First radio device, second radio device and methods in a wireless communciation network
Iterative nulling mechanisms in radio devices manage quantization noise to enhance DOA detection accuracy in wireless communication networks, addressing the limitations of traditional methods in dynamic target detection systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/079923
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-04
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-11
AI Technical Summary
Existing DOA estimation algorithms in wireless communication networks face challenges with single-snapshot or limited-snapshot scenarios, particularly in dynamic target detection and tracking systems, where traditional methods degrade due to inaccurate statistics and high quantization noise from strong signals, leading to failed detection of weak signals.
Implement iterative nulling mechanisms in radio devices to measure and manage quantization noise levels, allowing devices to switch roles and adjust beamforming weights to reduce quantization noise impact on DOA estimation.
Improves DOA detection accuracy by iteratively nulling strong signals, effectively reducing quantization noise and enhancing the performance of DOA estimation in challenging signal environments.
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Figure CN2024079923_12092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
FIRST RADIO DEVICE, SECOND RADIO DEVICE AND METHODS IN A WIRELESS COMMUNCIATION NETWORKTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments herein relate to communication in a wireless communication network, a first radio device, second radio device and methods therein. In some aspects, they relate to joint communication and sensing (JCAS) , Direction of Arrival (DoA) , and nulling.BACKGROUND
[0002] In a typical wireless communication network, wireless devices, also known as wireless communication devices, mobile stations, stations (STA) and / or User Equipment (UE) , communicate via a Wide Area Network or a Local Area Network such as a Wi-Fi network or a cellular network comprising a Radio Access Network (RAN) part and a Core Network (CN) part. The RAN covers a geographical area which is divided into service areas or cell areas, which may also be referred to as a beam or a beam group, with each service area or cell area being served by a radio network node such as a radio access node e.g., a Wi-Fi access point, a Base Station (BS) or a radio base station (RBS) , which in some networks may also be denoted, for example, a Base Station (BS) , a NodeB, eNodeB (eNB) , or gNodeB (gNB) as denoted in Fifth Generation (5G) telecommunications. A service area or cell area is a geographical area where radio coverage is provided by the radio network node. The radio network node communicates over an air interface operating on a radio frequency with the wireless devices within the range of the radio network node.
[0003] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is the standardization body for specifying the standards for the cellular system evolution, e.g., including 3G, 4G, 5G and the future evolutions. Specifications for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet System (EPS) have been completed within the 3GPP. In4G also called a Fourth Generation (4G) network, EPS is core network and E-UTRA is radio access network. In 5G, 5GC is core network, NR is radio access network. As a continued network evolution, the new release of 3GPP specifies a 5G network also referred to as 5G New Radio (NR) and 5G Core (5GC) .
[0004] Frequency bands for 5G NR are being separated into two different frequency ranges, Frequency Range 1 (FR1) and Frequency Range 2 (FR2) . FR1 comprises sub-6 GHz frequency bands. Some of these bands are bands traditionally used by legacy standards but have been extended to cover potential new spectrum offerings from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz. FR2 comprises frequency bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. Bands in this millimeter wave range have shorter range but higher available bandwidth than bands in the FR1.
[0005] Multi-antenna techniques may significantly increase the data rates and reliability of a wireless communication system. For a wireless connection between a single user, such as UE, and a base station (BS) , the performance is in particular improved if both the transmitter and the receiver are equipped with multiple antennas, which results in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication channel. This may be referred to as Single-User (SU) -MIMO. In the scenario where MIMO techniques is used for the wireless connection between multiple users and the base station, MIMO enables the users to communicate with the base station simultaneously using the same time-frequency resources by spatially separating the users, which increases further the cell capacity. This may be referred to as Multi-User (MU) -MIMO. Note that MU-MIMO may benefit when each UE only has one antenna. The cell capacity can be increased linearly with respect to the number of antennas at the BS side. Due to that, more and more antennas are employed in BS. Such systems and / or related techniques are commonly referred to as massive MIMO.
[0006] The 5th generation advanced (5G-A) and 6th generation (6G) mobile communication systems are expected to support novel services such as autonomous driving, extended reality (XR) , and so forth, which will require powerful communication and sensing capabilities simultaneously. Wireless sensing, including positioning, velocity detection, gesture recognition and object detection, has long been an independent technology developed in parallel with mobile communications. In 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems, higher bandwidth, full duplex, and massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technologies could be indispensable. As a result, the frequency bands and antennas of wireless communication systems are becoming similar to those of radar, which makes the joint communication and sensing (JCAS) technology feasible and promising, see Figure 1.
[0007] In JCAS, sensing and communication functions will be mutually beneficial in the same system, which can improve the spectral and energy efficiency while reducing the hardware cost. The application of JCAS technology in future mobile networks has already become a consensus. For example, the international telecommunication union (ITU) international mobile telecommunication-2030 (IMT-2030) has identified JSC as one of the candidates’ enabling technologies of 6G. Also, some operator like CMCC has require JCAS functions in 5G-A network for early phase research.
[0008] Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation plays an important role for sensing target localization. Traditional high-resolution DOA estimation algorithms use the statistics of observed signals to improve the performance efficiency, such as multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm and estimation method of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) etc.
[0009] These algorithms require to receive the signals observed in a period of time. However, in dynamic target detection and tracking systems, only single snapshot or a small number of snapshots are available for DOA estimation. In this case, the statistics information is not accurate, and thus traditional algorithms degrade dramatically.
[0010] Therefore, the performance of single-snapshot or limited-snapshot DOA estimation traditional DOA estimators using a few snapshots, such as MUSIC, deterministic maximum likelihood, stochastic maximum likelihood, and weighted subspace fitting. It was shown that these algorithms cannot work at all or cannot show a superior performance as expected, especially for multitarget complex scenarios including targets under low SNR situation. For example:
[0011] ● Two received signals with DoA of 40 deg and 15degree seperately.
[0012] ● Two received signals strength difference is 30dB.
[0013] ● SNR of weak signal is 20dB, and strong signal is 50dB separately.
[0014] DOA estimation based on MUSIC algorithm floating point simulation, 2 peaks are successfully detected on 40 degrees and 15 degrees, see Figure 2A.
[0015] One the other hand, if SNR is reduced, i.e., SNR of weak signal is 0dB, and strong signal is 30dB separately. DOA estimation based on MUSIC algorithm floating point simulation, only 1 peak are successfully detected on 40 degrees, see Figure 2B
[0016] The weak signal at 15 degree fails to be detected and if we zoom in. It is overwhelmed by the leakage energy from the strong signal and noise due to the low SNR, see Figure 2C.
[0017] Quantization noise results from when an analogue continuous signal is converted to a discrete one with fewer levels, as show in Figure 3. Difference between analogue continuous signal and converted discrete one is called quantization noise, Δ.
[0018] An optimal balance between quantization noise level and system complexity is required in the communication system since higher quantization levels lead to increased computation cycles, memory costs, and front-haul transport loads. For instance, the current gNB uplink receiver uses 4 bit AGC factors for mid-band and I 9 bit + Q 9 bit.
[0019] Consider bi / multi-static sensing as an example. Unlike communication systems, the sensing signal may experience a higher signal dynamic range, which may lead to the failure of DoA detection. As there were always LOS between the gNBs that were put generally at the top of the roof. Compared to the reflected signal from the detecting target, this LOS signal is substantially stronger:
[0020] ● The sensing target's size and material determine how much loss is introduced, which is typically between -20dB and 20dB.
