we propose a method for a reader to transmit a signal corresponding to the BSS of an A-IoT device to which F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T is applied. For convenience, the transmission signal of the reader corresponding to the BSS of the A-IoT device is referred to as an ACK signal.

[0283] From the A-IoT device's perspective, one way to determine whether the reader's transmission corresponds to the signal it transmitted is to apply F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R to the ACK signal. Applying F-gap_R here means that the reader transmits a signal by applying a frequency axis shift of F-gap_R from the Ref-DL frequency, which is a specific frequency (e.g., center frequency) of the signal transmitted without F-gap_R. The Ref-DL frequency may be the same as or different from the frequency at which the CW is transmitted. In addition, applying T-gap_R may mean that the reader transmits a signal or the A-IoT device receives a signal after T-gap_R from the specific time when the A-IoT device can expect a signal from the reader to be transmitted after a specific time after an uplink signal transmitted at a specific time.

[0284] Preferably, there may be a 1 to 1 or 1 to N or N to 1 mapping relationship between F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T and F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R. As an example of a 1 to 1 mapping, K F-gap_T candidates and / or T-gap_T candidates may be indexed from 0 to (K-1), and K F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R candidates may be indexed from 0 to (K-1), so that a link relationship may be formed between candidates having the same index. In this case, the K F-gap_T candidates and / or T-gap_T candidates and the K F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R candidates may be defined in advance or set / indicated by the reader.

[0285] Specifically, for an A-IoT device that attempts uplink BSS transmission by selecting an F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T corresponding to the m-th candidate (e.g., the m-th candidate among K F-gap_T candidates), it can be expected that the F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R corresponding to the m-th candidate (e.g., the m-th candidate among K T-gap_R candidates) will be applied to the ACK signal from the corresponding reader. In other words, for a reader that receives a BSS through an F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T corresponding to the m-th candidate, the F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R corresponding to the m-th candidate can be applied in the corresponding ACK signal transmission.

[0286] More simply, a rule can be defined such that the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T applied by A-IoT and the F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R are identical. In this case, an A-IoT device that has transmitted an uplink signal by applying a specific F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T can determine that the uplink transmission it has transmitted has been successfully transmitted by receiving an ACK signal from the corresponding reader.

[0287]

[0288] From the A-IoT device's perspective, as another confirmation method to determine whether the reader's transmission corresponds to the signal it transmitted, the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T information of the corresponding A-IoT device signal or a part of the information may be included in the ACK signal. Including any content in the ACK signal may mean that it is composed of one or a combination of all / part of i) to iv) below. For example, if the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T information is composed of X bits, the X bit itself may be carried in the payload, or (X-1) bits may be carried in the payload and one of two sequences may be selected to transmit the remaining 1 bit of information.

[0289] i) Included in some / all of the payload carried in the ACK signal

[0290] ii) One of the N sequences that can be carried in the ACK signal is selected.

[0291] iii) Parameters related to the scrambling sequence applied to the payload carried in the ACK signal

[0292] iv) CRC information of ACK signal

[0293] If the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T information can be composed of X bits, the method of composing the X bits corresponding to the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T can be determined based on the number of candidates of the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T defined / set in advance.

[0294] For example, if there are K1 F-gap_T candidates and K2 T-gap_T candidates, it can be configured as X=ceiling{log2(K1)}+ceiling{log2(K2)}. In this case, the first ceiling{log2(K1)} bit can be used to signal which F-gap_T candidate it is among the K1 candidates, and the second ceiling{log2(K2)} bit can be used to signal which T-gap_T candidate it is among the K2 candidates. Specifically, when K1=4, K2=1, if the A-IoT device transmits an uplink signal using the third F-gap_T, if the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T information consisting of the two bits is '10', the A-IoT device can determine that the signal it transmitted was well received by the reader. Additionally, for a reader that receives BSS from the third F-gap_T, '10' can be loaded into the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T information consisting of the above 2 bits and transmitted.

[0295]

[0296] A combination of the two verification methods described above may also be possible. That is, only a part of the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T information may be applied to the F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R of the ACK signal, and the remaining part of the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T information of the corresponding A-IoT device signal may be included within the ACK signal.

[0297] In one embodiment, when an N-to-1 mapping relationship is defined / established between F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T and F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R, information regarding which of N F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T corresponds to which may be carried through an ACK signal. As a specific example, when four candidates are set for F-gap_T and two candidates are set for T-gap_T, by applying F-gap_R of the ACK signal, one of the four F-gap_T candidates may be expressed, and information on one of the two T-gap_T candidates may be carried within the ACK signal.

