CLDN18.2-targeting chimeric antigen receptor and engineered cell
A Claudin18.2-targeting CAR-NK cell therapy with a specific CAR design addresses the limitations of CAR-T cells by enhancing tumor targeting and reducing side effects, effectively treating various cancers.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/097614
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-11
AI Technical Summary
Current CAR-T cell therapies for tumor treatment have limitations such as cytokine release syndrome and graft-versus-host disease, while existing Claudin18.2-targeting therapies lack specificity and efficacy.
Development of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) with a Claudin18.2-binding moiety comprising specific CDR sequences and a CD8a signal peptide, CD8a hinge domain, and CD8a transmembrane domain, engineered into immune cells like NK cells to enhance targeting and cytotoxicity.
The engineered CAR-NK cells demonstrate high specificity and efficacy in targeting Claudin18.2-expressing tumors with reduced side effects, effectively treating cancers like gastric, esophageal, pancreatic, lung, and ovarian cancers.
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Figure PCTCN2024097614-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
CLDN18.2-TARGETING CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR AND ENGINEERED CELLTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally belongs to the field of cellular immunotherapy, and specifically relates to a chimeric antigen receptor and an engineered immune cell targeting CLDN18.2 and a method of use thereof.
[0002] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] The Sequence Listing in an XML file, named as P30060-PCT. 240411 . SequenceListing. xml of 69, 141 bytes, created on June 03, 2024, is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND
[0004] Adoptive cell immunotherapy has shown great promise in the treatment of tumors using T lymphocyte cells and natural killer (NK) cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . As compared to CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells can mediate effective cytotoxicity with fewer side effects including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) , neurotoxicity and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) .
[0005] Claudins are a family of proteins which are important components of cellular tight junctions. They establish a cellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules between cells and mediate cell-to-cell tight junctions. Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) , is Claudin18 splice variant 2 and is highly expressed on a cell surface of a wide range of tumors, suggesting the CLDN18.2 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for tumor treatment. Although anti-Claudin18.2 antibodies and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been studied for years, there is still a need for improved Claudin18.2-binding therapeutic molecules and engineered Claudin18.2-targeting cells. For example, there is a need to develop a cell-based immunotherapy (e.g., a NK cell therapy) targeting CLDN18.2 with high specificity and superior efficacy.SUMMARY
[0006] A first aspect of the present disclosure provides a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , comprising an extracellular antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein the extracellular antigen binding domain comprises a Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) -binding moiety comprising at least one heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1, a CDR2 and a CDR3 from the single domain antibody as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5-8.
[0007] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises: (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9, 12, 14, and 16; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 20; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11 or 18.
[0008] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises: (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; (b) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; (c) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; (d) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; (e) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; or (f) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0009] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to Chothia, Abm, Kabat or IMGT numbering system.
[0010] In some embodiments, the CLDN18.2-binding moiety is camelid, chimeric, human or humanized.
[0011] In some embodiments, the CLDN18.2-binding moiety has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0012] In some embodiments, the CLDN18.2-binding moiety has an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8.
[0013] In some embodiments, the CAR further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal thereof.
[0014] In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises CD8a signal peptide, GM-CSFR signal peptide or a functional variant thereof.
[0015] In some embodiments, the signal peptide is CD8a signal peptide.
[0016] In some embodiments, the CAR further comprises a hinge domain located between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the transmembrane domain.
[0017] In some embodiments, the hinge domain comprises CD8a hinge domain, IgG hinge domain or a functional variant thereof.
[0018] In some embodiments, the hinge domain is a mutant of CD8a hinge domain.
[0019] In some embodiments, the CAR further comprises a linker between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the hinge domain.
[0020] In some embodiments, the linker has an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 59.
[0021] In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises CD8a transmembrane domain, CD28 transmembrane domain, NKG2D1 transmembrane domain, NKG2D2 transmembrane domain, NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, 2B4 transmembrane domain, DAP 10 transmembrane domain, DAP12 transmembrane domain, or a functional variant thereof.
[0022] In some embodiments, the CAR comprises the mutant of CD8a hinge domain and CD8a transmembrane domain; or the CAR comprises CD8a hinge domain and CD8a transmembrane domain.
[0023] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain, 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, DAP12 intracellular signaling domain, and a functional variant thereof.
[0024] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζintracellular signaling domain as primary signaling domain, and one or more costimulatory domains selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain and 2B4 intracellular signaling domain.
[0025] In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is CD8a transmembrane domain or NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, and the intracellular signaling domain is the combination of CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain with 4-1BB or 2B4 intracellular signaling domain.
[0026] In some embodiments, the CAR comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 52-54.
[0027] A second aspect of the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding the CAR of the first aspect.
[0028] A third aspect of the present disclosure provides an expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of the second aspect.
[0029] A fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a host cell comprising or expressing the CAR of the first aspect, or comprising the polynucleotide of the second aspect or the expression vector of the third aspect.
[0030] A fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising or expressing the CAR of the first aspect, or comprising the polynucleotide of the second aspect or the expression vector of the third aspect.
[0031] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is genetically engineered via random or targeted modification and preferably targeted modification.
[0032] In some embodiments, the engineered cell further comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more additional exogenous proteins.
[0033] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is an immune cell or a pluripotent stem cell.
[0034] In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) .
[0035] In some embodiments, the immune cell is a primary NK cell, or an induced NK cell (iNK cell) .
[0036] In some embodiments, the immune cell is NK92 cell.
[0037] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is monoallelically or biallelically modified to express the CAR.
[0038] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is biallelically modified to co-express the CAR and the one or more additional exogenous proteins.
[0039] In some embodiments, the one or more additional exogenous proteins comprise a Fc receptor, an antibody, a cytokine, a protein having safety switch function, or a combination thereof.
[0040] In some embodiments, the cytokine is membrane-bound IL 15 (mbIL15) or a functional variant thereof.