[0021] ● More propagation loss-20dB~70dB-will depend on propagation distance owing to reflection as compared to LOS.
[0022] In conclusion, the sensing target's desired “reflecting” signal is substantially weaker than the LOS signal. See e.g., Figure 4.
[0023] Due to the high signal strength differential, the sensing target's DoA detection will be blocked by quantization noise, which is mostly caused by the strong signal strength. Simulation results shows:
[0024] ● SNR of reflected signal from sensing target is 30dB, which is quite good.
[0025] ● Signal strength difference between LOS and sensing signal is 50dB.
[0026] ● Quantization method use current gNB solution, i.e. 9bit I+9bit Q+4bit AGC factor.
[0027] One potential solution is to use higher bit-width of IQ data and lower down the quantization noise, but this implies adding more overhead to the communication system and making the integration of the sensing function with communication "expensive. " This "self-blocking" issue from quantization noise will cause the sensing system to fail to function due to the LOS between gNB.SUMMARY
[0028] An object of embodiments herein is to provide a mechanism handling communication in a wireless communication network, thereby improving the performance in the wireless communication network.
[0029] According to an aspect of embodiments herein, the object is achieved by a method performed by a first radio device for handling communication in a wireless communication network.
[0030] The first radio device measures a noise and interference level. The noise and interference level is measured in time window where no signal is received.
[0031] The first radio device receives a first sensing signal from a second radio device.
[0032] The first radio device estimates a quantization noise level of the first signal received from a second radio device.
[0033] The first radio device transmits any one out of a second sensing signal to the second radio device, or a measurement report comprising measurement results related to the first sensing signal, based on the quantization noise level and the threshold.
[0034] According to another aspect of embodiments herein, the object is achieved by a method performed by a second radio device for handling communication in a wireless communication network.
[0035] The second radio device transmits a first sensing signal to a first radio device.
[0036] When it is determined that a second sensing signal has been received from the first radio device, the second radio device updates a direction for retransmitting the first signal to the first radio device.
[0037] The second radio device retransmits the first sensing signal to the first radio device according to the updated direction.
[0038] According to another aspect of embodiments herein, the object is achieved by a first radio device configured to handle communication in a wireless communication network.
[0039] The first radio device is configured to measure a noise and interference level. The noise and interference level is measured in time window and / or slot where no signal is received.
[0040] The first radio device is configured to receive a first sensing signal from a second radio device.
[0041] The first radio device is configured to estimate a quantization noise level of the first signal received from a second radio device.
[0042] The first radio device is configured to transmit any one out of a second sensing signal to the second radio device, or a measurement report comprising measurement results related to the first sensing signal, based on the quantization noise level and the threshold.
[0043] According to another aspect of embodiments herein, the object is achieved by a second radio device configured to handle communication in a wireless communication network.
[0044] The second radio device is configured to transmit a first sensing signal to a first radio device.
[0045] When it is determined that a second sensing signal has been received from the first radio device, the second radio device is configured to update a direction for retransmitting the first signal to the first radio device.
[0046] The second radio device is configured to retransmit the first sensing signal to the first radio device according to the updated direction.
[0047] Since a first radio device measures a noise and interference level, where the noise and interference level is measured in time window and / or slot where no signal is received, and further receives a first sensing signal from a second radio device, it may be determined whether the quantization noise level is above or equal to, or below a threshold. Thus, quantization noise impact to DoA detection can be avoided by iterative nulling.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0048] Examples of embodiments herein are described in more detail with reference to attached drawings in which:
[0049] Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of joint communication and sensing.
[0050] Figure 2A shows MUSIC spatial spectrum for 2 signals with high SNR.
[0051] Figure 2B shows MUSIC spatial spectrum for 2 signals with lower SNR.
[0052] Figure 2C shows zoom in detection result for 2 signals with lower SNR.
[0053] Figure 3 illustrates quantization principle.
[0054] Figure 4 illustrates when LOS signal is much stronger than the sensing signal.
[0055] Figure 5 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a wireless communication network.
[0056] Figure 6 is a flowchart depicting embodiments of a method in a first radio device.
[0057] Figure 7 is a flowchart depicting embodiments of a method in a second radio device.
[0058] Figure 8 shows a combined flow and signaling diagram according to embodiments herein.
[0059] Figure 9 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a first radio device.
[0060] Figure 10 is a schematic block diagram illustrating embodiments of a second radio device.
[0061] Figu re 11 shows an example of a communication system QQ100 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0062] Figu re 12 shows a UE QQ200 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0063] Figu re 13 shows a network node QQ300 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0064] Figure 14 is a block diagram of a host QQ400, which may be an embodiment of the host QQ116 of Fig. 11, in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0065] Figure 15 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment QQ500 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.
[0066] Figure 16 shows a communication diagram of a host QQ602 communicating via a network node QQ604 with a UE QQ606 over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0067] Embodiments herein relate to iterative nulling for JCAS DOA estimation in a wireless communication network.
[0068] According to examples of embodiments herein a mechanism between sensing radio devices to help them determine they can communicate with each other is provided. E.g., methods according to embodiments herein enable a first radio device and a second radio device to determine to to switch their roles, such as from transmitter to receiver and vice versa.
[0069] Examples of embodiments herein may enable to repeatedly use nulling to decrease the quantization noise. Moreover, the second radio device may identify a strong signal DoA for nulling after each cycle.
[0070] ● The firs radio device may measure the thermal noise and interference level PIN, without any sensing signal transmission.
[0071] ● While (1)
[0072] ○ Send out sensing signal from the second radio device.
[0073] ○ At the first radio device:
[0074] ■ Detect DoA θrx and other measurement object, such as Delay Drx for sensing.
[0075] ■ Measure the total signal strength Ptotal.
[0076] ○ If the quantization noise Pquantization< threshold Break;
[0077] ○ The first radio device may trigger nulling direction detection procedure, including:
[0078] ■ The first radio device may transmit signal only to the direction of θrx
[0079] ■ The second radio device may measure received signal direction θtx
[0080] ○ The second radio device may update the sensing signal transmission beam weights, and nulling to the direction θtx
[0081] Each iteration may remove those sensing signal from the direction which will generate high quantization noise.
[0082] Examples of embodiments herein, may e.g., provide the advantage DoA detection accuracy is improved as the impact of quantization noise from LOS is removed.
[0083] Embodiments herein relate to wireless communication networks in general. Figure 5 is a schematic overview depicting a wireless communication network 100. The wireless communication network 100 comprises one or more RANs and one or more CNs. The wireless communication network 100may use a number of different technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, 5G, New Radio (NR) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications / enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (GSM / EDGE) , Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , or Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , just to mention a few possible implementations. Embodiments herein relate to recent technology trends that are of particular interest in a 5G context, however, embodiments are also applicable in further development of the existing wireless communication systems such as e.g. WCDMA and LTE.
[0084] A number of network nodes operate in the wireless communication network 100 such as e.g. a first radio device 121 and / or a second radio device 122. The first radio device 121 and / or the second radio device 122 provides radio coverage in a number of cells which may also be referred to as a beam or a beam group of beams.