[0298] After successfully receiving a BSS to which a specific F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T is applied, the reader may transmit an ACK signal using the above-described confirmation method (at a predetermined time or within a period agreed upon with the A-IoT device) to indicate successful BSS reception. Alternatively, even if the BSS reception fails, the reader may explicitly indicate that the BSS reception failed by transmitting an ACK signal using the above-described confirmation method (at a predetermined time or within a period agreed upon with the A-IoT device). Alternatively, if the BSS reception fails, an explicit ACK transmission may not be performed.

[0299] After the A-IoT device transmits an uplink signal to which a specific F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T is applied, the A-IoT device can recognize that the uplink signal transmission is successful by receiving an ACK signal to which the above-described confirmation method is applied (within a time or interval specified or agreed upon with the reader). Alternatively, if the ACK signal to which the above-described confirmation method is applied is received (within a time or interval specified or agreed upon with the reader), but a reception failure message from the reader is included in the ACK signal, the A-IoT device can recognize that the uplink signal transmission has failed. Alternatively, if the ACK signal to which the above-described confirmation method is applied is not received (within a time or interval specified or agreed upon with the reader), the A-IoT device can recognize that the uplink signal transmission has failed. An A-IoT device that has failed to transmit the uplink signal can attempt to retransmit after a certain period of time.

[0300] In another embodiment, when the reader successfully receives a BSS to which a specific F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T is applied, the reader may notify the successful BSS reception by transmitting an ACK signal (within a time or interval specified or agreed upon with the A-IoT device) based on a F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T that is desirable for the A-IoT device to use at the next time (rather than an ACK signal based on the received F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T). After the A-IoT device transmits an uplink signal to which a specific F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T is applied, the A-IoT device may recognize that the uplink signal transmission was successful by receiving an ACK signal (within a time or interval specified or agreed upon with the reader), and may apply the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T in the next uplink signal transmission based on the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T included in the ACK signal.

[0301] In another embodiment, when the reader successfully receives a BSS with a specific F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T applied, the reader may indicate the successful BSS reception by transmitting an ACK signal based on the F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T that is desirable for the A-IoT device to use at the next time (rather than an ACK signal based on the received F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T).

[0302] For example, the A-IoT device monitors ACK signal transmission intervals corresponding to the total number of F-gap_T candidates and / or T-gap_T candidates (e.g., K), and if there is no ACK signal matching its F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T through the K ACK signal transmission intervals, it considers BSS reception to be a failure. On the other hand, if there is an ACK signal matching its F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T through the K ACK signal transmission intervals, it can consider BSS reception to be a success.

[0303] As another example, the reader may indicate through each ACK signal (in addition to information such as F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T) how many more ACK signals are left (or how many ACK signal transmission intervals the A-IoT device should attempt to receive more ACK signals), and the A-IoT device may consider it a BSS reception failure if there is no match with its F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T until the last ACK signal (i.e., until the last ACK signal transmission interval), and may consider it a BSS reception success if there is an ACK signal that matches its F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T.

[0304] As another example, the reader may indicate through each ACK signal whether the subsequent ACK signal is the last ACK signal (in addition to information such as F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T), and the A-IoT device may consider it a BSS reception failure if there is no match with its F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T until the last ACK signal, and may consider it a BSS reception success if there is an ACK signal that matches its F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T.

[0305]

[0306] <Proposal 3: Implementation of F-gap>

[0307] In the present disclosure, the F-gap_T value may be a value corresponding to the number of cycles of a square wave corresponding to one bit / chip information.

[0308] Here, one chip corresponds to one modulation symbol modulated with On Off Keying (OOK) or Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). For example, in Manchester encoding, information bit 0 can be encoded as 10, or information bit 1 can be encoded as 01. In this case, 10 or 01 means that the information bit consists of two chips.

[0309] For example, a sequence that multiplies a baseband waveform consisting of 0 or 1 and a square wave consisting of M cycles, such as Miller encoding of an RFID system, can be used to transmit a PDRCH or D2R signal / channel. In this case, K M are set / indicated / defined (for example, {M_1, M_2,.., M_K} are set / indicated / defined), and the F-gap_T candidates in the present disclosure can be implemented to mean K M values.

[0310] Specifically, in the present disclosure, setting K F-gap_T candidates and applying one of them to D2R communication may mean that K M values ​​are set and line coding (e.g., M_k) is used to transmit a D2R signal / channel by the A-IoT device. Alternatively, it may mean that data rates for K D2R signals / channels are defined / set and one of the data rates is applied to transmit a D2R signal / channel by the A-IoT device.

[0311] Similarly, it can be applied to R2D communication situations. That is, it can be applied to PRDCH or R2D signal / channel transmission by utilizing a sequence that multiplies a baseband waveform composed of 0 or 1, such as Miller encoding of an RFID system, and a square wave composed of M cycles. At this time, the corresponding M is set / indicated / defined K times (for example, {M_1, M_2,.., M_K} are set / indicated / defined), and the candidates of F-gap_R in the present disclosure can mean the corresponding K M values.