[0041] In some embodiments, the protein having a safety switch function is a truncated EGFR (EGFRt) .
[0042] A sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the CAR of the first aspect, the polynucleotide of the second aspect, the expression vector of the third aspect, the host cell of the fourth aspect, or the engineered cell of the fifth aspect, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0043] A seventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of preventing or treating a disease associated with Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) expression in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the CAR of the first aspect, the polynucleotide of the second aspect, the expression vector of the third aspect, the host cell of the fourth aspect, the engineered cell of the fifth aspect or the pharmaceutical composition of the sixth aspect. In some embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a tumor or a cancer. In some embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a gastric cancer, an esophageal cancer, a pancreatic cancer, a lung cancer, an ovarian cancer, or a colon cancer.
[0044] An eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides the CAR of the first aspect, the polynucleotide of the second aspect, the expression vector of the third aspect, the host cell of the fourth aspect, the engineered cell of the fifth aspect or the pharmaceutical composition of the sixth aspect for use in preventing or treating a disease associated with CLDN18.2 expression in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a tumor or a cancer. In some embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a gastric cancer, an esophageal cancer, a pancreatic cancer, a lung cancer, an ovarian cancer, or a colon cancer.
[0045] A ninth aspect of the present disclosure provides use of the CAR of the first aspect, the polynucleotide of the second aspect, the expression vector of the third aspect, the host cell of the fourth aspect, the engineered cell of the fifth aspect or the pharmaceutical composition of the sixth aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a disease associated with CLDN18.2 expression in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a tumor or a cancer. In some embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a gastric cancer, an esophageal cancer, a pancreatic cancer, a lung cancer, an ovarian cancer, or a colon cancer.
[0046] Various objects and advantages of the cells, reagents, compositions and methods as provided herein will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of the present disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0047] FIG. 1 shows the results of binding of Alpha VHH-Fc to human Claudin 18.1 as measured by flow cytometry.
[0048] FIG. 2 shows the results of binding of Alpha VHH-Fc to human Claudin 18.2 as measured by flow cytometry.
[0049] FIG. 3 shows the affinity of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody to HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (human) cells as measured by flow cytometry.
[0050] FIG. 4 shows the affinity of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody to NUGC4-Claudin18.2 (human) cells as measured by flow cytometry.
[0051] FIG. 5 shows the results of binding of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody to HEK293T-Claudin18.1 (human) cells as measured by flow cytometry.
[0052] FIG. 6 shows the results of binding of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody to HEK293T-Claudin1 8.2 (cynomolgus macaque) cells as measured by flow cytometry.
[0053] FIG. 7 shows the results of binding of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody to HEK293T-Claudin1 8.2 (rat) cells as measured by flow cytometry.
[0054] FIG. 8 shows the results of binding of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody to HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (mouse) cells as measured by flow cytometry.
[0055] FIG. 9 shows the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody.
[0056] FIG. 10 shows the endocytosis activity of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody.
[0057] FIGS. 11A and 11B show the plasmid profiles of PB-EE vector and PBase vector for preliminary construction of CAR-iPSCs and -NK cells for evaluating the CAR expression based on different signal peptides (SPs) , hinge domains (HDs) and transmembrane domains (TMD) , respectively.
[0058] FIG. 11C shows the effects of different SPs, HDs and TMDs on the CAR expression of CAR-iPSCs.
[0059] FIG. 12A shows the effects of different hinge domain-transmembrane domain (HD-TMD) combinations on the CAR and EGFRt co-expression of CAR-NK92 cells.
[0060] FIG. 12B shows the effects of different hinge domain-transmembrane domain (HD-TMD) combinations on the cytotoxicity of CAR-NK92 cells, wherein WT, which represents wild type NK92 cells not expressing the CAR, is used as control.
[0061] FIG. 13A shows the effects of different ICDs on the CAR expression of CAR-NK92 cells.
[0062] FIG. 13B shows the effects of different ICDs on the cytotoxicity of CAR-NK92 cells.
[0063] FIGS. 14A and 14B show the plasmid profiles of Cas-template vector and pKI-Antares2 vector for preliminary construction of CAR-iPSCs and CAR-iNK cells for evaluating the CAR expression and the cytotoxicity based on different ICDs.
[0064] FIG. 14C shows the effects of different ICDs on the CAR expression of CAR-iNK cells, wherein WT-iNK, which represents wild type iNK cells not expressing the CAR, is used as control.
[0065] FIG. 14D shows the effects of different ICDs on the cytotoxicity of CAR-iNK cells, wherein WT, which represents wild type iNK cells not expressing the CAR, is used as control.
[0066] FIG. 15A shows the effects of different CLDN18.2 antibodies on the CAR expression of CAR-NK92 cells.
[0067] FIG. 15B shows the effects of different CLDN18.2 antibodies on the cytotoxicity of CAR-NK92 cells.
[0068] FIG. 16A shows the effects of different CLDN18.2 antibodies on the CAR expression of CAR-iNK cells.
[0069] FIG. 16B shows the effects of different CLDN18.2 antibodies on the cytotoxicity of CAR-iNK cells.
[0070] FIG. 17A shows the percentages of the expression of CLDN18.2 CAR and mbIL15 in single-knockin CAR-IL15-iPSCs and double-knockin CAR-IL15-iPSCs, wherein WT-iPSC, which represents wild type iPSC cells not expressing the CAR, is used as control.
[0071] FIG. 17B shows the percentages of the expression of CD56, CLDN18.2 CAR and mbIL15 in double-knockin CAR-IL15-iNK cells.
[0072] FIG. 17C shows the cytotoxicity of double-knockin CAR-IL15-iNK cells, wherein WT, which represents wild type iNK cells not expressing the CAR, is used as control.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0073] It is to be appreciated that some aspects, modes, embodiments, variations and features of the present disclosure are described below in various levels of detail in order to provide a substantial understanding of the present technology.