[0085] The first radio device 121 and / or the second radio device 122 may each be any of a RAN node, a transmission and reception point e.g. a base station, a radio access network node such as a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) access point or an Access Point Station (AP STA) , an access controller, a base station, e.g. a radio base station such as a NodeB, an evolved Node B (eNB, eNode B) , agNB, a base transceiver station, a radio remote unit, an Access Point Base Station, a base station router, a transmission arrangement of a radio base station, a stand-alone access point or any other network unit capable of communicating with a wireless device within the service area served by the second radio device 122 depending e.g. on the first radio access technology and terminology used. The first radio device 121 and / or the radio second radio device 122 may be referred to as a serving radio network node and communicates with UE with Downlink (DL) transmissions to the UE and Uplink (UL) transmissions from the UE.
[0086] In the wireless communication network 100, one or more UEs operate, such as e.g. the first radio device 121 and / or the second radio device 122. The first radio device 121 and / or the second radio device 122 may also referred to as a device, an IoT device, a mobile station, a non-access point (non-AP) STA, a STA, a user equipment and / or a wireless terminals, communicate via one or more Access Networks (AN) , e.g. RAN, to one or more core networks (CN) . It should be understood by the skilled in the art that “wireless device” is a non-limiting term which means any terminal, wireless communication terminal, user equipment, Machine Type Communication (MTC) device, Device to Device (D2D) terminal, or node e.g. smart phone, laptop, mobile phone, sensor, relay, mobile tablets or even a small base station communicating within a cell.
[0087] As seen above, the first radio device 121 and the second radio device 122 may be a respective network node, such as a network node providing network coverage and / or cells for communication, or a respective wireless device. Alternatively, the first radio device 121 may be a network node, such as a network node providing network coverage and / or cells for communication, and the second radio device 122 may be wireless device, or vice versa.
[0088] The wireless communication network 100 further comprises a network node 110, which may also be referred to as a sensing processing function. The network node 110 may be a standalone network node, or it may be comprised in, or collocated with, another node, such as any one of the first radio device 121, the second radio device 122 or another node in the wireless communication network 100.
[0089] Methods herein may be performed by the first radio device 121 and the second radio device 122. As an alternative, a Distributed Node (DN) and functionality, e.g. comprised in a cloud 130as shown in Figure 5, may be used for performing or partly performing the methods herein.
[0090] The above described problem is addressed in a number of embodiments, some of which may be seen as alternatives, while some may be used in combination.
[0091] A method according to embodiments will now be described from the view of the first radio device 110 together with Figure 6. Figure 6 shows example embodiments of a method performed by a first radio device 121 for handling communication in the wireless communication network 100. The method comprises the following actions, which actions may be taken in any suitable order. Actions that may be optional are presented in dashed boxes in Figure 3.
[0092] Action 601
[0093] The first radio device 121 measures a noise and interference level. The noise and interference level is measured in time window where no signal is received. The noise and interference level may e.g., be used to estimate an acceptable quantization noise level. E.g., a quantization noise level may be considered acceptable when below a threshold. The threshold may be defined as X dB below the measured noise and interference level, where X is any suitable value. Thus, measuring the noise and interference level may comprise determining the threshold, e.g., as X dB below the measured noise and interference level. This may mean that the threshold may be expressed as: PIN-X dB
[0094] where PIN is the measured noise and interference level.
[0095] The noise and interference level may also be referred to as the thermal noise and interference level.
[0096] in other words, the first radio device measures the noise and interference level without any sensing signal transmission.
[0097] Action 602
[0098] The first radio device 121 receives a first sensing signal from the second radio device 122. The first sensing signal may e.g., be received in a time window and / or slot configured for transmitting and / or receiving sensing signals.
[0099] In some embodiments, receiving the first sensing signal may comprise determining, such as measuring or estimating, a signal strength and DoA of the first sensing signal. The DoA may also be referred to as θrx, and may represent the angle relative a receiving antenna, or receiving antenna elements, of the first radio device 121 at which the first sensing signal was received. The signal strength may also be referred to as Ptotal.
[0100] in other words, the first radio device 121 may, in some embodiments, determine, such as detect, measure or estimate, the DoA θrx and other characteristics of the first sensing signal, such as a sensing delay and signal strength of the sensing signal.
[0101] Action 603
[0102] The first radio device 121 estimates a quantization noise level of the first sensing signal received from a second radio device 122.
[0103] In some embodiments, the quantization noise level may be determined based on the signal strength of the first sensing signal. The signal strength, as mentioned above, be determined by the first radio device 121 when receiving the first sensing signal. The quantization noise level may e.g., be determined, such as calculated or estimated, as Pquantization=Ptotal-Y dB*IQ bitwid th, where Pquantization is the quantization noise level, Ptotal the determined signal strength of the first sensing signal Y is any suitable value and IQ bitwidt h is the IQ bitwidth of the first sensing signal.
[0104] The quantization noise level may e.g., be estimated, such as calculated or determined, as Pquantization=Ptotal-6dB*IQ bitwidth, where Pquantization is the quantization noise level, Ptotal the determined signal strength of the first sensing signal Y is any suitable value and IQ bitwidth is the IQ bitwidth of the first sensing signal. Thus, the quantization noise level may be estimated based on the signal strength of the first sensing signal, and also the IQ bitwidth.
[0105] In some embodiments, estimating the quantization noise level may comprise determining whether the quantization noise level is above, below or equal to the threshold. This may comprise comparing the quantization noise level of the first sensing signal with the threshold.
[0106] Action 604
[0107] The first radio device 121 transmits any one out of a second sensing signal to the second radio device 122 or a measurement report to the network node 110. The measurement report comprises measurement results related to the first sensing signal. Whether to transmit the second sensing signal or the measurement report is based on the estimated quantization noise level and the threshold.
[0108] In some embodiments, second sensing signal may be transmitted when the quantization noise level is above or equal to a threshold, and the measurement report may be transmitted when the estimated quantization noise level is below the threshold. In other words, the radio device 121 may transmit the second sensing signal when determined that the estimated quantization noise level is above or equal the threshold, i.e., when the quantization noise level is higher than acceptable. The second sensing signal may e.g., be transmitted in a time window and / or slot configured for transmitting and / or receiving sensing signals. This may be the same time window or slot that the first sensing signal was received in, or it may another time window and / or slot.
[0109] A mentioned above, the first radio device 121 may determine whether the quantization noise level is above, below or equal to the threshold. In other words, the first radio node 121 may transmit the second sensing signal when: Pquantization≥PIN-X dB
[0110] where PIN-X dB is, as mentioned above, the threshold.
[0111] Further, the first radio device 121 may transmit the measurement report when: Pquantization<PIN-X dB
[0112] where PIN-X dB is, as mentioned above, the threshold.
[0113] In some embodiments, the second signal may be transmitted in the direction of arrival associated with the first sensing signal.
[0114] The second sensing signal may also be referred to as a nulling measurement signal. The second sensing signal may enable the second radio device 122 to determine a nulling direction for sending a further first sensing signal. The first radio device 121 may e.g., use beamforming to send the second sensing signal. The beamforming may comprise focusing the energy in the DoA of the received first sensing signal, such asθrx.
[0115] The first radio device 121 may iteratively repeat the steps of receiving the first sensing signal from the second radio device 122, estimating the quantization noise level of the first sensing signal received from the second radio device 122 and transmitting the second sensing signal to the second radio device 122 until the first radio device 121 transmits the measurement report. In other words, the first radio device 121 repeats said steps until the quantization noise level is below the threshold, and sends the measurement report. This enables the second radio device to perform nulling in the one or more directions where the first radio device 121 determined the estimated quantization noise level to be above or equal to the threshold.
