Network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation
By employing one-shot measurement configurations for AI-based model validation, the challenges of validating AI models in 5G-NR networks are addressed, enhancing network capacity and reducing latency through efficient model inference validation at both UE and network sides.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/086011
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-03
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-09
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently validating artificial intelligence (AI) based models in cellular networks, particularly in supporting higher capacity and lower latency requirements of 5G-NR networks, and there is a need for improved mechanisms to validate AI models at both the user equipment (UE) and network sides.
The implementation of one-shot measurement configurations for AI-based model validation, where UE and base stations encode and decode measurements to validate AI models, enabling efficient model inference validation through processor-driven operations.
This approach enhances the validation of AI models in 5G-NR networks, improving capacity and reducing latency by allowing for more flexible UE scheduling and efficient model validation at both network and user equipment levels.
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Figure CN2024086011_09102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NETWORK-SIDE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED MODEL INFERENCE VALIDATIONFIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the invention relate to wireless communications, including apparatuses, systems, and methods for enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation in a cellular communications network.DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
[0002] Wireless communication systems are rapidly growing in usage. In recent years, wireless devices such as smart phones and tablet computers have become increasingly sophisticated. In addition to supporting telephone calls, many mobile devices now provide access to the internet, email, text messaging, and navigation using the global positioning system (GPS) and are capable of operating sophisticated applications that utilize these functionalities.
[0003] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been the technology of choice for the majority of wireless network operators worldwide, providing mobile broadband data and high-speed Internet access to their subscriber base. LTE was first proposed in 2004 and was first standardized in 2008. Since then, as usage of wireless communication systems has expanded exponentially, demand has risen for wireless network operators to support a higher capacity for a higher density of mobile broadband users. In 2015, a study of a new radio access technology began and, in 2017, a first release of Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) was standardized.
[0004] 5G-NR, also simply referred to as NR, provides, as compared to LTE, a higher capacity for a higher density of mobile broadband users, while also supporting device-to-device, ultra-reliable, and massive machine type communications with lower latency and / or lower battery consumption. Further, NR may allow for more flexible UE scheduling as compared to current LTE. Consequently, efforts are being made in ongoing developments of 5G-NR to take advantage of higher throughputs possible at higher frequencies.SUMMARY
[0005] Embodiments relate to wireless communications, and more particularly to apparatuses, systems, and methods for an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) , the apparatus comprising one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to: decode, from a network, a one-shot measurement configuration for artificial intelligence (AI) based model validation; perform, by the UE, one or more measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration; store the one-shot measurement configuration at the UE; and encode, for transmission to the network, the one or more measurements for validating the one or more AI based models at the network.
[0006] Other embodiments relate to an apparatus of a base station (e.g., base station (base station) ) , the apparatus comprising one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to: encode, for transmission to a user equipment (UE) , a one-shot measurement configuration for artificial intelligence (AI) based model validation, wherein the UE is enabled to store the one-shot configuration at the UE and perform one or more measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration; and decode, from the UE, the one or more measurements for validating the one or more AI based models at the network.
[0007] The techniques described herein may be implemented in and / or used with a number of different types of devices, including but not limited to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) , unmanned aerial controllers (UACs) , base stations, access points, cellular phones, tablet computers, wearable computing devices, portable media players, and any of various other computing devices.
[0008] This Summary is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the subject matter described in this document. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the above-described features are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter described herein in any way. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter described herein will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] A better understanding of the present subject matter can be obtained when the following detailed description of various embodiments is considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
[0010] FIG. 1A illustrates an example wireless communication system according to some embodiments.
[0011] FIG. 1 B illustrates an example of a base station and an access point in communication with a user equipment (UE) device, according to some embodiments.
[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a base station, according to some embodiments.
[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a server according to some embodiments.
[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an example block diagram of a UE according to some embodiments.
[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an example block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments.
[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a baseband processor architecture for a UE, according to some embodiments.
[0017] FIG. 7 illustrates an example block diagram of an interface of baseband circuitry according to some embodiments.
[0018] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments.
[0019] FIG. 9 illustrates an example timing diagram signaling between a user equipment (UE) and base station (e.g., a base station (base station) ) for enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation according to some embodiments.
[0020] FIG. 10 illustrates an example flow chart of a method of enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation at a user equipment (UE) , according to some embodiments.
[0021] FIG. 11 illustrates an example flow chart of a method of enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation at a base station, according to some embodiments.
[0022] While the features described herein may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to be limiting to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] Terms
[0024] The following is a glossary of terms used in this disclosure:
[0025] Memory Medium –Any of various types of non-transitory memory devices or storage devices. The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks, or tape device; a computer system memory or random-access memory such as DRAM, DDR RAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc. ; a non-volatile memory such as a Flash, magnetic media, e.g., a hard drive, or optical storage; registers, or other similar types of memory elements, etc. The memory medium may include other types of non-transitory memory as well or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer system in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second different computer system which connects to the first computer system over a network, such as the Internet. In the latter instance, the second computer system may provide program instructions to the first computer for execution. The term “memory medium” may include two or more memory mediums which may reside in different locations, e.g., in different computer systems that are connected over a network. The memory medium may store program instructions (e.g., embodied as computer programs) that may be executed by one or more processors.
[0026] Carrier Medium –a memory medium as described above, as well as a physical transmission medium, such as a bus, network, and / or other physical transmission medium that conveys signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals.
[0027] Programmable Hardware Element includes various hardware devices comprising multiple programmable function blocks connected via a programmable interconnect. Examples include FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) , PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices) , FPOAs (Field Programmable Object Arrays) , and CPLDs (Complex PLDs) . The programmable function blocks may range from fine grained (combinatorial logic or look up tables) to coarse grained (arithmetic logic units or processor cores) . A programmable hardware element may also be referred to as "reconfigurable logic” .
[0028] Computer System (or Computer) –any of various types of computing or processing systems, including a personal computer system (PC) , mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA) , television system, grid computing system, or other device or combinations of devices. In general, the term "computer system" can be broadly defined to encompass any device (or combination of devices) having at least one processor that executes instructions from a memory medium.
[0029] User Equipment (UE) (or “UE Device” ) –any of various types of computer systems devices which are mobile or portable and which performs wireless communications. Examples of UE devices include mobile telephones or smart phones (e.g., iPhoneTM, AndroidTM-based phones) , portable gaming devices (e.g., Nintendo DSTM, PlayStation PortableTM, Gameboy AdvanceTM, iPhoneTM) , laptops, wearable devices (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses) , PDAs, portable Internet devices, music players, data storage devices, other handheld devices, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones) , UAV controllers (UACs) , and so forth. In general, the term “UE” or “UE device” can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic, computing, and / or telecommunications device (or combination of devices) which is easily transported by a user and capable of wireless communication.
[0030] Base Station –The term "Base Station" has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a wireless communication station installed at a fixed location and used to communicate as part of a wireless telephone system or radio system.
[0031] Processing Element (or Processor) –refers to various elements or combinations of elements that are capable of performing a function in a device, such as a user equipment or a cellular network device. Processing elements may include, for example: processors and associated memory, portions or circuits of individual processor cores, entire processor cores, processor arrays, circuits such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) , programmable hardware elements such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) , as well any of various combinations of the above.
[0032] Channel -a medium used to convey information from a sender (transmitter) to a receiver. It should be noted that since characteristics of the term “channel” may differ according to different wireless protocols, the term “channel” as used herein may be considered as being used in a manner that is consistent with the standard of the type of device with reference to which the term is used. In some standards, channel widths may be variable (e.g., depending on device capability, band conditions, etc. ) . For example, LTE may support scalable channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20MHz. 5G NR can support scalable channel bandwidths from 5 MHz to 100 MHz in Frequency Range 1 (FR1) and up to 400 MHz in FR2. In other radio access technologies, WLAN channels may be 22 MHz wide while Bluetooth channels may be 1 MHz wide. Other protocols and standards may include different definitions of channels. Furthermore, some standards may define and use multiple types of channels, e.g., different channels for uplink or downlink and / or different channels for different uses such as data, control information, etc.
[0033] Band -The term "band" has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a section of spectrum (e.g., radio frequency spectrum) in which channels are used or set aside for the same purpose.
