Non-ubiquitin target protein degrader nutac and uses thereof
NuTAC molecules directly tether target proteins to the proteasome through Rpn13, addressing PROTAC inefficiencies by degrading PD-L1 and BRD4 independently of ubiquitination, providing a promising cancer treatment alternative.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/083500
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-26
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-25
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-04
AI Technical Summary
Current PROTAC technologies face challenges such as the complexity of ubiquitin ligase expression, regulation, and deubiquitinating enzymes, leading to uncertainties and inefficiencies in degrading target proteins, particularly cell surface and membrane proteins, and are limited by the need for ubiquitination.
Development of NuTAC molecules that directly tether target proteins to the proteasome via a binder of the proteasomal substrate receptor Rpn13, bypassing ubiquitination, using compounds like NuL1 and BMS-37 to degrade PD-L1 and BRD4.
NuTAC effectively reduces PD-L1 and BRD4 levels in cells, offering a potential alternative to PROTACs by ensuring degradation regardless of ubiquitin ligase variability and regulatory complexities, with applications in cancer treatment.
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Figure PCTCN2024083500-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
NON-UBIQUITIN TARGET PROTEIN DEGRADER NUTAC AND USES THEREOF
[0001] Related applications
[0002] This application claims priority under China application No. 202410206811.0, filed Feb. 26, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates to novel small molecule non-ubiquitin proteolysis targeting chimera NuTAC, which triggers proteasomal degradation of any selected proteins in cells by directly tethering the target protein to the proteasome, processes for the preparation thereof, and its uses in medicine. This invention particularly relates to heterobifunctional protein degrader NuTAC molecules with a binder of the proteasomal substrate receptor Rpn13 and a binder of the target protein PD-L1 or BRD4 to induce degradation of target proteins.Background of the Invention
[0004] The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway includes ubiquitination and degradation of proteins by the 26S proteasome, which recognizes the ubiquitinated proteins. Ubiquitination is a process involving sequential actions of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) , ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3) , and can be reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes (Coux, O. et al., Annual review of biochemistry 65, 801-847, 1996) . Targeted protein degradation approaches may enable 80%of previously undruggable protein targets to be selectively degraded, providing great therapeutic potentials in treating various diseases, including cancer. So far, there are more than 20 clinical trials for these novel drugs, including a phase III trial (Chirnomas, D., Hornberger, K.R. &Crews, C.M. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 20, 265-278, 2023) . Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, which is the most favorable among all targeted protein degradation approaches, uses a heterobifunctional protein degrader molecule consisting of a target-protein binder and a ubiquitin ligase binder. Once the target protein and ubiquitin ligase are brought into close physical proximity, the target protein is ubiquitinated by the ubiquitin ligase and then degraded by the 26S proteasome (Zou, Y.T., Ma, D.H. &Wang, Y.Y. Cell Biochem Funct 37, 21-30, 2019) . But there are more than 600 different ubiquitin ligases, whose expressions vary with tissues, cell types and even subcellular compartments. Moreover, ubiquitin ligases are regulated extensively and sophistically, such as by other post-translational modifications (e.g., neddylation, phosphorylation and PARylation) , adaptor proteins, and non-protein ligands (Vittal, V. et al., J Biol Chem 290, 21244-21251, 2015) . In addition, deubiquitinating enzymes are also regulated at various layers (Budroni, V. &Versteeg, G.A. Viruses-Basel 13, 2021) . The components or regulators of ubiquitination and deubiquitination may also involve pathological changes that contribute to pathogenesis of the disease to treat, adding tremendous uncertainty to the success of PROTAC approaches.
[0005] There are three types of proteasomes depending on their regulatory particles, including the 26S proteasome, PA28-proteasome and PA200-proteasome. Among them, the 26S proteasome degrades proteins in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. The leading inventor has previously revealed that the PA200-proteasome degrades the core histones in a manner dependent of acetylation, instead of ubiquitination, during transcription, spermatogenesis, DNA repair and cellular aging (Qian, M.X. et al. Cell 153, 1012-1024, 2013; Jiang, T.X. et al. Theranostics 11, 1458-1472, 2021; Hauer, M.H. et al. Nat Struct Mol Biol 24, 99-107, 2017; Mandemaker, I.K. et al. EMBO Rep 19, 2018) , suggesting that ubiquitination is not essential for proteasomal degradation of substrate proteins. Because proteasomes are ubiquitously present in the cytosol and nucleus of all human cells, tethering the target protein directly to the proteasome (referred to as Non-Ubiquitin proteolysis TArgeting Chimera, NuTAC) should trigger proteasomal degradation of any selected proteins in cells. Although there is a previous claim for invention of this type of chimera by using the small molecule RA190 as a binder of the ubiquitin receptor subunit Rpn13 of the 26S proteasome (Armstrong, S. and Qi, J., DOT1L degraders and uses thereof, PCT / US2020 / 012825, 2020-01) , it has been demonstrated that Rpn13 is not a physiologically relevant target of RA190 (Dickson, P. et al., Cell Chemical Biology 27, 1371–1382, 2020-11) . Thus, there is a need to identify the small molecule ligand to bind Rpn13 and to test whether this ligand can induce degradation of a target protein after tethering with a ligand of the target protein.Summary of the Invention
[0006] The present disclosure provides novel small molecule non-ubiquitin proteolysis targeting chimera (i.e., non-ubiquitin PROTAC, NuTAC) , which degrades any selected proteins by directly tethering to the proteasome, processes for the preparation thereof, and its uses in medicine. The leading inventor has previously revealed that the PA200-proteasome degrades the core histones in a manner dependent of acetylation, instead of ubiquitination (Qian, M. X. et al. Cell 153, 1012-1024, 2013) , suggesting that ubiquitination is not essential for proteasomal degradation of substrate proteins. The leading inventor has also identified Rpn13 as a subunit of the human 26S proteasome (Qiu, X.B. et al. EMBO J 25, 5742-5753, 2006) . This invention particularly provides NuTAC molecules with a binder of the proteasomal substrate receptor Rpn13 and a binder of the target protein PD-L1 or BRD4 to induce degradation of target proteins and suppresses tumor growth. Also provided are RPI-5, a binder as well as inhibitor of Rpn13 that additionally induces phosphorylation of Rpn13, Src-3 and FBXO2, and NuL1, another Rpn13 binder NuL1 (for Rpn13 Ligand-1) that does not induce the above phosphorylation. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the bifunctional compounds, methods of treating and / or preventing diseases (e.g., cancers) , and methods of developing reagents to deplete cellular proteins.
[0007] After linking NuL1 to the ligand of the target protein PD-L1 or BRD4 to form a tripartite NuTAC molecule, degradation of target proteins can be triggered by this NuTAC molecule in cells in a Rpn13-dependent, but ubiquitin-independent, manner, leading to potent tumor repression in mice.
[0008] This invention discloses that NuTAC may effectively reduce the levels of both cell surface membrane protein PD-L1 and nuclear protein BRD4 by promoting their proteasomal degradation using only one proteasome-binding ligand. Unlike BRD4 that can be directly degraded by the proteasome in nuclei, reduction in the levels of the cell surface PD-L1 is most likely caused by the ER-associated proteasomal degradation immediately following its translation on the rough ER or translocation from cell surface. Since the surface PD-L1 can also be endocytosed into the cytosol, the proteasomal degradation of PD-L1 might occur in the cytosol following endocytosis. Because proteasomes are ubiquitously present in both nuclei and cytoplasm in all types of cells and tissues, the NuTAC approach should be important to supplement or even replace the current PROTAC. Despite of the great potentials in degrading various target proteins, the druggability of PROTAC molecules may still face multiple challenges. First, there are 600-1000 ubiquitin ligases. Their different expressions in various types of tissues or cells and different subcellular localizations cause tremendous difficulties or huge costs in the selection of ubiquitin ligases and development of the ligase-binding ligands. Second, ubiquitination can be reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes, leading to the reduced degradation efficiency for at least certain target proteins. Third, certain pathogenic proteins, including cell surface or membrane proteins and exogenous proteins from invading bacteria or viruses, are usually degraded by autophagy and may not be degradable by the classic PROTAC technique. Fourth, extensive and extreme complexity of ubiquitination and deubiquitination regulations could bring numerous uncertainties to the druggability of the classic PROTAC technique, because their regulators may also involve pathological changes that contribute to pathogenesis of the disease to treat.
[0009] This NuTAC technique is built upon the recognition that proteasomes can degrade substrate proteins in the absence of ubiquitination. The leading inventor has previously revealed that the PA200-proteasome degrades the core histones in a manner dependent of acetylation, instead of ubiquitination (Qian, M. X. et al. Cell 153, 1012-1024, 2013) . Recently, the multidomain protein midnolin was also shown to mediate degradation of multiple nuclear transcription factors in a ubiquitin-independent manner (Gu, X. et al., Science 381, eadh5021, 2023) . In addition, a 15 amino-acid cyclic peptide, which binds Rpn1 / PSMD2 subunit of the 26S proteasome, can target BRD4 for degradation after tethering with JQ1, though this peptide is not druggable because it cannot penetrate cellular membrane by itself (Bashore, C. et al. Nat Chem Biol 19, 55-U30, 2023) . Thus, the NuTAC approach described in this invention might provide an important supplement or even replacement in certain cases to the classic PROTAC technique. In addition, the present disclosure provides methods of depleting cellular proteins in a convenience comparable to genetic deletion of genes, and uses thereof, because the NuTAC approach can potentially degrades any cellular proteins using a single binder of Rpn13.
[0010] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of the formula (I) :
[0011] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof, wherein R, R1, R 2, R3, R 4, L and Dl are as defined herein. In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (II) .
[0012] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of the formula (II) :
[0013] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tau tomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof, wherein R1, R2, R5, L and Dl areas defined herein.
[0014] In Formula (II) , D is a target protein binding moiety. In certain embodiments, D is derived from an immunomodulatory imide drug. In certain embodiments, D is a target protein binding moiety, wherein D is of Formula (III) or (IV) .
[0015] In certain embodiments, D is of Formula (III) :
[0016] wherein R1A, R3A, R4A, R5A, R 3', X, A, al, m, and n are as defined herein.
[0017] In certain embodiments, D is of Formula (IV) :
[0018] wherein R1A, R3A, R4A, R5A, R 3', X, A, al, m, and n are as defined herein.
[0019] Exemplary compounds of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to:
[0020] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tau tomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof.
[0021] Exemplary compounds of Formula (I) described herein include, but are not limited to:
[0022] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tau tomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof.
[0023] Exemplary compounds of Formula (I) described herein include, but are not limited to, compounds of Examples 1-5, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and
[0024] prodrugs thereof. In certain embodiments, exemplary compounds of Formula (II) described herein include, but are not limited to, compounds of Examples land 5.
[0025] Linker L
[0026] In Formula (II) , L is a divalent moiety linking the group D to the moiety of the Rpn13 binding moiety.
[0027] In Formula (II) , L is a divalent moiety. In certain embodiments, L is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-50 hydrocarbon chain as the shortest path between D and the moiety of:
[0028] optionally wherein one or more chain atoms of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced with–C (=O) –, –O–, –NRb–, or a cyclic moiety, wherein Rb is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
[0029] In certain embodiments, the chain of linker L comprises up to 50 consecutive covalently bonded atoms in length as the shortest path between D and the moiety of:
[0030] excluding hydrogen atoms and substituents.
[0031] In certain embodiments, any of the atoms in L can be substituted. In certain embodiments, none of the atoms in the linker L are substituted. In certain embodiments, none of the carbon atoms in the linker are substituted. In certain embodiments, L is a linker that contains an asymmetric carbon / stereocenter, i.e., an sp3 hybridized carbon atom bearing 4 different groups attached thereto. In certain embodiments, the compound comprising such an L group is enantiomerically enriched or substantially enantiomerically enriched. In certain embodiments, the compound comprising such an L group is racemic.
[0032] In certain embodiments, L is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, L is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, L is a linker selected from the group consisting of the following divalent moieties: substituted and unsubstituted alkylene, substituted and unsubstituted alkenylene, substituted and unsubstituted alkynylene, substituted and unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted and unsubstituted heteroalkenylene, substituted and unsubstituted heteroalkynylene, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted and unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted and unsubstituted arylene, substituted and unsubstituted heteroarylene, and combinations thereof.
[0033] Reference to L being a combination of at least two instances of the divalent moieties described herein refers to a linker consisting of at least one instance of a first divalent moiety and at least one instance of a second divalent moiety, wherein the first and second divalent moieties are the same or different and are within the scope of the divalent moieties described herein, and the instances of the first and second divalent moieties are consecutive covalently attached to each other. For example, when L is a combination of alkylene and heteroalkylene linkers–alkylene–heteroalkylene–, –alkylene– (heteroalkylene) 2–, and–heteroalkylene–alkylene–heteroalkylene–are all within the scope of L, wherein each instance of alkylene in any one of the linkers may be the same or different, and each instance of heteroalkylene in any one of the linkers may be the same or different. In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C1–6alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C1–2alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C2–3alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3–4alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C4–5alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C5–6alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3–6alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C4–6alkylene. Exemplary alkylene groups include unsubstituted alkylene groups such as methylene (–CH2–) , ethylene (– (CH2) 2–) , n-propylene (– (CH2) 3–) , n-butylene (– (CH2) 4–) , n-pentylene (– (CH2) 5–) , and n-hexylene (– (CH2) 6–) . In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C2–6alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted C2–3alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3–4alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted C4–5alkenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C5–6alkenylene.
[0034] In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted alkynylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C2–6alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted C2–3alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3–4alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted C4–5alkynylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C5–6alkynylene.
[0035] In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted heteroC1–6alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC1–2alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC2–3alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC3–4alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC4–5alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroC5–6alkylene. Exemplary heteroalkylene groups include unsubstituted heteroalkylene groups such as– (CH2) 2–O (CH2) 2–, –OCH2–, –CH2O–, –O (CH2) 2–, – (CH2) 2O–, –O (CH2) 3–, – (CH2) 3O–, –O (CH 2) 4–, – (CH2) 4O–, –O (CH2) 5–, – (CH2) 5O–, –O (CH2) 6–, and–O (CH2) 6O–, and amide groups (e.g., -NH-C (=O) -and -C (=O) NH-) .
[0036] In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted heteroC2–6alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC2–3alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC3–4alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC4–5alkenylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroC5–6alkenylene. In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted heteroC2–6alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC2–3alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC3–4alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroC4–5alkynylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroC5–6alkynylene. In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C3–6carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted C3–4carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted C4–5 carbocyclylene, or substituted or unsubstituted C5–6 carbocyclylene.
[0037] In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted 3-6 membered
[0038] heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted 3-4 membered heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted 4-5 membered heterocyclylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 5-6 membered heterocyclylene.
[0039] In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted arylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenylene. In certain embodiments, L comprises at least one instance of substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted 5-to 6-membered heteroarylene.