[0116] A method according to embodiments will now be described from the view of the second radio device 122 together with Figure 7. Figure 7 shows example embodiments of a method performed by a second radio device 122 for handling communication in the wireless communication network 100. The method comprises the following actions, which actions may be taken in any suitable order. Actions that may be optional are presented in dashed boxes in Figure 3.
[0117] Action 701
[0118] The second radio device 122 transmits a first sensing signal to a first radio device. The first sensing signal may be transmitted using a first set of beamforming weights. The first sensing signal may be transmitted in the time window and / or slot configured for transmitting and / or receiving sensing signals.
[0119] Actions 702
[0120] In some embodiments, the second radio device 122 determines whether or not a second sensing signal has been received. The radio device 121 may determine that the second sensing signal has been received by receiving the second sensing signal. Receiving the second sensing signal may comprise determining a DoA of the second sensing signal. The DoA may also be referred to as θtx, and may represent the angle relative a receiving antenna, or receiving antenna elements, of the second radio device 122 at which the second sensing signal was received. The second sensing signal may also be referred to as a nulling measurement signal. The second sensing signal may enable the second radio device 122 to determine a nulling direction for sending a further first sensing signal.
[0121] The second sensing signal may, in some embodiments, be received in a time window and / or slot configured for transmitting and / or receiving sensing signals. This may be the same time window or slot that the first sensing signal was transmitted in, or it may another time window and / or slot.
[0122] Action 703
[0123] When the second radio device 122 has determined that the second sensing signal has been received from the first radio device 121, the second radio device 122 updates a direction for retransmitting the first signal to the first radio device 121.
[0124] In some embodiments, updating the direction for retransmitting the first sensing signal may comprise determining a nulling direction. Updating the direction may further comprise generating updated beamforming weights taking the nulling direction into account. E.g., generating the updated may comprise updating the first set of beamforming weights.
[0125] The nulling direction may correspond to the DoA of the second sensing signal. Thus, the second radio device 122 may determine the nulling direction based on the DoA of the second sensing signal. This since the second sensing signal was transmitted from the first radio device 121 in the direction the first radio device 121 received the first sensing signal, i.e., the second sensing signal will propagate along the same path to the second radio device 122 as the first sensing signal propagated along from the second radio device 122 to the first radio device 121. Thus, the DoA of the second sensing signal will correspond to the direction of transmission of the first sensing signal that the first radio device 121 received and measured.
[0126] In some embodiments, the updated beamforming weights may be generated based on beamforming weights used when transmitting the first sensing signal, such as the first set of beamforming weights. Examples of how to generate the updated beamforming weights is explained below.
[0127] Action 704
[0128] The second radio device 122 retransmits the first sensing signal to the first radio device 121 according to the updated direction.
[0129] In some embodiments, the second radio device 122 may retransmit the first sensing signal using, such as applying, the generated update beamforming weights. This may mean that the second radio device nulls the first sensing signal in the DoA of the second sensing signal. In other words, the second radio device 122 performs nulling on the first sensing signal in the DoA of the received second sensing signal by transmitting the second sensing signal using, such as applying, the updated beamforming weights.
[0130] In some embodiments, the second radio device 122 may repeatedly perform the steps of determine whether the second sensing signal has been received from the first radio device, update the direction for retransmitting the first sensing signal to the first radio device 121 and retransmit the first sensing signal to the first radio device 121 according to the updated direction until the determined that the second sensing signal has not been received, e.g., in the time window and / or slot configured for transmitting and / / or receiving sensing signals.
[0131] The above embodiments will now be further explained and exemplified below. These below embodiments may be combined with any suitable embodiment as described above.
[0132] Figure 8 shows an example according to embodiments herein, which may be combined with the methods described above.
[0133] S801. The first radio device 121 measures the thermal noise and interference level PIN. The measurement is performed in absence of any sensing signals, such as in a time window and / or slot when not sensing signals are received. This step's goal is to estimate what degree of quantization noise is acceptable. The first radio device 121 may consider, such as determine, quantization noise to be ignorable if it is below a threshold, such as e.g., 3dB less than PIN.
[0134] S802. A first sensing signal is sent, or transmitted, by the second radio device 122. The second radio device 122 may e.g., broadcast the sensing signal during the first iteration, and during subsequent iterations, it may send out the signal in the direction indicated by the result of S908.
[0135] S803. The first radio device 121 receives the signal that was sent out and "echoed" , such as the first sensing signal.
[0136] S804. For sensing services, the sensing receiver may identify, such as determine or estimate, the DoA θrx, dealy, and other information.
[0137] S805. The overall signal strength Ptotal, such as the signal strength of the first sensing signal, which may be averaged over the reception antennas or antenna elements, may be measured, or determined, by the first radio device 121. The first radio device 121 may determined the quantization noise level of the first sensing signal according to: Pquantization=Ptotal-6dB*IQ bitwidth
[0138] a) If Pquantization < PIN-3dB or Ptotal<PIN-3dB+6dB*IQ bitwidth the quantization noise of the first sensing signal is neglectable, i.e., below the threshold, and measurement result may be reported, as described in S909.
[0139] b) If Pquantization >= PIN-3dB or Ptotal≥PIN-3dB+6dB*IQ bitwidth nulling may be carried out by the second radio device 122, as described in S906-S908 below, as the quantization noise isn't ignorable, i.e., above or equal to the threshold.
[0140] S806. The first radio device 121 may, when determined the quantization noise level is above or equal to the threshold, transmit a nulling measurement signal, such as the second sensing signal, to the first radio device 122in order for the second radio device 122 to determine the nulling direction. Additionally, beamforming may be used to send the second sensing signal, focusing the energy on the direction of θrx.
[0141] S807. The second radio device 122 may measure the nulling direction θtx, such as receiving the second sensing signal and measure the nulling direction by determining the DoA of the second sensing signal.
[0142] S808. The second radio device 122may update the direction of the first sensing signal. The first radio device 121 and the second radio device 122 may repeat S902-S907 repeatedly but with an updated sensing signal direction (θtx will be nulled) . This until the quantization noise level estimated by the first radio device 121 is below the threshold.
[0143] S809. For further sensing processing, the measurement result may be transmitted to the network node 110, such as a sensing processing function.
[0144] If the second radio device 122 has determined the nulling direction, e.g., as explained above, then beamforming may be used to send, such as retransmit, the first sensing signal repeatedly, and the sensing signal direction will be updated, e.g., by updating the beamforming weights:
[0145] Where,
[0146] ● Wnulling (f) is updated beamforming weights with nulling that are specific to a particular frequency point. Presenting the beam weights of sensing transmitter is a Tx ant Number *1 vector.
[0147] ● Wprevious (f) is previous beamforming weights, after the first iteration without nulling, that are specific to a particular frequency point. Presenting the beamforming weights of the second radio device 122is a Tx ant Number *1 vector.
[0148] ● H (f) is a channel impulse response, representing the determined nulling direction. It is specific for different frequency point and is a Tx ant Number *1 vectors.
[0149] ● HH(f) is Hermitian Transpose of H (f) .
[0150] ● σ2I is a unit matrix with small amplitude to avoid singular Matrix inverse.
[0151] ● Norm () operation is to normalize the power of the weights.