[0074] Reference throughout this specification to “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” “fourth, ” “fifth, ” “sixth, ” “seventh, ” “eighth, ” or “ninth” or the like does not mean the order or sequence of the feature, structure (e.g., cell population, or pharmaceutic composition) or characteristic described in connection with the reference and can be used only for the purpose of distinction.
[0075] Reference throughout this specification to “a first aspect, ” “a second aspect, ” “a third aspect, ” “a fourth aspect, ” “a fifth aspect, ” “a sixth aspect, ” “a seventh aspect, ” “an eighth aspect, ” or “a ninth aspect” or the like means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one or more aspects of the present disclosure. Also, the particular feature (s) , structure (s) , characteristic (s) or embodiment (s) in one aspect may be combined with those in one or more other aspects in any suitable manner.
[0076] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” “a preferred embodiment (s) , ” or “certain embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment (s) is included in at least one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Also, the particular feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) in one embodiment may be combined with those in one or more other embodiments in any suitable manner.
[0077] It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to particular uses, methods, cells, reagents, compounds, compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
[0078] Definitions
[0079] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The following references provide one of skill with a general definition of many of the terms used in the present disclosure. Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed. 1994) ; The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988) ; The Glossary of Genetics, 5th Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds. ) , Springer Verlag (1991) ; and Hale &Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991) . As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them below, unless specified otherwise. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure.
[0080] Unless otherwise specified, “a” or “an” means “one or more. ”
[0081] As used herein, “about” means plus or minus 10%, or plus or minus 5%, or plus or minus 4%, or plus or minus 3%, or plus or minus 2%, or plus or minus 1%, as well as the specified number.
[0082] As used herein, the term “comprising” is intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others. “Consisting essentially of” when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the composition or method. “Consisting of” shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients for claimed compositions and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the methods and compositions can include additional steps and components (comprising) or alternatively including steps and compositions of no significance (consisting essentially of) or alternatively, intending only the stated method steps or compositions (consisting of) . Further, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising, ” “consisting essentially of, ” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms.
[0083] As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to a proteinaceous molecule that is capable of specifically binding to a target antigen (e.g., carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, peptide, etc. ) through at least one antigen recognition site located in a variable region of the molecule. The term “antibody” encompasses various forms of antibodies including, without being limited to, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, heavy chain-only antibody (e.g., a camelid antibody) , and monospecific antibody or multispecific antibody (e.g., bispecific antibody or trispecific antibody) . The term “antibody” encompasses an antibody derived from any species including, but not limited to mouse, human, camel, llama, alpha, fish, shark, goat, rabbit, chicken, and bovine. The term “antibody” also encompasses a chimeric antibody or a humanized antibody. The term “antibody” comprises any class of heavy chain (e.g., α, δ, ε, γ or μheavy chain) . The antibody may have an κ or a λ light chain. The antibody may also have no light chain. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of two domains, CH2 and CH3, or three domains, CHI, CH2 and CH3, wherein CH2 and CH3 constitute a Fc region. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions ofhypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR) , interspersed with more conserved regions, termed framework regions (FR) . Each VH or VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and / or light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (Clq) of the classical complement system.
[0084] As used herein, the term “multivalent antibody” refers to an antibody comprising two or more antigen binding sites.
[0085] As used herein, the term “multispecific antibody” refers to an antibody capable of binding two or more antigens.
[0086] As used herein, the term “antigen binding fragment” refers to a fragment of an intact antibody that retains the ability to specifically bind to a given antigen. Examples of antigen binding fragments include (i) Fab, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) Fab’, which is essentially a Fab with part of the hinge region; (iii) F (ab’) 2, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iv) Fd consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (v) Fv consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody; (vi) single chain Fv fragment (scFv) , a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions connected via a linker to form a monovalent molecule; (vii) a disulfide stabilized Fv (dsFv) , a Fv with an engineered intermolecular disulfide bond to stabilize the VH-VL pair; (viii) a single domain antibody (sdAb) , etc. Other examples of antigen binding fragments may comprise light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , disulfide-linked scFv (dsscFv) , diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD) , and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
[0087] The term “variable region” of an antibody as used herein refers to the variable region of an antibody light chain, or the variable region of an antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination. Generally, the variable region of heavy and light chains each consist of four framework regions (FRs) and three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , also known as “hypervariable regions” . The CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the framework regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding sites of the antibody.
[0088] The term “constant region” or “constant domain” refers to a carboxy terminal portion of the light and heavy chain which is not directly involved in binding of the antibody to antigen but exhibits various effector function, such as interaction with the Fc receptor. The term refers to the portion of an immunoglobulin molecule having a more conserved amino acid sequence relative to the other portion of the immunoglobulin, the variable region, which contains the antigen binding site. The constant region may contain the CH1, CH2, and CH3 regions of the heavy chain and the CL region of the light chain.
[0089] As used herein, the term “complementarity determining region” or “CDR” refers to the amino acid residues in the variable region of an antibody that are responsible for antigen binding. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains each contain three CDRs, designated CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. The precise boundaries of these CDRs can be defined according to various numbering systems known in the art, such as Kabat numbering system, Chothia numbering system, IMGT numbering system, Abm numbering system, Contact numbering system, or a combination thereof. For a given antibody, a person skilled in the art will readily identify the CDRs defined by each numbering system. and, the correspondence between the different numbering systems is well known to a person skilled in the art (see, e.g., Lefranc et al., Dev. Comparat. Immunol. 27: 55-77, 2003) .
[0090] The term “framework region” or “FR” refers to those amino acid residues flanking the CDRs in a variable region. The FR region generally comprises four portions, FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4, which surround the CDRs in the variable region, from the N-terminus to C-terminus: FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4.
[0091] As used herein, the term “antigen binding site” refers to a region of an antibody that specifically binds an epitope on an antigen.