[0040] In certain embodiments, each instance of Rb is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, or optionally two instances of Rb are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rb is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rb is substituted or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted methyl or ethyl) . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rb is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., benzyl (Bn) , t-butyl carbonate (BOC or Boc) , benzyl carbamate (Cbz) , 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc) , trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts) ) .
[0041] In certain embodiments, L is an unsubstituted C1-45 hydrocarbon chain as the shortest path between D and the moiety:
[0042] excluding hydrogen atoms and substituents, optionally wherein one or more chain atoms of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced with–C (=O) –, –O–, –NRb–, or a cyclic moiety, wherein Rb is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
[0043] In certain embodiments, L is an all-carbon, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that comprises up to 50 carbon atoms as the shortest path between D and the moiety of:
[0044] excluding hydrogen atoms and substituents.
[0045] In certain embodiments, L includes the moiety:
[0046] wherein g is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15. In certain embodiments, L includes the moiety, wherein g is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15. In certain embodiments, L is a bond. In certain embodiments, g is 1. In certain embodiments, g is 2. In certain embodiments, g is 3. In certain embodiments, g is 4. In certain embodiments, g is 5. In certain embodiments, g is 6. In certain embodiments, g is 7. In certain embodiments, g is 8. In certain embodiments, g is 9. In certain embodiments, g is 10. In certain embodiments, g is 11. In certain embodiments, g is 12. In certain embodiments, g is 13. In certain embodiments, g is 14. In certain embodiments, g is 15. In certain embodiments, L includes the moiety–NHC (=O) -. In certain embodiments, L includes the moiety–NH-.
[0047] In certain embodiments, L is of the formula:
[0048] LR indicates the point of attachment to Rpn13 ligand, and LP indicates the point of attachment to target protein binder; n1 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; n2 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; n3 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; n4 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24;
[0049] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides the compound of the formula (V) or (VI) :
[0050] In preferred compounds of formulas (I) to (VI) , the linker may be selected from the formula: - (CH2) n-or PEGm, wherein: n=2~10, m=1~5.
[0051] In preferred compounds of formulas (I) to (VI) , B is BMS-37, a binder of PD-L1, in the formula (VII) .
[0052] In preferred compounds of formulas (I) to (VI) , B is JQ1, a binder of BET family members (including BRD4) , in the formula (VIII) .
[0053] In preferred compounds of formulas (I) to (VIII) , a compound is of the formula (IX) , a binder as well as an inhibitor of Rpn13:
[0054] In preferred compounds of formulas (I) to (VIII) , a compound is of the formula (X) , a relatively specific binder of Rpn13:
[0055] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of inducing the degradation of a target protein in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, administering with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I) to (X) .
[0056] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of inducing the degradation of PD-L1 or BET family proteins (including BRD4) in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, administering with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas (VII) to (VIII) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.
[0057] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method to perform high throughput screening for an inhibitor as well as a binding ligand of Rpn13 as shown in Figure 1i. Using this method, the present disclosure provides the compound RPI-5 of formula (IX) as an inhibitor as well as a binding ligand of Rpn13. Following structure optimization, a relatively specific Rpn13 binder NuL1 of formula (X) was obtained.
[0058] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of inducing phosphorylation of Rpn13, Src-3 and FBXO2 in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, administering with a therapeutically effective amount of the compound RPI-5 of formular (IX) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.
[0059] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting activity of Rpn13 in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, administering with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (IX) .
[0060] Rpn13 is a potential target for treating certain types of tumors, because its overexpression is associated with these tumors (Song, Y. et al. Leukemia 30, 1877-1886, 2016; Carvalho, B. et al. Gut 58, 79-89, 2009; Fejzo, M.S. et al. International journal of molecular sciences 14, 3094-3109, 2013; Jang, S.H. et al., Clinical &experimental metastasis 31, 727-733, 2014) . Described herein, RPI-5 induces phosphorylation of Rpn13, Src-3 and FBXO2 and inhibits Rpn13 activity. In another aspect, described herein is a method of treating a proliferative disease (e.g., cancer) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound RPI-5 of formula (IX) , wherein the cancer is multiple myeloma, cervical cancer, colon carcinoma, or breast cancer.
[0061] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as defined in any preceding claim and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or diluent therefor.
[0062] In another aspect, described herein is a compound according to any one of formulas (I) to (X) for use as a medicament.
[0063] In another aspect, described herein are pharmaceutical compositions including a compound described herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition described herein includes a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a compound described herein. The pharmaceutical compositions may be useful in inducing the degradation of the target (e.g., PD-L1 or BRD4 protein) in a subject or cell, in treating a disease (e.g., cancer) in a subject in need thereof, or in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound according to any one of formulas (I) to (X) for the prophylaxis or treatment of a disease or condition independently selected from: cancer; benign proliferative disorders; infection or non-infectious inflammatory events; autoimmune diseases; inflammatory diseases; systemic inflammatory response syndromes; viral infections and diseases; ophthalmological conditions.
[0064] Targeting the programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) , by immune checkpoint blocking antibodies has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, but there are still many challenges, such as intrinsic or acquired resistance (Kraehenbuehl, L. et al., Nat Rev Clin Oncol 19, 37-50, 2022) . PD-L1 from various cell types, including tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells, interacts with PD-1 in T cells, leading to immune suppression and uncontrolled tumor growth (Sharma, P. &Allison, J.P. Cell 161, 205-214, 2015) . Although PD-L1 functions on the cell membrane, it is synthesized in the cytoplasm and can be endocytosed from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm (Burr, M.L. et al. Nature 549, 101-105, 2017) . The PROTAC molecule 21a has been shown to reduce the levels of total and membrane PD-L1 through the small diaryl ether molecule ligand BMS-37, which binds the extracellular domain of PD-L1 (Wang, Y. et al. Bioorganic chemistry 111, 104833, 2021) .
[0065] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides method of treating a proliferative disease (e.g., cancer) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (VII) , which induces degradation of PD-L1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein the cancer is multiple myeloma, cervical cancer, colon carcinoma, or breast cancer. The small molecule NuTAC chimera containing the binder of Rpn13 NuL1 and the binder of PD-L1 BMS-37 in this invention might replace the PD-L1 antibody for immunotherapy of cancers.
[0066] The BET family of proteins, including BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4, are localized in nuclei (Taniguchi, Y. International journal of molecular sciences 17, 2016; Jang, M. K. et al. Molecular cell 19, 523-534, 2005) , where proteasomes are particularly abundant (Enam, C. et al., Annu Rev Biochem 87, 725-749, 2018) . JQ1 is a small molecule ligand for targeting the BET family of proteins, particularly BRD4, which binds acetylated histones (Zengerle, M., et al., ACS chemical biology 10, 1770-1777, 2015) . BRD4 is associated with certain types of cancers, inflammatory bowel diseases, airway inflammation and fibrosis, infectious diseases and nervous system disorders (Zengerle, M., et al., ACS chemical biology 10, 1770-1777, 2015; Ma, Z. et al., Expert Opin Ther Targets 27, 1-7, 2023) . The BRD4 gene encodes two main isoforms, BRD4 long (BRD4-L) at ~200 kDa and BRD4 short (BRD4-S) at ~120 kDa, and a minor BRD4 short (BRD4-Sb) at ~140 kDa (Wu et al., Mol Cell 78, 1114–1132, 2020; Drumond-Boac, A.L. &Bieniasz, M., Mol Cancer 20, 145, 2021) . BRD4-L and BRD4-S show different dynamics of transcriptional activity with opposing functions in breast cancer. While BRD4-S exhibits oncogenic properties, BRD4-L has a tumor-suppressing role (Crawford, N.P.S. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105, 6380–6385, 2008; Fernandez, P. et al., Cell Rep 9, 248–60, 2014) . Thus, a selective degrader for BRD4-S would be effective in treating related cancers. The present disclosure described in certain embodiments, in contrast to the PROTAC molecule ZXH-3-26 (Shi, Y. et al. Cell Discovery, 9, 47, 2023) , which shows a preferred degradation of BRD4-L over BRD4-S, the NuTAC molecule degrades BRD4-S more efficiently than BRD-L.
[0067] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides method of treating a proliferative disease (e.g., cancer) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (VIII) , which induces degradation of BRD4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein the cancer is multiple myeloma, cervical cancer, colon carcinoma, or breast cancer. The small molecule NuTAC chimera containing the binder of Rpn13 NuL1 and the binder of BRD4 in this invention might replace conventional PROTAC molecules in treating various diseases, including certain types of cancers, inflammatory bowel diseases, airway inflammation and fibrosis, infectious diseases and nervous system disorders.
[0068] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of depleting cellular proteins in a convenience comparable to genetic deletion of genes, and uses thereof, comprising administering to a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject an effective amount of a compound of formulas (I) to (X) , because the NuTAC approach can potentially degrades any cellular proteins using a single binder of Rpn13.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0069] Fig. 1 High throughput screening of small molecule inhibitors of Rpn13. a-b, Rpn13-GFP stable cell line was established by infecting HeLa cells with lentiviral pWPXld-Rpn13-GFP, and then treated with 0.1 μM of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib for 12 h. Rpn13-GFP puncta were visualized in the cells on a glass cover slip by fluorescence microscopy (a) . The expression of Rpn13-GFP was analyzed by immunoblotting (b) . c, High throughput screening of RPIs from a chemical library was performed with an initial pool of 5 compounds, and each of 5 compounds from the positive pools was then individually administered to cells in a well of the 96-well plate. Rpn13-GFP puncta in the cells of each well were directly visualized by fluorescence microscopy following fixation. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 served as a positive control. d, The wild-type or Rpn13-deficient HeLa cells were treated with various RPIs at 20 μM for 12 h. Global ubiquitination was analyzed by immunoblotting. MG132 served as a positive control. e-f, Analyses of RPI-1 (e) or RPI-5 (f) association with Rpn13 by ITC. g, Association of RPI-5 with Rpn13-GFP was analyzed by MST assay. h, The wild-type or Rpn13-deficient HeLa cells were treated with various concentration of RPI-5 for 24 h, and cell viability was assayed by CCK8 assay. i, Procedures for high throughput screening of Rpn13 inhibitors and ligands.
[0070] Fig. 2 Improvement of RPI-5 specificity by structure optimization into NuL1. a, Volumes of subcutaneous RPMI8226 xenograft tumors in NOD-SCID mice were measured following treatments with control or RPI-5 at the indicated dosages at different days post-tumor inoculation. Compounds were administered by intraperitoneal injection once per two days. b, Images of the RPMI8226 xenograft tumors were obtained at the end of the experiments. c, Weights of the RPMI8226 xenograft tumors were measured at the end of the experiments. d, Body weights of mice with xenograft tumors were recorded at different days post-tumor inoculation. e, HeLa cells were treated with RPI-5 for 24 h, and the cell lysates were incubated with protein phosphatases. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. f, The wild-type or Rpn13-deficient HeLa cells were treated with various concentration of RPI-5 for 24 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. g, Synthesis of NuL1 and RPI-5. h, Kd for each RPI-5 intermediates to associate with Rpn13-GFP was analyzed by MST assays. i, The dissociation curve of NuL1 with Rpn13-GFP was obtained following MST assays. j, Prediction of the potential binding mode of NuL1 with Rpn13. k, HeLa cells were treated with RPI-5, NuL1 and compound 6 for 24 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. l, The wild-type or Rpn13-deficient HeLa cells were treated with RPI-5 or NuL1 at 20 μM for 12 h. The levels of global ubiquitination were analyzed by immunoblotting.
[0071] Fig. 3 NuTAC chimera with NuL1 and PD-L1 ligand BMS-37 promotes the Rpn13-mediated proteasomal degradation of PD-L1 independently of ubiquitination. a, Structures of the indicated compounds. b, MC-38 cells were treated with NuL1, BMS-37, NuL1-C6-BMS-37 or the PROTAC molecule 21a at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. c, MC-38 cells were treated with NuL1-C6-BMS-37 or 21a at various concentrations and analyzed as (b) . DC50 was obtained based on the relative levels of PD-L1 quantified by densitometry. d, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 2.5 μM NuL1-C6-BMS-37 for various periods of time. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. e-f, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with various concentration of NuL1-C6-BMS-37 or 21a for 24 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting (e) . DC50 was obtained based on the relative levels of PD-L1 quantified by densitometry (f) . g, 293T cells were transfected with Myc-PD-L1, and then untreated or treated with 5 μM of NuL1-C6-BMS-37 for 24 h in the presence of 25 μg / ml CHX for the indicated periods of time. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. h-i, The wild-type (h) or Rpn13-deficient (i) 293T cells were transfected with Myc-PD-L1 or its K178R-K281R mutant and then treated with 5 μM 21a or 5 μM of NuL1-C6-BMS-37 for 24 h in the presence of 25 μg / ml CHX for the indicated periods of time. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. j, MC-38 cells were treated with 2.5 μM of NuL1-C6-BMS-37 for 24 h in the absence or presence of 0.1 μM of BTZ for 12 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. k, The wild-type, Rpn13-deficient 293T cells or the Rpn13-deficient 293T cells transfected with FLAG-tagged Rpn13 were transfected with Myc-PD-L1 and then treated with 5 μM of NuL1-C6-BMS-37 for 24 h in the presence of 25 μg / mL CHX for the indicated periods of time. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. l, The membrane PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells were analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy following treatment with 2.5 μM of NuL1-C6-BMS-37 for 48 h. m, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with various concentration of NuL1-C6-BMS-37 or NuL1-PEG2-BMS-37 for 48 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting.
[0072] Fig. 4 NuTAC for PD-L1 kills cancer cells by activating T cells and inhibits tumor growth following intravenous administration
[0073] a, Toxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated using various concentrations of the indicated molecules for 48 h. b, Toxicity in MC-38 was evaluated using various concentrations of the indicated molecules for 48 h. c-d, Activated T cells were incubated with MDA-MB-231 cells at ratio of 1: 3, and treated with 2 μM of indicated compounds. e, C57BL / 6 mice were administered by subcutaneous injections of MC-38 cells, and tumor volumes of the allograft tumors were measured following treatments with the control, the chimera NuL1-C6-BMS-37 at 19.8 μmoles / kg (i.e., 15 mg / kg) , NuL1 (19.8 μmoles / kg) , or BMS-37 (19.8 μmoles / kg) for 18 days. Compounds were administered by intravenous injection once a day. f, Images of the MC-38 allograft tumors were obtained at the end of the experiments in C57BL / 6 mice.g-h, Weights of the allograft tumors (g) or organs (h) were measured following treatments with the control, the chimera NuL1-C6-BMS37, NuL1, or BMS-37 for 18 days in C57BL / 6 mice. i, Body weights of C57BL / 6 mice with engrafted tumors were recorded at different days post tumor inoculation.