[0312] Specifically, in the present disclosure, setting K candidates of F-gap_R and applying one of them to R2D communication may mean that K M values ​​are set and the reader transmits the R2D signal / channel by applying line coding, e.g., Miller encoding, using one of the values ​​(e.g., M_k) (or using one M value linked to F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T). Alternatively, it may mean that data rates for K R2D signals / channels are defined / set and the reader transmits the R2D signal / channel by applying one of the data rates.

[0313]

[0314] FIG. 20 illustrates a signal flow diagram in which a reader and an A-IoT device transmit and receive signals according to the present disclosure.

[0315] Referring to FIG. 20, in step A05, the reader may provide information about a set or pool of F-gap_T candidates and / or T-gap_T candidates to the A-IoT device.

[0316] The A-IoT device receiving this may select one of the gap_T candidates and / or the T-gap_T candidates based on the device index in step A10, and transmit the BSS to the reader by applying the selected F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T in step A15.

[0317] The reader that receives the corresponding BSS can apply F-gap_R and / or T-gap_R corresponding to F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T to the ACK signal, or include information about F-gap_T and / or T-gap_T in the ACK signal, and transmit the ACK signal to the A-IoT device in step A20.

[0318] An A-IoT device that receives the ACK signal can recognize that its BSS transmission was successful.

[0319] FIG. 21 is a flowchart of operations performed by an A-IoT device according to the present disclosure.

[0320] Referring to FIG. 21, the A-IoT device receives a setting related to a first shift gap in step B05. The setting related to the first shift gap can be received from a base station, which is a reader, in the case of topology #1, or from an intermediate node, which is a reader, or directly from the base station, in the case of topology #2.

[0321] Next, the A-IoT device transmits a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) to the reader based on the first transition gap in step B10.

[0322] Specifically, if the first shift gap is a frequency shift gap, the center frequency of the PDRCH is shifted from a reference frequency by at least one first shift gap. On the other hand, if the first shift gap is a time shift gap, the center frequency of the PDRCH is shifted from a reference time point of a transmission time point of the PDRCH by at least one first shift gap.

[0323] In particular, if there are two or more first transition gaps received from the reader, the A-IoT device selects one of the two or more first transition gaps based on the device index, and applies the selected first transition gap to the PDRCH.

[0324] Finally, the A-IoT device receives a PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel) related to the PDRCH from the reader in step B15.

[0325] Preferably, the PRDCH can be received based on a second transition gap corresponding to the first transition gap. Alternatively, the PRDCH may include information related to the first transition gap itself.

[0326] Figure 22 is a flowchart of operations performed by a reader according to the present disclosure.

[0327] Referring to FIG. 22, the reader transmits settings related to the first shift gap to the A-IoT device in step C05. However, depending on the topology configuration, the settings related to the first shift gap may be transmitted directly to the A-IoT device from a node other than the reader, for example, from a base station controlling the UE when the reader is a UE.

[0328] Next, in step C10, the reader receives a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) from the A-IoT device based on the first transition gap.

[0329] Specifically, if the first shift gap is a frequency shift gap, the center frequency of the PDRCH is shifted from a reference frequency by at least one first shift gap. On the other hand, if the first shift gap is a time shift gap, the center frequency of the PDRCH is shifted from a reference time point of a transmission time point of the PDRCH by at least one first shift gap.

[0330] Finally, the reader transmits a Physical Reader to Device Channel (PRDCH) related to the PDRCH to the A-IoT device in step C15.

[0331] Preferably, the PRDCH may be transmitted based on a second transition gap corresponding to the first transition gap. Alternatively, the PRDCH may include information related to the first transition gap itself.

[0332] For one reader, in a situation where multiple A-IoT devices can coexist, the probability of collision can be reduced by having each A-IoT device perform uplink transmission by applying different F-gaps and / or T-gaps, thereby increasing communication efficiency.

[0333]

[0334] The embodiments described above are combinations of components and features of the present disclosure in a predetermined form. Each component or feature should be considered optional unless explicitly stated otherwise. Each component or feature may be implemented without being combined with other components or features. Furthermore, it is also possible to form embodiments of the present disclosure by combining some components and / or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment. It is self-evident that claims that do not have an explicit citation relationship in the patent claims may be combined to form embodiments or incorporated as new claims through post-application amendments.

[0335] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the above detailed description should not be construed as limiting in any respect, but rather as illustrative. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the scope of equivalents of the present disclosure are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0336] The present disclosure may be used in a terminal, base station, or other equipment of a wireless mobile communication system.