[0092] As used herein, the term “epitope” refers to a localized region of an antigen to which a binding molecule (e.g., an antibody comprising a single domain antibody sequence) can specifically bind. An epitope can be a linear epitope or a conformational, non-linear, or discontinuous epitope. In the case of a polypeptide antigen, for example, an epitope can be contiguous amino acids of the polypeptide (a “linear” epitope) or an epitope can comprise amino acids from two or more non-contiguous regions of the polypeptide (a “conformational, ” “non-linear” or “discontinuous” epitope) .
[0093] As used herein, the terms “single domain antibody (sdAb) ” , “VHH” and “nanobody” are used interchangeably and refer to an antigen binding fragment consisting of a single heavy chain variable region that maintains the ability to specifically bind an antigen.
[0094] As used herein, the term “heavy chain variable region” refers to a variable region of heavy chain of an antibody. When used with reference to a heavy chain-only antibody (HCAb) or a single domain antibody (sdAb) , the term “heavy chain variable region” can be also referred to as VHH.
[0095] As used herein, the term “heavy chain-only antibody” refers to an antibody that lacks light chains of a conventional antibody. The term generally includes, but is not limited to, an antibody comprising a VH antigen-binding domain and CH2 and CH3 constant domains without a CH1 constant domain.
[0096] The term “binding moiety” as used herein refers to a molecule or a portion of a molecule which binds a target molecule (e.g., Claudin18.2) . A binding moiety can comprise a protein, peptide, carbohydrate, or lipid. In some embodiments, the binding moiety comprises an antibody. In some embodiments, the binding moiety comprises an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody. The binding moiety can also be an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the binding moiety comprises the ligand-binding domain of a receptor. In some embodiments, the binding moiety comprises the extracellular domain of a transmembrane receptor. The binding moiety can also be the ligand-binding domain of a receptor, or the extracellular domain of a transmembrane receptor. The binding moiety can be monovalent, which means that it contains one binding site that specifically interacts with the target molecule. The binding moiety can also be bivalent, meaning that it contains two binding sites that specifically interact with the target molecule. The binding moiety can also be multivalent, meaning that is contains multiple binding sites that specifically interact with the target molecule. A bivalent binding moiety or multivalent binding moiety can interact with one or more epitopes on a single target molecule. A bivalent binding moiety or multivalent binding moiety can also interact with two or more target molecules.
[0097] As used herein, the term “camelid” , when used in the context of an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof, refers to an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof in which the entire sequence of the antibody (including variable and / or constant regions) is derived from a camelid species, for example, camel, dromedary, llama, alpaca or guanaco. Camelid antibodies differ from those of most other mammals in that they lack a light chain, and thus include only two heavy chains with complete and diverse antigen binding capabilities (Hamers-Casterman, C. et al., Nature, 363: 446-8, 1 993) .
[0098] As used herein, the term “chimeric” , when used in the context of an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof, refers to an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof in which a portion of the light or / and heavy chain is derived from an antibody (which may be derived from a particular class or subclass) , and another portion of the light chain or / and heavy chain is derived from another antibody (which may be derived from the same or a different species or belong to the same or different antibody class or subclass) , but in any event, which still retains binding activity to the target antigen. For example, the term “chimeric antibody” may include a chimeric heavy-chain antibody (e.g., a human-camelid chimeric antibody) in which a portion of the heavy chain is derived from a first antibody (e.g., a camelid antibody) and the other portion of the heavy chain is derived from a second antibody (e.g., a human antibody) .
[0099] As used herein, the term “humanized” , when used in the context of an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof, refers to a process of genetically engineering a portion or entirety of a non-human antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof where amino acid sequence (s) have been replaced with a portion or entirety of a human antibody. Generally, all or part of the CDRs of a humanized antibody are derived from a non-human antibody (donor antibody) , and all or part of the non-CDR regions (e.g., variable FR and / or constant regions) are derived from a human immunoglobulin (receptor antibody) . In some cases, all CDRs of a humanized antibody are derived from a non-human antibody, and all variable FR regions are derived from a human immunoglobulin. The humanized antibody may include further modifications, such as deletion, insertion and / or substitution of one or more residues within the variable regions (e.g., one or more CDRs or one or more framework regions in VH and / or VL) , and / or within the constant regions, to obtain desired characteristics, e.g., increased antigen binding activity or effector function or decreased immunogenicity. Such further modifications may comprise, for example, reversely mutating one or more amino acids (e.g., FR amino acids) into non-human antibody amino acids to retain the original conformation, or replacing high-immunogenicity fragments with low-immunogenicity fragments to reduce immunogenicity. Humanized antibodies generally retain the desired properties of the donor antibody, including, but not limited to, antigen specificity, affinity, reactivity, and the like. In some embodiments, the donor antibody can be a camelid (e.g., alpaca) antibody with the desired properties (e.g., antigen specificity, affinity, reactivity, etc. ) . In the present application, the desired properties of the antibody of the present disclosure include the ability to specifically recognize / bind CLDN18.2, in particular human CLDN18.2.
[0100] As used herein, the term “chimeric antigen receptor” or “CAR” refers to a fusion polypeptide comprising at least an extracellular antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, which combines the specificity of the antigen binding domain against a target antigen (e.g., CLDN18.2) with activation of an immune effector cell by the intracellular signaling domain to exhibit specific immunoreactivity against the cells expressing the target antigen (e.g., CLDN18.2) . The CARs may further add factors that enhance immune cell expansion, persistence, and anti-tumor activity, such as cytokines and co-stimularoty ligands.
[0101] As used herein, the terms “specifically binding” , “specifically recognizing” , “recognizing” , “targeting” and their grammatical variations mean that an antigen binding domain or an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (e.g., anti-CLDN18.2 sdAb) forms a relatively stable complex with the antigen (e.g., CLDN18.2, especially human CLDN18.2) under physiological conditions and does not substantially exhibit significant binding to other undesired antigens (e.g., CLDN18.1) . The specific binding can be characterized by the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) or EC50 value for antibody-antigen binding. Methods for determining whether two molecules are specifically bound are well known in the art and include, for example, equilibrium dialysis, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) , biolayer interferometry (BLI) , enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , Bicore, and the like.