[0074] Fig. 5 NuTAC for PD-L1 potently suppresses tumor growth in mice by activating T cells following intraperitoneal administration
[0075] a, C57BL / 6 mice were administered by subcutaneous injections of MC-38 cells, and tumor volumes of the allograft tumors were measured following treatments with control, the chimera NuL1-C6-BMS-37 (19.8 μmoles / kg) , NuL1 (58.1 μmoles / kg) , or BMS-37 (33.5 μmoles / kg) at 15 mg / kg for 18 days. Compounds were administered by intraperitoneal injection once per day. b, Images of the MC-38 allograft tumors were obtained at the end of the experiments in C57BL / 6 mice. c, Weights of the allograft tumors were measured following treatments with control, the chimera NuL1-C6-BMS37, NuL1, or BMS-37 for 18 days in C57BL / 6 mice. d, Tumor inhibition rates were obtained by normalizing tumor volumes in (a) to μmoles of compounds in C57BL / 6 mice. e, Body weights of C57BL / 6 mice with engrafted tumors were recorded at different days post tumor inoculation. f, The T-cell-defective NOD-SCID mice were administered by subcutaneous injections of MC-38 cells, and volumes of the allograft tumors were measured following treatments with control, NuL1-C6-BMS-37, NuL1, or BMS-37 at 15 mg / kg for 18 days. Compounds were administered by intraperitoneal injection once per day. g, Images of the MC-38 allograft tumors were obtained at the end of the experiments in NOD-SCID mice. h, Weights of the allograft tumors were measured following treatments with control, NuL1-C6-BMS-37, NuL1, or BMS-37 at 15 mg / kg for 18 days in NOD-SCID mice. i, Body weights of NOD-SCID mice with engrafted tumors were recorded at different days post-tumor inoculation. J-k, Invasion of CD8+ T cells into the engrafted tumors in C57BL / 6 mice was analyzed following immunohistochemical staining of CD8 for tumor tissue sections. l, The mRNA levels of GzmA, GzmB, and Prf1 in tumors in C57BL / 6 mice were analyzed by qPCR. Total RNAs were extracted from tumor tissues.
[0076] Fig. 6 NuTAC molecule containing both NuL1 and BRD4 ligand JQ1 effectively induces the Rpn13-dependent degradation of BRD4, especially BRD4-S. a, Structures of the indicated compounds. b, The wild-type or Rpn13-deficient HeLa cells were treated with various concentration of NuL1-C4-JQ1 for 24 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting in which the anti-BRD4 from Abcam with #ab128874 was used to blot BRD4. The asterisk indicates a non-specific band. c, HeLa cells were treated with indicated molecules at 10 μM, except that 0.1 μM was used for ZXH-3-26, in the presence of 25 μg / ml CHX for 48 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting in which the anti-pan-BRD4 (Abcam, #ab314432) was used to blot all isoforms of BRD4. d-e, RPMI8226 cells were treated with various concentration of NuL1-C4-JQ1 or ZXH-3-26 for 48 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting in which the anti-pan-BRD4 (Abcam, #ab314432) was used to blot all isoforms of BRD4 (d) . DC50 was obtained based on the relative levels of BRD4 isoforms quantified by densitometry (e) . f, HCT116 cells were treated with various concentration of NuL1-C4-JQ1 for 24 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. g, RPMI8226 cells were treated with 2.5 μM of NuL1-C4-JQ1 for various periods of time. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. h, RPMI8226 cells were treated with NuL1-C4-JQ1 at various concentrations for 24 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. i, RPMI8226 cells were treated with 0 or 10 μM of the chimera of NuL1 and JQ1 with different linkers for 24 h. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. j, RPMI8226 cells were untreated or treated with 2.5 μM of NuL1-C4-JQ1 for 24 h in the presence of 50 μg / ml CHX for the indicated periods of time. Protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. k, RPMI8226 cells were treated with various concentrations of the indicated molecules for 48 h, and cell viability was assayed using CCK8 assay.
[0077] Fig. 7 NuTAC for BRD4 potently suppresses tumor growth in mice. a, Volumes of subcutaneous RPMI8226 xenograft tumors in NOD-SCID mice were measured following treatments with control, the chimera NuL1-C4-JQ1, or JQ1 at the indicated dosages for 45 days. Compounds were administered by intraperitoneal injection once per two days. b, Images of the RPMI8226 xenograft tumors were obtained at the end of the experiments as (a) . c, Weights of tumors in NOD-SCID mice were measured at day 45 post-tumor inoculation. d, Tumor inhibition rates were obtained by normalizing tumor volumes in (a) to μmoles of compounds in NOD-SCID mice. e, Body weights of NOD-SCID mice were measured at day 45 post-tumor inoculation. Error bars represent mean ± SD, n = 6. p values were obtained by unpaired t test. f, A scheme for NuTAC approach.
[0078] Fig. 8 1H NMR of compound NuL1
[0079] Fig. 9 13C NMR of compound NuL1
[0080] Fig. 10 1H NMR of compound RPI-5
[0081] Fig. 11 1H NMR of compound NuL1-C4-JQ1
[0082] Fig. 12 13C NMR of compound NuL1-C4-JQ1
[0083] Fig. 13 1H NMR of compound NuL1-C6-BMS-37
[0084] Fig. 14 13C NMR of compound NuL1-C6-BMS-37Detailed Description of the Invention
[0085] The following implement embodiments are convenient to comprehend the invention, but are not limited in the invention. Sequence information for proteins in this invention is listed in Table 1. If there are no special instructions, the following experimental methods are all conventional, the experiment materials are all purchased from the ordinary biochemical company. In the following quantitative tests, the results are used to calculate mean value from the relative three independent experiments.
[0086] Table 1. Proteins in this invention
[0087] Examples
[0088] In order that the present disclosure may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. The synthetic and biological examples described in this application are offered to illustrate the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods provided herein and are not to be construed in any way as limiting their scope.
[0089] The compounds, e.g., compounds of Formula (I) , provided herein can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures or methods known in the art. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc. ) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvents used, but such conditions can be determined by those skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
[0090] Example 1. High throughput screening of small molecule inhibitors of Rpn13
[0091] Upon proteasome inhibition, Rpn13 becomes extensively polyubiquitinated (Besche, H. C. et al. The EMBO journal 33, 1159-1176, 2014) . In the HeLa cell line expressing stably the Rpn13-GFP fusion protein, the Rpn13-GFP-containing puncta were induced by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib as observed by fluorescence microscopy, probably due to Rpn13 polyubiquitination (Fig. 1a-b) . Thus, inventors employed this assay as the initial model to screen Rpn13 inhibitors. Five molecules at 20 μM each were pooled into one well (about 10, 000 cells) in a 96-well plate and incubated for 12 h, followed by observation under a fluorescence microscope. Once pooled molecules had been shown to be effective in inducing formation of Rpn13 puncta, each single molecule from the pool was tested using the same procedure. Inventors named these positive compounds as Rpn13 Punctum Inducers (RPIs) . But, if none of single molecule from a positive pool would work in certain cases (e.g., the pool with RPI-5 or RPI-6 in Fig. 1c) , each single compound from the positive pool was tested in the next screening. Among 16, 016 small molecules, inventors found that 28 compounds or pools strongly induced formation of Rpn13-GFP puncta. Inventors then tested these RPIs or compounds from the positive pools for their potentials to inhibit the Rpn13-mediated degradation of the ubiquitinated proteins, and found that RPI-1 and RPI-5 could increase cellular levels of the ubiquitinated proteins in the wild-type HeLa cells, but not in the
[0092] Rpn13-deficient cells (Fig. 1d and data not shown) . But only RPI-5, rather than RPI-1, could associate with Rpn13-GFP in vitro with Kd constants of 9.58 μM and 0.69 μM, respectively, as analyzed by the isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) (Fig. 1e, f) and the microscale thermophoresis (MST) (Fig. 1g) . Notably, RPI-5 also inhibited cell growth potently in the wild-type HeLa cells, but only weakly in the Rpn13-deficient HeLa cells (Fig. 1h) . Taken together, inventors discovered the Rpn13-associating small molecule RPI-5, which could increase the cellular levels of ubiquitinated proteins and inhibit HeLa cell growth at least partially in a Rpn13-dependent manner, following a high throughput screening of a chemical library (Fig. 1i) .
[0093] Example 2. RPI-5 modestly inhibits growth of RPMI8226 xenograft tumors in mice
[0094] Rpn13 is a potential target for treating certain types of tumors, because its overexpression is associated with these tumors (Song, Y. et al. Leukemia 30, 1877-1886, 2016; Carvalho, B. et al. Gut 58, 79-89, 2009; Fejzo, M. S. et al. International journal of molecular sciences 14, 3094-3109, 2013; Jang, S. H. et al., Clinical &experimental metastasis 31, 727-733, 2014) . NOD-SCID mice lack xenogeneic rejection of engrafted human tumors, due to their defects in development of natural killer cells, T cells and B lymphocytes (Anderson, M. S. &Bluestone, J. A. Annual review of immunology 23, 447-485, 2005; Ito, R. et al. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 189, 4313-4320, 2012) . To evaluate the antitumor activity of RPI-5 in vivo, inventors took advantage of NOD-SCID mice for subcutaneously engrafting RPMI8226 tumors followed by intraperitoneal injections of the control vehicle or RPI-5 at the indicated dosages for 45 days. A clear dose-dependent reduction in the volumes and weights of RPMI8226 xenograft tumors were observed in the mice treated with RPI-5 at 25 or 50 mg / kg (Fig. 2a-c) . To test the toxicity of RPI-5 to mice in general, body weights of mice were measured, and no noticeable difference was observed between the control group and the group treated with RPI-5 (Fig. 2d) . These results suggest that RPI-5 inhibits growth of the xenograft tumors in mice.
[0095] Example 3. Improvement of RPI-5 specificity by structure optimization into NuL1
[0096] As shown in Fig. 1h, RPI-5 still reduced the viability in the Rpn13-defiicent HeLa cells, though much less potently in the wild-type cells. In addition, inventors found that RPI-5 induced formation of an additional band that was slightly above the Rpn13 band. This additional band should be caused by phosphorylation, because incubation of the cell lysates with protein phosphatases could remove it (Fig. 2e) . A similar band was also induced for the steroid receptor coactivator-3 (Src-3) or F-box protein 2 (FBXO2) , even in the Rpn13-deficient HeLa cells (Fig. 2f) , suggesting that there are additional cellular targets for RPI-5. Thus, inventors synthesized RPI-5 starting from compound 1 with intermediate compounds 2-5, and then added compound 6 to complete the synthesis of RPI-5 (Fig. 2g) . Interestingly, compounds 2-5 also associated with Rpn13. Among them, Kd constant (0.77 μM) of compound 5 (renamed into NuL1 for Rpn13 ligand-1) was the closest to that of RPI-5 (Fig. 2h-i) . In order to predict the potential binding mode, NuL1 was docked in the structure of Rpn13 (2KR0) by Induced Fit Docking (IFD) using the modules developed by (2018) . Hydrophobic interactions were monitored between NuL1 and the related residues of Rpn13 (including M31, L33, V38, L105 and P106) (Fig 2j) . Notably, NuL1 did not induce Rpn13 phosphorylation (Fig. 2k) , and was not efficient in increasing cellular levels of ubiquitinated proteins (Fig. 2l) , suggesting that NuL1 is at least a relatively specific ligand binding to Rpn13.
[0097] Example 4. NuTAC promotes degradation of PD-L1 independently of ubiquitination
[0098] Inventors wonder whether NuTAC can precisely degrade cytoplasmic or even cell surface proteins, and thus synthesized the NuTAC molecule containing NuL1 and the PD-L1 ligand BMS-37 tethered by a C6 linker (Fig. 3a) . The NuTAC molecule for PD-L1, but not NuL1 by itself, effectively reduced the levels of PD-L1 in MC-38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma cells with a concentration for 50%maximum degradation (DC50) of 2.18 μM (Fig. 3b, c) . In comparison, the PROTAC molecule 21a could do so at a relatively higher concentration with a DC50 of 5.64 μM (Fig. 3b,c) . The NuTAC molecule for PD-L1 also decreased the levels of PD-L1 in a time-and dose-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at a DC50 of 1.42 μM in comparison to DC50 at 2.51 μM for 21a (Fig. 3d-f) . Cycloheximide (CHX) , which inhibits protein translation, chase experiments in the 293T cells transfected with the Myc-tagged PD-L1 suggest that the NuTAC-induced reduction of PD-L1 was due to the facilitated protein degradation (Fig. 3g) . The reduction in the PD-L1 levels caused by the PROTAC molecule 21a was also due to the facilitated degradation (Fig. 3h) . Although there are 19 lysine residues, only two ubiquitination sites, K178 and K281, were predicted for PD-L1 by www. phosphosite. org. Mutation of both K178 and K281 could not reduce the NuTAC-induced degradation of Myc-PD-L1, but could efficiently block the degradation of Myc-PD-L1 triggered by compound 21a (Fig. 3i) . Bortezomib (BTZ) at 0.1 μM blocked the NuTAC-induced reduction in the levels of PD-L1 (Fig. 3j) , suggesting that the NuTAC induces degradation of PD-L1 by the proteasome. This degradation of PD-L1 apparently depends on Rpn13, because deletion of Rpn13 blocked degradation and transfection of Rpn13 into the Rpn13-deficient cells rescued degradation of the transfected PD-L1 in 293T cells in the presence of cycloheximide (Fig. 3k) . Further, inventors demonstrated that the NuTAC for PD-L1 could efficiently reduce the levels of PD-L1 on the plasma membrane (Fig. 3l) . When the C6 linker was replaced with PEG2, the NuTAC-mediated reduction in the PD-L1 levels was similar (Fig. 3m) .
[0099] Notably, even in the absence of T cells, relatively strong cytotoxicity of the NuTAC for PD-L1 as well as BMS-37 by itself was still observed for MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 4a) and MC-38 cells (Fig. 4b) , probably because PD-L1 also promotes cancer cell growth in a T-cell-independent manner (Cha, J. H. et al., Molecular cell 76, 359-370, 2019; Chang, C. H. et al. Cell 162, 1229-1241, 2015; Li, J. et al. Cancer communications 43, 765-787, 2023) . Importantly, NuL1 by itself was much less toxic than the NuTAC molecule for PD-L1 in both cell lines (Fig. 4a-b) , further supporting that the cytotoxicity was primarily due to BMS-37 itself or the NuTAC-mediated degradation of PD-L1. It is noteworthy that the C6-linked NuTAC was less toxic than the PEG2-linked NuTAC (Fig. 4a-b) . Notably, when MDA-MB-231 cancer cells were co-cultured with the activated T cells, the NuTAC molecule triggered an effective killing of the cancer cells, even more potently than the PROTAC molecule 21a (Fig. 4c-d) . Taken together, the NuTAC chimera containing NuL1 and BMS-37 induces the Rpn13-dependent, but ubiquitin-independent, proteasomal degradation of PD-L1 in multiple types of tumor cells and triggers the T-cell-dependent killing of cancer cells.