[0152] For bi-static / multi-static sensing, it may be configured which slots / symbols are used for sensing so that second radio device 122 may transmit the first sensing signal and the first radio device 121 may be prepared to receive the first sensing signal. This may not enough though. As mentioned above, in order to let the second radio device 122 know which direction to be nulled, the first radio device 121 may need to switch to transmitting and the second radio device 122 may need to switch to receiving, in order for the second radio device 122 to identify the right direction to null. Such configuration may need be agreed between the second radio device 122 and the first radio device 121, so that the first radio device 121 knows when to transmit the second sensing signal, such as the nulling measurement signal, in the reverse path and the second radio device 122 is ready to receive this signal. When the first radio device 121 may start to transmit signal in reverse path depends on how fast it is able to process the signal. However, it is prefered that the duration from the time the first radio device 122receives the first sensing signal to the time the first radio device 121 transmits the second sensing signal is in a few symbols such that the first radio device 121may transmit the signal in the same slot as the second radio device 122 transmits the first sensing signal. This way, it is possible for the second radio device 122 to retune its beamforming or nulling timely.
[0153] Assuming the agreed duration from the time the first radio device 121 receives the first sensing signal to the time the first radio device 121 transmits the second sensing signal is N symbols, then when the second radio device 122 transmits the first sensing signal at slot T and symbol 0, the second radio device 122needs to make sure that it will switch to receiving mode and receive signal at slot T and symbol N. If the second radio device 122 does not detect anything, it is sure that the beamforming / nulling weights used at slot T and symbol 0 is suitable for detect sensing object and it may continue use those weights. If the second radio device 122 detects a strong signal from direction θtx, then it knows that this direction needs be nulled.
[0154] To perform the method actions above, the first radio device 121 is configured to handle communication the wireless communication network 100. The first radio device 121 may comprise an arrangement depicted in Figure 9.
[0155] The first radio device 121 may comprise an input and output interface 900 configured to communicate with each other. The input and output interface 900may comprise a receiver, e.g. wired and / or wireless, (not shown) and a transmitter, e.g. wired and / or wireless, (not shown) .
[0156] The embodiments herein may be implemented through a respective processor or one or more processors, such as at least one processor 960 of a processing circuitry in the first radio device 121 depicted in Figure 9, together with computer program code for performing the functions and actions of the embodiments herein. The program code mentioned above may also be provided as a computer program product, for instance in the form of a data carrier carrying computer program code for performing the embodiments herein when being loaded into the first radio device 121. One such carrier may be in the form of a CD ROM disc. It is however feasible with other data carriers such as a memory stick. The computer program code may furthermore be provided as pure program code on a server and downloaded to the first radio device 121.
[0157] The first radio device 121 and / or processor 960 is configured to handle communication in the wireless communication network 100.
[0158] The first radio device 121 and / or processor 960 is configured to measure a noise and interference level. The noise and interference level is measured in time window where no signal is received.
[0159] The first radio device 121 and / or processor 960 is configured to receive a first sensing signal from a second radio device 122.
[0160] The first radio device 121 and / or processor 960 is configured to estimate a quantization noise level of the first sensing signal received from a second radio device 122.
[0161] The first radio device 121 and / or processor 960 is configured to transmit any one out of:
[0162] - a second sensing signal to the second radio device 122, or
[0163] - a measurement report adapted to comprise measurement results related to the first sensing signal to a network node 110,
[0164] based on estimated quantization noise level and a threshold.
[0165] In some embodiments, the second sensing signal is transmitted when the quantization noise level is above or equal to the threshold. The measurement report may transmitted when the quantization noise level is below the threshold.
[0166] In some embodiments, the quantization noise level is determined based on a signal strength of the first sensing signal.
[0167] In some embodiments, the threshold is determined based on the measured noise and interference level.
[0168] In some embodiments, to receive the first sensing signal is adapted to comprise determining a signal strength and direction of arrival of the first sensing signal.
[0169] In some embodiments, the second sensing signal is transmitted in a direction of arrival associated with the first sensing signal.
[0170] In some embodiments, the first radio device 121 and / or processor 960 may further be configured to iteratively repeat the steps of receive the first sensing signal, estimate the quantization noise level and transmit the second sensing signal until the first radio device 121 has transmitted a measurement report.
[0171] The first radio device 121 may further comprise a memory 970 comprising one or more memory units. The memory 970 comprises instructions executable by the processor 960in first radio device 121. The memory 970 is arranged to be used to store e.g. information, indications, data, configurations, directions, noise levels, thresholds, and applications to perform the methods herein when being executed in the first radio device 121.
[0172] In some embodiments, a computer program 980 comprises instructions, which when executed by the respective at least one processor 960, cause the at least one processor 960 of the first radio device 121 to perform the actions above.
[0173] In some embodiments, a respective carrier 990 comprises the respective computer program 980, wherein the carrier 990 is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, a magnetic signal, an electric signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.
[0174] Thus, embodiments herein may disclose the first radio device 121 configured to handle communication in the wireless communication network 100. The first radio device 121 comprises the processor 960and the memory 970, said memory 970 comprising instructions executable by said processor 960 whereby said first radio device 121 is operative to perform any of the methods herein.
[0175] As will be readily understood by those familiar with communications design, that functions means or modules may be implemented using digital logic and / or one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other digital hardware. In some embodiments, several or all of the various functions may be implemented together, such as in a single application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or in two or more separate devices with appropriate hardware and / or software interfaces between them. Several of the functions may be implemented on a processor shared with other functional components of a base station, for example.
[0176] Alternatively, several of the functional elements of the processing means discussed may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware, while others are provided with hardware for executing software, in association with the appropriate software or firmware. Thus, the term “processor” or “controller” as used herein does not exclusively refer to hardware capable of executing software and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, read-only memory (ROM) for storing software, random-access memory for storing software and / or program or application data, and non-volatile memory. Other hardware, conventional and / or custom, may also be included. Designers of communications receivers will appreciate the cost, performance, and maintenance trade-offs inherent in these design choices.
[0177] Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs) , special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM) , random-access memory (RAM) , cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and / or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0178] To perform the method actions above, the second radio device 122 is configured to handle communication the wireless communication network 100. The second radio device 122 may comprise an arrangement depicted in Figure 10.
[0179] The second radio device 122may comprise an input and output interface 1000 configured to communicate with each other. The input and output interface 1000may comprise a receiver, e.g. wired and / or wireless, (not shown) and a transmitter, e.g. wired and / or wireless, (not shown) .
[0180] The embodiments herein may be implemented through a respective processor or one or more processors, such as at least one processor 1060 of a processing circuitry in the second radio device 122 depicted in Figure 10, together with computer program code for performing the functions and actions of the embodiments herein. The program code mentioned above may also be provided as a computer program product, for instance in the form of a data carrier carrying computer program code for performing the embodiments herein when being loaded into the second radio device 122. One such carrier may be in the form of a CD ROM disc. It is however feasible with other data carriers such as a memory stick. The computer program code may furthermore be provided as pure program code on a server and downloaded to the second radio device 122.
[0181] The second radio device 122 and / or the processor 1060 is configured to handle communication in the wireless communication network 100.
[0182] The second radio device 122 and / or the processor 1060 is configured to transmit a first sensing signal to a first radio device 121.
[0183] The second radio device 122 and / or the processor 1060 is configured to, when determined that a second sensing signal has been received from the first radio device 121, update a direction for retransmitting the first sensing signal to the first radio device 121.
[0184] The second radio device 122 and / or the processor 1060 is configured to retransmit the first sensing signal to the first radio device 121 according to the updated direction.
