Dialysis purification system

Abstract

A dialysis system for providing water for injection from a fluid may include a treatment system configured to receive the fluid, the treatment system including a reverse osmosis membrane, an electro-deionization module fluidly connected to the reverse osmosis membrane at a location downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane, a first conductivity sensor configured to sense a conductivity of the fluid downstream of the electro-deionization module, and a first valve configured to drain the fluid from the treatment system in response to a first sensed value from the first conductivity sensor being greater than a first threshold conductivity. The dialysis system may, in response to the fluid output by the treatment system being less than a corresponding threshold, supply the fluid to one or more other modules of the dialysis system as water for injection.

Description

DIALYSIS PURIFICATION SYSTEMCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 654,443, filed on May 31, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates generally to dialysis systems. More particularly, this disclosure relates to water purification systems for dialysis systems.BACKGROUND

[0003] Dialysis systems can be used to treat patients with kidney disorders. There are a number of dialysis systems in use in the health care industry. Dialysis fluids that are specifically controlled for the dialysis systems are used in these dialysis systems for treatment of the patients.SUMMARY

[0004] In some embodiments, a dialysis system includes a treatment system configured to receive a fluid. In some embodiments, the treatment system includes a reverse osmosis membrane; an electro-deionization module fluidly connected to the reverse osmosis membrane at a location downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; a first conductivity sensor configured to sense a conductivity of the fluid downstream of the electro-deionization module; and a first valve configured to drain the fluid from the treatment system in response to a first sensed value from the first conductivity sensor being greater than a first threshold conductivity.

[0005] In some embodiments, the treatment system further includes: a second conductivity sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module. In some embodiments, the second conductivity sensor is configured to sense the conductivity of the fluid downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane and upstream of the electro-deionization module. In some embodiments, a second valve is configured to remove the fluid from the treatment system in response to a second sensed value from the second conductivity sensor being greater than a second threshold conductivity.

[0006] In some embodiments, the treatment system further includes a first pressure sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second pressure sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; a first flowrate sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second flowrate sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; and a third conductivity sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane. In some embodiments, an efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane is determined using the second sensed value from the second conductivity sensor, a third sensed value from the third conductivity sensor; a first sensed pressure value from the first pressure sensor, a second sensed pressure value from the second pressure sensor, a first sensed flowrate value from the first flowrate sensor, and a second sensed flowrate value from the second flowrate sensor.

[0007] In some embodiments, the first conductivity sensor is configured to determine a first error condition in which a conductivity of the fluid indicates an error condition of the treatment system.

[0008] In some embodiments, a pretreatment system is fluidly connected to the treatment system and configured to output the fluid to the treatment system.

[0009] In some embodiments, the pretreatment system includes an activated carbon filter.

[0010] In some embodiments, a distribution system is fluidly connected to the treatment system.

[0011] In some embodiments, the distribution system includes: a fluid reservoir configured to receive the fluid from the treatment system; a pump configured to circulate the fluid from the fluid reservoir through the distribution system; an ultraviolet lamp configured to disinfect at least a portion of the fluid circulating in the distribution system; a third conductivity sensor disposed fluidly downstream of the fluid reservoir and configured to the conductivity of the fluid prior to outlet from the distribution system; and a third valve configured to remove the fluid from the distribution system in response to a third sensed value from the third conductivity sensor being greater than a third threshold conductivity.

[0012] In some embodiments, a filter is disposed upstream of the third valve and configured to filter the fluid prior to outlet from the dialysis system.

[0013] In some embodiments, a sensor is disposed upstream of the third valve, wherein in response to a sensed total organic carbon value being greater than a threshold total organic carbon, the third valve is configured to remove the fluid from the distribution system.

[0014] In some embodiments, the fluid is water configured to be used in the dialysis system.

[0015] In some embodiments, a method includes receiving, by a controller for a treatment system of a dialysis system, a first sensed value for a fluid from a first conductivity sensor of the treatment system. In some embodiments, the treatment system includes: a reverse osmosis membrane; an electro-deionization module fluidly connected to the reverse osmosis membrane at a location downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; the first conductivity sensor configured to sense a conductivity of the fluid downstream of the electro-deionization module; and a first valve configured to remove the fluid from the treatment system. In some embodiments, the method includes comparing the first sensed value with a first conductivity threshold. In some embodiments, in response to the first sensed value being greater than the first conductivity threshold, the method includes opening the first valve to drain the fluid from the treatment system.

[0016] In some embodiments, the method includes receiving, by the controller, a second sensed value from a second conductivity sensor. In some embodiments, the second conductivity sensor is disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electrodeionization module; comparing the second sensed value with a second conductivity threshold. In some embodiments, in response to the second sensed value being greater than the second conductivity threshold, the method includes opening a second valve to drain the fluid from the treatment system. In some embodiments, the second valve is disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module.

[0017] In some embodiments, the treatment system includes a first pressure sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second pressure sensor upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; a first flowrate sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second flowrate sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; and a third conductivity sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane. In someembodiments, the method further includes determining an efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane using the second sensed value from the second conductivity sensor, a third sensed value from the third conductivity sensor, a first sensed pressure value from the first pressure sensor, a second sensed pressure value from the second pressure sensor; a first sensed flowrate value from the first flowrate sensor; and a second sensed flowrate value from the second flowrate sensor.

[0018] In some embodiments, the method includes comparing the efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane with a threshold efficiency; and outputting an alert from the controller in response to the efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane being lower than the threshold efficiency.

[0019] In some embodiments, the method includes outputting an alert from the controller in response to the first sensed value from the first conductivity sensor being greater than the first conductivity threshold. In some embodiments, the alert indicates a conductivity of the fluid indicates an error condition of the treatment system.