[0100] Example 5. NuTAC for PD-L1 inhibits allograft tumor growth in mice by activating T cells
[0101] Because PD-L1 inhibits tumor cell growth by inactivating T cell killing activity, inventors examined antitumor activity of the NuTAC chimera for PD-L1 in both NOD-SCID mice with defective immune system and C57BL / 6 mice with a normal immune system. The C57BL6 mouse-derived MC-38 colon adenocarcinoma cell line was employed to avoid xenogeneic rejection of engrafted tumors in C57BL / 6 mice. The mice were administered by subcutaneous injections of MC-38 cells, and chemical compounds were injected intravenously with equal μmoles at 19.8 μmoles / kg per day for 18 days. The volumes and weights of WC-38 allograft tumors were observed in the mice treated with the chimera NuL1-C6-BMS-37, NuL1, or BMS-37 (Fig. 4e-g) . NuL1-C6-BMS-37 markedly reduced tumor growth, though both NuL1 and BMS-37 also showed relatively much weaker tumor-suppressive activities (Fig. 4e-g) . Unlike the strong toxicity to the cultured tumor cells, all three compounds did not influence body weights of mice, though slightly increased the weight of spleen, in comparison to the control group in C57BL / 6 mice following intravenous administration of these compounds (Fig. 4h-i) .
[0102] To explore more ways for compound administration, C57BL / 6 mice were also administered with chemical compounds intraperitoneally following subcutaneous injections of MC-38 cells. Each compound was injected at equal weight of 15 mg / kg per day for 18 days. Unlike NuL1, both NuL1-C6-BMS-37 and BMS-37 markedly reduced tumor growth (Fig. 5a-c) . Although all compounds were administered at 15 mg / kg, the number of μmoles / kg for NuL1-C6-BMS-37 was only 19.8, much smaller than 33.5 for BMS-37. Thus, after normalization to μmoles, NuL1-C6-BMS-37 was actually much more efficient for inhibiting tumor growth than BMS-37 in C57BL / 6 mice (Fig. 5d) , consistent with the results from intravenous administration of these compounds. All three compounds did not influence body weights of mice in comparison to the control group in C57BL / 6 mice following intraperitoneal injection of these compounds (Fig. 5e) . Notably, similar to NuL1 or BMS-37, NuL1-C6-BMS-37 did not inhibit growth of MC-38 tumors subcutaneously engrafted in the T-cell-defective NOD-SCID mice followed by intraperitoneal injections of the compounds at 15 mg / kg per day for 18 days (Fig. 5f-i) , strongly supporting that the NuTAC-mediated suppression of tumor growth in C57BL / 6 mice was due to activation of T cells following degradation of PD-L1. Immumohistochemical analyses of the tumor tissues demonstrated that treatment with the NuTAC chimera NuL1-C6-BMS-37 increased invasion of CD8+ T cells into the engrafted tumors (Fig. 5j-k) . Moreover, the mRNA levels of cytolytic granzyme A (GzmA) , granzyme B (GzmB) and perforin (Prf1) , which mediate CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity (Voskoboinik, I., Whisstock, J. C. &Trapani, J. A. Nature reviews. Immunology 15, 388-400, 2015) , in the tumors treated with NuL1-C6-BMS-37 were all upregulated much more than those treated with BMS-37 or NuL1 (Fig. 5l) . Thus, the NuTAC chimera NuL1-C6-BMS-37 induces degradation of PD-L1 and inhibits growth of the MC-38 allograft tumors in C57BL / 6 mice by activating T cells.
[0103] Example 6. NuTAC effectively induces proteasomal degradation of BRD4 depending on Rpn13 To test whether NuTAC can target different substrate proteins for degradation by using only one Rpn13-binding ligand, inventors synthesized the NuTAC chimeric molecule with moieties of NuL1 and JQ1, a binder of the BET family of proteins (especially BRD4) , connected by a C4 linker (Fig. 6a) . The BRD4 gene encodes two major isoforms, BRD4 long (BRD4-L) at ~200 kDa and BRD4 short (BRD4-S) at ~120 kDa, and a minor isoform of BRD4 short (BRD4-Sb) at ~140 kDa (Wu et al., Molecular Cell 78, 1114–1132, 2020) ) . BRD4-L and BRD4-S show different dynamics of transcriptional activity with opposing functions in breast cancer. While BRD4-S exhibits oncogenic properties, BRD4-L has a tumor-suppressing role (Wu et al., Molecular Cell 78, 1114–1132, 2020) . Thus, a selective degrader for BRD4-S would be effective in treating related cancers, but this type of degrader still remains to be identified. In HeLa cells, the treatment with the NuTAC molecule containing NuL1 and JQ1 (NuL1-C4-JQ1) at 5 or 10 μM for 24 h caused reduction in the levels of BRD4-S, but not of BRD4-L. This degradation of BRD4-S apparently depends on Rpn13, since deletion of Rpn13 abolished the reduction in HeLa cells (Fig. 6b) . The anti-BRD4 antibody used in this experiment (Abcam, #ab128874) also recognized a non-specific band at ~140 kDa, but not BRD4-Sb, in addition to BRD4-L and BRD4-S. To examine the effect on BRD4-Sb, a pan-BRD4 antibody (Abcam, #ab314432) was used following treatments of HeLa cells for 48 h with 10 μM of NuL1-C4-JQ1 or 0.1 μM of ZXH-3-26, a PROTAC molecule containing JQ1 and the cereblon ligand pomalidomide (Shi, Y. et al. Cell Discovery, 9: 47, 2023) (Fig. 6c) . The PROTAC molecule ZXH-3-26 showed an almost complete degradation of BRD4-L, but not complete for BRD4-Sb. In contrast to the treatment for 24 h, treatment with NuL1-C4-JQ1 for 48 h also reduced the levels of BRD4-L, but at an extent much less than those of BRD4-S or BRD4-Sb (Fig. 6c) . In contrast, either NuL1 or JQ1 alone did not reduce the levels of BRD4 in HeLa cells (Fig. 6c) . These results suggest that the NuTAC molecule might prefer to degrade BRD4-S in comparison to BRD4-L, especially following a 24 h treatment.
[0104] In multiple myeloma RPMI8226 cells with treatments for 48 h (Fig. 6d-e) , the NuTAC molecule NuL1-C4-JQ1 also degraded BRD4-S (DC50 = 788.0 nM) or BRD4-Sb (DC50 = 800.5 nM) a little more efficiently than BRD-L (DC50 = 929.2 nM) , whereas the PROTAC molecule ZXH-3-26 degraded BRD-L (DC50 = 2.2) slightly more efficiently than BRD4-S (DC50 =2.8 nM) or BRD4-Sb (DC50 = 2.4 nM) . This NuTAC molecule containing JQ1 also markedly reduced the levels of BRD4-S in colon carcinoma HCT116 cells (Fig. 6f) . Further, treatment of this NuTAC molecule effectively reduced the levels of BRD4-S in multiple myeloma RPMI8226 cells in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 6g) , but just marginally, if any, affected the levels of BRD2 and BRD3 (Fig. 6h-g) . Different lengths of carbon or PEG linkers could markedly affect the efficiency of the NuTAC molecule in reducing the BRD4-S levels, but C4 and PEG2 seemed to be the best among all tested linkers (Fig. 6i) . Cycloheximide chase experiments in RPMI8226 cells demonstrated that the NuTAC-induced reduction of BRD4 was due to the facilitated protein degradation (Fig. 6j) . Further, both C4-and PEG2-linked NuTAC chimeras led to potent toxicity to RPMI8226, though much less than the PROTAC molecule ZXH-3-26, in contrast to the relative weak cytotoxicity of JQ1 or NuL1 (Fig. 6k) . These results suggest that the NuTAC chimera containing NuL1 and JQ1 effectively targets BRD4 for proteasomal degradation in various types of tumor cells in a Rpn13-dependent manner, and probably prefers to degrade BRD4-S and BRD4-Sb, other than BRD4-L.
[0105] Example 7. NuTAC for BRD4 potently suppresses xenograft tumor growth in mice
[0106] To evaluate the antitumor activity of the NuTAC chimera for BRD4 in vivo, NOD-SCID mice were subcutaneously injected with RPMI8226 tumor cells followed by intraperitoneal injections of the control vehicle, the chimera NuL1-C4-JQ1, or JQ1 at the indicated dosages for 45 days. A clear dose-dependent reduction in the volumes and weights of RPMI8226 xenograft tumors were observed in the mice treated with the chimera NuL1-C4-JQ1 at 12.5 or 25 mg / kg (Fig. 7a-c) . In comparison, JQ1 also reduced the tumor growth in this model, but at a much higher dose of 50 mg / kg (Fig. 7a-c) . After normalization to μmoles, conjugation of NuL1 to JQ1 was shown to greatly increase the efficacy in suppressing the growth of RPMI8226 xenograft tumors (Fig. 7d) . To test the toxicity of this NuTAC compound to mice in general, body weights of mice were measured, and no noticeable difference was observed between the control group and the group treated with NuL1-C4-JQ1 (Fig. 7e) . Thus, the NuTAC chimera NuL1-C4-JQ1 may effectively inhibit growth of the RPMI8226 xenograft tumors in mice.
[0107] Example 8. Design and synthesis of NuL1、RPI5、NuL1-C6-BMS-37、NuL1-C4-JQ1 and other NuTAC compounds
[0108] Synthesis of compound NuL1 and RPI-5:
[0109] Reagents and conditions: (i) HCl, NaNO2, 0 ℃, 20 min; (ii) SnCl2·2H2O, HCl, 0 ℃→30 ℃, 30 min, KOH (iii) Propanedinitrile 2- (ethoxymethylene) , ethanol, 75 ℃, 2 h; (iv) sulfuric acid, rt, 2 h, ice, 1.5 h, NH3·H2O; (v) N2, formamide, 185 ℃, 6 h, H2O, rt, 2 h; (vi) N2, POCl3, DMF, 105 ℃, 12 h, NaHCO3 solution; (vii) Tetrahydrofurfurylamine, triethylamine, n-Propanol, 100 ℃, 4 h.
[0110] Reagents and conditions: (i) Tetrahydrofurfurylamine, triethylamine, n-Propanol, 100 ℃, 4 h.
[0111] Synthesis of intermediate 1:
[0112] Synthesis of intermediate 1:
[0113] Slowly drop 3, 5-dimethylaniline (3 g, 24.7 mmol) into concentrated hydrochloric acid (25 mL) at 0 ℃, and add sodium nitrite solution (2.1 g dissolved in 22 mL of pure water, 30.4 mmol) to the reaction solution at 0 ℃. Stir at 0 ℃ for 20 minutes. Add concentrated hydrochloric acid (13 mL) and stannous chloride dihydrate (11.2 g, 49.6 mmol) to another reaction bottle. Stir at 0 ℃ for 5 minutes. Slowly add the diazo reaction solution dropwise to the stannous chloride solution at 0 ℃, maintain the reaction at 0 ℃ for 10 minutes, and then heat up to 30 ℃, stir for 30 minutes. Filter out the solid, dissolve it in water, adjust the pH to 9 with a 2 M KOH solution, extract with dichloromethane, dry with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and obtain 1.7 g of compound 1 by vacuum rotary evaporation, which is an orange yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C8H12N2, [M + H] +, 137.1; found 136.9.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.52 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.48 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 2H) , 4.03 –3.99 (m, 3H) , 2.30 (s, 6H) .
[0114] Synthesis of intermediate 2:
[0115] Dissolve 1.7 g of compound 1 (12.5 mmol) in 10 mL of anhydrous ethanol under nitrogen protection, and add 2- (Ethoxymethylene) propanedinitrile (1.53 g, 12.5 mmol) . Reflux at 75 ℃ for 2 hours, remove ethanol by reduced pressure rotary evaporation, and purify using column chromatography to obtain 2.1 g of compound 2, which is a light-yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C12H12N4, [M + H] +, 213.1; found 213.1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.64 (s, 1H) , 7.11 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H) , 4.63 (s, 2H) , 2.40 (s, 6H) .
[0116] Synthesis of intermediate 3:
[0117] Compound 2 (2.1 g, 9.9 mmol) was slowly added in batches to 10 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature, stirred for 2 hours, and then the reaction mixture was slowly added dropwise to 100ml of ice water at 0 ℃. The solution was stirred in an ice water bath for 1.5 hours until cloudy. Then, ammonia was added to adjust the pH to around 9-10, and the solid was precipitated and filtered. The resulting solid was washed with pure water and vacuum dried to obtain 2.15 g of compound 3, which is a dark brown solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C12H14N4O, [M + H] +, 231.1; found 231.1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.64 (s, 1H) , 7.16 (s, 2H) , 7.05 (s, 1H) , 5.55 –5.50 (m, 4H) , 2.39 (s, 6H) .
[0118] Synthesis of intermediate 4:
[0119] Under nitrogen protection, 2.15 g of compound 3 (9.3 mmol) was added to 15 mL of formamide. The reaction was refluxed at 185 ℃ for 6 hours and then cooled to around 120 ℃. Pure water was slowly added to the reaction solution, and then let the reaction solution cool to room temperature and stir for 2 hours. Solid precipitated, filtrate and wash the solid with pure water, vacuum dry the solid to obtain 2.2 g of compound 4, which is a dark gray solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C13H12N4O, [M + H] +, 241.1; found 241.1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) 12.45 (s, 1H) , 8.39 –8.12 (m, 2H) , 7.65 (s, 2H) , 7.05 (s, 1H) , 2.36 (s, 6H) .
[0120] Synthesis of compound NuL1:
[0121] With nitrogen protection, 2.2 g of compound 4 (9.2 mmol) was added to 15 mL of phosphorus oxychloride, and 2 mL of anhydrous DMF was added. The reaction was stirred at 105 ℃ for 12 hours. After completion, most of the phosphorus oxychloride was removed by vacuum rotary evaporation. In an ethanol bath at -5 ℃, pre cooled 0 ℃ saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution was slowly dropped into the reaction mixture to make phosphorus oxychloride react thoroughly with water. The aqueous solution was extracted with dichloromethane, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and purified using silica gel column chromatography to obtain 2.2 g of compound NuL1, which is a white solid. m. p. : 124.3-125.2 ℃. HRMS (ESI) calculated for C13H11N4Cl, [M + H] +, 259.0750; found 259.0741.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 8.88 (s, 1H) , 8.34 (s, 1H) , 7.77 (s, 2H) , 7.06 (s, 1H) , 2.45 (s, 6H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ155.08, 155.06, 152.78, 139.22, 138.02, 133.02, 129.26, 119.48, 115.01, 21.49 (Figs. 8-9) .