[0034] Automatically –refers to an action or operation performed by a computer system (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g., circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc. ) , without user input directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thus, the term "automatically" is in contrast to an operation being manually performed or specified by the user, where the user provides input to directly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiated by input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that are performed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are not performed “manually” , where the user specifies each action to perform. For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting each field and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typing information, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc. ) is filling out the form manually, even though the computer system will update the form in response to the user actions. The form may be automatically filled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g., software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of the form and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answers to the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automatic filling of the form, but is not involved in the actual filling of the form (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields but rather they are being automatically completed) . The present specification provides various examples of operations being automatically performed in response to actions the user has taken.
[0035] Approximately -refers to a value that is almost correct or exact. For example, approximately may refer to a value that is within 1 to 10 percent of the exact (or desired) value. It should be noted, however, that the actual threshold value (or tolerance) may be application dependent. For example, in some embodiments, “approximately” may mean within 0.1%of some specified or desired value, while in various other embodiments, the threshold may be, for example, 2%, 3%, 5%, and so forth, as desired or as set by the particular application.
[0036] Concurrent –refers to parallel execution or performance, where tasks, processes, or programs are performed in an at least partially overlapping manner. For example, concurrency may be implemented using “strong” or strict parallelism, where tasks are performed (at least partially) in parallel on respective computational elements, or using “weak parallelism” , where the tasks are performed in an interleaved manner, e.g., by time multiplexing of execution threads.
[0037] Legacy -The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) produces specifications that define 3GPP technologies. 3GPP specifications cover cellular telecommunications technologies, including radio access, core network and service capabilities, which provide a complete system description for mobile telecommunications. 3GPP uses a system of parallel “Releases” that provide developers with a stable platform for the implementation of features at a given point and then allow for the addition of new functionality in subsequent releases. Release 17 was released in 2022. Release 18 (Rel-18) , at the time of this disclosure, is nearing release on June 22, 2024, as its specifications have been largely defined. Accordingly, implementations and concepts compatible with Rel-18, or previous Releases, are sometimes referred to herein as “Legacy Releases. ” One or more embodiments of the present disclosure may be adopted in future Releases, e.g., Release 19.
[0038] Various components may be described as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is a broad recitation generally meaning “having structure that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently performing that task (e.g., a set of electrical conductors may be configured to electrically connect a module to another module, even when the two modules are not connected) . In some contexts, “configured to” may be a broad recitation of structure generally meaning “having circuitry that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the component can be configured to perform the task even when the component is not currently on. In general, the circuitry that forms the structure corresponding to “configured to” may include hardware circuits.
[0039] Various components may be described as performing a task or tasks, for convenience in the description. Such descriptions should be interpreted as including the phrase “configured to. ” Reciting a component that is configured to perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112 (f) interpretation for that component.
[0040] The example embodiments may be further understood with reference to the following description and the related appended drawings, wherein like elements are provided with the same reference numerals. The example embodiments relate to enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation
[0041] The example embodiments are described with regard to communication between a base station and a user equipment (UE) . However, reference to a base station or a UE is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any electronic component that may establish a connection to a network and is configured with the hardware, software, and / or firmware to support enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation. Therefore, the base station or UE as described herein is used to represent any appropriate type of electronic component.
[0042] The example embodiments are also described with regard to a fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) network that may configure a UE to control the UE side performance monitoring. However, reference to a 5G NR network is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any appropriate type of network.
[0043] As described the mechanisms of the illustrated embodiments provide a user equipment (UE) , comprising one or more processors, coupled to a memory, may be configured to: encode, for transmission to a base station, a UE capability report; determine a predicted radio link failure (RLF) based confidence level using the one more AI based models for predicting the RLF; compare the predicted RLF confidence level to a confidence threshold; and encode, for transmission to the base station, an RLF prediction report indicating the predicted RLF confidence level is greater than the confidence threshold.
[0044] Throughout this description various information elements (IEs) are referred to by specific names. It should be understood that these names are only examples and the IEs carrying the information referred to throughout this description may be referred to by other names by various entities.
[0045] FIGs. 1A and 1B: Communication Systems
[0046] FIG. 1A illustrates a simplified example wireless communication system, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the system of FIG. 1A is merely one example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired.
[0047] As shown, the example wireless communication system includes a base station 102A which communicates over a transmission medium with one or more user devices 106A, 106B, etc., through 106N. Each of the user devices may be referred to herein as a “user equipment” (UE) . Thus, the user devices 106 are referred to as UEs or UE devices.
[0048] The base station (BS) 102A may be a base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site (a “cellular base station” ) and may include hardware that enables wireless communication with the UEs 106A through 106N.
[0049] The communication area (or coverage area) of the base station may be referred to as a “cell. ” The base station 102A and the UEs 106 may be configured to communicate over the transmission medium using any of various radio access technologies (RATs) , also referred to as wireless communication technologies, or telecommunication standards, such as GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces) , LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , 5G new radio (5G NR) , HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1xRTT, 1xEV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD) , etc. Note that if the base station 102A is implemented in the context of LTE, also referred to as the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN, it may alternately be referred to as an 'eNodeB'or ‘eNB’ . Note that if the base station 102A is implemented in the context of 5G NR, it may alternately be referred to as ‘gNodeB’ or ‘base station’ .
[0050] As shown, the base station 102A may also be equipped to communicate with a network 100 (e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider, a telecommunication network such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN) , and / or the Internet, among various possibilities) . Thus, the base station 102A may facilitate communication between the user devices and / or between the user devices and the network 100. In particular, the cellular base station 102A may provide UEs 106 with various telecommunication capabilities, such as voice, SMS and / or data services.
[0051] Base station 102A and other similar base stations (such as base stations 102B…102N) operating according to the same or a different cellular communication standard may thus be provided as a network of cells, which may provide continuous or nearly continuous overlapping service to UEs 106A-N and similar devices over a geographic area via one or more cellular communication standards.
[0052] Thus, while base station 102A may act as a “serving cell” for UEs 106A-N as illustrated in FIG. 1A, each UE 106 may also be capable of receiving signals from (and possibly within communication range of) one or more other cells (which might be provided by base stations 102B-N and / or any other base stations) , which may be referred to as “neighboring cells” . Such cells may also be capable of facilitating communication between user devices and / or between user devices and the network 100. Such cells may include “macro” cells, “micro” cells, “pico” cells, and / or cells which provide any of various other granularities of service area size. For example, base stations 102A-B illustrated in FIG. 1A might be macro cells, while base station 102N might be a micro cell. Other configurations are also possible.
[0053] In some embodiments, base station 102A may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “base station” . In some embodiments, a base station may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, a base station cell may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs) . In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more base stations.
[0054] Note that a UE 106 may be capable of communicating using multiple wireless communication standards. For example, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using a wireless networking (e.g., Wi-Fi) and / or peer-to-peer wireless communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi peer-to-peer, etc. ) in addition to at least one cellular communication protocol (e.g., GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces) , LTE, LTE-A, 5G NR, HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1xRTT, 1xEV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD) , etc. ) . The UE 106 may also or alternatively be configured to communicate using one or more global navigational satellite systems (GNSS, e.g., GPS or GLONASS) , one or more mobile television broadcasting standards (e.g., ATSC-M / H or DVB-H) , and / or any other wireless communication protocol, if desired. Other combinations of wireless communication standards (including more than two wireless communication standards) are also possible.
[0055] FIG. 1 B illustrates user equipment 106 (e.g., one of the devices 106A through 106N) in communication with a base station 102 and an access point 112, according to some embodiments. The UE 106 may be a device with both cellular communication capability and non-cellular communication capability (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and so forth) such as a mobile phone, a hand-held device, a computer or a tablet, or virtually any type of wireless device.
[0056] The UE 106 may include a processor that is configured to execute program instructions stored in memory. The UE 106 may perform any of the method embodiments described herein by executing such stored instructions. Alternatively, or in addition, the UE 106 may include a programmable hardware element such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) that is configured to perform any of the method embodiments described herein, or any portion of any of the method embodiments described herein.
[0057] The UE 106 may include one or more antennas for communicating using one or more wireless communication protocols or technologies. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using, for example, CDMA2000 (1xRTT / 1xEV-DO / HRPD / eHRPD) , LTE / LTE-Advanced, or 5G NR using a single shared radio and / or GSM, LTE, LTE-Advanced, or 5G NR using the single shared radio. The shared radio may couple to a single antenna, or may couple to multiple antennas (e.g., for MIMO) for performing wireless communications. In general, a radio may include any combination of a baseband processor, analog RF signal processing circuitry (e.g., including filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, etc. ) , or digital processing circuitry (e.g., for digital modulation as well as other digital processing) . Similarly, the radio may implement one or more receive and transmit chains using the aforementioned hardware. For example, the UE 106 may share one or more parts of a receive and / or transmit chain between multiple wireless communication technologies, such as those discussed above.