Claims

1. A method performed by an ambient IoT (Internet of Things) device, A step of receiving a setting associated with at least one first shift gap; A step of transmitting a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) based on at least one first transition gap as a reader; and A step of receiving a PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel) related to the PDRCH from the reader, method.

2. In paragraph 1, Based on the at least one first shift gap including a frequency shift gap, the center frequency of the PDRCH is shifted from a reference frequency by the at least one first shift gap. method.

3. In paragraph 2, The above frequency transition gap is, Related to the number of periods of the square wave for the above PDRCH, method.

4. In paragraph 1, Based on the fact that the at least one first transition gap includes a time shift gap, the PDRCH is shifted from a reference time point by the at least one first transition gap. method.

5. In paragraph 1, Based on the number of the first transition gaps being two or more, the step of transmitting the PDRCH is: A step of selecting one of the two or more first transition gaps based on a device index determined as an arbitrary value; and A step of applying the selected first transition gap to the PDRCH, method.

6. In paragraph 1, Based on a second transition gap corresponding to at least one first transition gap, the PRDCH is received. method.

7. In paragraph 1, The PRDCH includes information related to at least one first transition gap, method.

8. In paragraph 1, The settings related to at least one first transition gap are received from a base station or an intermediate node, The reader is at least one of the base station or the intermediate node, method.

9. As an ambient IoT (Internet of Things) device in a wireless communication system, at least one processor; and At least one computer memory storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the ambient IoT device to perform operations, the operations being: A step of receiving a setting associated with at least one first shift gap; A step of transmitting a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) based on at least one first transition gap as a reader; and A step of receiving a PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel) related to the PDRCH from the reader, Ambient IoT devices.

10. In paragraph 9, Based on the at least one first shift gap including a frequency shift gap, the center frequency of the PDRCH is shifted from a reference frequency by the at least one first shift gap. Ambient IoT devices.

11. In paragraph 10, The above frequency transition gap is, Related to the number of periods of the square wave for the above PDRCH, method.

12. In paragraph 9, Based on the fact that the at least one first transition gap includes a time shift gap, the PDRCH is shifted from a reference time point by the at least one first transition gap. Ambient IoT devices.

13. In paragraph 9, Based on the number of the first transition gaps being two or more, the step of transmitting the PDRCH is: A step of selecting one of the two or more first transition gaps based on a device index determined as an arbitrary value; and A step of applying the selected first transition gap to the PDRCH, Ambient IoT devices.

14. In paragraph 9, Based on a second transition gap corresponding to at least one first transition gap, the PRDCH is received. Ambient IoT devices.

15. In paragraph 9, The PRDCH includes information related to at least one first transition gap, Ambient IoT devices.

16. In paragraph 9, The settings related to at least one first transition gap are received from a base station or an intermediate node, The reader is at least one of the base station or the intermediate node, Ambient IoT devices.

17. In a processing device in a wireless communication system, at least one processor; and At least one computer memory storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause an ambient IoT (Internet of Things) device to perform operations, the operations comprising: A step of receiving a setting associated with at least one first shift gap; A step of transmitting a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) based on at least one first transition gap as a reader; and A step of receiving a PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel) related to the PDRCH from the reader, Processing unit.

18. In a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, The storage medium stores at least one program code that, when executed by at least one processor, causes an ambient IoT (Internet of Things) device to perform operations, the operations comprising: A step of receiving a setting associated with at least one first shift gap; A step of transmitting a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) based on at least one first transition gap as a reader; and A step of receiving a PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel) related to the PDRCH from the reader, Storage medium.

19. In a method performed by a reader, A step of receiving a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) based on at least one first shift gap from an ambient IoT (Internet of Things) device; and A step of transmitting a PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel) related to the PDRCH to the ambient IoT device, method.

20. In paragraph 19, Further comprising the step of transmitting a setting related to the at least one first transition gap to the ambient IoT device; method.

21. In paragraph 19, Based on a second transition gap corresponding to at least one first transition gap, the PRDCH is transmitted. method.

22. In paragraph 19, The PRDCH includes information related to at least one first transition gap, method.

23. As a reader in a wireless communication system, at least one processor; and At least one computer memory storing instructions that, when executed by said at least one processor, cause said reader to perform operations, said operations comprising: A step of receiving a Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH) based on at least one first shift gap from an ambient IoT (Internet of Things) device; and A step of transmitting a PRDCH (Physical Reader to Device Channel) related to the PDRCH to the ambient IoT device, reader.

24. In paragraph 23, The above actions are, Further comprising the step of transmitting a setting related to the at least one first transition gap to the ambient IoT device; reader.

25. In paragraph 23, Based on a second transition gap corresponding to at least one first transition gap, the PRDCH is transmitted. reader.

26. In paragraph 23, The PRDCH includes information related to at least one first transition gap, reader.

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