[0122] Synthesis of compound RPI-5:
[0123] Take compound NuL1 (100 mg, 0.4 mmol) , dissolve it in 5 mL of n-propanol, add tetrahydrofurfuramine (44 μL, 0.43 mmol) and 0.5 mL of triethylamine, heat to 100 ℃ under nitrogen protection, reflux and stir for 4 hours, remove solvent by rotary evaporation, extract triethylamine by dichloromethane, and purify through column to obtain 115 mg of compound RPI-5, which is a white solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C18H21N5O, [M + H] +, 324.2; found 324.2.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 8.49 (s, 1H) , 8.07 (s, 1H) , 7.73 (s, 2H) , 6.99 (s, 1H) , 5.91 (s, 1H) , 4.21 (qd, J = 7.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.09 –3.91 (m, 2H) , 3.85 (dt, J = 8.4, 6.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.55 (s, 1H) , 2.42 (s, 6H) , 2.19 –2.06 (m, 1H) , 2.05 –1.95 (m, 2H) , 1.69 (dq, J = 15.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H) (Fig. 10) .
[0124] Synthesis of compound NuL1-C4-JQ1:
[0125] Reagents and conditions: (i) N- (tert-Butoxycarbonyl) -1, 4-butanediamine, triethylamine, n-Propanol, 50 ℃, 12 h; (ii) Trifluoroacetic acid, DCM, rt, 2 h; (iii) HATU, DMAP, DCM, rt, 12 h.
[0126] Synthesis of intermediate 6:
[0127] Take compound NuL1 (100 mg, 0.4 mmol) and dissolve it in 5 mL of n-propanol. Add N- (tert-Butoxycarbonyl) -1, 4-butanediamine (74.11 μL, 0.4 mmol) and 0.5 mL of triethylamine. With nitrogen protection, heat the reaction to 50 ℃ and stir for reflux reaction for 12 hours. Remove solvent by rotary evaporation, extract triethylamine with dichloromethane, and purify by column chromatography to obtain 150 mg of compound 6, which is a white solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C22H30N6O2, [M + H] +, 411.3; found 411.3.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.48 (s, 1H) , 8.21 (s, 1H) , 7.74 (s, 2H) , 6.99 (s, 1H) , 6.83 (s, 1H) , 4.83 (s, 1H) , 3.72 (q, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.26 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.43 (s, 6H) , 1.79 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.68 (p, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.49 (s, 9H) .
[0128] Synthesis of compound NuL1-4C-JQ1:
[0129] Compound 6 (150 mg, 0.37 mmol) was dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane. 0.5 mL of trifluoroacetic acid was added and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After the reaction, the reaction solution was removed by vacuum rotary evaporation. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to adjust the pH to weak alkalinity, and the intermediate product was extracted by DCM. Dissolve JQ1-carboxylic acid (133 mg, 0.33 mmol) and HATU (253 mg, 0.66 mmol) in 5 mL of dichloromethane and stir in an ice bath for 30 minutes. Add DMAP (81 mg, 0.66 mmol) and continue stirring in an ice bath for 30 minutes. Add the intermediate product obtained from the reaction extraction of compound 6 dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane, and stir overnight at room temperature. Extract the reaction solution multiple times with water, collect the dichloromethane phase, purify it using column chromatography after vacuum rotary distillation, and obtain 170 mg of compound NuL1-4C-JQ1, which is a white solid. m. p. : 151.0-152.4 ℃. (deg cm3 g-1 dm-1) = + 15.3 ° (c=10mg / ml in ethanol) . HRMS (ESI) calculated for C36H37ClN10OS, [M + H] +, 693.2639; found 693.2639.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 8.49 (s, 1H) , 8.35 (s, 1H) , 7.76 (s, 2H) , 7.41 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 7.32 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 3H) , 6.97 (s, 1H) , 4.72 (dd, J = 9.8, 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.84 (s, 1H) , 3.63 –3.26 (m, 5H) , 2.68 (s, 3H) , 2.42 (s, 6H) , 2.31 (s, 3H) , 1.73 (s, 4H) , 1.28 (s, 2H) , 0.88 (ddd, J = 13.0, 9.0, 4.1 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 171.26, 164.11, 155.69, 150.03, 139.02, 138.81, 136.84, 136.46, 133.05, 131.91, 131.02, 130.73, 130.28, 129.84, 128.69, 128.14, 119.28, 54.33, 39.13, 29.70, 26.81, 25.55, 21.51, 14.34, 12.95, 11.82 (Figs. 11-12) .
[0130] Synthesis of intermediate 9:
[0131] Reagents and conditions: (i) Phenylboronic acid, Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium, K2CO3, toluene, ethanol, water, N2, 82 ℃, reflux, 12 h; (ii) Thionyl chloride, N2, 80 ℃, 5 h; (iii) 4-Hydroxy-2, 6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, K2CO3, DMF, N2, 80 ℃, 5 h;
[0132] Synthesis of compound NuL1-C6-BMS37:
[0133] Reagents and conditions: (i) 7-Aminoheptanoic acid, n-Propanol, triethylamine, N2, 100 ℃, 3 h; (ii) HATU, DIPEA, DCM, N-boc-ethylenediamine, rt, 12 h; (iii) Trifluoroacetic acid, DCM, rt, 2 h; (iv) compound 9, DCM, MgSO4, Acetic acid, rt, 12 h; NaBH (OAc) 3, rt, 4 h.
[0134] Synthesis of intermediate 8:
[0135] Take 2 g 3-Bromo-2-methylbenzenemethanol (10 mmol) , 2.4 g phenylboronic acid (20 mmol) , 300 mg Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.26 mmol) , and 3.46 g anhydrous potassium carbonate (25 mmol) , dissolve them in 20 mL of toluene, 8 mL of ethanol, and 20 mL of water, and heat the reaction mixture to 82 ℃ under nitrogen protection. Stir and reflux for 12 hours to concentrate the reaction solution. Add dichloromethane to obtain organic compounds soluble in dichloromethane. Purify them using column chromatography to obtain 1.5 g of compound 8. It is a white solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C14H14O, [M -H2O + H] +, 181.1; found 181.1.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.49 –7.20 (m, 8H) , 4.80 (s, 2H) , 2.27 (s, 3H) .
[0136] Synthesis of intermediate 9:
[0137] Dissolve compound 8 (1000 mg, 5 mmol) in 15 mL of thionyl chloride, heat to 80 ℃ under nitrogen protection, stir, and reflux for 5 hours. Remove thionyl chloride by vacuum rotary distillation, then add 5ml of toluene, remove toluene and residual thionyl chloride with rotary evaporation, repeat three times, remove residual thionyl chloride as much as possible. Add 4-Hydroxy-2, 6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (1020 mg, 5.6 mmol) directly to the intermediate obtained in the previous step, add potassium carbonate (1060 mg, 7.7 mmol) , and then add 15 mL of DMF. Heat under nitrogen protection to 80 ℃ and stir, reflux reaction for 5 hours. After the reaction is complete, first add about 8 mL of anhydrous ethanol and DMF azeotropic vacuum rotary distillation to form a paste, then add 5 mL of anhydrous ethanol, mix well with an ultrasonic cleaning machine, and continue vacuum rotary distillation twice until only dry solid is left in the bottle, and residual DMF is not visible to the naked eye. Purify using column chromatography and obtain 1.18 g of compound 9 as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C23H22O4, [M + H] +, 363.2; found 363.2.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.40 (s, 1H) , 7.48 –7.38 (m, 4H) , 7.36 –7.30 (m, 4H) , 6.23 (s, 2H) , 5.18 (s, 2H) , 3.92 (s, 6H) , 2.30 (s, 3H) .
[0138] Synthesis of intermediate 10:
[0139] Take compound NuL1 (500 mg, 1.9 mmol) and 7-aminoheptanoic acid (310 mg, 2.1 mmol) , dissolve them in 25 mL of n-propanol, add 5 mL of triethylamine, heat to 100 ℃ under nitrogen protection, stir, and reflux for 4 hours. Remove the solvent by vacuum rotary distillation, adjust the pH to about 4-5 using 1 M dilute hydrochloric acid, and extract with dichloromethane. Purify using column chromatography to obtain 660 mg of compound 10, which is a white solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C20H25N5O2, [M + H] +, 368.2; found 368.3.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.46 –8.35 (m, 3H) , 7.82 (s, 2H) , 6.96 (s, 1H) , 3.51 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.35 (s, 6H) , 2.21 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.62 (p, J =7.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.52 (p, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) , 1.34 (dq, J = 16.1, 9.8, 8.5 Hz, 4H) .
[0140] Synthesis of intermediate 11:
[0141] Dissolve compound 10 (700 mg, 1.9 mmol) with HATU (1470 mg, 3.9 mmol) in 30 mL DCM, add DIPEA (1688 μL, 9.7 mmol) and stir in an ice bath for 1 hour. Add N-boc-ethylenediamine (340 μL, 2.1 mmol) , add 20 mL of DCM, and stir overnight at room temperature. Extract the reaction solution multiple times with water to obtain the organic phase dichloromethane, concentrate it by vacuum rotary evaporation, and purify it using column chromatography to obtain 720 mg of compound 11, which is a white solid. LCMS (ESI) calculated for C27H39N7O3, [M + H] +, 510.3; found 510.3.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.46 (s, 1H) , 8.16 (s, 1H) , 7.73 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 2H) , 6.98 (s, 1H) , 6.40 (s, 1H) , 6.19 (s, 1H) , 5.07 (s, 1H) , 3.67 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.42 –3.33 (m, 2H) , 3.29 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.42 (s, 6H) , 2.22 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.53 –1.41 (m, 17H) .
[0142] Synthesis of compound NuL1-6C-BMS37:
[0143] Take compound 11 (500 mg, 1 mmol) , dissolve it in 10 mL of dichloromethane, add 3 mL of trifluoroacetic acid, stir at room temperature for 2 hours, spin dry the reaction solution, add saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution to adjust the pH to weak alkalinity, extract with dichloromethane, dry with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and remove dichloromethane by vacuum rotary evaporation to obtain the intermediate. Take 350 mg of the intermediate, take compound 9 (341 mg, 0.94 mmol) , dissolve in 10 mL of dichloromethane, add about 1 g anhydrous magnesium sulfate, add 5 drops of acetic acid, and stir at room temperature for 12 hours. Directly add NaBH (OAc) 3 (363 mg, 1.71 mmol) to the reaction solution and stir at room temperature for 4 hours. After the reaction is complete, add 30 mL of water and stir for 5 minutes. Quench NaBH (OAc) 3 and dissolve anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Extract the reaction solution with dichloromethane and purify it using column chromatography to obtain 423 mg of compound NuL1-6C-BMS37, which is a white solid. m. p. : 158.6-160.1 ℃HRMS (ESI) calculated for C45H53N7O4, [M + H] +, 756.4237; found 756.4236.1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 8.55 –8.23 (m, 3H) , 7.71 (s, 2H) , 7.46 –7.26 (m, 8H) , 6.96 (s, 2H) , 6.24 (s, 2H) , 5.07 (s, 2H) , 4.24 (s, 2H) , 3.86 (s, 6H) , 3.13 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 8H) , 3.01 (s, 2H) , 2.40 (s, 6H) , 2.26 (s, 3H) , 1.69 (s, 6H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.19, 159.81, 143.13, 141.77, 138.85, 134.49, 130.53, 129.35, 128.34, 128.13, 126.95, 125.71, 98.84, 91.11, 69.43, 55.90, 35.98, 28.72, 25.16, 21.48, 16.24 (Figs. 13-14) .
[0144] Summary of the Detailed Description of the Invention
[0145] Heterobifunctional proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) targets pathogenic proteins for proteasomal degradation by binding one of 600-1000 ubiquitin ligases1. Because of the cell or tissue-oriented expression of extensively regulated ubiquitin ligases, degradation of the selected proteins by PROTAC may require various ligase-binding ligands. Here the inventors develop a small molecule protein degrader NuTAC (Non-ubiquitin PROTAC) to target any selected proteins for degradation with only one ligand, which binds directly the ubiquitin receptor subunit Rpn13 of the ubiquitous 26S proteasome. A small molecule Rpn13 binder was identified in a high-throughput screening, and its specificity was improved following structure optimization into NuTAC ligand-1 (NuL1) . The NuTAC chimera containing both NuL1 and a ligand of the target protein PD-L1 or BRD4 induced the ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, leading to potent tumor repression in mice. Thus, NuTAC may target any cellular proteins for degradation using only one proteasome-binding ligand without reversible ubiquitination. A scheme was presented to summarize the NuTAC approach (Fig. 7f) .
[0146] Definitions
[0147] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Thomas Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. The disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the exemplary listing of substituents described herein.
[0148] Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and / or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereo isomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et. al.,
[0149] Enantiomers, Race mates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981) ; Wilen et al. ; Tetrahedron 33: 2725 (1977) ; Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962) ; and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN 1972) . The disclosure additionally encompasses compounds described herein as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers.
[0150] When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example, “C1-6” is intended to encompass, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C 6, C1-6, C1-5, C1-4, C1-3, C1-2, C2-6, C2-5, C2-4, C2-3, C3-6, C3-5, C3-4, C4-6, C4-5, and C5-6.
[0151] The term “aliphatic” includes both saturated and unsaturated, straight chain (i.e., unbranched) , branched, acyclic, cyclic, or polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, “aliphatic” is intended here into include, but is not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl moieties. Thus, the term “alkyl” includes straight, branched and cyclic alkyl groups. An analogous convention applies to other generic terms such as “alkenyl” , “alkynyl” , and the like. Furthermore, the terms “alkyl” , “alkenyl” , “alkynyl” , and the like encompass both substituted and unsubstituted groups. In certain embodiments, “lower alkyl” is used to indicate those alkyl groups (cyclic, acyclic, substituted, unsubstituted, branched or unbranched) having 1-6 carbon atoms.
[0152] In certain embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the disclosure contain 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. In certain other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the disclosure contain 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the disclosure contain 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the disclosure contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the disclosure contain 1-4carbon atoms. Illustrative aliphatic groups thus include, but are not limited to, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, -CH2-cyclopropyl, vinyl, allyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, -CH2-cyclo butyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, iso pentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, -CH2-cyclo pentyl, n-hexyl, sec-hexyl, cyclohexyl, -CH2-cyclohexyl moieties and the like, which again, may bear one or more substituents. Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, and the like. Representative alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 2-propynyl (propargyl) , 1-propynyl, and the like.
[0153] The term “alkyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from l to 10 carbon atoms ( “C1-10 alkyl" ) . In some embodiment, analkyl group has1 to 9 carbon atoms ( “C1-9 alkyl" ) . In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms ( “C1-8 alkyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms ( “C1-7 alkyl" ) . In some embodiments, an alkyl group has1 to 6 carbon atoms ( “C1-6 alkyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkyl group has1 to 5 carbon atoms ( “C1-5 alkyl" ) . In some embodiments, an alkylgrouphas1 to 4 carbon atoms ( “C 1-4 alkyl" ) . In some embodiments, an alkyl group has1 to 3 carbon atoms ( “C1-3 alkyl" ) . In some embodiments, an alkyl group has1 to 2 carbon atoms ( “C1-2 alkyl" ) . In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom ( “C1 alkyl" ) . In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ( “C2-6 alkyl” ) . Examples of C1-6 alkyl groups include methyl (C1) , ethyl (C2) , propyl (C3) (e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl) , butyl (C4) (e.g., n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, pentyl (C5) (e.g., n-pentyl, 3-pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3-methyl-2-butanyl, tertiary amyl) , and hexyl (C6) (e.g, n-hexyl) . Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C7) , n-octyl (C8) , and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl" ) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl” ) with one or more substituents (e.g., halogen, such as F) . In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is an unsubstituted C1-10 alkyl (such as unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, e.g., -CH3 (Me) , unsubstituted ethyl (Et) , unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr) , unsubstituted isopropyl (i-Pr) ) , unsubstituted butyl (Bu, e.g., unsubstituted n-butyl (n-Bu) , unsubstituted tert-butyl (tert-Bu or t-Bu) , unsubstituted sec-butyl (sec-Bu) , unsubstituted isobutyl (i-Bu) ) . In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is a substituted C1-10 alkyl (such as substituted C1-6 alkyl, e.g. -CF3, Bn) .