[0020] In some embodiments, a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of a fluid purification controller, cause the processor to perform a method, including receiving, by a controller for a treatment system of a dialysis system, a first sensed value for water from a first conductivity sensor for the treatment system. In some embodiments, the treatment system includes: a reverse osmosis membrane; an electro-deionization module fluidly connected to the reverse osmosis membrane at a location downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; the first conductivity sensor configured to sense a conductivity of the water downstream of the electro-deionization module; and a first valve configured to remove the water from the treatment system; comparing the first sensed value with a first conductivity threshold. In some embodiments, in response to the first sensed value being greater than the first conductivity threshold, the method includes opening the first valve to drain the water from the treatment system.

[0021] In some embodiments, the method includes receiving, by the controller, a second sensed value from a second conductivity sensor. In some embodiments, the second conductivity sensor is disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electrodeionization module. In some embodiments, the method includes comparing the second sensedvalue with a second conductivity threshold. Tn some embodiments, in response to the second sensed value being greater than the second conductivity threshold, the method includes opening a second valve to drain the water from the treatment system, wherein the second valve is disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module.

[0022] In some embodiments, the treatment system includes a first pressure sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second pressure sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; a first flowrate sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second flowrate sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; and a third conductivity sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane. In some embodiments, the method includes determining an efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane using the second sensed value from the second conductivity sensor, a third sensed value from the third conductivity sensor; a first sensed pressure value from the first pressure sensor, a second sensed pressure value from the second pressure sensor; a first sensed flowrate value from the first flowrate sensor; and a second sensed flowrate value from the second flowrate sensor.

[0023] In some embodiments, the method includes comparing the efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane with a threshold efficiency; and outputting an alert from the controller in response to the efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane being lower than the threshold efficiency.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] References are made to the accompanying drawings that form a part of this disclosure and that illustrate embodiments in which the systems and methods described in this Specification can be practiced.

[0025] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a dialysis system, according to some embodiments.

[0026] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a water purification system, according to some embodiments.

[0027] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a pretreatment system for a water purification system, according to some embodiments.

[0028] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a filtration system for a water purification system, according to some embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a distribution system for a water purification system, according to some embodiments.

[0030] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a flow chart for controlling a dialysis system, according to some embodiments.

[0031] Like reference numbers represent the same or similar parts throughout.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] Dialysis systems such as, but not limited to, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodi afiltrati on, and peritoneal dialysis, can utilize a high volume water source that is purified to reach purity levels needed for the dialysis treatments. The water purification systems disclosed are designed to reduce risk of contaminants and to ensure an appropriate composition of the purified water.

[0033] Embodiments of this disclosure are directed to improved systems and methods for ensuring that the water (i.e., water for injection) used to generate the dialysate for the dialysis process meets appropriate purity goals. In some embodiments, these can be determined based on inferences using conductivity sensors, pressure sensors, flowrate sensors, combinations thereof, or the like. In some embodiments, additional sensors can be used such as those that are used to correlate an amount of total organic carbon in the water. In response to determining that one or more of the sensed values are outside of a threshold, a controller for the water purification system can change a state of a valve (e.g., open the valve) to drain the water from the system. In some embodiments, the water can be drained at a location that is downstream of the identified problem and upstream of additional purification steps. In some embodiments, the water can be drained at a location upstream of the identified problem. In some embodiments, controlling the system to drain the water at selected locations can be used to protect dialysis patients from contaminants.

[0034] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a dialysis system 100, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the dialysis system 100 can be representative of a peritoneal dialysis system including point of use dialysis fluid production. Peritoneal dialysis systems are one example of a dialysis system. It is to be appreciated that the systems and methods described in this disclosure can be applied to other dialysis systems such as, but not limited to, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, or the like.

[0035] The illustrated embodiment includes a water purification system 102. A controller 104 is configured to be in electronic communication with the water purification system 102 to send and receive communications relating to sensed parameters, control of valves, or the like. The water purification system 102 can be fluidly connected to a cycler 106. The cycler 106 can be configured to prepare a fresh dialysis fluid using purified water output from the water purification system 102. The cycler 106 can be fluidly connected with a patient to perform the dialysis treatments. The cycler 106 can be in electronic communication with the cycler 106 to accomplish the necessary treatments for the patient. It is to be appreciated that the cycler 106 can include one or more additional features such as, but not limited to, a user interface configured to receive user inputs, display outputs for the user, or any combination thereof. Dialysis system 100 can include one or more additional modules to enable dialysis system 100 to prepare dialysate from purified water and to utilize the dialysate to provide dialysis therapy to patients with the cycler 106. Dialysis system 100 can, in some embodiments, include a preparator module (not shown) located between water purification system 102 and cycler 106 for adding one or more concentrates to the purified water to generate the dialysate. Dialysis system 100 can, in some embodiments, also include a sterilization module (not shown) located between water purification system 102 and cycler 106 for sterilizing the fluid prior to being received by the cycler 106.

[0036] The controller 104 can be in wired or wireless communication with the water purification system 102. The controller 104 can include a memory 108 and at least one processor 110. It is to be appreciated that the controller 104 can include one or more additional features such as, but not limited to, a display with a user interface configured to receive user inputs, display outputs for the user, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a separate user input can also be included so the user can interact with the dialysis system 100.

[0037] Dialysis system 100 can utilize water purification system 102 to provide water for injection (WFI) used to prepare the dialysate. The WFI can be made from water of various quality that does not initially meet the relevant pharmacopoeia standards for WFI. This water from the water source can be received at, for example, an inlet of dialysis system 100 upstream of water purification system 102, and the dialysis system 100 can pass the water through the water purification system 102 to remove any contaminants prior to adding any solutes to the purified water. In some embodiments, dialysis system 100 can obtain the water from a drinking water source (e.g., tap water) having an initial set of parameters that does not meet the relevant pharmacopoeia standards. The parameters may include respective thresholds for total organic carbon (TOC), conductivity, nitrates, aluminum, various different chemicals, bacterium, or any combination thereof. Water purification system 102 may process this water obtained from the water source using water purification system 102 to provide water suitable for WFI to the other modules and / or sub-systems of dialysis system 100. In this regard, the WFI provided by water purification system 102 may have a set of parameters that meets the relevant pharmacopoeia standards.