[0058] In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include separate transmit and / or receive chains (e.g., including separate antennas and other radio components) for each wireless communication protocol with which it is configured to communicate. As a further possibility, the UE 106 may include one or more radios which are shared between multiple wireless communication protocols, and one or more radios which are used exclusively by a single wireless communication protocol. For example, the UE 106 might include a shared radio for communicating using either LTE or 5G NR (or LTE or 1xRTTor LTE or GSM) , and separate radios for communicating using each of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Other configurations are also possible.
[0059] FIG. 2: Block Diagram of a Base Station
[0060] FIG. 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a base station 102, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the base station of FIG. 2 is merely one example of a possible base station. As shown, the base station 102 may include processor (s) 204 which may execute program instructions for the base station 102. The processor (s) 204 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 240, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor (s) 204 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 260 and read only memory (ROM) 250) or to other circuits or devices.
[0061] The base station 102 may include at least one network port 270. The network port 270 may be configured to couple to a telephone network and provide a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106, access to the telephone network as described above in FIGs. 1a, 1 b and 2.
[0062] The network port 270 (or an additional network port) may also or alternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider. The core network may provide mobility related services and / or other services to a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106. In some cases, the network port 270 may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and / or the core network may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devices serviced by the cellular service provider) .
[0063] In some embodiments, base station 102 may be a next generation base station, e.g., a 5G New Radio (5G NR) base station, or “base station” . In such embodiments, base station 102 may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network. In addition, base station 102 may be considered a 5G NR cell and may include one or more transition and reception points (TRPs) . In addition, a UE capable of operating according to 5G NR may be connected to one or more TRPs within one or more base stations.
[0064] The base station 102 may include at least one antenna 234, and possibly multiple antennas. The at least one antenna 234 may be configured to operate as a wireless transceiver and may be further configured to communicate with UE devices 106 via radio 230. The antenna 234 communicates with the radio 230 via communication chain 232. Communication chain 232 may be a receive chain, a transmit chain or both. The radio 230 may be configured to communicate via various wireless communication standards, including, but not limited to, 5G NR, LTE, LTE-A, GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, Wi-Fi, etc.
[0065] The base station 102 may be configured to communicate wirelessly using multiple wireless communication standards. In some instances, the base station 102 may include multiple radios, which may enable the base station 102 to communicate according to multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, as one possibility, the base station 102 may include an LTE radio for performing communication according to LTE as well as a 5G NR radio for performing communication according to 5G NR. In such a case, the base station 102 may be capable of operating as both an LTE base station and a 5G NR base station. As another possibility, the base station 102 may include a multi-mode radio which is capable of performing communications according to any of multiple wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G NR and Wi-Fi, LTE and Wi-Fi, LTE and UMTS, LTE and CDMA2000, UMTS and GSM, etc. ) .
[0066] As described further subsequently herein, the BS 102 may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor 204 of the base station 102 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively, the processor 204 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) , or a combination thereof. Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 204 of the BS 102, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 230, 232, 234, 240, 250, 260, 270 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the features described herein.
[0067] In addition, as described herein, processor (s) 204 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in processor (s) 204. Thus, processor (s) 204 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 204. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 204.
[0068] Further, as described herein, radio 230 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in radio 230. Thus, radio 230 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of radio 230. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of radio 230.
[0069] FIG. 3: Block Diagram of a Server
[0070] FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a server 104, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the server of FIG. 3 is merely one example of a possible server. As shown, the server 104 may include processor (s) 344 which may execute program instructions for the server 104. The processor (s) 344 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 374, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor (s) 344 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 364 and read only memory (ROM) 354) or to other circuits or devices.
[0071] The server 104 may be configured to provide a plurality of devices, such as base station 102, and UE devices 106 access to network functions, e.g., as further described herein.
[0072] In some embodiments, the server 104 may be part of a radio access network, such as a 5G New Radio (5G NR) radio access network. In some embodiments, the server 104 may be connected to a legacy evolved packet core (EPC) network and / or to a NR core (NRC) network.
[0073] As described herein, the server 104 may include hardware and software components for implementing or supporting implementation of features described herein. The processor 344 of the server 104 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively, the processor 344 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) , or a combination thereof. Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 344 of the server 104, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 354, 364, and / or 374 may be configured to implement or support implementation of part or all of the features described herein.
[0074] In addition, as described herein, processor (s) 344 may be comprised of one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in processor (s) 344. Thus, processor (s) 344 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 344. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 344.
[0075] FIG. 4: Block Diagram of a User Equipment
[0076] FIG. 4 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a communication device 106, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the communication device of FIG. 4 is only one example of a possible communication device. According to embodiments, communication device 106 may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device) , a tablet, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a UAV controller (UAC) and / or a combination of devices, among other devices. As shown, the communication device 106 may include a set of components 400 configured to perform core functions. For example, this set of components may be implemented as a system on chip (SOC) , which may include portions for various purposes. Alternatively, this set of components 400 may be implemented as separate components or groups of components for the various purposes. The set of components 400 may be coupled (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to various other circuits of the communication device 106.
[0077] For example, the communication device 106 may include various types of memory (e.g., including NAND flash 410) , an input / output interface such as connector I / F 420 (e.g., for connecting to a computer system; dock; charging station; input devices, such as a microphone, camera, keyboard; output devices, such as speakers; etc. ) , the display 460, which may be integrated with or external to the communication device 106, and cellular communication circuitry 430 such as for 5G NR, LTE, GSM, etc., and short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 (e.g., BluetoothTM and WLAN circuitry) . In some embodiments, communication device 106 may include wired communication circuitry (not shown) , such as a network interface card, e.g., for Ethernet.
[0078] The cellular communication circuitry 430 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 435 and 436 as shown. The short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may also couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 437 and 438 as shown. Alternatively, the short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to the antennas 435 and 436 in addition to, or instead of, coupling (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to the antennas 437 and 438. The short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 and / or cellular communication circuitry 430 may include multiple receive chains and / or multiple transmit chains for receiving and / or transmitting multiple spatial streams, such as in a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) configuration.
[0079] In some embodiments, as further described below, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include dedicated receive chains (including and / or coupled to, e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly. dedicated processors and / or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR) . In addition, in some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include a single transmit chain that may be switched between radios dedicated to specific RATs. For example, a first radio may be dedicated to a first RAT, e.g., LTE, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and a transmit chain shared with an additional radio, e.g., a second radio that may be dedicated to a second RAT, e.g., 5G NR, and may be in communication with a dedicated receive chain and the shared transmit chain.
[0080] The communication device 106 may also include and / or be configured for use with one or more user interface elements. The user interface elements may include any of various elements, such as display 460 (which may be a touchscreen display) , a keyboard (which may be a discrete keyboard or may be implemented as part of a touchscreen display) , a mouse, a microphone and / or speakers, one or more cameras, one or more buttons, and / or any of various other elements capable of providing information to a user and / or receiving or interpreting user input.
[0081] The communication device 106 may further include one or more smart cards 445 that include SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) functionality, such as one or more UICC (s) (Universal Integrated Circuit Card (s) ) cards 445. Note that the term “SIM” or “SIM entity” is intended to include any of various types of SIM implementations or SIM functionality, such as the one or more UICC (s) cards 445, one or more eUICCs, one or more eSIMs, either removable or embedded, etc. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include at least two SIMs. Each SIM may execute one or more SIM applications and / or otherwise implement SIM functionality. Thus, each SIM may be a single smart card that may be embedded, e.g., may be soldered onto a circuit board in the UE 106, or each SIM 410 may be implemented as a removable smart card. Thus, the SIM (s) may be one or more removable smart cards (such as UICC cards, which are sometimes referred to as “SIM cards” ) , and / or the SIMs 410 may be one or more embedded cards (such as embedded UICCs (eUICCs) , which are sometimes referred to as “eSIMs” or “eSIM cards” ) . In some embodiments (such as when the SIM (s) include an eUICC) , one or more of the SIM (s) may implement embedded SIM (eSIM) functionality; in such an embodiment, a single one of the SIM (s) may execute multiple SIM applications. Each of the SIMs may include components such as a processor and / or a memory; instructions for performing SIM / eSIM functionality may be stored in the memory and executed by the processor. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may include a combination of removable smart cards and fixed / non-removable smart cards (such as one or more eUICC cards that implement eSIM functionality) , as desired. For example, the UE 106 may comprise two embedded SIMs, two removable SIMs, or a combination of one embedded SIMs and one removable SIMs. Various other SIM configurations are also contemplated.