[0154] “Alkenyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and no triple bonds ( “C2-20 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms ( “C2-10 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms ( “C2-9 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms ( “C2-8 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms ( “C2-7 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ( “C2-6 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms ( “C2-5 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms ( “C2-4 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms ( “C2-3 alkenyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms ( “C2 alkenyl” ) . The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl) . Examples of C2-4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C2) , 1-propenyl (C3) , 2-propenyl (C3) , 1-butenyl (C4) , 2-butenyl (C4) , but a dienyl (C4) , and the like. Examples of C2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C2-4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C5) , pentadienyl (C5) , hexenyl (C6) , and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C7) , octenyl (C8) , octatrienyl (C8) , and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkenyl group is independently optionally substituted, ie., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl” ) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl” ) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is unsubstituted C2-10 alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is substituted C2-10 alkenyl. In an alkenyl group, a C=C double bond for which the stereochemitry is not specified (e.g., -CH=CHCH3 or ) may be an (E) -or (Z) -double bond.
[0155] “Alkynyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds, and optionally one or more double bonds ( “C2-20 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms ( “C2-10 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms ( “C2-9 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms ( “C2-8 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms ( “C2-7 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ( “C2-6 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms ( “C2-5 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms ( “C2-4 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms ( “C2-3 alkynyl” ) . In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms ( “C2 alkynyl” ) . The one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl) . Examples of C2-4 alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C2) , 1-propynyl (C3) , 2-propynyl (C3) , 1-butynyl (C4) , 2-butynyl (C4) , and the like. Examples of C2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C2-4 alkynyl groups as well a spentynyl (C5) , hexynyl (C6) , and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C7) , octynyl (C8) , and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl” ) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl” ) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is unsubstituted C2-10 alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is substituted C2-10 alkynyl.
[0156] “Carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-10 carbocyclyl" ) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-8 carbocyclyl” ) . In some embodiments, a carbo-cyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-6 carbocyclyl” ) . In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-6 carbocyclyl" ) . In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C5-10 carbocyclyl" ) . Exemplary C3-6 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C3) , cyclopropenyl (C3) , cyclobutyl (C4) , cyclobutenyl (C4) , cyclopentyl (C5) , cyclopentenyl (C5) , cyclohexyl (C6) , cyclohexenyl (C6) , cyclohexadienyl (C6) , and the like. Exemplary C3-8 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C3-6 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C7) , cyclohept enyl (C7) , cycloheptadienyl (C7) , cycloheptatrienyl (C7) , cyclooctyl (C8) , cyclooctenyl (C8) , bicyclo [2.2.1] heptanyl (C7) , bicyclo [2.2.2] octanyl (C8) , and the like. Exemplary C3-10 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C3-8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C9) , cyclononenyl (C9) , cyclodecyl (C10) , cyclodecenyl (C10) , octahydro-lH-in denyl (C9) , decahydro naphthalenyl (C10) , spiro decanyl (C10) , and the like. As the foregoing examples illustrate, in certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is either mono cyclic ( “monocyclic carbocyclyl" ) or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system ( “bicyclic carbocyclyl” ) and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclic ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclic ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl” ) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl” ) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is unsubstituted C3-10 carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is substituted C3-10 carbocyclyl.
[0157] In some embodiments, “carbocyclyl” is a mono cyclic, saturated carbo cyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-10 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-8 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms ( “C 3-6 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms ( “C5-6 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C5-10 cycloalkyl” ) . Examples of C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C5) and cyclohexyl (C5) . Examples of C3-6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C5-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C3) and cyclobutyl (C4) . Examples of C3-8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C3-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C7) and cyclooctyl (C8) . Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl” ) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl” ) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C3-10 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is substituted C3-10 cycloalkyl.
[0158] “Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a radical of a 3-to 10-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon ( “3-10 membered heterocyclyl” ) . In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be mono cyclic ( “mono cyclic heterocyclyl" ) or a fused, bridged, or spiro ring system, such as a bicyclic system ( “bicyclic heterocyclyl) , and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. Hetero cyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heterocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclic ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclic ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclic ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclic ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclic ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of heterocyclyl is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl” ) or substituted (a“substituted heterocyclyl” ) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.
[0159] In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon ( “5-10 membered heterocyclyl” ) . In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ( “5-8 membered heterocyclyl” ) . In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ( “5-6 membered heterocyclyl” ) . In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
[0160] Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiiranyl. Exemplary 4-membered hetero cyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and thietanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydro-thiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2, 5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolid in-2-one. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C6 aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 5, 6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenz of uranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 6, 6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
[0161] “Aryl” refers to a radical of a mono cyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 pi electrons shared in acyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system ( “C6-14 aryl” ) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms ( “C6 aryl” ; e.g., phenyl) . In some embodiments, an aryl group hasten ring carbon atoms ( “C10 aryl” ; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms ( “C14 aryl” ; e.g., anthracyl) . “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more car bocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an aryl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl” ) or substituted (a“substitute daryl” ) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is unsubstituted C6-14 aryl. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is substituted C6-14 aryl.
[0162] “Heteroaryl” refers to a radical of a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 pi electrons shared in acyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur ( “5-10 membered heteroaryl" ) . In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heteroaryl” includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continues to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused (aryl / heteroaryl) ring system. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl) .
[0163] In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ( “5-10 membered heteroaryl” ) . In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ( “5-8 membered heteroaryl” ) . In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ( “5-6 membered heteroaryl” ) . In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl” ) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl” ) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is unsubstituted 5-14membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
[0164] Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5, 6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, in dolizinyl, and purinyl . Exemplary 6, 6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, iso quinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
[0165] “Unsaturated” or “partially unsaturated” refers to a group that includes at least one double or triple bond. A “partially unsaturated” ring system is further intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic groups (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl groups) . Likewise, “saturated” refers to a group that does not contain a double or triple bond, i.e., contains all single bonds.
[0166] Alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, which are divalent bridging groups, are further referred to using the suffix-ene, e.g., alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, carbocyclylene, heterocyclylene, arylene, and heteroarylene.
[0167] An atom, moiety, or group described herein may be unsubstituted or substituted, as valency permits, unless otherwise provided expressly. The term “optionally substituted” refers to substituted or unsubstituted.
[0168] A group is optionally substituted unless expressly provided otherwise. The term “optionally substituted” refers to being substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” hetero cyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group) . In general, the term “substituted” , whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in as table compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position. The term “substituted” is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of as table compound. The present disclosure contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at as table compound. For purposes of this disclosure, heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and / or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of as table moiety. In certain embodiments, the substituent is a carbon atom substituent. In certain embodiments, the substituent is a nitrogen atom substituent. In certain embodiments, the substituent is an oxygen atom substituent. In certain embodiments, the substituent is a sulfur atom substituent.
[0169] Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -OR, -ON (Rbb) 2, -N (Rbb) 2, -N (Rbb) 3+X-, -N (ORcc) Rbb, -SH, -SRaa, -SSRcc, -C (=O) Raa, -CO2H, -CHO, -C (OR) 2, -CO2Raa, -OC (=O) Raa, -OCO2Raa, -C (=O) N (Rbb) 2, -OC (=O) N (Rbb) 2, -NRbbC (=O) Raa, -NRbbCO2Raa, -NRbbC (=O) N (Rbb) 2, -C (=NRbb) Raa, -C (=NRbb) ORaa, -OC (=NRbb) Raa, -OC (=NRbb) ORaa, -C (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, -OC (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, -NRbbC (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, -C (=O) NRbbSO2Raa, -NRbbSO2Raa, -SO2N (Rbb) 2, -SO2Raa, -SO2ORaa, -OSO2Raa, -S (=O) R, -OS (=O) Raa, -Si (Raa) 3, -OSi (Raa) 3, -C (=S) N (Rbb) 2, -C (=O) SRaa, -C (=S) SRaa, -SC (=S) Saa, -SC (=OSRaa, -OC (=O) SRaa, -SC (=O) ORaa, -SC (=O) Raa, -P (=O) (Raa) 2, -P (=O) (ORcc) 2, -OP (=O) (Rcc) 2, -OP (=O) (ORaa) 2, -P (=O) (N (Rbb) 2) 2, -OP (=O) (N (Rbb) 2) 2, -NR bbP (=O) (Raa) 2, -NRbbP (=O) (ORcc) 2, -NRbbP (=O) (N (Rbb) 2) 2, -P (Rcc) 2, -P (ORcc) 2, -P (Rcc) 3+X-, -P (ORcc) 3+X-, -P (Rcc) 4, -P (ORcc) 4, -OP (Rcc) 2, -OP (Rcc) 3+X-, -OP (ORcc) 2, -OP (ORcc) 3+X-, -OP (Rcc) 4, -OP (ORcc) 4, -B (Rcc) 2, -B (ORcc) 2, -BRaa (ORcc) , C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, hetero C1-10 alkyl, hetero C2-10 alkenyl, hetero C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, hetero alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups; wherein X-is a counterion;
[0170] or two gem in al hydrogen son a carbon atom are replaced with the group=O, =S, =NN (Rbb) 2, =NNRbbC (=O) Raa, =NNRbbC (=O) ORaa, =NNRbbS (=O) 2Raa, =NRbb, or =NORcc;
[0171] each instance of Raa is, independently, selected from C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, hetero C1-10 alkyl, hetero C2-10 alkenyl, hetero C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Raa groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclylor 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, hetero alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups;
[0172] each instance of Rbb is, independently, selected from hydrogen, -OH, -ORaa, -N (Rcc) 2, -CN, -C (=O) Raa, -C (=O) N (R) 2, -CO2R, -SO2R, -C (=NRcc) ORaa, -C (=NRcc) N (Rcc) 2, -SO2N (Rcc) 2, -SO2Rcc, -SO2ORcc, -SOR4, -C (=S) N (Rcc) 2, -C (=O) SRcc, -C (=S) SRcc, -P (=O) (Raa) 2, -P (=O) (ORcc) 2, -P (=O) (N (Rcc) 2) 2, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, hetero C1-10 alkyl, hetero C2-10 alkenyl, hetero C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rbb groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclylor 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, hetero alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups; wherein X-is a counterion;
[0173] each instance of Rcc is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, hetero C1-10 alkyl, hetero C2-10 alkenyl, hetero C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rcc groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclylor 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, hetero alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups;
[0174] each instance of Rdd is, independently, selected from halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -ORee, -ON (Rff) 2, -N (Rff) 2, -N (Rff) 3+X-, -N (ORee) Rff, -SH, -SRee, -SSRee, -C (=O) Ree, -CO2H, -CO2Ree, -OC (=O) Ree, -OCO2Ree, -C (=O) N (Rff) 2, -OC (=O) N (Rff) 2, -NRffC (=O) Ree, -NRffCO2Ree, -NRffC (=O) N (Rff) 2, -C (=NRff) ORee, -OC (=NRff) Ree, -OC (=NRff) OR, -C (=NRff) N (Rff) 2, -OC (=NRffN (R) 2, -NRffC (=NRff) N (Rff) 2, -NRffSO2Ree, -SO2N (Rff) 2, -SO2Ree, -SO2ORee, -OSO2Ree, -S (=O) Ree, -Si (Ree) 3, -OSi (Rff) 3, -C (=S) N (Rff) 2, -C (=O) SRee, -C (=S) SRee, -SC (=S) SRee, -P (=O) (ORee) 2, -P (=O) (Ree) 2, -OP (=O) (Ree) 2, -OP (=O) (ORee) 2, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 perhaloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, hetero C1-6 alkyl, hetero C2-6 alkenyl, hetero C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, hetero alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rgg groups, or two geminal Rdd substituents can be joined to form=O or=S; wherein X-is a counterion;
[0175] each instance of Ree is, independently, selected from C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 perhaloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, hetero C1-6 alkyl, hetero C2-6 alkenyl, hetero C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, C6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, hetero alkynyl, carbo yclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or Rgg groups;
[0176] each instance of Rff is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 per haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, hetero C1-6 alkyl, hetero C2-6 alkenyl, hetero C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C6-10 aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two Rff groups are joined to form a 3-10 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rgg groups; and
[0177] each instance of Rgg is, independently, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -OC1-6 alkyl, -ON (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -N (C1-6 alkyl) 3+X-, -NH (C1-6 alkyl) 2+X-, -NH2 (C1-6 alkyl) +X-, -NH3+X-, -N (OC1-6 alkyl) (C1-6 alkyl) , -N (OH) (C1-6 alkyl) , -NH (OH) , -SH, -SC1-6 alkyl, -SS (C1-6 alkyl) , -C (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -CO2H, -CO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -OC (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -OCO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -C (=O) NH2, -C (=O) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -OC (=O) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -N (C1-6 alkyl) C (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHCO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -NHC (=O) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) NH2, -C (=NH) O (C1-6 alkyl) , -OC (=NH) (C1-6 alkyl) , -OC (=NH) OC1-6 alkyl, -C (=NH) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -C (=NH) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -C (=NH) NH2, -OC (=NH) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -OC (NH) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -OC (NH) NH2, -NHC (NH) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -NHC (=NH) NH2, -NHSO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -SO2N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -SO2NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -SO2NH2, -SO2C1-6 alkyl, -SO2OC1-6 alkyl, -OSO2C1-6 alkyl, -SOC1-6 alkyl, -Si (C1-6 alkyl) 3, -OSi (C1-6 alkyl) 3, -C (=S) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, C (=S) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , C (=S) NH2, -C (=O) S (C1-6 alkyl) , -C (=S) SC1-6 alkyl, -SC (=S) SC1-6 alkyl, -P (=O) (OC1-6 alkyl) 2, -P (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -OP (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -OP (=O) (OC1-6 alkyl) 2, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 perhaloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, hetero C1-6 alkyl, hetero C2-6 alkenyl, hetero C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, C6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal Rgg substituents can be joined to form=O or=S; wherein X-is a counterion. In some embodiments, an optional substituent is halogen, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, acyl (e.g., -C (=O) C1-10 alkyl) , C1-l0 alkyl, C1-l0 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, hetero C1-10 alkyl, hetero C2-10 alkenyl, hetero C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, branched C1-10 alkyl, -OH, -O (C1-10 alkyl) , -O (C2-10 alkenyl) , -O (C2-10 alkynyl) , acid (e.g., -COOH) , ester (e.g., -COO (C1-10 alkyl) ) , amine (e.g., -NH2, -NH (C1-10 alkyl) , -N (C 1-10 alkyl) 2) , substituted amine, amide (e.g., -C (=O) N (C1-10 alkyl) ) , ureas, imides, -CN, nitriles, cyano groups, or carbamates. In some embodiments, a carbon atom is optionally substituted with halogen, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, acyl (e.g., -C (=O) C1-10 alkyl) , C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, hetero C1-10 alkyl, hetero C2-10 alkenyl, hetero C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, branched C1-10 alkyl, -OH, -O (C1-10 alkyl) , -O (C2-10 alkenyl) , -O (C2-10 alkynyl) , acid (e.g., -COOH) , ester (e.g., -COO (C1-10 alkyl) ) , amine (e.g., -NH 2, -NH (C1-10 alkyl) , -N (C1-10 alkyl) 2) , substituted amine, amide (e.g., -C (=O) N (C1-10 alkyl) ) , ureas, imides, -CN, nitriles, cyano groups, or carbamates. In some embodiments, a carbon atom is optionally substituted with halogen, acyl (e.g., -C (=0) C1-10 alkyl) , C1-10 alkyl, branched C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, -OH, -O (C1-3Alkyl) , -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, or amine (e.g., -NH2, -NH (C1-10 alkyl) . In some embodiments, an optional substituent is halogen, acyl (e.g., -C (=O) C1-10 alkyl) , C1-10 alkyl, branched C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, -OH, -O (C1-10 alkyl) , -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, or amine (e.g., -NH2, -NH (C1-10 alkyl) .