[0038] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the water purification system 102, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the water purification system 102 can be broken down into subsystems including a pretreatment system 150, a treatment system 152, and a distribution system 154. In some embodiments, the water purification system 102 can be contained within an apparatus that is fluidly connected to the cycler 106.

[0039] The water purification system 102 is fluidly connected to a water source 156. For example, the water source 156 can be a water tap or the like. The fluid received at the water purification system 102 from the water source 156 can be treated using the pretreatment system 150, the treatment system 152, and the distribution system 154.

[0040] In some embodiments, the distribution system 154 includes an outlet 166 configured to be fluidly connected to the cycler 106.

[0041] In some embodiments, one or more additional components can be included in the water purification system 102. For example, the water purification system 102 can include a pressure sensor 168, a flowrate sensor 170, a conductivity sensor 172, and a valve 174 fluidly disposed between the water source 156 and the pretreatment system 150. In someembodiments, a pressure sensor 184 and a pressure sensor 186 can be disposed fluidly between the pretreatment system 150 and the treatment system 152. In some embodiments, a pump 188 can be disposed fluidly between the pressure sensor 184 and the pressure sensor 186. In some embodiments, a valve 190 can be disposed fluidly between the treatment system 152 and the distribution system 154. In some embodiments, an ultrafilter 192, a valve 194, and a valve 196 can be disposed between the distribution system 154 and the cycler 106 (FIG. 1).

[0042] In some embodiments, the valve 174, the valve 190, the valve 194, and the valve 196 can be electronically controlled valves in fluid communication with the controller 104 of the water purification system 102. In some embodiments, the valve 174, the valve 190, the valve 194, and the valve 196 can be selectively activated to drain the water from the water purification system 102. As such, although not shown in the figure, the valve 174, the valve 190, the valve 194, and the valve 196 can also be fluidly connected with a drain of the water purification system 102.

[0043] In some embodiments, the controller 104 can be configured to receive inputs from the pressure sensor 168, the flowrate sensor 170, the conductivity sensor 172, the pressure sensor 184, and the pressure sensor 186 (in addition to other sensors shown and described in additional detail in FIGS. 3-5 below) to selectively drain water from the water purification system 102 via opening of one or more of the valve 174, the valve 190, the valve 194, and the valve 196. For example, in some embodiments, if a condition is detected that indicates that one or more parameters of the water are not being met by the pretreatment system 150, the treatment system 152, or the distribution system 154, the controller 104 can selectively open one of the valves to ensure that water not meeting purity requirements is not output to the cycler 106.

[0044] In some embodiments, by being able to open a variety of valves for this purpose, it is possible to prevent the water from unnecessarily going through components of the water purification system 102, which can prolong a lifetime of those components when an upstream failure occurs. Additionally, in this manner, it is possible to maintain a required purity of the water during the course of purification. In some embodiments, this can provide a real-time understanding of whether the water meets the purity requirements for the dialysis system 100.

[0045] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the pretreatment system 150 for the water purification system 102, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the pretreatment system 150 can be configured to reduce bacteria and sediment, filter coarse particles, reduce hardness, reduce total organic carbon, reduce chlorine, reduce chloramine, and remove heavy metals from the water received via the water source 156.

[0046] In some embodiments, the pretreatment system 150 includes a first filter 158, a second filter 160, and a third filter 162 connected in series. In some embodiments, the pretreatment system 150 can additionally include an ultraviolet (UV) lamp 164 to disinfect the water stream. In some embodiments, the lamp 164 can be included instead of the first filter 158.

[0047] In some embodiments, the second filter 160 and the third filter 162 can be the same filters. That is, in some embodiments, the third filter 162 can be redundant to the second filter 160.

[0048] In some embodiments, the second filter 160, the third filter 162, or both the second filter 160 and the third filter 162 can be an activated carbon filter. In some embodiments, the second filter 160 and the third filter 162 can reduce a concentration of chlorine and chloramine in the water. In some embodiments, the third filter 162 can serve to act in case of a failure by the second filter 160.

[0049] In some embodiments, the second filter 160, the third filter 162, or a combination thereof can be used to remove endotoxins from the water. In some embodiments, the lamp 164 can be used to kill bacteria in the water.

[0050] In some embodiments, the first filter 158, the second filter 160, and the third filter 162 can be configured to collectively remove particles from the water. In some embodiments, the particles being removed can include clay, silt, silicon, combinations thereof, or the like.

[0051] In some embodiments, the first filter 158, the second filter 160, and the third filter 162 can be configured to collectively remove chlorine and compositions including chlorine from the water. In some embodiments, the first filter 158, the second filter 160, and the third filter 162 can be configured to collectively adsorb toxic substances such as, but not limited to, pesticides. In some embodiments, the first filter 158, the second filter 160, and the third filter162 can be configured to collectively remove hypochlorite, chloramine, and chlorine from the water.