[0185] In some embodiments, to update the direction for retransmitting the first signal is adapted to comprise determine a nulling direction, and generate updated beamforming weights taking the nulling direction into account.
[0186] In some embodiments, the updated beamforming weights are generated based on beamforming weights used to transmit the first sensing signal.
[0187] In some embodiments, the nulling direction is adapted to correspond to a direction of arrival of the second sensing signal.
[0188] In some embodiments, the second radio device 122 and / or the processor 1060 may further be configured to retransmit the first signal by transmitting the first signal using the generated updated beamforming weights.
[0189] In some embodiments, the second radio device 122 and / or the processor 1060 may further be configured to determine that the second signal has been received by receiving the second sensing signal, wherein receiving the second sensing signal comprises to determine a direction of arrival for the second signal.
[0190] In some embodiments, the second radio device 122 and / or the processor 1060 may further be configured to repeatedly performing the steps of determine whether the second sensing signal has been received, update the direction for retransmission, and retransmit the first sensing signal until determined that the second sensing signal has not been received.
[0191] The second radio device 122 may further comprise a memory 1070 comprising one or more memory units. The memory 1070 comprises instructions executable by the processor 1060 in second radio device 122. The memory 1070 is arranged to be used to store e.g. information, indications, data, configurations, directions, noise levels, thresholds, and applications to perform the methods herein when being executed in the second radio device 122.
[0192] In some embodiments, a computer program 1080 comprises instructions, which when executed by the respective at least one processor 1060, cause the at least one processor 1060 of the second radio device 122 to perform the actions above.
[0193] In some embodiments, a respective carrier 1090 comprises the respective computer program 1080, wherein the carrier 1090 is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, a magnetic signal, an electric signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.
[0194] Thus, embodiments herein may disclose the second radio device 122 configured to handle communication in the wireless communication network 100. The second rad io device 122 comprises the processor 1060 and the memory 1070, said memory 1070 comprising instructions executable by said processor 1060 whereby said second radio device 122 is operative to perform any of the methods herein.
[0195] As will be readily understood by those familiar with communications design, that functions means or modules may be implemented using digital logic and / or one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other digital hardware. In some embodiments, several or all of the various functions may be implemented together, such as in a single application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or in two or more separate devices with appropriate hardware and / or software interfaces between them. Several of the functions may be implemented on a processor shared with other functional components of a base station, for example.
[0196] Alternatively, several of the functional elements of the processing means discussed may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware, while others are provided with hardware for executing software, in association with the appropriate software or firmware. Thus, the term “processor” or “controller” as used herein does not exclusively refer to hardware capable of executing software and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, read-only memory (ROM) for storing software, random-access memory for storing software and / or program or application data, and non-volatile memory. Other hardware, conventional and / or custom, may also be included. Designers of communications receivers will appreciate the cost, performance, and maintenance trade-offs inherent in these design choices.
[0197] Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs) , special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM) , random-access memory (RAM) , cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and / or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0198] ADDITIONAL EXPLANATION
[0199] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.
[0200] Figure 11 shows an example of a communication system QQ100 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0201] In the example, the communication system QQ100 includes a telecommunication network QQ102 that includes an access network QQ104, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network QQ106, which includes one or more core network nodes QQ108 (being examples of the network node 110) . The access network QQ104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes QQ110a and QQ110b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes QQ110 being examples of the network node 110) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network QQ102 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network QQ102 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network QQ102, including one or more network nodes QQ110 and / or core network nodes QQ108.
[0202] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes QQ110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs QQ112a, QQ112b, QQ112c, and QQ112d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs QQ112 being examples of the wireless device 121) to the core network QQ106 over one or more wireless connections.
[0203] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system QQ100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system QQ100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0204] The UEs QQ112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes QQ110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes QQ110 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs QQ112 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network QQ102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network QQ102.
[0205] In the depicted example, the core network QQ106 connects the network nodes QQ110 to one or more hosts, such as host QQ116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network QQ106 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node QQ108) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node QQ108. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De- concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0206] The host QQ116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network QQ104 and / or the telecommunication network QQ102, and may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host QQ116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0207] As a whole, the communication system QQ100 of Figure 11enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
[0208] In some examples, the telecommunication network QQ102 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network QQ102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network QQ102. For example, the telecommunications network QQ102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0209] In some examples, the UEs QQ112 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network QQ104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network QQ104. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio –Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0210] In the example, the hub QQ114 communicates with the access network QQ104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE QQ112c and / or QQ112d) and network nodes (e.g., network node QQ110b) . In some examples, the hub QQ114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub QQ114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network QQ106 for the UEs. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes QQ110, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub QQ114. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub QQ114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub QQ114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub QQ114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0211] The hub QQ114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node QQ110b. The hub QQ114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub QQ114 and UEs (e.g., UE QQ112c and / or QQ112d) , and between the hub QQ114 and the core network QQ106. In other examples, the hub QQ114 is connected to the core network QQ106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub QQ114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network QQ104 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes QQ110 while still connected via the hub QQ114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub QQ114 may be a dedicated hub –that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node QQ110b. In other embodiments, the hub QQ114 may be a non-dedicated hub –that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node QQ110b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0212] Figure 12 shows a UE QQ200 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0213] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0214] The UE QQ200 includes processing circuitry QQ202 that is operatively coupled via a bus QQ204 to an input / output interface QQ206, a power source QQ208, a memory QQ210, a communication interface QQ212, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Figure QQ2. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0215] The processing circuitry QQ202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory QQ210. The processing circuitry QQ202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry QQ202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0216] In the example, the input / output interface QQ206 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE QQ200. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0217] In some embodiments, the power source QQ208 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source QQ208 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source QQ208 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE QQ200 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source QQ208. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source QQ208 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE QQ200 to which power is supplied.
[0218] The memory QQ210 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory QQ210 includes one or more application programs QQ214, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data QQ216. The memory QQ210 may store, for use by the UE QQ200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0219] The memory QQ210 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory QQ210 may allow the UE QQ200 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory QQ210, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0220] The processing circuitry QQ202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface QQ212. The communication interface QQ212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna QQ222. The communication interface QQ212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter QQ218 and / or a receiver QQ220 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter QQ218 and receiver QQ220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna QQ222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0221] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface QQ212 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0222] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface QQ212, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0223] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0224] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a head-mounted display for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) , a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE QQ200 shown in Figure QQ2.
[0225] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0226] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0227] Figure 13 shows a network node QQ300 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0228] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0229] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0230] The network node QQ300 includes a processing circuitry QQ302, a memory QQ304, a communication interface QQ306, and a power source QQ308. The network node QQ300 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node QQ300 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node QQ300 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory QQ304 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna QQ310 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node QQ300 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node QQ300, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node QQ300.
[0231] The processing circuitry QQ302 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node QQ300 components, such as the memory QQ304, to provide network node QQ300 functionality.
[0232] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ312 and baseband processing circuitry QQ314. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ312 and the baseband processing circuitry QQ314 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 and baseband processing circuitry QQ314 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0233] The memory QQ304 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry QQ302. The memory QQ304 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry QQ302 and utilized by the network node QQ300. The memory QQ304 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry QQ302 and / or any data received via the communication interface QQ306. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 and memory QQ304 is integrated.