[0178] A “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a positively charged group in order to maintain electronic neutrality. An anionic counterion maybe monovalent (i.e., including one formal negative charge) . An anionic counterion may also be multivalent (i.e., including more than one formal negative charge) , such as divalent or trivalent. Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F-, Cl-, Br-, I-) , NO3, ClO4, OH-, H2PO4-, HCO3-, HSO4-, sulfonate ions (e.g., me than sulfonate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, p-toluene sulfonate, benzene sulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like) , carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, and the like) , BF4, PF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, B [3, 5- (CF3) 2C6H3] 4] -, B (C6Fs) 4, BPh4-, Al (OC (CF3) 3) 4-, and carborane anions (e.g., CB11H12-or (HCB11Me5Br6-) ) .
[0179] Exemplary counterions which maybe multivalent include CO32-, HPO42-, PO43-, B4O72-, SO42-, S2O32-, carboxylate anions (e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glut a rate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like) , and carb or anes.
[0180] “Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, -F) , chlorine (chloro, -Cl) , bromine (bromo, -Br) , or iodine (iodo, -I) .
[0181] “Acyl” refers to a moiety selected from the group consisting of-C (=O) Raa, -CHO, -CO2Raa, -C (=O) N (Rbb) 2, -C (=NRbb) Raa, -C (=NRbb) ORaa, -C (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, -C (=O) NRbbSO2Raa, -C (=S) N (Rbb) 2, -C (=O) SRaa, or -C (=S) SRaa, wherein Raa and Rbb are as defined herein.
[0182] Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, -OH, -ORaa, -N (Rcc) 2, -CN, -C (=O) Raa, -C (=O) N (Rcc) 2, -CO2Raa, -SO2Raa, -C (=NRbb) Raa, -C (=NRcc) ORaa, -C (=NRcc) N (Rcc) 2, -SO2N (Rcc) 2, -SO2Rcc, -SO2ORcc, -SORaa, -C (=S) N (Rcc) 2, -C (=O) SRcc, -C (=S) SRcc, -P (=O) (ORcc) 2, -P (=O) (Raa) 2, -P (=O) (N (Rcc) 2) 2, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, hetero C1-10 alkyl, hetero C2-10 alkenyl, hetero C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rcc groups attached to an N atom are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclylor 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, hetero alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups, and wherein Raa, Rbb, Rcc and Rdd are as defined above. In certain embodiments, the substituent present on the nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “amino protecting group” ) . Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, -OH, -ORaa, -N (Rcc) 2, -C (=O) Raa, -C (=O) N (Rcc) 2, -CO2Raa, -SO2Rcc, -C (=NRcc) Raa, -C (=NR) OR, -C (=NRcc) N (Rcc) 2, -SO2N (Raa) 2, -SO2Rcc, -SO2ORcc, -SORaa, -C (=S) N (Raa) 2, -C (=O) SRcc, -C (=S) SRcc, C1-10 alkyl (e.g., aralkyl, hetero aralkyl) , C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, hetero C1-10 alkyl, hetero C2-10 alkenyl, hetero C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero alkyl, hetero alkenyl, hetero alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups, and wherein Raa, Rbb, Rcc and Rdd are as defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley &Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
[0183] For example, nitrogen protecting groups such as amide groups (e.g., -C (=O) Raa) include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenyl acetamide, o-nitrophenoxy acetamide, ace to acetamide, (N'-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino) acetamide, 3- (p-hydroxyphenyl) propanamide, 3- (o-nitrophenyl) propan amide, 2-methyl-2- (o-nitrophenoxy) propan amide, 2-methyl-2- (o-phenylazophenoxy) propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetyl methionine derivative, o-nitro benzamide, and o- (benzoyloxymethyl) benzamide. In certain embodiments, a nitrogen protecting group is formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridyl carboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N'-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino) acetamide, 3- (p-hydroxyphenyl) propanamide, 3- (onitrophenyl) propanamide, 2-methyl-2- (o-nitrophenoxy) propanamide, 2-methyl-2- (o-phenylazophenoxy) propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutan amide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine derivative, o-nitrobenzamide, oro- (benzoyloxymethyl) benzamide; or.
[0184] Nitrogen protecting groups such as carbamate groups (e.g., -C (=O) ORaa) include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc) , 9- (2-sulfo) fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9- (2, 7-dibromo) fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2, 7-di-t-butyl- [9- (10, 10-dioxo-10, 10, 10, 10-tetrahydro thioxanthyl) ] methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc) , 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Pheno c) , 2, 2, 2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc) , 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc) , 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ) , 1- (1-adamantyl) -1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc) , 1, 1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1, 1-dimethyl-2, 2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC) , 1, 1-dimethyl-2, 2, 2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC) , 1-methyl-1- (4-biphenyl yl) ethyl carbamate (Bpoc) , 1- (3, 5-di-t-butylphenyl) -1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bum eoc) , 2- (2'-and 4'-pyridyl) ethyl carbamate (Pyoc) , 2- (N, N-dicyclohexyl carbox amido) ethylcarbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC or Boc) , 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc) , vinyl carbamate (Voc) , allyl carbamate (Alloc) , 1-isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc) , cinnamyl carbamate (Coc) , 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc) , 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxy piperidinyl carbamate, alkyl dithiocarbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz) , p-methoxy benzyl carbamate (Moz) , p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chloro benzyl carbamate, 2, 4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz) , 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2- (p-toluenesulfonyl) ethyl carbamate, [2- (1, 3-dithianyl) ] methyl carbamate (Dmoc) , 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc) , 2, 4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc) , 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc) , 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc) , 1, 1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p- (dihydroxyboryl) benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2- (trifluoromethyl) -6-chrom on ylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc) , m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3, 5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3, 4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl (o-nitrophenyl) methyl carbamate, t-amylcarbamate, S-benzylthiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropyl methyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2, 2-dimethoxyacylvinyl carbamate, o- (N, N-dimethyl carboxamido) benzyl carbamate, 1, 1-dimethyl-3- (N, N-dimethylcarboxamido) propyl carbamate, 1, 1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di (2-pyridyl) methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p- (p'-methoxyphenylazo) benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1-methyl cyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1- (3, 5-di methoxyphenyl) ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1- (p-phenyl azo phenyl) ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1- (4-pyridyl) ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p- (phenylazo) benzyl carbamate, 2, 4, 6-tri-t-butylphenylcarbamate, 4- (trimethyl ammonium) benzyl carbamate, and 2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate.
[0185] Nitrogen protecting groups such as sulfonamide groups (e.g., -S (=O) 2Raa) include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts) , benzenesulfonamide, 2, 3, 6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr) , 2, 4, 6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb) , 2, 6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme) , 2, 3, 5, 6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte) , 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs) , 2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzene sulfonamide (Mts) , 2, 6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene sulfonamide (iMds) , 2, 2, 5, 7, 8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc) , methanesulfonamide (Ms) , β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES) , 9-anthracenesulfonamide, 4- (4', 8'-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl) benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS) , benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide. Other nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl- (10) -acyl derivative, N'-p-toluene sulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N'-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4, 5-diphenyl-3-ox azolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts) , N-2, 3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2, 5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1, 1, 4, 4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STA BASE) , 5-substituted 1, 3-dimethyl-1, 3, 5-triazacyclohex an-2-one, 5-substituted 1, 3-dibenzyl-1, 3, 5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3, 5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine, N- [2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy] methylamine (SEM) , N-3-acetoxypropyl-amine, N- (1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl) amine, quaternary ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di (4-methoxyphenyl) methylamine, N-5-dibenzo suberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr) , N- [ (4-methoxyphenyl) diphenylmethyl] -amine (MMTr) , N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF) , N-2, 7-dichloro-9-fluorenyl methyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm) , N-2-picolylamino N'-oxide, N-1, 1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine, N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine, N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N- [ (2-pyridyl) mesityl] methyleneamine, N- (N', N'-dimethylaminomethylene) amine, N, N'-isopropylidenediamine, N-p-nitrobenzylidene amine, N-salicylidene amine, N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine, N- (5-chloro-2-hydroxy phenyI phenylmethyleneamine, N-cyclohexylideneamine, N- (5, 5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl) amine, N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinicacid derivative, N- [phenyl (pentaacylchromium-or tungsten) acyl] amine, N-copper chelate, N-zincchelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp) , di methylthiophosphinamide (Mpt) , diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt) , dialkylphosphor amidates, dibenzylphosphoramidate, diphenylphosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps) , 2, 4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, penta chlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxy benzene sulfenamide, triphenylmethyl sulfenamide, and 3-nitro pyridinesulfen amide (Npys) .
[0186] A “hydrocarbon chain” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted divalent alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group. A hydrocarbon chain includes (1) one or more chains of carbon atoms immediately between the two radicals of the hydrocarbon chain; (2) optionally one or more hydrogen atoms on the chain (s) of carbon atoms; and (3) optionally one or more substituents ( “non-chain substituents, ” which are not hydrogen) on the chain (s) of carbon atoms. A chain of carbon atoms consists of consecutively connected carbon atoms ( “chain atoms” ) and does not include hydrogen atoms or heteroatoms. However, an on-chain substituent of a hydrocarbon chain may include any atoms, including hydrogen atoms, carbon atoms, and heteroatoms. For example, hydrocarbon chain-CAH (CBH2CCH3) -includes one chain atom CA, one hydrogen atom on CA, and non-chain substituent- (CBH2CCH3) . The term “Cx, hydrocarbon chain, ” wherein x is a positive integer, refers to a hydrocarbon chain that includes x number of chain atom (s) between the two radicals of the hydrocarbon chain. If there is more than one possible value of x, the smallest possible value of x is used for the definition of the hydrocarbon chain. For example, -CH (C2H5) -is a C1 hydrocarbon chain, and is a C3 hydrocarbon chain. When a range of values is used, the meaning of the range is as described herein. For example, a C3-10 hydrocarbon chain refers to a hydrocarbon chain where the number of chain atoms of the shortest chain of carbon atoms immediately between the two radicals of the hydrocarbon chain is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. A hydrocarbon chain maybe saturated (e.g., - (CH2) 4-) . A hydrocarbon chain may also be unsaturated and include one or more C=C and / or C≡C bonds anywhere in the hydrocarbon chain. For instance, -CH=CH- (CH2) 2-, -CH2-C≡C-CH2-, and -C≡C-CH=CH-are all examples of an unsubstituted and unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, the hydrocarbon chain is unsubstituted (e.g., -C≡C-or - (CH2) 4-) . In certain embodiments, the hydrocarbon chain is substituted (e.g., -CH (C2H5) -and-CF 2-) . Any two substituents on the hydrocarbon chain maybe joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substitutedaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring.
[0187] For instance. are all examples of a hydrocarbon chain. In contrast, in certain embodiments, are not within the scope of the hydrocarbon chains described herein. When a chain atom of a Cx hydrocarbon chain is replaced with a heteroatom, the resulting group is referred to as a Cx hydrocarbon chain wherein a chain atom is replaced with a heteroatom, as opposed to a Cx-1 hydrocarbon chain. For example, is a C3 hydrocarbon chain wherein one chain atom is replaced with an oxygen atom.
[0188] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydro bromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzene sulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphor ate, camphor sulfonate, citrate, cyclopentane propionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethane sulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemi sulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethane sulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalene sulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl propionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluene sulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+ (C1-4 alkyl) 4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.
[0189] As used herein, use of the phrase “at least one instance” refers to 1, 2, 3, 4, or more instances, but also encompasses a range, e.g., for example, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 3, or from 3 to 4 instances, inclusive.
[0190] A “non-hydrogen group” refers to any group that is defined for a particular variable that is not hydrogen.
[0191] These and other exemplary substituents are described in more detail in the Detailed Description, Examples, and claims. The invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the above exemplary listing of substituents.
[0192] Other definitions
[0193] The following definitions are more general terms used throughout the present application.
[0194] The term “solvate” refers to forms of the compound, or a salt thereof, that are associated with a solvent, usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association may include hydrogen bonding. Conventional solvents that can form solvates include water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, DMSO, THF, diethyl ether, and the like. The compounds described herein may be prepared, e.g., in crystalline form, and maybe solvated. Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates. In certain instances, the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example, when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates, and methanolates.
[0195] The term “hydrate” refers to a compound that is associated with water. Typically, the number of the water molecules contained in a hydrate of a compound is in a definite ratio to the number of the compound molecules in the hydrate. Therefore, a hydrate of a compound maybe represented, for example, by the general formula R·x H2O, wherein R is the compound, and x is a number greater than 0. A given compound may form more than one type of hydrate, including, e.g., monohydrates (x is 1) , lower hydrates (x is a number greater than O and smaller than 1, e.g., hemihydrates (R·0.5 H2O) ) , and poly hydrates (x is a number _greater than 1, e.g., dihydrates (R·2 H2O) and hexahydrates (R·6 H2O) ) .
[0196] The term “tautomers” or “tautomeric” refers to two or more inter convertible compounds resulting from at least one formal migration of a hydrogen atom and at least one change in valency (e.g., a single bond to a double bond, a triple bond to a single bond, or vice versa) . The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Tautomerizations (i.e., the reaction providing at automericpair) may catalyzed by acid or base. Exemplary tautomerizations include ketotoenol, amidetoimide, lactamtolactim, enaminetoimine, and enamine-to- (adifferent enamine) tautomerizations.