[0102] The term “specificity” refers to selective recognition of an antigen binding protein (such as a CAR or an sdAb) for a particular epitope of an antigen.
[0103] As used herein, the term “EC50” , also known as the half maximal effective concentration, refers to the concentration of a molecule that induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time.
[0104] As used herein, the term “functional variant” , in the context of proteins or polypeptides, includes a polypeptide having a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%with a parental polypeptide and having the same or substantially same function as the parental peptide. A functional variant of parental peptide may also include to a polypeptide that has additions, deletions and / or substitutions of one or more (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) amino acids compared to a parental polypeptide and has the same or substantially same function as the parental peptide. The term “functional variant” of a parental polypeptide may also include any suitable fragments of the parental polypeptide, or a fusion of the protein or fragment thereof or a variant having the above sequence identity to that parental polypeptide with another polypeptide, provided that said fragment or fusion protein has the same or substantially same function as the parental polypeptide.
[0105] As used herein, the term “identity” of sequences refers to the percentage of identical nucleotide or amino acid residues at corresponding positions in two or more sequences when the sequences are aligned to maximize sequence matching, i.e., taking into account gaps and insertions. The alignment of the sequences and the calculation of the percentage of the sequence identity can be carried out with suitable computer programs known in the art. Such programs include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, ClustalW, EMBOSS Needle, etc. An example of a local alignment program is BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) , which is available from the webpage of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Examples of a global alignment program (which optimizes the alignment over the full length of the sequences) are EMBOSS Needle and EMBOSS Stretcher programs based on the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm.
[0106] As used herein, the term “isolated” is intended to mean that a polynucleotide, an antibody, a polypeptide or a protein is removed from its original source and artificially purified. The protein, polypeptide, antibody, or polynucleotide may be isolated. The protein, polypeptide, antibody, or polynucleotide may be substantially purified.
[0107] As used herein, the terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably and refer to a polymeric form of amino acids of any length.
[0108] As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transferring another nucleic acid to which it has been linked into a cell.
[0109] As used herein, the term “expression vector” refers to a vector which allows a target gene therein to be expressed.
[0110] As used herein, the term “host cell” refers to a particular subject cell that may be transfected with a nucleic acid molecule. The term “host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent host cell that is not identical to the parent host cell due to mutations that occur during replication.
[0111] As used herein, the term “engineered cell” refers to a cell where there is at least one alteration in the DNA sequence. The alteration may comprise introduction of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence into the cell and / or deletion of an endogenous nucleic acid sequence from the cell.
[0112] As used herein, the term “targeted modification” can be used interchangably with “targeted integration” and “gene editing” and refers to a process involving insertion, deletion, and / or substitution of a nucleic acid sequence at one or more pre-selected sites in the genome of a cell.
[0113] As used herein, the term “random modification” refers to a process involving insertion, deletion, and / or substitution of a nucleic acid sequence at one or more arbitrary sites in the genome of a cell.
[0114] As used herein, the term “Fc receptor” refers to a protein found on the surface of a certain cell (e.g., natural killer cell) that can bind to the Fc region of an antibody and thereby stimulate phagocytic or cytotoxic activity of the cell via antibody-mediated phagocytosis or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . FcRs are classified based on the type of antibody they recognize. For example, Fcγ receptors (FcγR) bind to the IgG class of antibodies, Fcα receptors (FcαR) bind to the IgA class of antibodies, and Fcε receptors (FcεR) bind to the IgE class of antibodies. FcγR includes several members, FcγRI (CD64) , FcγRIIA (CD32) , FcγRIIB (CD32) , FcγRIIIA (CD 16A) , FcγRIIIB (CD 16B) , which differ in their antibody affinities due to their different molecular structure.
[0115] As used herein, the term “cytokine” is a class of small molecular proteins with a wide range of biological activities synthesized or secreted by immune cells (such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells, etc. ) and certain non-immune cells (endothelial cells, epidermal cells, fibroblasts, etc. ) . Cytokines generally regulate cell growth, and differentiation by binding to corresponding receptors. Cytokines can be divided into interleukins (ILs) , interferons, tumor necrosis factor superfamily, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines and growth factors, etc.
[0116] As used herein, the term “protein having safety switch function” refers to a protein that is expressed by suicide gene.
[0117] As used herein, the term “pluripotent stem cell” (PSC) refers to cells that have the capability to self-renew in an undifferentiated state and to differentiate into almost any cell type in the body. Pluripotent stem cells can be pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Pluripotent stem cells can be of human origin (e.g., human PSC or hPSC) . Pluripotent stems cells can be induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or embryonic stem cells (ESCs) . Pluripotent stems cells can also comprise PSC cells (NPSCs) and extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) . In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cells are human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) . ESCs (e.g., hESCs) and iPSCs (e.g., hiPSCs ) are known in the art and can be readily obtained using conventional methods, for example, those described in the existing technologies, or commercially available products.
[0118] As used herein, the term “embryonic stem cells, ” or “ESCs” refers to naturally occurring pluripotent stem cells of the inner cell mass of the embryonic blastocyst. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. They do not contribute to the extraembryonic membranes or the placenta, i.e., are not totipotent. When used in the present disclosure, the embryonic stem cells or ESCs are sourced from commercially established human embryonic stem cell lines or human embryonic stem cells isolated or acquired from early embryos that have developed in vitro for not more than 14 days from fertilization.