[0052] In some embodiments, the pretreatment system 150 can additionally include a sensor 198 disposed downstream of the third filter 162. In some embodiments, the sensor 198 can be used to assess performance of the second filter 160 and the third filter 162. In some embodiments, the sensor 198 can provide an estimate of levels of contaminants such as, but not limited to, organic contaminants in the water exiting the water purification system 102. In some embodiments, the controller 104 (FIG. 2) can be configured to change a state of the valve 174 (FIG. 2) if the reading from the sensor 198 is greater than a threshold value. In some embodiments, being greater than the threshold value can be an indication that total organic carbon, chlorine, chloramine, or a combination thereof, removal is not reaching required levels. It is to be appreciated that the sensor 198 may not directly identify whether total organic carbon, chlorine, or chloramine are passing through the pretreatment system 150 but can give an indication that one or both of the second filter 160 and the third filter 162 are not working effectively. In some embodiments, an additional valve can be located downstream of the pretreatment system 150 so that contaminants are prevented from entering the downstream portion of the water purification system 102 if the required levels of removal are not reached.

[0053] In some embodiments, causing a drain of the system can also include providing an output from the controller 104 (FIG. 2) to generate an alert to indicate that the water purification system 102 is not working properly and may need to be serviced.

[0054] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the treatment system 152 for the water purification system 102, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the treatment system 152 can include a reverse osmosis membrane 200, an electro-deionization module 202, and an ultrafilter 204.

[0055] In some embodiments, the treatment system 152 includes one or more additional components. In some embodiments, the treatment system 152 can include a pressure sensor 206, a conductivity sensor 208, a flowrate sensor 210, and a valve 190 fluidly disposed downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane 200 and upstream of the electro-deionization module 202.

[0056] In some embodiments, a pressure sensor 213, a conductivity sensor 214, a flowrate sensor 215, and a valve 216 can be disposed fluidly downstream of the electro-deionization module 202 and fluidly upstream of the ultrafilter 204.

[0057] In some embodiments, the valve 190 (FIG. 2) can be disposed fluidly downstream of the ultrafilter 204.

[0058] In some embodiments, the controller 104 can be configured to monitor at least one of the pressure sensor 206, conductivity sensor 208, and flowrate sensor 210. In some embodiments, monitoring these components of the treatment system 152 can provide an understanding of whether the reverse osmosis membrane 200 is functioning properly. In some embodiments, one or more additional conditions of the water may be monitored such as, but not limited to, a temperature of the water, a conductivity of the water, a pressure of the water, a flowrate of the water, combinations thereof, or the like. In some embodiments, if, for example, aluminum is passing through the reverse osmosis membrane 200, a conductivity measured by the conductivity sensor 208 would be higher than if the reverse osmosis membrane 200 is functioning properly. In such embodiments, an efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane 200 may be reduced compared to a properly functioning reverse osmosis membrane 200. In some embodiments, the conductivity sensor 208 can accordingly be used to infer whether the treatment system 152 is properly removing metals such as, but not limited to, aluminum. In some embodiments, if the conductivity as measured by the conductivity sensor 208 is higher than a threshold conductivity, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) can be configured to change a state of the valve 190 to drain the water from the water purification system 102 and prevent water from continuing through the treatment system 152. In some embodiments, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) can be configured to change a state of the valve 174 (FIG. 2) instead of, or in addition to, the valve 190 to prevent water from depleting the filters in the pretreatment system 150 (FIG. 2) if a suspected problem is identified with the reverse osmosis membrane 200. In some embodiments, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) may make the decision based on a combination of the readings from the pressure sensor 206, the conductivity sensor 208 and the flowrate sensor 210, a temperature of the feed water, a conductivity of the feed water, a feed pressure, and a feed flowrate.

[0059] In some embodiments, the controller 104 (FIG. 1 ) can be configured to monitor the conductivity sensor 214. In some embodiments, like the reverse osmosis membrane 200, the electro-deionization module 202 is configured to remove metals such as, but not limited to, aluminum from the water. In some embodiments, if the conductivity as measured at conductivity sensor 214 is higher than a threshold value, then it can be inferred that more metal content is passing through the electro-deionization module 202 than desired. As a result, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) can be configured to open the valve 190 and drain the water from the water purification system 102. In some embodiments, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) can be configured to change a state of the valve 174 (FIG. 2) instead of, or in addition to, the valve 190 to prevent water from depleting the filters in the pretreatment system 150 if a suspected problem is identified with the electro-deionization module 202.

[0060] In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis membrane 200 and the electrodeionization module 202 can generally be configured to control a concentration of nitrates in the water being filtered. In some embodiments, if the concentration of nitrates in the water is higher than desired, the conductivity will also be higher than expected. As a result, readings from the conductivity sensor 208 can be used to infer whether the reverse osmosis membrane 200 is properly functioning and removing nitrates as expected. If the conductivity is higher than a threshold value, the controller 104 can be configured to change a state of the valve 190 to drain the water from the water purification system 102 and prevent water from continuing through the treatment system 152. In some embodiments, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) can be configured to change a state of the valve 174 (FIG. 2) instead of, or in addition to, the valve 190 to prevent water from depleting the filters in the pretreatment system 150 (FIG. 2) if a suspected problem is identified with the reverse osmosis membrane 200.

[0061] In some embodiments, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) can be configured to monitor the conductivity sensor 214. In some embodiments, like the reverse osmosis membrane 200, the electro-deionization module 202 is configured to remove nitrates from the water being filtered. In some embodiments, if the conductivity as measured at conductivity sensor 214 is higher than a threshold value, then it can be inferred that more nitrates are passing through the electrodeionization module 202 than desired. As a result, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) can be configured to open the valve 190 and drain the water from the water purification system 102. In some embodiments, the controller 104 (FIG. 1) can be configured to change a state of the valve 174(FIG. 2) instead of, or in addition to, the valve 190 to prevent water from depleting the filters in the pretreatment system 150 if a suspected problem is identified with the electrodeionization module 202.