[0197] It is also to be understood that compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers” . Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers” .
[0198] Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non-super imposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers” . When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R-and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextro rotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or (-) -isomers respectively) . A chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture” .
[0199] The term “polymorphs” refers to a crystalline form of a compound (or a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof) . All polymorphs have the same elemental composition. Different crystalline forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Various polymorphs of a compound can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.
[0200] Biological Materials and Methods
[0201] Cell lines, antibodies, and compounds
[0202] Most cell lines were originally obtained from ATCC or internal stock. HeLa, HeLa Rpn13 KO, HeLa Rpn13-GFP, HEK-293T, HEK-293T Rpn13 KO, MDA-MB-231 and HCT116 were grown in Gibco DMEM + 10%FBS + 1%penicillin / streptomycin. RPMI8226 and MC-38 were grown in Gibco RPMI-1640 + 10%FBS + 1%penicillin / streptomycin. Cell lines were authenticated by the supplier. Cell lines were verified to be mycoplasma-negative using a TransDetect Mycoplasma Detection Assay.
[0203] Antibodies: anti-PD-L1 (CST, 13684) , anti-PD-L1 (Proteintech, no. 66248-1-Ig) , anti-GAPDH (Proteintech, no. 60004-1-Ig) , anti-β-actin (Sigma, A5441) , anti-BRD4 (abcam, ab128874) , anti-pan-BRD4 (abcam, ab314432) , anti-CD8 (abcam, ab217344) , anti-BRD2 (ABclonal, A23166) , anti-BRD3 (ABclonal, A19001) , anti-PD-1 (ABclonal, A5584) , anti-ubiquitin (CST, #3936) , anti-ubiquitin (life tech, lot131600) , anti-Rpn13 (Qiu Lab) , anti-Myc (Proteintech, 60003-2-Ig) . Other reagents: Cycloheximide (sigma, C7698) , MG132 (MedChemExpress, HY-13259) , Bortezomib (MedChemExpress, HY-10227) , PEG300 (MedChemExpress, HY-Y0873) , and Tween 80 (MedChemExpress, HY-Y1891) .
[0204] Cell viability assay
[0205] 5000 Cells were plated onto 96-well plates in their respective culture medium and incubated at 37 ℃in an atmosphere of 5%CO2. After overnight incubation, a serial dilution of compounds was prepared and added to the plate. The cells were further incubated for 48 h, and the CCK8 assay was then performed according to the manufacturer’s instruction to determine cell proliferation. The luminescence signal from each well was acquired using the Infinite 200 Pro plate reader (Tecan) , and the data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software) .
[0206] Immunoblotting
[0207] The cell culture experiment was conducted using a 60 mm culture dish and washed three times with cold PBS, then lysed with lysis buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) , 100 mM KCl, 0.2%NP-40, 10%Glycerol, and 1 mM ZnCl2 supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche) and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (sigma) . Lysates were then sonicated and spun at 16, 000 g for 10 min at 4 ℃. The protein concentration was measured with the Bradford Protein Assay kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, P0006) . Equal amounts of proteins were electrophoresed by SDS-PAGE (10%) under denaturing conditions and transferred onto the PDVF membranes (Millipore Corporation, IPVH00010) . Membranes were blocked in 5%nonfat milk (Sangon Biotech, A600669) and then incubated with primary antibodies at 4 ℃ overnight. After being washed in TBST buffer for three times, the membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies at RT for 1 hours, wash the membrane for three times and detected by ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (Bio-rad) .
[0208] Binding Affinity Assays
[0209] The binding affinity of compounds with the hRpn13-GFP protein was assessed using the microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay. The diluted compound was combined with hRpn13-GFP protein before being delivered into capillaries in an assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 10%glycerol, 0.05%Tween-20) . A Monolith NT. 115 instrument was used to conduct the MST measurement (Nano Temper Technologies) . The binding affinity of compounds with hRpn13 protein was assessed using the Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) assays. The compounds were diluted with an assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 5%DMSO) and the hRpn13 protein was the same. A PEAQ-ITC instrument was used to conduct the ITC measurement (MicroCal) .
[0210] Immunofluorescence
[0211] MDA-MB-231 cells were grown on 12-well culture plate at 60000 cells per well in 1mL of growth media for confocal imaging. After 24 h, NuL1-C6-BMS-37 was added to a final concentration of 2.5 μmol / L, and cells continued to incubate for a further 48 h at 37 ℃ in a 5%CO2 humidified environment. To fix with 4%paraformaldehyde: aspirate media and wash wells with 3 ×2 mL PBS, add 1mL fixing solution / well, incubate for 20 min, after 20 min, add 2 mL PBS / well and aspirate, but not to complete dryness, rinse for 3 times with 2 mL PBS, remove coverslips and place in fresh 6-well containing 1 mL / well blocking solution at RT for 30-60 min. Cells were treated with a primary anti-human PD-L1 antibody for a whole night at 4 ℃ for overnight. DAPI was used to counterstain the nuclei. DAPI was utilized to see the nuclei. Using a confocal microscope, single-plane pictures were captured (Olympus) .
[0212] Immunohistochemistry
[0213] Fix the tumor tissue with 4%paraformaldehyde, embed it in paraffin, and cut the paraffin embedded tissue into 5 μM slides. Rinse with xylene. 10 min × 2 times. EtOH. 5 min × 2 times 95%EtOH. 5 min × 2 times 70%EtOH. 5 min × 2 times ddH2O 3 min × 3 times. Antigen retrieval was completed by microwave oven treatment in 1 mmol / l EDTA, pH 9.0. Microwave heating for 7 min. Cool at room temperature for 1 h. PBS wash 2 min×3 times. Incubate at room temperature with 3%H2O2 for 15 min to eliminate endogenous catalase activity. Wash with PBS 3 min × 3 times. Blocking with 5%goat serum in PBS at room temperature for 30 minutes. Slides were incubated overnight with anti-CD8 diluted in appropriate proportion (blocking buffer dilution) overnight at 4 ℃. Wash with PBS 3 min × 3 times. Secondary antibody 37 ℃ for 30 min. Wash with PBS 3 min × 3 times. Specific signal was visualized with 3, 3′diaminobenzidin (DAB) (ZSGB-Bio, ZLI-9017 kit) , rinse with ddH2O. Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin for 1 minutes. Rinse with ddH2O. 70%EtOH 3 min, 95%EtOH 3 min, 100%EtOH 3 min, xylene 10 min × 2 times. Neutral Balsam Mounting Medium (Sangon Biotech, E675007) sealing. Microscopic observation.
[0214] Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
[0215] Trizol was used to isolate total RNA from tumor tissue, and diverse concentrations of total RNA from different tumor tissues were reverse transcribed into cDNA with Transcriptor High Fidelity cDNA Synthesis Kit (Roche) . RT-qPCR was performed in 96-Wells no-skirted PCR Plates, each well covering 10 μl final volume (5 μl SYBR Green Mix, 1 μl cDNA, 10 μM of each primer and adjusting with RNase-free H2O) by using QuantStudio 3 Real-Time PCR System (Thermofisher) . Three technical replicates are required for each sample to improve the accuracy of statistical analysis. The data, using the ΔCt method and normalized to GAPDH expression, were subjected to statistical analysis and the primers were designed using Primer Bank (https: / / pga. mgh. harvard. edu / primerbank / index. html) .
[0216] High throughput screening of Rpn13-GFP puncta-inducing and Rpn13-inhibiting molecules
[0217] Five molecules are pooled into 1 well in each 96-well plate. Pooled molecules are administered to HeLa cells stably expressing Rpn13-GFP in a Lentiviral vector at 20 μM for 12 h. The cells are fixed and observed under fluorescent microscopy at 20x. Typical Rpn13-GFP puncta are recorded. Some pooled molecules are affective only in combination, and not any one single molecule could work. Immunoblotting assays were conducted to detect global ubiquitination levels in the wild-type or the Rpn13-deficient HeLa cells treated with positive molecules or molecules from a positive pool following PAGE on a 6% / 12% (half / half) gel.
[0218] T cell isolation from the spleen and co-culture with cancer cells
[0219] Obtain fresh mouse spleen from C57BL mice, prepare myeloid cells, and digest small pieces of spleen using 5 mL of HBSS solution containing type IV collagenase (100 U / mL) and 1%FBS DNase (20 μg / mL) at 37 ° C for 20-30 min. Add 1 mM / mL EDTA and let it stand at room temperature for 5 min to terminate the enzymatic reaction. Wash cells with a large amount of PBS to pass through the sieve, centrifuge cells at 400-600 x g for 5 min at 4 ° C, discard the supernatant, and resuspend cells with RPMI-1640 medium (add 2 mM L-glutamine and 10%FBS) to achieve a cell concentration of 3 x 106 cells / mL. Coat a 6-well plate (with PBS) with 2.5 μg / mL CD3 2 h in advance. Add the cells to a CD3-coated 6-well plate, add 5 μg / ml CD28, culture, and add IL-2 after 24 h (Schade, A. E. et al. Blood 111, 1366-1377, 2008) . Continue to culture for 3 days, observe and collect T cells. Tumor cells are collected, counted, and then laid flat in a 12-well plate with 1x105 cells. Wait for the cells to adhere to the well and then add the corresponding compounds, along with the T cells (Activated) . After 48 h, the 12-well plates were washed with PBS and stained with Hoechst 33258 staining solution about 20 min. Wash 3 time with PBS and observe under a fluorescence microscope (Liu, Y. et al., Chinese Chemical Letters 34, 107762, 2023) .
[0220] Xenograft tumor model in NOD-SCID mice
[0221] For 1–2 weeks before cell injection, ensure that the mice have sufficient time to recover from transport to the new laboratory and to then become acclimatized to their surroundings. Animals were accommodated to SPF house for 1 week. Expand the RPMI8226 cells growing in culture so that there will be sufficient cells for all mice on the day of injection. Six-week-old female NOD-SCID mice were procured from GemPharmatech (Nanjing, China) . RPMI8226 cells were harvested in growth logarithmic phase after 2 washes by cold PBS. RPMI8226 (1 x 107) cells in (50%PBS + 50%Matrigel) were subcutaneously injected into NOD-SCID mice on the right flank. Transfer the cells to the animal facility as quickly as possible, ensuring that they are kept on ice at all times to maintain viability. The mice were separated into three groups at random when the average tumor size reached 100 mm3 and were then intraperitoneally administered with the vehicle control (5%DMSO+40%PEG300+5%Tween 80+50%saline) or chemical compounds once every two days. Tumor size was recorded every 3 days, while body weight was monitored every 3 days. The experiment was terminated, and the mice were sacrificed once the tumor volume in the blank control group reached about 1.5 × 103 mm3.
[0222] Allograft tumor model in C57BL / 6 mice
[0223] Murine colon adenocarcinoma MC-38 cells (5.0 × 106 cells / 100 μL) were injected subcutaneously into six-week-old C57BL / 6 mice. When the tumor volume reached about 50–100 mm3, the mice were randomly divided to control and various compound treatment groups. NuL1-C6-BMS-37, NuL1, or BMS-37 was each injected intravenously at 19.8 μmoles / kg or intraperitoneally at 15 mg / kg once a day (n = 6) . Tumor volume and mice weight were measured each day after the initiation of the treatment. Blood samples were collected at several time points after the intravenous administration, and concentrations of NuL1-C6-BMS-37 in serum were quantitated by LC-MS / MS. Blood samples and tumors were finally harvested after 11 days. Tumor volume equals length*width*width / 2. Blood was collected in heparin anticoagulant tubes, plasma was separated following centrifugation, and various blood cells were quantitated using complete blood count (CBC) analysis. Invasion of CD8+ T cells into tumor tissues was analyzed following immunohistochemical staining of PD-L1 and CD8 for tumor tissue sections. Gene expressions of GzmA, GzmB, and Prf1 tumors were assayed by qPCR to evaluate CD8+ T cells cytotoxicity.
Claims
1.A NuTAC compound is of the formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereo isomer thereof,wherein:R1, R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro, hydroxyl, carboxy, amino, halogen, cyano, and C1-C14 linear or branched alkyl groups, that are optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-C14 linear or branched alkyl, up to perhalo substituted C1-C14 linear or branched alkyl, C1-C14 alkoxy, hydrogen, nitro, hydroxyl, carboxy, amino, C1-C14 alkylamino, C1-C14 dialkylamino, halogen, and cyano;each instance of R3 is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;each instance of R4 is independently hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl;or, optionally wherein one instance of R4 and one instance of R4 are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring;or, optionally wherein one instance of R4 and one instance of R3 are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring;or, optionally wherein the moietyisL is a linker; andD is a binder of target proteins.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula (II) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereo isomer thereof, wherein:wherein R1, R2, R5 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro, hydroxyl, carboxy, amino, halogen, cyano, and C1-C14 linear or branched alkyl groups, that are optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-C14 linear or branched alkyl, up to perhalo substituted C1-C14 linear or branched alkyl, C1-C14 alkoxy, hydrogen, nitro, hydroxyl, carboxy, amino, C1-C14 alkylamino, C1-C14 dialkylamino, halogen, and cyano;L is a linker; andD is a binder of target proteins.3.The compound of anyone of claims 1 to 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein D is of the formula: 4.The compound of claims 1 to 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein the compound is of the formula: 5.The compound of claims 1 to 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein the linker is of the formula: - (CH2) n-or PEGm,wherein:n=2~10, m=1~56.The compound of claims 1 to 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein the compound is of the formula: 7.The compound of claims 1 to 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein the compound is of the formula: 8.The compound of claims 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein A is of the formula: 9.The compound of claims 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein A is of the formula: 10.A method of inducing the degradation of a target protein in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, comprising:administering with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.11.A method of inducing the degradation of PD-L1 or BET family proteins (e.g., BRD4) in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, comprising:administering with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claims 6 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.12.A method of inducing phosphorylation of Rpn13, Src-3 and FBXO2 in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, comprising:administering with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.13.A method of inhibiting activity of Rpn13 in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, comprising:administering with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.14.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as defined in any preceding claim and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or diluent thereof.15.A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13 for use as a medicament.16.A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 14, for the prophylaxis or treatment of a disease or condition independently selected from:cancer; benign proliferative disorders; infection or non-infectious inflammatory events; autoimmune diseases; inflammatory diseases; systemic inflammatory response syndromes; viral infections and diseases; ophthalmological conditions.17.A method of treating a proliferative disease (e.g., cancer) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the cancer is multiple myeloma, cervical cancer, colon carcinoma, or breast cancer.19.A method of treating a proliferative disease (e.g., cancer) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claims 6 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the cancer is multiple myeloma, cervical cancer, colon carcinoma, or breast cancer.21.A method of depleting target cellular proteins in a convenience comparable to genetic deletion of genes, and uses thereof in a cell, tissue, biological sample, or subject, comprising:administering with a compound of claims 1 to 9, or an acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.
Citation Information
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