[0082] As noted above, in some embodiments, the UE 106 may include two or more SIMs. The inclusion of two or more SIMs in the UE 106 may allow the UE 106 to support two different telephone numbers and may allow the UE 106 to communicate on corresponding two or more respective networks. For example, a first SIM may support a first RAT such as LTE, and a second SIM 410 supports a second RAT such as 5G NR. Other implementations and RATs are of course possible. In some embodiments, when the UE 106 comprises two SIMs, the UE 106 may support Dual SIM Dual Active (DSDA) functionality. The DSDA functionality may allow the UE 106 to be simultaneously connected to two networks (and use two different RATs) at the same time, or to simultaneously maintain two connections supported by two different SIMs using the same or different RATs on the same or different networks. The DSDA functionality may also allow the UE 106 to simultaneously receive voice calls or data traffic on either phone number. In certain embodiments the voice call may be a packet switched communication. In other words, the voice call may be received using voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology and / or voice over NR (VoNR) technology. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may support Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS) functionality. The DSDS functionality may allow either of the two SIMs in the UE 106 to be on standby waiting for a voice call and / or data connection. In DSDS, when a call / data is established on one SIM, the other SIM is no longer active. In some embodiments, DSDx functionality (either DSDA or DSDS functionality) may be implemented with a single SIM (e.g., a eUICC) that executes multiple SIM applications for different carriers and / or RATs.
[0083] As shown, the SOC 400 may include processor (s) 402, which may execute program instructions for the communication device 106 and display circuitry 404, which may perform graphics processing and provide display signals to the display 460. The processor (s) 402 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 440, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor (s) 402 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 406, read only memory (ROM) 450, NAND flash memory 410) and / or to other circuits or devices, such as the display circuitry 404, short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429, cellular communication circuitry 430, connector I / F 420, and / or display 460. The MMU 440 may be configured to perform memory protection and page table translation or set up. In some embodiments, the MMU 440 may be included as a portion of the processor (s) 402.
[0084] As described herein, the communication device 106 may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features for a communication device 106 to communicate a scheduling profile for power savings to a network. The processor 402 of the communication device 106 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively (or in addition) , processor 402 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 402 of the communication device 106, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 400, 404, 406, 410, 420, 429, 430, 440, 445, 450, 460 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.
[0085] In addition, as described herein, processor 402 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processor 402 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processor 402. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processor (s) 402.
[0086] Further, as described herein, cellular communication circuitry 430 and short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may each include one or more processing elements. In other words, one or more processing elements may be included in cellular communication circuitry 430 and, similarly, one or more processing elements may be included in short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429. Thus, cellular communication circuitry 430 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of cellular communication circuitry 430. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of cellular communication circuitry 430. Similarly, the short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429 may include one or more ICs that are configured to perform the functions of short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of short to medium range wireless communication circuitry 429.
[0087] FIG. 5: Block Diagram of Cellular Communication Circuitry
[0088] FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of cellular communication circuitry, according to some embodiments. It is noted that the block diagram of the cellular communication circuitry of FIG. 5 is only one example of a possible cellular communication circuit. According to embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 530, which may be cellular communication circuitry 430, may be included in a communication device, such as communication device 106 described above. As noted above, communication device 106 may be a user equipment (UE) device, a mobile device or mobile station, a wireless device or wireless station, a desktop computer or computing device, a mobile computing device (e.g., a laptop, notebook, or portable computing device) , a tablet and / or a combination of devices, among other devices.
[0089] The cellular communication circuitry 530 may couple (e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly) to one or more antennas, such as antennas 435a-b and 436 as shown (in FIG. 4) . In some embodiments, cellular communication circuitry 530 may include dedicated receive chains (including and / or coupled to, e.g., communicatively; directly or indirectly. dedicated processors and / or radios) for multiple RATs (e.g., a first receive chain for LTE and a second receive chain for 5G NR) . For example, as shown in FIG. 5, cellular communication circuitry 530 may include a modem 510 and a modem 520. Modem 510 may be configured for communications according to a first RAT, e.g., such as LTE or LTE-A, and modem 520 may be configured for communications according to a second RAT, e.g., such as 5G NR.
[0090] As shown, modem 510 may include one or more processors 512 and a memory 516 in communication with processors 512. Modem 510 may be in communication with a radio frequency (RF) front end 535. RF front end 535 may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end 535 may include receive circuitry (RX) 532 and transmit circuitry (TX) 534. In some embodiments, receive circuitry 532 may be in communication with downlink (DL) front end 550, which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna 335a.
[0091] Similarly, modem 520 may include one or more processors 522 and a memory 526 in communication with processors 522. Modem 520 may be in communication with an RF front end 540. RF front end 540 may include circuitry for transmitting and receiving radio signals. For example, RF front end 540 may include receive circuitry 542 and transmit circuitry 544. In some embodiments, receive circuitry 542 may be in communication with DL front end 560, which may include circuitry for receiving radio signals via antenna 335b.
[0092] In some embodiments, a switch 570 may couple transmit circuitry 534 to uplink (UL) front end 572. In addition, switch 570 may couple transmit circuitry 544 to UL front end 572. UL front end 572 may include circuitry for transmitting radio signals via antenna 336. Thus, when cellular communication circuitry 530 receives instructions to transmit according to the first RAT (e.g., as supported via modem 510) , switch 570 may be switched to a first state that allows modem 510 to transmit signals according to the first RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry 534 and UL front end 572) . Similarly, when cellular communication circuitry 530 receives instructions to transmit according to the second RAT (e.g., as supported via modem 520) , switch 570 may be switched to a second state that allows modem 520 to transmit signals according to the second RAT (e.g., via a transmit chain that includes transmit circuitry 544 and UL front end 572) .
[0093] As described herein, the modem 510 may include hardware and software components for implementing the above features or for time division multiplexing UL data for NSA NR operations, as well as the various other techniques described herein. The processors 512 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively (or in addition) , processor 512 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 512, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 530, 532, 534, 535, 550, 570, 572, 335a, 335b, and 336 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.
[0094] In addition, as described herein, processors 512 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors 512 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors 512. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processors 512.
[0095] The processors 522 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium) . Alternatively (or in addition) , processor 522 may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) , or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . Alternatively (or in addition) the processor 522, in conjunction with one or more of the other components 540, 542, 544, 550, 570, 572, 335a, 335b, and 336 may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.
[0096] In addition, as described herein, processors 522 may include one or more processing elements. Thus, processors 522 may include one or more integrated circuits (ICs) that are configured to perform the functions of processors 522. In addition, each integrated circuit may include circuitry (e.g., first circuitry, second circuitry, etc. ) configured to perform the functions of processors 522.
[0097] FIG. 6: Block Diagram of a Baseband Processor Architecture for a UE
[0098] FIG. 6 illustrates example components of a device 600 in accordance with some embodiments. It is noted that the device of FIG. 6 is merely one example of a possible system, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various UEs, as desired.
[0099] In some embodiments, the device 600 may include application circuitry 602, baseband circuitry 604, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 606, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 608, one or more antennas 610, and power management circuitry (PMC) 612 coupled together at least as shown. The components of the illustrated device 600 may be included in a UE 106 or a RAN node 102A. In some embodiments, the device 600 may include less elements (e.g., a RAN node may not utilize application circuitry 602, and instead include a processor / controller to process IP data received from an EPC) . In some embodiments, the device 600 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory / storage, display, camera, sensor, or input / output (I / O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) implementations) .
[0100] The application circuitry 602 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry 602 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor (s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc. ) . The processors may be coupled with or may include memory / storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the device 600. In some embodiments, processors of application circuitry 602 may process IP data packets received from an EPC.