[0062] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the distribution system 154 for the water purification system 102, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the distribution loop can include a fluid reservoir 300 and a pump 302 that is configured to circulate the water within the distribution system 154 to prevent stagnation. In some embodiments, the pump 302 can be used to deliver water to the outlet 166 (FIG. 2). In some embodiments, the distribution system 154 includes a UV lamp 304. In some embodiments, the UV lamp 304 can prevent bacterial formation. In some embodiments, the ultrafilter 192 (FIG. 2) is configured to be located downstream of the distribution system 154 and upstream of the cycler 106 (FIG. 1) to remove endotoxins produced by the UV lamp 304 and bacteria.

[0063] In some embodiments, the distribution system 154 includes the pump 302, a flowrate sensor 310, a heater 312, temperature sensor 314, a conductivity sensor 316, a pressure sensor 318, and a valve 320. In some embodiments, the valve 320 can be controlled to enable the water to either recirculate to the fluid reservoir 300 or to be provided to the ultrafilter 192. In some embodiments, the valve 194 (FIG. 2) is disposed downstream of the ultrafilter 192 to drain water if necessary. In some embodiments, the valve 196 (FIG. 2) is also disposed downstream of the ultrafilter 192 (FIG. 2) to control whether purified water is provided from the outlet 166 (FIG. 2) to the cycler 106 (FIG. 1).

[0064] With reference to FIGS. 2-5 collectively, in some embodiments, the water purification system 102 is configured to control ion removal from the source water. In some embodiments, the conductivity sensors (conductivity sensor 172, conductivity sensor 208, conductivity sensor 214, and conductivity sensor 316) can be used to assess whether the purification steps in pretreatment system 150, treatment system 152, and distribution system 154 are working properly. At conductivity sensor 172, the conductivity of the source water is determined. At conductivity sensor 208, the conductivity of the water downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane 200 is determined. At conductivity sensor 214, the conductivity of the water downstream of the electro-deionization module 202 is determined. At conductivity sensor 316, the conductivity of the water in the distribution loop is determined. At each ofthese locations (except for the initial conductivity determination using the conductivity sensor 172), the conductivity of the water should be below a threshold conductivity. If at any of the locations downstream of the conductivity sensor 172 the conductivity is not below the threshold conductivity, this can indicate a problem in the system and that ions are not being properly removed from the water. In some embodiments, the controller 104 can control one or more of the valve 174, the valve 190, the valve 194, the valve 196, the valve 190, the valve 216, or the valve 320 to drain the water from the system. As discussed above, the location of the valve being opened will be selected by the controller 104 to prevent unnecessary usage of the components of the water purification system 102 when an error condition has been identified.

[0065] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method 350 for controlling a dialysis system (e.g., the dialysis system 100 of FIG. 1), according to some embodiments.

[0066] At block 352, the method 350 includes receiving, by a controller for a purification system of a dialysis system (e.g., the controller 104 of the water purification system 102 (FIG.1)), a first sensed value for a fluid from a first conductivity sensor of the purification system. In some embodiments, the first conductivity sensor can be one of the conductivity sensor 172 (FIG. 2), the conductivity sensor 208 (FIG. 4), the conductivity sensor 214 (FIG. 4), or the conductivity sensor 316 (FIG. 5).

[0067] At block 354, the method 350 includes comparing, by the controller 104, the first sensed value with a first conductivity threshold.

[0068] At block 356, the method 350 includes, in response to the first sensed value being greater than the first conductivity threshold, opening the first valve to drain the fluid from the purification system. In some embodiments, the first valve can be one of the valve 174 (FIG.2), the valve 190 (FIG. 2), the valve 194 (FIG. 2), the valve 196 (FIG. 2), the valve 216 (FIG. 4), or the valve 320 (FIG. 5).

[0069] Some examples of dialysis systems described herein can include sensors for measuring different parameters of the fluid within the dialysis system or one or more modules therein. The dialysis system can, in some embodiments, include one or more conductivity sensors for measuring a conductivity of the fluid at corresponding sampling locations. The one or more sampling locations can include, for example and without limitation, a feed inlet, anoutlet of a filter membrane, an outlet of a deionization module, an outlet of a storage container for storing the purified water, other locations of the water purification system and / or the dialysis system, or any combination thereof, which can be tested using conductivity sensors. The feed inlet can, in some embodiments, be an inlet of the dialysis system. The feed inlet can, in other embodiments, be an inlet of the water purification system. The outlet of the filter membrane can be an outlet at one of a plurality of filter membranes. The outlet of the filter membrane can be an outlet of an assembly including a plurality of filter membranes. The filter membranes can be an RO membrane, according to some embodiments. The dialysis system can include a conductivity sensor at each of the corresponding sampling locations to measure a conductivity of the fluid. In other embodiments, the dialysis system can include at least one conductivity sensor fluidly coupled to each sampling location using one or more valves to measure the conductivity of the sampled fluid from each sampling location. For example, a single conductivity sensor assembly can be fluidly coupled to each sampling location. The dialysis system can, in some embodiments, also include sensors for measuring a concentration of a total organic carbon (TOC) in the fluid. For example, a fluid circuit of the dialysis system can include a TOC sensor located at an outlet of a storage container for storing purified fluid of the water purification module. The dialysis system can, in some embodiments, also include one or more pH sensors for measuring a pH of the fluid. For example, the feed inlet can include a pH sensor to measure a pH of the incoming water obtained from the water source. It should be appreciated that the dialysis system or one or more of its modules and / or sub-systems can include one or more other sensors including, but not limited to, temperature sensors, flow rate sensors, pressure sensors, other sensors for measuring a fluid parameter, or any combination thereof, located at one or more sampling locations of a fluid circuit of the dialysis system. In some embodiments, the water purification module may further include one or more of these other sensors.