[0234] The communication interface QQ306 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface QQ306 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) QQ316 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface QQ306 also includes radio front-end circuitry QQ318 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna QQ310. Radio front-end circuitry QQ318 comprises filters QQ320 and amplifiers QQ322. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may be connected to an antenna QQ310 and processing circuitry QQ302. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna QQ310 and processing circuitry QQ302. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters QQ320 and / or amplifiers QQ322. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna QQ310. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna QQ310 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry QQ318. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry QQ302. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0235] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node QQ300 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry QQ318, instead, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna QQ310. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 is part of the communication interface QQ306. In still other embodiments, the communication interface QQ306 includes one or more ports or terminals QQ316, the radio front-end circuitry QQ318, and the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface QQ306 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry QQ314, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0236] The antenna QQ310 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna QQ310 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry QQ318 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna QQ310 is separate from the network node QQ300 and connectable to the network node QQ300 through an interface or port.
[0237] The antenna QQ310, communication interface QQ306, and / or the processing circuitry QQ302 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna QQ310, the communication interface QQ306, and / or the processing circuitry QQ302 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0238] The power source QQ308 provides power to the various components of network node QQ300 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source QQ308 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node QQ300 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node QQ300 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source QQ308. As a further example, the power source QQ308 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0239] Embodiments of the network node QQ300 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure 13for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node QQ300 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node QQ300 and to allow output of information from the network node QQ300. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node QQ300.
[0240] Figure 14 is a block diagram of a host QQ400, which may be an embodiment of the host QQ116 of Figure QQ1, in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, the host QQ400 may be or comprise various combinations hardware and / or software, including a standalone server, a blade server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, a virtual machine, container, or processing resources in a server farm. The host QQ400 may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.
[0241] The host QQ400 includes processing circuitry QQ402 that is operatively coupled via a bus QQ404 to an input / output interface QQ406, a network interface QQ408, a power source QQ410, and a memory QQ412. Other components may be included in other embodiments. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the devices of previous figures, such as Figures 13and 14, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of host QQ400.
[0242] The memory QQ412 may include one or more computer programs including one or more host application programs QQ414 and data QQ416, which may include user data, e.g., data generated by a UE for the host QQ400 or data generated by the host QQ400 for a UE. Embodiments of the host QQ400 may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown. The host application programs QQ414 may be implemented in a container-based architecture and may provide support for video codecs (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC) , High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , Advanced Video Coding (AVC) , MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) , MPEG, G. 711) , including transcoding for multiple different classes, types, or implementations of UEs (e.g., handsets, desktop computers, wearable display systems, heads-up display systems) . The host application programs QQ414 may also provide for user authentication and licensing checks and may periodically report health, routes, and content availability to a central node, such as a device in or on the edge of a core network. Accordingly, the host QQ400 may select and / or indicate a different host for over-the-top services for a UE. The host application programs QQ414 may support various protocols, such as the HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol, Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) , Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) , Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) , etc.
[0243] Figure 15 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment QQ500 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments QQ500 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment QQ500 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface.
[0244] Applications QQ502 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0245] Hardware QQ504 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers QQ506 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs QQ508a and QQ508b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs QQ508) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer QQ506 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs QQ508.
[0246] The VMs QQ508 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer QQ506. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance QQ502 may be implemented on one or more of VMs QQ508, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0247] In the context of NFV, a VM QQ508 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs QQ508, and that part of hardware QQ504 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs QQ508 on top of the hardware QQ504 and corresponds to the application QQ502.
[0248] Hardware QQ504 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware QQ504 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware QQ504 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration QQ510, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications QQ502. In some embodiments, hardware QQ504 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system QQ512 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0249] Figure 16 shows a communication diagram of a host QQ602 communicating via a network node QQ604 with a UE QQ606 over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments. Example implementations, in accordance with various embodiments, of the UE (such as a UE QQ112a of Figure 11 and / or UE QQ200 of Figure QQ2) , network node (such as network node QQ110a of Figure 11 and / or network node QQ300 of Figure QQ3) , and host (such as host QQ116 of Figure 11 and / or host QQ400 of Figure QQ4) discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to Figure QQ6.
[0250] Like host QQ400, embodiments of host QQ602 include hardware, such as a communication interface, processing circuitry, and memory. The host QQ602 also includes software, which is stored in or accessible by the host QQ602 and executable by the processing circuitry. The software includes a host application that may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as the UE QQ606 connecting via an over-the-top (OTT) connection QQ650 extending between the UE QQ606 and host QQ602. In providing the service to the remote user, a host application may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection QQ650.
[0251] The network node QQ604 includes hardware enabling it to communicate with the host QQ602 and UE QQ606. The connection QQ660 may be direct or pass through a core network (like core network QQ106 of Figure QQ1) and / or one or more other intermediate networks, such as one or more public, private, or hosted networks. For example, an intermediate network may be a backbone network or the Internet.
[0252] The UE QQ606 includes hardware and software, which is stored in or accessible by UE QQ606 and executable by the UE’s processing circuitry. The software includes a client application, such as a web browser or operator-specific “app” that may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE QQ606 with the support of the host QQ602. In the host QQ602, an executing host application may communicate with the executing client application via the OTT connection QQ650 terminating at the UE QQ606 and host QQ602. In providing the service to the user, the UE's client application may receive request data from the host's host application and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection QQ650 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The UE's client application may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides to the host application through the OTT connection QQ650.
[0253] The OTT connection QQ650 may extend via a connection QQ660 between the host QQ602 and the network node QQ604 and via a wireless connection QQ670 between the network node QQ604 and the UE QQ606 to provide the connection between the host QQ602 and the UE QQ606. The connection QQ660 and wireless connection QQ670, over which the OTT connection QQ650 may be provided, have been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host QQ602 and the UE QQ606 via the network node QQ604, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices.
[0254] As an example of transmitting data via the OTT connection QQ650, in step QQ608, the host QQ602 provides user data, which may be performed by executing a host application. In some embodiments, the user data is associated with a particular human user interacting with the UE QQ606. In other embodiments, the user data is associated with a UE QQ606 that shares data with the host QQ602 without explicit human interaction. In step QQ610, the host QQ602 initiates a transmission carrying the user data towards the UE QQ606. The host QQ602 may initiate the transmission responsive to a request transmitted by the UE QQ606. The request may be caused by human interaction with the UE QQ606 or by operation of the client application executing on the UE QQ606. The transmission may pass via the network node QQ604, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. Accordingly, in step QQ612, the network node QQ604 transmits to the UE QQ606 the user data that was carried in the transmission that the host QQ602 initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ614, the UE QQ606 receives the user data carried in the transmission, which may be performed by a client application executed on the UE QQ606 associated with the host application executed by the host QQ602.
[0255] In some examples, the UE QQ606 executes a client application which provides user data to the host QQ602. The user data may be provided in reaction or response to the data received from the host QQ602. Accordingly, in step QQ616, the UE QQ606 may provide user data, which may be performed by executing the client application. In providing the user data, the client application may further consider user input received from the user via an input / output interface of the UE QQ606. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE QQ606 initiates, in step QQ618, transm ission of the user data towards the host QQ602 via the network node QQ604. In step QQ620, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the network node QQ604 receives user data from the UE QQ606 and initiates transmission of the received user data towards the host QQ602. In step QQ622, the host QQ602 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the UE QQ606.
[0256] One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE QQ606 using the OTT connection QQ650, in which the wireless connection QQ670 forms the last segment.