[0101] The baseband circuitry 604 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry 604 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 606 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 606. Baseband processing circuity 604 may interface with the application circuitry 602 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 606. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor 604A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 604B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor 604C, or other baseband processor (s) 604D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G) , sixth generation (6G) , etc. ) . The baseband circuitry 604 (e.g., one or more of baseband processors 604A-D) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 606. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 604A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 604G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 604E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation / demodulation, encoding / decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation / demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 604 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) , precoding, or constellation mapping / demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding / decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 604 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder / decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation / demodulation and encoder / decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments.
[0102] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may include one or more audio digital signal processor (s) (DSP) 604F. The audio DSP (s) 604F may be include elements for compression / decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 604 and the application circuitry 602 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC) .
[0103] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 604 may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) , a wireless local area network (WLAN) , a wireless personal area network (WPAN) . Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 604 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.
[0104] RF circuitry 606 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 606 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 608 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 604. RF circuitry 606 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 604 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 608 for transmission.
[0105] In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 606 may include mixer circuitry 606a, amplifier circuitry 606b and filter circuitry 606c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 606 may include filter circuitry 606c and mixer circuitry 606a. RF circuitry 606 may also include synthesizer circuitry 606d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 608 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 606d. The amplifier circuitry 606b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 606c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 604 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a necessity. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
[0106] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 606d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 608. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 604 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 606c.
[0107] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection) . In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 606a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 606a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.
[0108] In some embodiments, the output baseband signals, and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals, and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 604 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 606.
[0109] In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.
[0110] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N / N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.
[0111] The synthesizer circuitry 606d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 606a of the RF circuitry 606 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 606d may be a fractional N / N+1 synthesizer.
[0112] In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) , although that is not a necessity. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 604 or the applications processor 602 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor 602.
[0113] Synthesizer circuitry 606d of the RF circuitry 606 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL) , a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA) . In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.
[0114] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 606d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO) . In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 606 may include an IQ / polar converter.
[0115] FEM circuitry 608 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 610, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 606 for further processing. FEM circuitry 608 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 606 for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas 610. In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 606, solely in the FEM 608, or in both the RF circuitry 606 and the FEM 608.
[0116] In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 608 may include a TX / RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 606) . The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 608 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 606) , and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 610) .
[0117] In some embodiments, the PMC 612 may manage power provided to the baseband circuitry 604. In particular, the PMC 612 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMC 612 may often be included when the device 600 is capable of being powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE. The PMC 612 may increase the power conversion efficiency while providing desirable implementation size and heat dissipation characteristics.
[0118] While FIG. 6 shows the PMC 612 coupled only with the baseband circuitry 604, in other embodiments the PMC 612 may be additionally or alternatively coupled with, and perform similar power management operations for, other components such as, but not limited to, application circuitry 602, RF circuitry 606, or FEM 608.
[0119] In some embodiments, the PMC 612 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the device 600. For example, if the device 600 is in a radio resource control_Connected (RRC_Connected) state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the device 600 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power.
[0120] If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the device 600 may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 600 goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The device 600 may not receive data in this state, in order to receive data, it will transition back to RRC_Connected state.
[0121] An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours) . During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.
[0122] Processors of the application circuitry 602 and processors of the baseband circuitry 604 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 604, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry 604 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., transmission communication protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) layers) . As referred to herein, Layer 3 (L3) may comprise a radio resource control (RRC) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 (L2) may comprise a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 (L1) may comprise a physical (PHY) layer of a UE / RAN node, described in further detail below. Accordingly, the baseband circuitry 604 can be used to encode a message for transmission between a UE and a base station, or decode a message received between a UE and a base station.
[0123] FIG. 7: Block Diagram of an Interface of Baseband Circuitry
[0124] FIG. 7 illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. It is noted that the baseband circuitry of FIG. 7 is merely one example of a possible circuitry, and that features of this disclosure may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired.
[0125] As discussed above, the baseband circuitry 604 of FIG. 6 may comprise processors 604A-604E and a memory 604G utilized by said processors. Each of the processors 604A-604E may include a memory interface, 704A-704E, respectively, to send / receive data to / from the memory 604G.
[0126] The baseband circuitry 604 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries / devices, such as a memory interface 712 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from memory external to the baseband circuitry 604) , an application circuitry interface 714 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from the application circuitry 602 of FIG. 6) , an RF circuitry interface 716 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from RF circuitry 606 of FIG. 6) , a wireless hardware connectivity interface 718 (e.g., an interface to send / receive data to / from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, components (e.g., Low Energy) , components, and other communication components) , and a power management interface 720 (e.g., an interface to send / receive power or control signals to / from the PMC 612.
[0127] FIG. 8: Control Plane Protocol Stack
[0128] FIG. 8 is an illustration of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. In this embodiment, a control plane 800 is shown as a communications protocol stack between the UE 106a (or alternatively, the UE 106b) , the RAN node 102A (or alternatively, the RAN node 102B) , and the mobility management entity (MME) 621.
[0129] The PHY layer 801 may transmit or receive information used by the MAC layer 802 over one or more air interfaces. The PHY layer 801 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) , power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes) , and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC layer 805. The PHY layer 801 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing.
[0130] The MAC layer 802 may perform mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC service data units (SDUs) from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to PHY via transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the PHY via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) , and logical channel prioritization.
[0131] The RLC layer 803 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM) , Unacknowledged Mode (UM) , and Acknowledged Mode (AM) . The RLC layer 803 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs) , error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC layer 803 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment.
[0132] The PDCP layer 804 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs) , perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc. ) .
[0133] The main services and functions of the RRC layer 805 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in Master Information Blocks (MIBs) or System Information Blocks (SIBs) related to the non-access stratum (NAS) ) , broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS) , paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and E-UTRAN (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. Said MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more information elements (IEs) , which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.
[0134] The UE 601 and the RAN node 102A may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., an LTE-Uu interface) to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the PHY layer 801, the MAC layer 802, the RLC layer 803, the PDCP layer 804, and the RRC layer 805.
[0135] The non-access stratum (NAS) protocols 806 form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE 601 and the MME 621. The NAS protocols 806 support the mobility of the UE 601 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 601 and the P-GW 623.
[0136] The S1 Application Protocol (S1-AP) layer 815 may support the functions of the S1 interface and comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs) . An EP is a unit of interaction between the RAN node 102A and the CN 100. The S1-AP layer services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM) , and configuration transfer.
[0137] The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP / IP layer) 814 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 102A and the MME 621 based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP layer 813. The L2 layer 812 and the L1 layer 811 may refer to communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) used by the RAN node and the MME to exchange information.
[0138] The RAN node 102A and the MME 621 may utilize an S1-MME interface to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer 811, the L2 layer 812, the IP layer 813, the SCTP layer 814, and the S1-AP layer 815.
[0139] AI / ML Model Development
[0140] The development of the AI / ML models may comprise four main phases: a training, emulation (validation) , deployment, and inference phase. The main task involved in each phase are briefly described in the proceeding paragraphs.
[0141] Training Phase: In this phase, the AI model is trained on a dataset. This involves feeding the model with input data and corresponding correct output labels, allowing the model to learn patterns and relationships within the data. Training typically involves optimization algorithms to adjust the model's parameters to minimize errors.
[0142] Emulation Phase: In the emulation phase, the trained model is tested extensively to ensure it performs well on data it hasn't seen before. This phase involves evaluating the model's performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, etc., using validation datasets. Emulation helps identify any issues with the model's generalization and performance before deployment.
[0143] Deployment Phase: Once the model has been trained and successfully emulated, it's ready for deployment. Deployment involves integrating the model into a production environment where it can make predictions or classifications on new, unseen data. This may involve creating application programming interfaces (APIs) or integrating the model into applications or systems where it will be used.
[0144] Inference Phase: In this phase, the deployed model is used to make predictions or classifications on real-world data referred to herein as a “scenario. ” A scenario typically refers to a specific situation or problem domain in which an AI / ML model is applied or evaluated. Scenarios help frame the context in which AI / ML model is are deployed. The AI / ML model takes input data, processes it, and produces an output referred to as an inference, e.g., a predicted RSRP for a beam (assisted) , or a predicted beam ID.
[0145] AI / ML Model Monitoring
[0146] Monitoring and Evaluation: A monitoring entity, such as a UE 106, base station 102, or network 1020, can continuously monitor various factors such as data characteristics, system performance metrics, or environmental conditions.
[0147] Decision Making: Based on the monitored factors, the monitoring entity decides whether to switch to a different machine learning model that is better suited for the current conditions or task, finetune the current model using transfer learning to better match the environmental conditions or indicate the need to fall back to non-AI based positioning.