[0119] As used herein, the term “induced pluripotent stem cells” or “iPSCs” means that the stem cells are produced from differentiated adult, neonatal or fetal cells that have been induced or changed, i.e., reprogrammed into cells capable of differentiating into tissues of all three germ or dermal layers: mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm. The iPSCs produced do not refer to cells as they are found in nature. Suitable methods for the generation of iPSCs from somatic or multipotent stem cells are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, iPSCs may be reliably generated from somatic cells by conventional reprogramming technologies. For example, a method for reprogramming erythrocyte progenitor cells to generate hiPSCs has been described in detail in CN108373998B, which is owned by the present applicant and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0120] As used herein, the term “pluripotency” or “pluripotent” refers to the developmental potential of a cell to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers (Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) . Pluripotency can be determined, at least in part, by assessing pluripotency characteristics of the cells. Pluripotency characteristics include, but are not limited to: (i) pluripotent stem cell morphology; (ii) the potential for unlimited self-renewal; (iii) expression of pluripotent stem cell markers including, but not limited to SSEA1 (mouse only) , SSEA3 / 4, SSEA5, TRA1-60 / 81, TRA1-85, TRA2-54, GCTM-2, TG343, TG30, CD9, CD29, CD133 / prominin, CD140a, CD56, CD73, CD90, CD105, OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, CD30 and / or CD50; (iv) ability to differentiate to all three somatic lineages (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) ; (v) teratoma formation consisting of the three somatic lineages; and (vi) formation of embryoid bodies consisting of cells from the three somatic lineages.
[0121] As used herein, the term “reprogramming” refers to a method of increasing the potency of a cell or dedifferentiating a cell to a less differentiated state. For example, a cell that has an increased cell potency can have more developmental plasticity (i.e., can differentiate into more cell types) compared to the same cell in the non-reprogrammed state. That is, a reprogrammed cell is one that is in a less differentiated state than the same cell in a non-reprogrammed state. “Reprogramming” can refer to de-differentiating a somatic cell, or a multipotent stem cell, into a pluripotent stem cell, also referred to as an induced pluripotent stem cell, or iPSC.
[0122] As used herein, the term “differentiation” refers to the process by which an unspecialized ( “uncommitted” ) or less specialized cell acquires the features of a specialized cell such as, for example, a blood cell or an immune cell. In some embodiments, a differentiated or differentiation-induced cell is one that has taken on a more specialized ( “committed” ) position within the lineage of a cell. For example, a human Pluripotent Stem Cell (hPSCs) can be differentiated into various more differentiated cell types, for example, a neural progenitor cell (e.g., midbrain dopaminergic progenitor) , a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) , a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a lymphocyte, a cardiomyocyte, an immune cell, and other cell types, upon treatment with suitable differentiation factors in the cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the term “committed” is applied to the process of differentiation to refer to a cell that has proceeded through a differentiation pathway to a point where, under normal circumstances, it would or will continue to differentiate into a specific cell type or subset of cell types, and cannot, under normal circumstances, differentiate into a different cell type (other than a specific cell type or subset of cell types) nor revert to a less differentiated cell type. The term “differentiation” herein is also referred to as “directed differentiation” .
[0123] As used herein, the term “immune cell” refers to any cell involved in the immune response. Immune cells are generally of hematopoietic origin.
[0124] As used herein, the term “primary NK cell” refers to a NK cell that is directly isolated from a tissue or organ taken from the body (such as umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, or bone marrow) .
[0125] The term “induced NK cell” or “iNK cell” refers to a NK cell differentiated from pluripotent stem cell (e.g., hPSC) and expanded and matured. The iNK cells may be, for example, iPSC-derived iNK cells or ESC-derived iNK cells.
[0126] As used herein, the term “CAR-iPSC” refers to an iPSC cell expressing a CAR.
[0127] As used herein, the term “CAR-NK cell” refers to a NK cell expressing a CAR.
[0128] As used herein, the term “CAR-iNK cell” refers to an iNK cell expressing a CAR.
[0129] As used herein, the term “CAR-NK92 cell” refers to a NK92 cell expressing a CAR.
[0130] As used herein, the term “allele” refers to the genes located at the same genetic locus on each chromosome of a pair of homologous chromosomes. The sequences of alleles on two chromosomes may be identical or different.
[0131] As used herein, the terms “monoallelically modified” , “monoallelic-modified” , “single-knockin” and their grammatical variants mean that a genetic modification occurs in one of both alleles on the homologous chromosomes. The genetic modification may, for example, comprise an insertion, deletion and / or substitution of a nucleic acid sequence.
[0132] As used herein, the terms “biallelically modified” , “biallelic-modified” , “double-knockin” and their grammatical variants mean that a genetic modification occurs in two alleles on the homologous chromosomes. The genetic modification may, for example, comprise an insertion, deletion and / or substitution of a nucleic acid sequence.
[0133] As used herein, the term “exogenous” is intended to mean that the referenced molecule or material or the referenced activity is introduced into the host cell. The molecule can be introduced, for example, by introduction of an encoding nucleic acid into the host genetic material such as by integration into a host chromosome or as non-chromosomal genetic material such as a plasmid. Therefore, the term as it is used in reference to expression of an encoding nucleic acid refers to introduction of the encoding nucleic acid in an expressible form into the cell.
[0134] As used herein, the term “endogenous” refers to a referenced molecule or material or activity that is present in the host cell. Similarly, the term when used in reference to expression of an encoding nucleic acid refers to expression of an encoding nucleic acid contained within the cell and not exogenously introduced.
[0135] As used herein, the term “mature” or “maturation” means the process by which a basically committed cell is further developed to acquire the specific physiological and morphological features, thereby becoming a functionally complete progeny cell.
[0136] As used herein, the term “autologous” refers to any material derived from the same individual to whom it is later to be re-introduced into the individual.
[0137] As used herein, the term “allogeneic” refers to a graft derived from a different individual of the same species.
[0138] As used herein, the term “cell population” or “population of cells” refers to a group of at least two cells expressing similar or different phenotypes. In non-limiting examples, a cell population can include at least about 10, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800, at least about 900, at least about 1000 cells, at least about 10,000 cells, at least about 100,000 cells, at least about 1×106 cells, at least about 1×107 cells, at least about 1×108 cells, at least about 1×109 cells, at least about 1×1010 cells, at least about 1×1011 cells, at least about 1×1012 cells, or more cells expressing similar or different phenotypes.