[0070] Validation of Dialysis Systems:

[0071] An operation and effectiveness of the dialysis systems and / or the water purification modules in accordance with this disclosure were validated based on testing one or more parameters of the WFI made from one or more samples of source water having various chemicals according to Table 1 and / or having various microbiological properties according to Table 2 below:Table 1:Table 2:

[0072] Source water having, for example, the chemical properties according to Table 1 and having the microbiological properties according to Table 2, among other source water samples, were prepared to simulate the worst case source water (i.e., aqueous solution used to simulate worst-case drinking water quality) that can potentially be obtained from tap faucets from different municipal sources in different real-world use case scenarios by users for purification with the dialysis systems of this disclosure. The various chemical and microbiological properties of the source water listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, were determined based on published guidance from various organizations including the Environmental Protection Agency (EP A), European Union (EU), and / or World Health Organization (WHO), the Tables 1 and 2 including the highest allowable limit for each of these materials in the drinking water supply from these organizations. For example, some samples of the simulated source water passed through the dialysis system for use as WFI had an aluminum concentration of at or near 0.2 ppm. It should be appreciated that the chemicals and microbiological properties listed in Tables 1 and 2 are exemplary and not intended to be limiting, and the water from the water source can include the materials and properties listed in Tables 1 and / or 2, can include additional materials other than those listed in Tables 1 and 2, or can include less materials than those listed in Tables 1 and 2, within the fluid.

[0073] According to some embodiments, the dialysis system can pass the water from the water source through the water purification module, or one or more portions of the water purification module, one or more times during the testing to determine the effectiveness of the dialysis system and / or the water purification system. For example, the dialysis system can be configured to perform the testing according to the parameters of Table 3 below:Table 3:

[0074] The parameters shown in Table 3 are representative of a script for running a water purification system of the dialysis system to purify the water from the water source. The water from the water source can have an inlet flow rate of 1 to 1.5 L / min, although other flow rates are possible. This script can be run one or more cycles to obtain a suitable number of testing samples by each sensor. For example, the dialysis system including an inlet pH sensor, an inlet conductivity sensor, a post-RO member conductivity sensor, a post EDI module conductivity sensor, and a post-tank (e.g., storage container) conductivity sensor, and each sensor can obtain a corresponding measurement of the water at a corresponding sampling location at each respective cycle, and a controller can store the measurement data in a log to determine a condition of the dialysis system based on the one or more measured parameters. In some examples, the dialysis system was run for 60 cycles during testing of the condition of the dialysis system to purify the water from the worst-case water source, the one or more sensors configured to measure the corresponding parameter at each respective cycle. During each cycle, the dialysis system can also log data of one or more other parameters using one or more other sensors, the one or more other parameters including, for example and without limitation, an inlet water temperature, a post-RO membrane temperature, a post-EDI module temperature, a post-tank temperature, an inlet water flowrate, a RO outlet flowrate, an EDI outlet flowrate, a post-tank flowrate, an inlet water pressure, a RO inlet water pressure, an EDI outlet water pressure, a post-tank water pressure, a TOC value, other like parameters, or any combination thereof.

[0075] The operation and effectiveness of the dialysis systems and water purification systems, in accordance with this disclosure, can be validated by testing the fluid parameters using one or more sensors. The fluid can be sampled from one or more different locations of a fluid circuit of the dialysis system for testing using one or more sensors. In some examples, the capability of the dialysis systems and / or water purification systems to successfully purifywater from the water source can be determined based on acceptance criteria of one or more parameters according to Table 4 below:Table 4:

[0076] It should be appreciated that the various embodiments of the dialysis system of this disclosure can successfully pass the acceptance criteria defined according to Table 4, and as further described herein below. The water sampled at the EDI module outlet and the tank outlet, for example, can have conductivities of < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm.

[0077] Samples of worst-case source water having different concentrations were manufactured and processed by the dialysis systems in accordance with this disclosure to verify the capability of the system of producing purified water that meets relevant pharmacopoeia standards for WFI. The dialysis systems described herein are designed to meet the various acceptance criteria according to Table 4 including, for example and without limitation, “Water conductivity < 2500 pS / cm ± 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C° at the feed inlet of the system,” “Water conductivity < 100 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C° at the outlet of the RO membrane,” and “Water conductivity < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C at the outlet of the EDI module.” Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that various embodiments of the dialysis system described herein are capable of providing WFI that meets the relevant pharmacopoeia standard from source water having one or more materials from Table 1 and / or Table 2.

[0078] The dialysis system and / or the water purification module can be designed to provide WFI from source water having a “Water conductivity < 2500 pS / cm ± 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C° at the feed inlet of the system,” or any range or subrange therebetween. The dialysis system can, in various embodiments, provide WFI that meets relevant pharmacopeiastandards from source water having a feed conductivity of < 2500 pS / cm ± 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 2000 pS / cm ± 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 1500 pS / cm ± 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 1250 pS / cm ± 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°. In some embodiments, the dialysis system can provide WFI that meets relevant pharmacopeia standards from source water having a feed conductivity of 500 pS / cm to 2500 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 1000 pS / cm to 2500 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 1250 pS / cm to 2500 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 1500 pS / cm to 2500 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, or 2000 pS / cm to 2500 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°. In some examples, the target feed conductivity of the source water supplied to the dialysis system and / or the water purification module was about 1500 pS / cm based on the materials in the source water, thereby meeting the designed acceptance criteria of “Water conductivity < 2500 pS / cm ± 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C° at the feed inlet of the system.”