[0148] AI model switching refers to the process of dynamically selecting or switching between different machine learning models or algorithms based on certain conditions or criteria. This approach is often used in adaptive systems where the optimal model for a particular task may change over time or in different contexts. AI model switching may include the following.
[0149] Model Selection: The monitoring entity selects the most appropriate model from a set of pre-defined models or algorithms. This selection can be based on factors such as accuracy, efficiency, or robustness.
[0150] Model finetuning: Once a model is selected, the model can be further trained on a dataset that is specific to a task. This is known as finetuning. Finetuning a pre-trained model can reduce the amount of initial training for the model, while ensuring the model is trained for the specific task for which it will be used. This enables models to be trained more generally for multiple specific tasks. Finetuning a pre-trained model may be optional, depending on how different the initial training is from the end use of the model.
[0151] Adaptation: Once a new model is selected and optionally finetuned, the monitoring entity adapts its operation to use the newly chosen model for making predictions or decisions.
[0152] Novel Solutions to 3GPP Release 18 Case Study
[0153] It will be appreciated that the accuracy of the inferences made by AI / ML models are limited to the accuracy of the monitored factors, such as the data characteristics, system performance metrics, or environmental conditions.
[0154] The present disclosure provides novel and non-obvious technical solutions applicable to the study cases identified above. For example, the present disclosure provides unique technical solutions on (1) how to obtain measurements used to verify network AI / ML model inference data while minimizing measurement performance and reporting by UEs. It will be appreciated that the technical solutions provided herein may be incorporated into future specifications, including 3GPP Release 19.
[0155] AI / ML Based Handover Failure and Radio Link Failure Prediction
[0156] Wireless communication systems provide mobility by enabling user equipment (UEs) to move between cells via a process referred to as handover. Handover occurs when a mobile UE switches from one cell to another neighboring cell. Mechanisms have been established to help ensure a smooth transition between cells. NR supports different types of handover that were not supported in the previous 4G LTE specification. The basic handover in NR has been based on LTE handover mechanisms in which the network controls UE mobility based on UE measurement reporting. This measurement reporting typically involves Layer 3 (L3) measurements of neighbor cells and reporting from the UE to the eNB.
[0157] It should be noted that 5G NR enables various advanced capabilities as compared to LTE, and one existing procedure that can benefit from enhancement leveraging these 5G technologies is the radio link failure (RLF) mechanism. RLF refers to cases where the radio link quality deteriorates below certain thresholds such that communication between a user equipment (UE) and serving base station is disrupted. The current RLF procedure has some limitations in that it reacts to failures only after they have already occurred, rather than proactively avoiding them. The procedure also relies on a limited set of reference signal measurements that may not fully capture emerging radio link problems. Additionally, downlink signals and uplink signals are assessed independently even though they are often correlated in indicating radio link conditions.
[0158] These gaps present use cases where advanced algorithms like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) , coupled with coordination between the UE and next generation NodeB (base station) , can provide more predictive identification of risk of impending radio link failures. By intelligently fusing multiple radio link indicators and legacy measurements, failures can potentially be predicted ahead of time using AI / ML, allowing mitigating actions like handovers to prevent deterioration rather than simply reacting to RLF events. Enabling such predictive failure management can further improve reliability mechanisms as 5G networks continue to advance.
[0159] FIG. 9: Timing Diagram for enabling network-side artificial intelligence (AI) based model inference validation.
[0160] In cellular systems, AI-based mobility involves a network using artificial intelligence (AI) models to estimate measurement events and configure the UE to perform fewer measurements. However, since the network's measurement predictions are likely to be less accurate compared to the actual measurements taken by the UE, using these network-based event predictions to trigger mobility actions may lead to more frequent occurrences of hand over (HO) failures. Therefore, validation of the network prediction is needed. Thus, a need exists for a mechanism to validate the network-side AI / ML-based predictions to maintain reliable mobility performance of UEs operating within the network.
[0161] Thus, the mechanisms of the illustrated embodiments provide for a measurement query that can be sent from the network to the UE. In so doing, the network queries the UE for measurements at the UE such as, for example, the network asking the UE to confirm that a measurement is within threshold of what is predicted by the network.
[0162] An existing measurement framework can be used such as, for example, reportType set to "eventTriggered" and “reportAmount” set to 1, can be used to support AI / ML model validation. However, this approach, which is a legacy “one shot” type of measurement can be inefficient for network-side AI / ML model validation if the network is likely to request additional "immediate" measurements, which would require new measurement configuration and thus result in excessive signaling overhead.
[0163] Thus, mechanisms of the illustrated embodiments provide for an additional variant of the "one shot" measurement where the network provides the measurement configuration once and sends a one-shot measurement configuration for AI-based model validation to the UE. The network can then trigger the UE to perform various measurements using the one-shot measurement configuration, as needed. In one example, a new ReportConfig element is provided (in addition to periodical and eventTriggered elements) , which can be referred to as one-shot (e.g., one-shot measurement configuration) .
[0164] When a UE receives a MeasConfig message from the network with this type of report, the UE, if instructed, can perform the measurements immediately, and store the measurement configuration, as opposed to the legacy "one shot" , in which the measurement configuration is deleted at the UE after the measurement is performed.
[0165] Such one-shot measurements can be subsequently triggered at the UE using a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , and / or downlink control information (DCI) . However, the UE does not release the measurement configuration after performing the one-shot measurement. The one-shot measurement configuration can be released using legacy signaling when the measurement configuration is no longer needed.
[0166] Thus, in contrast to a one-shot measurement where the network sends a measurement configuration to the UE, and the UE performs the measurements once and then discards the configuration, the enhanced one-shot measurement configuration is provided to support network-side AI / ML model validation with more efficient communication of measurements made by the UE that can be used for training of the AI / ML model at the network.
[0167] In summary, the measurement configuration is sent only once from the Network to the UE and the UE performs the measurements immediately when triggered. Also, rather than discarding the one-shot measurement configuration after the measurement is collected, the UE stores the one-shot measurement configuration for future use. In this way, the network can trigger immediate measurements by the UE, on demand and at multiple times using the same stored one-shot measurement configuration, without the need to send the measurement configuration each time the measurements are needed or conducted. This can be done using various signaling methods, such as RRC messages, MAC CEs, or DCI. At a later time, the one-shot measurement configuration can be released using legacy signaling from the network when the one-shot measurement configuration is no longer needed.
[0168] The measurement configuration can be communicated from the network to the UE using measurement objects (MO) . Regardless of the protocol used, triggering messages can be used to carry measurement object identifiers (IDs) . Alternatively, if only one such measurement object is supported, the triggering message may not need to carry the MO ID.
[0169] The triggering message can also include additional content. For example, the triggering message can include:
[0170] - information to further limit / filter requested results (e.g. cell list, reference signal type) ;
[0171] - time and location for the measurements to be performed by the UE (exact time or bounds)
[0172] - reportAmount (this overrides reportAmount in measurement configuration) ; and
[0173] - Delay (between consecutive measurements) , if reportAmount is provided;
[0174] Alternatively, instead of reportAmount, reporting time (start and stop) can be signaled.
[0175] Instead of triggering, activation / deactivation can be used as follows. Measurement objects and events can be configured as in legacy configuration; however they are marked as inactive. The network may activate a measurement object (using RRC / MAC / DCI) . The network may deactivate the measurement object.
[0176] In another example, mechanisms of the illustrated embodiments provide for network command validation. For example, if a handover (HO) is triggered by a network sided AI / ML model predicted event (as opposed to a UE reported measurement event) , an RRCReconfiguration message can also contain information about the predicted event that triggered it, including at least: 1) a predicted target cell measurements, and / or 2) predicted serving cell measurements.
[0177] The RRCReconfiguration message can include a threshold for each predicted measurement. Before executing the handover, the UE is enabled to perform measurements to ensure that the difference between the predicted measurements and the real / actual measurements is bounded by the threshold signaled by the network. If the difference between the predicted measurements and the real / actual measurements is less than a threshold, the UE performs the HO. If the difference between the predicted measurements and the real / actual measurements greater than the threshold, the UE does not perform the HO and the UE indicates in the RRCReconfigurationComplete message that the HO was refused. Also, real measurements can be either included directly or the UE may indicate their availability so that the network fetches them if needed.