[0139] As used herein, the term “a disease associated with Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) expression” means that CLDN18.2 is expressed in abnormal cells involved in the disease to a greater extent than that is expressed by normal cells.
[0140] As used herein, the term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to a quantity of an agent sufficient to achieve a beneficial or desired result upon administration. The amount of an agent administered to the subject can depend on the characteristics of the individual, such as general health, age, sex, body weight, effective concentration of the cells (e.g., NK cells) administered, and tolerance to drugs. The skilled artisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors. An effective amount can be administered to a subject in one or more doses.
[0141] As used herein, the term “administration” of an agent includes any route of introducing or delivering the agent to target cells, target tissue, target organ or a subject to perform its intended function. Administration to a subject can be carried out by any suitable route, including, but not limited to, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, and other suitable routes as described herein. Administration includes self-administration and the administration by another.
[0142] As used herein, the terms “subject, ” “individual, ” or “patient” are used interchangeably and refer to an individual organism, a vertebrate, or a mammal and may include humans, non-human primates, rodents, and the like (e.g., which is to be the recipient of a particular medical intervention, or from whom cells are harvested) . In some embodiments, the individual, patient or subject is a human.
[0143] As used herein, the terms “treatment, ” “treat, ” and “treating” refer to a clinical intervention aimed to reverse, alleviate, delay the onset of, or inhibit the progress, ameliorate, reduce severity of, prevent or delay the recurrence of a disease, disorder, and / or condition or one or more symptoms thereof, and / or improve one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder, and / or condition as described herein. Treatment, may be administered to a subject after one or more symptoms have developed and / or after a disease has been diagnosed. Treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms, e.g., to prevent or delay onset of a symptom or inhibit onset or progression of a disease. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors) . Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence. Treatment can result in improvement and / or resolution of one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder and / or condition.
[0144] As used herein, the terms “prevent, ” “preventing, ” and “prevention” refer to reducing the probability of developing a disease, disorder, or condition in a subject, who does not have, but is at risk of or susceptible to developing a disease, disorder, or condition.
[0145] Anti-CLDN18.2 antibody and CLDN18.2-binding moiety
[0146] Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) is isoform 2 of Claudin18, a member of the Claudin family of cell surface proteins. Claudins are important components of the tight cell junctions, forming a paracellular barrier which controls the flow of molecules between the cells. Different claudins are expressed on different tissues, and their altered function has been linked to the formation of cancers of these tissues. In normal tissues, the expression of Claudin18.2 is limited to the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa. Claudin 18.2 expression is retained upon malignant transformation in gastric cancer and its metastases. Ectopic activation of Claudin18.2 has also been found in pancreatic, esophageal, ovarian, and lung tumors.
[0147] The human Claudin18.2 protein has 261 amino acids (NCBI, NP_001002026.1) . Claudin18.2 is a tetraspan transmembrane protein, with an N-terminus and a C-terminus in the cytoplasm. Claudin18.2 has two extracellular loops, which have been linked to function such as tightening of the paracellular cleft for solutes, and the formation of paracellular ion pores.
[0148] The present disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that can specifically bind to CLDN18.2, a fragment thereof, or a functional variant thereof (also referred to as anti-CLDN18.2 antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof) .
[0149] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof provided herein serves as or forms an antigen binding moiety or portion thereof of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) .
[0150] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof provided herein.
[0151] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein specifically binds human Claudin18.2. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein specifically binds non-human Claudin18.2. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein specifically binds non-human mammalian Claudin18.2. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein specifically binds cynomolgus macaque Claudin18.2. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein specifically binds rat Claudin18.2. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein specifically binds mouse Claudin18.2.
[0152] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein comprises or is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein comprises or is a polyclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof provided herein comprises or is a bispecific or a multispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a Fab’, a F (ab’) 2, a Fv, a scFv, a (scFv) 2, disulfide-linked Fvs (dsFv) , a Fd fragment, a HCAb, a sdAb, a diabody, a triabody, a tetrabody, and a minibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein is a sdAb or VHH. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein is a HCAb. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein is a diad of single domain antibodies. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein is a triad of single domain antibodies. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein comprises or is a bivalent or multivalent antibody. The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein can be of any class (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA) or any subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) of immunoglobulin molecule. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein is an IgG1 antibody, an IgG2 antibody, an IgG3 antibody, or an IgG4 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein comprises or is a recombinant antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein is isolated. In some embodiments, the antibody is substantially pure.
[0153] The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety can comprise at least one VHH. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprises one VHH. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprises two VHHs. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprises three VHHs.
[0154] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprises at least one heavy chain variable region (VHH) comprising a CDR1, a CDR2 and a CDR3 from the single domain antibody as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5-8.
[0155] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises: (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9, 12, 14, and 16; (b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 20; and (c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11 or 18.
[0156] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises: (a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; (b) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; (c) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; (d) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; (e) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; or (f) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0157] The CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 may be defined according to various numbering systems comprising those known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 are determined according to the Kabat, Chothia, Abm or IMGT numbering system.
[0158] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the CDRs are defined according to Chothia numbering system.
[0159] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the CDRs are defined according to Abm numbering system.
[0160] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the CDRs are defined according to Kabat numbering system.
[0161] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the CDRs are defined according to Kabat numbering system.
[0162] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the CDRs are defined according to Kabat numbering system.
[0163] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, wherein the CDRs are defined according to IMGT numbering system.