[0257] In an example scenario, factory status information may be collected and analyzed by the host QQ602. As another example, the host QQ602 may process audio and video data which may have been retrieved from a UE for use in creating maps. As another example, the host QQ602 may collect and analyze real-time data to assist in controlling vehicle congestion (e.g., controlling traffic lights) . As another example, the host QQ602 may store surveillance video uploaded by a UE. As another example, the host QQ602 may store or control access to media content such as video, audio, VR or AR which it can broadcast, multicast or unicast to UEs. As other examples, the host QQ602 may be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-time critical electrical load to balance power generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams etc. from data collected from remote devices) , or any other function of collecting, retrieving, storing, analyzing and / or transmitting data.
[0258] In some examples, a measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection QQ650 between the host QQ602 and UE QQ606, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and / or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection may be implemented in software and hardware of the host QQ602 and / or UE QQ606. In some embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with other devices through which the OTT connection QQ650 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of the OTT connection QQ650 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not directly alter the operation of the network node QQ604. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like, by the host QQ602. The measurements may be implemented in that software causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection QQ650 while monitoring propagation times, errors, etc.
[0259] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
[0260] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.
[0261] When using the word "comprise" or “comprising” it shall be interpreted as non-limiting, i.e. meaning "consist at least of" .
[0262] The embodiments herein are not limited to the preferred embodiments described above. Various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be used.
Claims
1.[Rule 26,08.04.2024]A method performed by a first radio device (121) for handling communication in a wireless communication network (100) , the method comprising:measuring (601) a noise and interference level, wherein the noise and interference level is measured in a time window where no signal is received,receiving (602) a first sensing signal from a second radio device (122) ,estimating (603) a quantization noise level of the first sensing signal received from a second radio device (122) , andtransmitting (604) any one out of:- a second sensing signal to the second radio device (122) , or- a measurement report comprising measurement results related to the first sensing signal to a network node (110)based on estimated quantization noise level and a threshold.2.[Rule 26,08.04.2024]The method according to claim 1, wherein the second sensing signal is transmitted when the quantization noise level is above or equal to the threshold, and wherein the measurement report is transmitted when the quantization noise level is below the threshold.3.The method according to any of claims 1-2, wherein the quantization noise level is determined based on a signal strength of the first sensing signal.4.The method according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the threshold is determined based on the measured noise and interference level.5.The method according to any of claims 1-4, wherein receiving (602) the first sensing signal comprises determining a signal strength and direction of arrival of the first sensing signal.6.The method according to any of claims 1-5, wherein the second sensing signal is transmitted in a direction of arrival associated with the first sensing signal.7.The method according to any of claims 1-6, wherein the method further comprises:iteratively repeating the steps of receiving (602) , estimating (603) and transmitting (604) until the first radio device (121) has transmitted a measurement report.8.A computer program (1080) comprising instructions, which when executed by a processor (1060) , causes the processor (1060) to perform actions according to any of the claims 1-7.9.A carrier (1090) comprising the computer program (1080) of claim 8, wherein the carrier (1090) is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, a magnetic signal, an electric signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.10.A method performed by a second radio device (122) for handling communication in a wireless communication network (100) , the method comprising:transmitting (701) a first sensing signal to a first radio device (121) ,when determined (702) that a second sensing signal has been received from the first radio device (121) , updating (703) a direction for retransmitting the first sensing signal to the first radio device (121) ,retransmitting (704) the first sensing signal to the first radio device (121) according to the updated direction.11.The method according to claim 10, wherein updating (703) the direction for retransmitting the first signal comprises determining a nulling direction, and generating updated beamforming weights taking the nulling direction into account.12.The method according to claim 11, wherein the updated beamforming weights are generated based on beamforming weights used when transmitting the first sensing signal.13.The method according to any of claims 11-12, wherein the nulling direction corresponds to a direction of arrival of the second sensing signal.14.The method according to any of claims 11-13, wherein retransmitting (704) the first signal comprises transmitting the first signal using the generated updated beamforming weights.15.The method according to any of claims 10-14, further comprising:determining (702) that the second signal has been received by receiving the second sensing signal, wherein receiving the second sensing signal comprises determining a direction of arrival for the second signal.16.The method according to any of claims 10-15, wherein the method further comprises repeatedly performing the determining (702) , updating (703) and retransmitting (704) until determined that the second sensing signal has not been received.17.A computer program (1180) comprising instructions, which when executed by a processor (1160) , causes the processor (1160) to perform actions according to any of the claims 10-16.18.A carrier (1190) comprising the computer program (1180) of claim 17, wherein the carrier (1190) is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, a magnetic signal, an electric signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.19.[Rule 26,08.04.2024]A first radio device (121) configured to handle communication in a wireless communication network (100) , the first radio device (121) further being configured to:measure a noise and interference level, wherein the noise and interference level is measured in time window where no signal is received,receive a first sensing signal from a second radio device (122) ,estimate a quantization noise level of the first sensing signal received from a second radio device (122) , andtransmit any one out of:- a second sensing signal to the second radio device (122) , or- a measurement report adapted to comprise measurement results related to the first sensing signal to a network node (110)based on estimated quantization noise level and a threshold.20.The first radio device (121) according to claim 19, wherein the second sensing signal is transmitted when the quantization noise level is above or equal to the threshold, and wherein the measurement report is transmitted when the quantization noise level is below the threshold.21.The first radio device (121) according to any of claims 19-20, wherein the quantization noise level is determined based on a signal strength of the first sensing signal.22.The first radio device (121) according to any of claims 19-21, wherein the threshold is determined based on the measured noise and interference level.23.The first radio device (121) according to any of claims 19-22, wherein to receive the first sensing signal is adapted to comprise determining a signal strength and direction of arrival of the first sensing signal.24.The first radio device (121) according to any of claims 19-23, wherein the second sensing signal is transmitted in a direction of arrival associated with the first sensing signal.25.The first radio device (121) according to any of claims 19-24, wherein the first radio device (121) is further configured to:iteratively repeat the steps of receive the first sensing signal, estimate the quantization noise level and transmit the second sensing signal until the first radio device (121) has transmitted a measurement report.26.A second radio device (122) configured to handle communication in a wireless communication network (100) , the second radio device (122) further being configured to:transmit a first sensing signal to a first radio device (121) ,when determined that a second sensing signal has been received from the first radio device (121) , update a direction for retransmitting the first sensing signal to the first radio device (121) ,retransmit the first sensing signal to the first radio device (121) according to the updated direction.27.The second radio device (122) according to claim 26, wherein to update the direction for retransmitting the first signal is adapted to comprise determine a nulling direction, and generate updated beamforming weights taking the nulling direction into account.28.The second radio device (122) according to claim 27, wherein the updated beamforming weights are generated based on beamforming weights used to transmit the first sensing signal.29.The second radio device (122) according to any of claims 27-28, wherein the nulling direction is adapted to correspond to a direction of arrival of the second sensing signal.30.The second radio device (122) according to any of claims 27-28, wherein the second radio device (122) is configured to retransmit the first signal by transmitting the first signal using the generated updated beamforming weights.31.The second radio device (122) according to any of claims 26-30, wherein the second radio device (122) is further configured to:determine that the second signal has been received by receiving the second sensing signal, wherein receiving the second sensing signal comprises to determine a direction of arrival for the second signal.32.The second radio device (122) according to any of claims 26-32, wherein the second radio device (122) is further configured to:repeatedly performing the steps of determine whether the second sensing signal has been received, update the direction for retransmission, and retransmit the first sensing signal until determined that the second sensing signal has not been received.
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