[0178] While HO is provided as one example, the mechanisms of the various embodiments can be generalized for any network RRC messages. In one example, for each RRC message, the network can include a set of conditions such as, for example, serving and neighbor cell measurements, which are typically based on network-side AI / ML model predictions. The UE can validate these conditions and execute the HO command based on the conditions being satisfied. Depending on the configuration, either one or more of the conditions must be fulfilled for the UE to perform the command. The UE may notify the network whether the command was accepted or rejected. If the conditions are not satisfied, the UE provides a cause value and, if requested, the measurements.
[0179] The exact timing of when the measurements are performed can be left to the UE's implementation. For example, the UE may periodically conduct measurements and use the most recent available measurement results for validation. The network may specify a time threshold to indicate how "old" the measurements can be. That is, the network may indicate a time threshold to indicate a maximum age of the measurements that can be used for validation. In one aspect, the RRC commands (besides HO) , can include a MobilityFromNRCommand, a PSCell Addition, and a PSCell Change message.
[0180] It should be noted that although one or more of the solutions can be considered as part of the AI-based model analysis, the proposed signaling may be used with other operations. Furthermore, all types of measurements can be considered such as, for example, cell level, beam level, serving cell, neighbor cell, and secondary cell measurements.
[0181] In another example, for optimizing network command validations, when rejecting the handover, the UE may indicate the difference between the network predicted measurements and the actual measurements, instead of providing the real measurements directly. This can help reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted.
[0182] In another optimization. instead of outright rejecting the handover if the validity conditions are not satisfied, the UE may consider the handover command valid for a specified time period. This "validity time" can be signaled in the RRCReconfiguration message. Essentially, this turns the HO command into a conditional handover (CHO) for a certain duration. Furthermore, the HO command itself may directly include the time and location at which the validity conditions are to be satisfied. This allows for more precise control over when and where the UE should validate the network's predictions and execute the HO.
[0183] For further explanation, FIG. 9 illustrates an example timing diagram signaling between a user equipment (UE) and a network (e.g., via a base station) for enabling artificial intelligence (AI) based model inference validation according to some embodiments. Also, FIG. 9 provides an example illustration of a UE 106 communicating with a base station 102. In various embodiments, some of the signaling shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional signaling may also be performed as desired. As shown, this signaling may flow as follows as one example embodiment.
[0184] The signaling shown in FIG. 9 may be used in conjunction with any of the systems, methods, and / or devices. In various embodiments, some of the signaling shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional signaling may also be performed as desired. As shown, this signaling may flow as follows as one example embodiment.
[0185] The signaling may begin with a network (e.g., base station 102) transmitting 902, to a UE, such as UE 106, a one-shot measurement configuration for AI-based model 920 (e.g., AI / ML model (s) ) validation. In one aspect, the one-shot measurement configuration comprises a new ReportConfig element. The new ReportConfig element enables the UE to perform the one or more measurements an “n” number of times based on the one-shot measurement configuration, where n is a positive integer. In another example, the UE can store / save the one-shot measurement configuration at the UE for performing subsequent measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration in response to receiving the one or more triggers from the network.
[0186] The UE can perform 904 one or more measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration.
[0187] The UE can send 906 to the network (e.g., via the base station 102) , the one or more measurements for validating the one or more AI based models 920 at base station 102 or the network 1020. In one aspect, the measurements may be included in a measurement report.
[0188] The signaling may also include the base station, such as base station 102, sending 908 a trigger to perform the one or more immediate measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration. The trigger may be sent to the UE via a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , or downlink control information (DCI) . Also, the triggers can include information to limit or filter the one or more measurements, a time and location for performing the one or more measurements, a report amount, a delay between consecutive measurements, and a reporting time.
[0189] Again, the UE 106 can perform 910 subsequent measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration in response to receiving the one or more triggers from the network 1020. The UE can send 912 to the network (e.g., via the base station 102) , the one or more measurements for validating the one or more AI based models at the network in a measurement report.
[0190] Additionally, the signaling may include the UE monitoring 914 performance of the one or more AI based models 913. Also, the signaling may include the base station 102 or network 1020 monitoring 916 performance of the one or more AI based models 920.
[0191] FIG. 10: Flow Chart for a Method of enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation at a UE.
[0192] FIG. 10 illustrates an example flow chart of a method 1000 of enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation, at a UE, according to some embodiments.
[0193] The method shown in FIG. 10 may be used in conjunction with any of the systems, methods, or devices illustrated in the Figures, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the method elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional method elements may also be performed as desired.
[0194] In accordance with an embodiment, a method 1000, for enabling network-side artificial intelligence (AI) -based model inference validation, comprises decoding, from a network, a one-shot measurement configuration for AI-based model validation, as in block 1010. The method 1000 further comprises performing, by the UE, one or more measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration, as in block 1012. The method 1000 further comprises storing the one-shot measurement configuration at the UE, as in block 1014. The method 1000 further comprises encoding, for transmission to the network, the one or more measurements for validating the one or more AI based models at the network, as in block 1016.
[0195] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises decoding, from the network, a handover command including predicted target cell measurements and predicted serving cell measurements based on the one or more AI based models, wherein the handover command is a RRCReconfiguration RRC message and RRC is a radio resource control; comparing the predicted target cell measurements and the predicted serving cell measurements with actual measurements; and transmitting, to the network, a handover complete message indicating the handover command is followed based on the comparison, wherein the handover complete message is a RRCReconfigurationComplete message.
[0196] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises decoding, from the network, the trigger to perform the one or more immediate measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration.
[0197] In some embodiments, the one-shot measurement configuration comprises a new ReportConfig element. In some embodiments, the new ReportConfig element enables the UE to perform the one or more measurements an nth number of times based on the one-shot measurement configuration.
[0198] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises releasing the one-shot measurement configuration according to signaling sent by the network.
[0199] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises decoding, from the network, one or more triggers received via a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , or downlink control information (DCI) .
[0200] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises storing the one-shot measurement configuration for performing subsequent measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration in response to receiving the one or more triggers from the network.
[0201] In some embodiments, the one or more triggers include measurement object identifiers. In some embodiments, the one or more triggers include one or more of information to limit or filter the one or more measurements, a time and location for performing the one or more measurements, a report amount, a delay between consecutive measurements, and a reporting time.
[0202] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises decoding, from the network, one or more measurement objects and events configured as inactive.
[0203] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises activating or deactivating the one or more measurement objects based on an indication received via an radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , or downlink control information (DCI) .
[0204] In some embodiments, the handover command further includes a threshold for each of the predicted target cell measurements and the predicted serving cell measurements.
[0205] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises executing the handover command when a difference between the predicted measurements and the actual measurements is less than a threshold.
[0206] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises disregarding the handover command when the difference between the predicted measurements and the actual measurements is greater than the threshold; and indicating in the handover complete message that the handover is disregarded.
[0207] In some embodiments, the handover complete message includes one or more of the actual measurements and an indication of availability of the actual measurements.
[0208] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises decoding, from the network, a network radio resource control (RRC) message including conditions based on predictions of the one or more AI based models, wherein the network RRC message is generalized for any RRC message.
[0209] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises validating one or more conditions included in the network RRC message; and performing a command associated with the network RRC message based on validation of the one or more conditions.
[0210] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises notifying the network whether the command is accepted; and providing a cause value and the actual measurements when the one or more conditions are not validated.
[0211] In some embodiments, the handover complete message includes a difference between the predicted measurements and the actual measurements when rejecting the handover command.
[0212] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises determining the handover command as being valid for a time period.
[0213] In some embodiments, the handover command includes a time and location at which the predicted measurements must be satisfied.
[0214] In some embodiments, the network RRC message is one or more of a handover command, a mobility from new radio (NR) command, a primary secondary cell (PSCell) addition command, and a PSCell change command. In some embodiments, the one or more conditions include one or more of serving cell measurements, neighbor cell measurements, secondary cell measurements, and beam level measurements.
[0215] In some embodiments, the method 1000 further comprises performing the one or more measurements periodically; and using latest available measurement results for validating the one or more conditions.
[0216] In some embodiments, the network RRC message includes a time threshold, and wherein the one or more measurements within the time threshold are used for validating the one or more conditions.
[0217] In some embodiments, an apparatus is disclosed that is configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to perform any of the operations of the method 1100.
[0218] FIG. 11: Flow Chart for a Method of enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation by a base station.