[0079] The dialysis systems and / or the water purification module can be designed to provide WFI that meets the relevant pharmacopeia standards from source water while meeting the conductivity acceptance criteria (e.g., design threshold) of “Water conductivity < 100 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C° at the outlet of the RO membrane” and “Water conductivity < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C at the outlet of the EDI module.” In some embodiments, the water at the outlet of the RO membrane can have a water conductivity of 0 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, or any range or subrange therebetween. In various embodiments, the water at the outlet of the RO membrane can have a water conductivity of < 100 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 90 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 80 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 70 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 60 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 50 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 40 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°,< 30 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, < 20 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°. In some embodiments, the water at the outlet of the RO membrane can have a water conductivity of 10 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 20 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 30 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 40 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 50 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 60 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 70 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, 80 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°, or 90 pS / cm to 100 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C°. In some embodiments, the water at the outlet of the EDI module can have a water conductivity of 0.1 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C. In various embodiments, the water at the outlet of the EDI module can have a water conductivity of < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 1.2 pS / cm± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 1.1 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 1.0 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 0.9 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 0.8 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 0.7 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C. In various embodiments, the water at the outlet of the EDI module can have a water conductivity of 0.1 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.2 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.3 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.4 pS / cm to1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.5 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.6 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at25°C ± 2°C, 0.7 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.8 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C,0.9 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 1.0 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 1.1 pS / cm to1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, or 1.2 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C. In some embodiments, the water at the outlet of the EDI module can have a water conductivity of 0.7 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C. In some examples, the conductivity of the fluid from the outlet of the RO membrane and EDI module in the dialysis system can increase at the water purification module at least in part due to prolonged exposure to the source water, while still meeting the acceptance criteria threshold. For example, in the dialysis systems tested with the samples of worst-case source water, the conductivity of the fluid at the RO membrane and the EDI module of the dialysis system exhibited increases between 24-34 and 0.06-0.12 pS / cm, respectively, at 24.1- 24.5 °C, thereby meeting the conductivity acceptance criteria of “Water conductivity < 100 pS / cm ± 1.0 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2 C° at the outlet of the RO membrane” and “Water conductivity < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C at the outlet of the EDI module.”

[0080] The dialysis systems and / or the water purification module can also be designed to provide WFI that meets the relevant pharmacopeia standards from source water while meeting the conductivity acceptance criteria (e.g., design threshold) of “Water conductivity < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C at the outlet of the tank.” In some embodiments, the water at the outlet of the tank can have a water conductivity of 0.1 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C. In some embodiments, the water at the outlet of the tank can have a water conductivity of < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 1.2 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 1.1 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 1.0 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 0.9 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 0.8 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, < 0.7 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C. In various embodiments, the water at the outlet of the tank can have a water conductivity of 0.1 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.2 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.3 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.4 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.5 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at25°C ± 2°C, 0.6 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.7 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.8 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 0.9 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 1.0 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, 1.1 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C, or 1.2 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C. For example, in some embodiments, the water at the outlet of the tank can have a water conductivity of 0.7 pS / cm to 1.3 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C. In some examples, the dialysis systems that provided WFI from the samples of worst-case source water exhibited cycles with an increase in water conductivity between the EDI module and post-tank sensors due to contamination of air. In these examples, the post-tank conductivity initially exhibited a conductivity of >100 pS / cm, which is two magnitudes over the specified design limit of 1.3 pS / cm. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the dialysis systems can be configured to perform operations including, but not limited to, flushing, increasing the pressure in the recirculation loop, and increasing the flow rate in the post-tank fluid circuit in response to detecting a posttank conductivity that is approaching or exceeds the acceptance criteria of “Water conductivity < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C at the outlet of the tank.” For example, in some embodiments, in response to conductivity measurements at the outlet of the tank exceeding the acceptance criteria and prior to providing WFI from the source water to the rest of the dialysis system, the dialysis system can perform operations to reduce the conductivity of the fluid from the post-tank sensors to an acceptable range by flushing, increasing the pressure in the recirculation loop to > 1.4 bar, and increasing the flow rate to > 100 ml / min in the post-tank fluid circuit, thereby meeting the design requirement of “Water conductivity < 1.3 pS / cm ± 0.1 pS / cm at 25°C ± 2°C at the outlet of the tank.”

[0081] Most known applications for purifying water from municipal water sources typically outputs water having a conductivity of > 40 pS / cm at similar temperatures. The dialysis systems described herein can be designed to improve upon these other known applications and meet at least the acceptance criteria of Table 4, thereby demonstrating improved performance relative to known dialysis systems and / or known purification modules in providing WFI from water obtained from various municipal water sources under the same or similar conditions. It should also be appreciated that the dialysis systems can, in some embodiments, be designed to implement certain steps, operations, processes, measures, etc., (e.g., preventative and / or maintenance measures) that can be performed at specific times or at certain intervals either automatically by the system via instructions encoded into softwarestored in a memory of the controller or by an operator (e.g., user) to mitigate the likelihood or frequency of the dialysis system and / or water purification module exceeding any of the acceptance criteria of Table 4 and / or as a remedy for instances where any of the acceptance criteria of Table 4 are not met by the dialysis system to ensure that the WFI provided by the dialysis system meets the relevant pharmacopeia standards.

[0082] An exemplary dialysis system in accordance with this disclosure for providing WFI from a manufactured sample of worst-case source water was tested according to the acceptance criteria of Table 4 for multiple cycles. The results of the dialysis system test are shown in Table 5 below:Table 5:

[0083] The terminology used herein is intended to describe embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms as well, unless clearly indicated otherwise. The terms “comprises” and / or “comprising,” when used in this Specification, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components.

[0084] It is to be understood that changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of the construction materials employed and the shape, size, and arrangement of parts without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This Specification and the embodiments described are examples, with the true scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the claims that follow.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A dialysis system comprising: a treatment system configured to receive a fluid; wherein the treatment system comprises: a reverse osmosis membrane; an electro-deionization module fluidly connected to the reverse osmosis membrane at a location downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; a first conductivity sensor configured to sense a conductivity of the fluid downstream of the electro-deionization module; and a first valve configured to drain the fluid from the treatment system in response to a first sensed value from the first conductivity sensor being greater than a first threshold conductivity.