[0219] FIG. 11 illustrates an example flow chart of a method 1100 of enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation, at a base station, according to some embodiments.
[0220] The method shown in FIG. 11 may be used in conjunction with any of the systems, methods, or devices illustrated in the Figures, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the method elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional method elements may also be performed as desired.
[0221] In accordance with an embodiment, a method 1100, for enabling network-side artificial intelligence based model inference validation, comprises encoding, for transmission to a user equipment (UE) , a one-shot measurement configuration for AI-based model validation, as in block 1110. The method 1000 further comprises encoding, for transmission to the UE, a trigger to perform one or more measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration, as in block 1112. The method 1100 further comprises decoding, from the UE, one or more measurements performed by the UE based on the one-shot measurement configuration, as in block 1114. The method 1100 further comprises validating, by a base station, one or more AI-based models using the one or more measurements received from the UE, as in block 1116.
[0222] In some embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises encoding, for transmission to the UE, a handover command including predicted target cell measurements and predicted serving cell measurements based on the one or more AI based models, wherein the handover command is a RRCReconfiguration RRC message and RRC is a radio resource control to enable the UE to compare the predicted target cell measurements and the predicted serving cell measurements with actual measurements.
[0223] In some embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises decoding, from the UE, a handover complete message indicating the handover command is followed based on the comparison, wherein the handover complete message is a RRCReconfigurationComplete message.
[0224] In some embodiments, an apparatus is disclosed that is configured to cause a base station to perform any of the operations of the method 1100.
[0225] In some embodiments, a computer program product is disclosed, comprising computer instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, perform any of the operations described with respect to the method 1200.
[0226] In some embodiments, a computer program product is disclosed, comprising computer instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, perform any of the operations described with respect to the method 1200.
[0227] Embodiments of the present disclosure may be realized in any of various forms. For example, some embodiments may be realized as a computer-implemented method, a computer readable memory medium, or a computer system. Other embodiments may be realized using one or more custom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. Still other embodiments may be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such as FPGAs.
[0228] In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium may be configured so that it stores program instructions and / or data, where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.
[0229] In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a UE 106) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to implement any of the various method embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets) . The device may be realized in any of various forms.
[0230] Any of the methods described herein for operating a user equipment (UE) may be the basis of a corresponding method for operating a base station, by interpreting each message / signal X received by the UE in the downlink as message / signal X transmitted by the base station, and each message / signal Y transmitted in the uplink by the UE as a message / signal Y received by the base station.
[0231] Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
Claims
1.A method of enabling artificial intelligence (AI) based model inference validation of a network side AI model by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, comprising:decoding at the UE, from a network, a one-shot measurement configuration for AI-based model validation;performing, by the UE, one or more measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration;storing the one-shot measurement configuration at the UE; andencoding, for transmission to the network, the one or more measurements for validating the one or more AI based models at the network.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising decoding, from the network, one or more triggers to perform the one or more measurements based on the stored one-shot measurement configuration.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the one-shot measurement configuration comprises a new ReportConfig measurement type identifying the measurement as one-shot and the UE is configured to store the measurement configuration based on the one-shot ReportConfig type.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the new ReportConfig type enables the UE to perform the one or more measurements an n number of times based on the one-shot measurement configuration, where n is a positive integer.5.The method of claim 1, further comprising releasing the one-shot measurement configuration according to signaling sent by the network.6.The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more triggers are received at the UE via one or more of a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , or downlink control information (DCI) .7.The method of claim 6, further comprising storing the one-shot measurement configuration for performing subsequent measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration in response to receiving the one or more triggers from the network.8.The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more triggers include measurement object identifiers used to identify the one-shot measurement configuration.9.The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more triggers include one or more of information to limit or filter the one or more measurements, a time and location for performing the one or more measurements, a report amount, a delay between consecutive measurements, and a reporting time.10.The method of claim 1, further comprising decoding, from the network, one or more measurement objects and events configured as inactive.11.The method of claim 10, further comprising activating or deactivating the one or more measurement objects based on an indication received via an radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , or downlink control information (DCI) .12.The method of claim 1, further comprising:decoding, from the network, a radio resource control (RRC) handover command including one or more of predicted target cell measurements or predicted serving cell measurements based on the one or more network side AI based models, wherein the handover command is an RRCReconfiguration message;comparing the predicted target cell measurements and the predicted serving cell measurements with actual measurements performed at the UE; andtransmitting, to the network, a handover complete message indicating when the handover command is followed at the UE based on comparing the predicted target cell measurements or the predicted serving cell measurements with actual measurements, wherein the handover complete message is an RRCReconfigurationComplete message.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the handover command further includes a threshold for one or more of each of the predicted target cell measurements or the predicted serving cell measurements.14.The method of claim 13, further comprising executing the handover command when a difference between the predicted measurements and the actual measurements is less than a threshold.15.The method of claim 14, further comprising:disregarding the handover command when the difference between the predicted measurements and the actual measurements is greater than the threshold; andindicating in the handover complete message that the handover is disregarded.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the handover complete message includes one or more of the actual measurements and an indication of availability of the actual measurements.17.The method of claim 12, further comprising decoding, from the network, a radio resource control (RRC) message that includes a command for the UE and conditions associated with the command based on predictions of the one or more AI based models.18.The method of claim 17, further comprising:validating one or more conditions based on the predictions of the one or more AI based models included in the network RRC message by comparing the one or more conditions with one or more measurements performed at the UE to validate that one or more conditions are within a threshold level of the one or more measurements; andperforming the command at the UE associated with the network RRC message based on validation of the one or more conditions.19.The method of claim 18, further comprising:notifying the network when the command is accepted or when the command is not accepted at the UE; andproviding a cause value and the one or more measurements when the one or more conditions are not validated.20.The method of claim 12, wherein the handover complete message includes a difference between the predicted measurements and the one or more measurements when rejecting the handover command.21.The method of claim 12, further comprising determining the handover command as being valid for a selected time period.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the handover command includes a time and location at which the predicted measurements are to be satisfied.23.The method of claim 17, wherein the network RRC message is one or more of a handover command, a mobility from new radio (NR) command, a primary secondary cell (PSCell) addition command, or a PSCell change command.24.The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more conditions include one or more of serving cell measurements, neighbor cell measurements, secondary cell measurements, or beam level measurements.25.The method of claim 18, further comprising:performing the one or more measurements periodically; orusing latest available measurement results at the UE for validating the one or more conditions.26.The method of claim 18, wherein the network RRC message includes a time threshold, and wherein the one or more measurements within the time threshold are used for validating the one or more conditions.27.An apparatus configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to perform any of the methods of claims 1 to 26.28.A baseband processor configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to perform one or more of the method claims 1 to 26.29.An apparatus of a user equipment (UE) comprising:one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to:decode, from a network, a one-shot measurement configuration for artificial intelligence (AI) based model validation;perform, by the UE, one or more measurements based on the one-shot measurement configuration;store the one-shot measurement configuration at the UE; andencode, for transmission to the network, the one or more measurements for validating the one or more AI based models at the network.30.An apparatus of a base station comprising:one or more processors, coupled to a memory, configured to:encode, for transmission to a user equipment (UE) , a one-shot measurement configuration for artificial intelligence (AI) based model validation of one or more AI based models at a network to enable the UE to store the one-shot measurement configuration;encode, for transmission to the UE, a trigger to enable the UE to perform one or more measurements based on the stored one-shot measurement configuration;decoding, from the UE, one or more measurements performed by the UE based on the one-shot measurement configuration; andvalidating one or more AI-based models at the network using the one or more measurements received from the UE.31.The apparatus of claim 30, further comprising the one or more processors, coupled to the memory, configured to:encode, for transmission to the UE, a radio resource control (RRC) handover command including one or more of predicted target cell measurements or predicted serving cell measurements based on the one or more AI based models, to enable the UE to compare the predicted target cell measurements or the predicted serving cell measurements with the one or more measurements performed at the UE; anddecode, from the UE, an RRC handover complete message indicating when the handover command is followed based on the comparing the predicted target cell measurements and the predicted serving cell measurements with the one or more measurements performed at the UE, wherein the handover complete message is an RRCReconfigurationComplete message.32.The apparatus of claim 30, further comprising encode, for transmission to the UE, a trigger to perform the one or more measurements based on the stored one-shot measurement configuration.33.A computer program product, comprising computer instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, perform any of the operations described herein.
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