2. The dialysis system according to claim 1, wherein the first conductivity sensor is configured to determine a first error condition in which a conductivity of the fluid indicates an error condition of the treatment system, and wherein the treatment system further comprises: a second conductivity sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module, wherein the second conductivity sensor is configured to sense the conductivity of the fluid downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane and upstream of the electrodeionization module; and a second valve configured to remove the fluid from the treatment system in response to a second sensed value from the second conductivity sensor being greater than a second threshold conductivity.

3. The dialysis system according to any one of claims 1-2, wherein the treatment system further comprises: a first pressure sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second pressure sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane;a first flowrate sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second flowrate sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; and a third conductivity sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; wherein an efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane is determined using the second sensed value from the second conductivity sensor, a third sensed value from the third conductivity sensor; a first sensed pressure value from the first pressure sensor, a second sensed pressure value from the second pressure sensor, a first sensed flowrate value from the first flowrate sensor, and a second sensed flowrate value from the second flowrate sensor.

4. The dialysis system according to any one of claims 1-3, further comprising: a pretreatment system fluidly connected to the treatment system and configured to output the fluid to the treatment system, wherein the pretreatment system includes an activated carbon filter; and a distribution system fluidly connected to the treatment system and the pretreatment system.

5. The dialysis system according to claim 4, wherein the distribution system comprises: a fluid reservoir configured to receive the fluid from the treatment system; a pump configured to circulate the fluid from the fluid reservoir through the distribution system; an ultraviolet lamp configured to disinfect at least a portion of the fluid circulating in the distribution system; a third conductivity sensor disposed fluidly downstream of the fluid reservoir and configured to the conductivity of the fluid prior to outlet from the distribution system; and a third valve configured to remove the fluid from the distribution system in response to a third sensed value from the third conductivity sensor being greater than a third threshold conductivity.

6. The dialysis system according to claim 5, further comprising:a filter disposed upstream of the third valve and configured to filter the fluid prior to outlet from the dialysis system; and a sensor disposed upstream of the third valve; wherein in response to a sensed total organic carbon value being greater than a threshold total organic carbon, the third valve is configured to remove the fluid from the distribution system.

7. The dialysis system according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the fluid is water configured to be used in the dialysis system to generate dialysate.

8. A method comprising: receiving, by a controller for a treatment system of a dialysis system, a first sensed value for a fluid from a first conductivity sensor of the treatment system, wherein the treatment system comprises: a reverse osmosis membrane; an electro-deionization module fluidly connected to the reverse osmosis membrane at a location downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; the first conductivity sensor configured to sense a conductivity of the fluid downstream of the electro-deionization module; and a first valve configured to remove the fluid from the treatment system; comparing the first sensed value with a first conductivity threshold; and in response to the first sensed value being greater than the first conductivity threshold, opening the first valve to drain the fluid from the treatment system.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: receiving, by the controller, a second sensed value from a second conductivity sensor, wherein the second conductivity sensor is disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; comparing the second sensed value with a second conductivity threshold; and in response to the second sensed value being greater than the second conductivity threshold, opening a second valve to drain the fluid from the treatment system,wherein the second valve is disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module.

10. The method according to any one of claims 8-9, wherein the treatment system comprises a first pressure sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electrodeionization module; a second pressure sensor upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; a first flowrate sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electrodeionization module; a second flowrate sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; and a third conductivity sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; the method further comprising: determining an efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane using the second sensed value from the second conductivity sensor, a third sensed value from the third conductivity sensor, a first sensed pressure value from the first pressure sensor, a second sensed pressure value from the second pressure sensor; a first sensed flowrate value from the first flowrate sensor; and a second sensed flowrate value from the second flowrate sensor.

11. The method according to any one of claims 8-10, further comprising: comparing the efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane with a threshold efficiency; and outputting an alert from the controller in response to the efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane being lower than the threshold efficiency.

12. The method according to any one of claims 8-11, further comprising: outputting an alert from the controller in response to the first sensed value from the first conductivity sensor being greater than the first conductivity threshold, wherein the alert indicates a conductivity of the fluid indicates an error condition of the treatment system.

13. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of a fluid purification controller, cause the processor to perform a method, comprising:receiving, by a controller for a treatment system of a dialysis system, a first sensed value for water from a first conductivity sensor for the treatment system, wherein the treatment system comprises: a reverse osmosis membrane; an electro-deionization module fluidly connected to the reverse osmosis membrane at a location downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; the first conductivity sensor configured to sense a conductivity of the water downstream of the electro-deionization module; and a first valve configured to remove the water from the treatment system; comparing the first sensed value with a first conductivity threshold; and in response to the first sensed value being greater than the first conductivity threshold, opening the first valve to drain the water from the treatment system.

14. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium according to claim 13, further comprising: receiving, by the controller, a second sensed value from a second conductivity sensor, wherein the second conductivity sensor is disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; comparing the second sensed value with a second conductivity threshold; and in response to the second sensed value being greater than the second conductivity threshold, opening a second valve to drain the water from the treatment system, wherein the second valve is disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module.

15. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium according to any one of claims 13- 14, wherein the treatment system comprises: a first pressure sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second pressure sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; a first flowrate sensor disposed fluidly between the reverse osmosis membrane and the electro-deionization module; a second flowrate sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane; and a third conductivity sensor disposed upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane;the operations further comprising: determining an efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane using the second sensed value from the second conductivity sensor, a third sensed value from the third conductivity sensor, a first sensed pressure value from the first pressure sensor, a second sensed pressure value from the second pressure sensor, a first sensed flowrate value from the first flowrate sensor, and a second sensed flowrate value from the second flowrate sensor; comparing the efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane with a threshold efficiency; and outputting an alert from the controller in response to the efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane being lower than the threshold efficiency

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