[0164] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises an acceptor human framework region (s) , e.g., a human immunoglobulin framework region (s) or a human consensus framework region (s) . Framework regions are determined based upon the boundaries of the CDR numbering system. In other words, if the CDRs are determined by, e.g., Kabat, IMGT, Chothia or Abm, then the framework regions are the amino acid residues surrounding the CDRs in the variable region in the form, from the N-terminus to C-terminus: FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4. For example, FR1 is defined as the amino acid residues N-terminal to the CDR1 amino acid residues as defined by, e.g., Kabat, IMGT, Chothia or Abm numbering system, FR2 is defined as the amino acid residues between CDR1 and CDR2 amino acid residues as defined by, e.g., as defined by, e.g., Kabat, IMGT, Chothia or Abm numbering system, FR3 is defined as the amino acid residues between CDR2 and CDR3 amino acid residues as defined by, e.g., as defined by, e.g., Kabat, IMGT, Chothia or Abm numbering system, and FR4 is defined as the amino acid residues C-terminal to the CDR3 amino acid residues as defined by, e.g., as defined by, e.g., Kabat, IMGT, Chothia or Abm numbering system. In some embodiments, the single domain antibody comprises one or more framework regions derived from a VHH domain of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5-8.
[0165] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0166] In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region has an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8.
[0167] In some embodiments, there is provided an isolated anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region or VHH as described herein. In some embodiments, there is provided an isolated anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region or VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, there is provided an isolated anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region or VHH having the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8. In some embodiments, there is provided a CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprising any of the isolated anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibodies provided herein.
[0168] The single domain antibody is the smallest antigen-binding domain generated by adaptive immune systems. As compared to conventional antibodies, the single domain antibody of the disclosure can provide many advantages including higher affinity, activity, stability, solubility, and refolding capacity, as well as better in vivo tissue penetration.
[0169] In various embodiments, the single domain antibody or VHH described herein can be genetically fused or chemically conjugated to another agent, for example, protein-based entities. The single domain antibody or VHH may be chemically-conjugated to the agent, or otherwise non-covalently conjugated to the agent. The agent can be a peptide or an antibody (or a fragment thereof) .
[0170] Also provided herein are fusion proteins comprising the CLDN18.2-binding single domain antibody or VHH of the disclosure and a heterologous polypeptide. In some embodiments, the heterologous polypeptide to which the antibody is genetically fused or chemically conjugated is useful for targeting the antibody to cells having cell surface-expressed Claudin18.2. Methods for fusing or conjugating polypeptides to antibodies are known.
[0171] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a heavy chain antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region or VHH as described herein and a Fc region. In some embodiments, the heavy chain antibody may comprise a Fc region from any class (e.g., IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG or IgM) or subclass (e.g., lgG1, lgG2, lgG3 or lgG4) of heavy chain (e.g., a heavy chain of human antibody) . In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises alpaca IgG1 CH2 and CH3. In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises human IgG1 CH2 and CH3. In some embodiments, the Fc region has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0172] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety is camelid, chimeric, human or humanized. It is preferable that the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety is human or humanized, because this human or humanized version can reduce the immunogenicity.
[0173] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein comprises or is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprises or is a humanized anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibody. Various methods for generating humanized antibodies are known in the art. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody is produced by CDR grafting method. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody is produced by substituting the CDR sequences of a non-human antibody (e.g., a camelid antibody) for the corresponding CDR sequences of a human antibody. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody is produced by substituting the CDR sequences of heavy chain of a non-human antibody (e.g., a camelid antibody) for the corresponding CDR sequences of heavy chain of a human antibody. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody is produced by substituting the respective CDR sequences of heavy chain and light chain of a non-human antibody (e.g., a camelid antibody) for the corresponding CDR sequences of heavy chain and light chain of a human antibody.
[0174] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein comprises one, two, three or more antigen binding sites. In case where the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprises a plurality of antigen binding sites, the sequence of each antigen binding site may be the same or different. The one or more antigen binding sites in the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety may be a heavy chain variable region (i.e., a single domain antibody) , a fusion of a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region (i.e., a single chain antibody) , or a combination thereof. Each antigen binding site in the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety may comprise a heavy chain variable region independently selected from the heavy chain variable regions (i.e., the anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibodies) described herein. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety may comprise two, three or more tandemly linked anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibodies provided herein, wherein the sequences of the tandemly linked anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibodies may be the same or different.
[0175] In the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety comprises a plurality of the heavy chain variable regions or VHHs of the anti-CLDN18.2 single domain antibody described herein, the various heavy chain variable regions or VHHs may be fused to each other via peptide linkers. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable regions or VHHs are directly fused to each other without any peptide linkers. The peptide linkers connecting the same or different heavy chain variable regions or VHHs may be the same or different. Different domains of the CARs described below may be also fused to each other via peptide linkers.
[0176] Each peptide linker in the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety may have the same or different length and / or sequence depending on the structural and / or functional features of the antibodies and / or the various domains. Each peptide linker may be selected and optimized independently. The length, the degree of flexibility and / or other properties of the peptide linker (s) used in the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety may have some influence on properties, including but not limited to the affinity, specificity or avidity for one or more particular antigens or epitopes. For example, longer peptide linkers may be selected to ensure that two adjacent domains do not sterically interfere with one another. In some embodiments, a short peptide linker may be disposed between the CLDN18.2-binding moiety and the hinge domain of the CAR described below. In some embodiment, a peptide linker comprises flexible residues (such as glycine and serine) so that the adjacent domains are free to move relative to each other. For example, a glycine-serine doublet can be a suitable peptide linker.
[0177] The peptide linker can be of any suitable length. In some embodiments, the length of the peptide linker is any of about 1 amino acids to about 20 amino acids, such as about 5 amino acid to about 15 amino acids. In some embodiments, the peptide linker is at least any of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more amino acids long. The peptide linker may have a naturally occurring sequence, or a non-naturally occurring sequence. Examples of the linker include but not limited to glycine polymers (G) n, glycine-serine polymers (for example, (GS) n, (GSGGS) n, (GGGS) n, and (GGGGS) n, where n is an integer such as 1, 2, 3, 4 or more.
[0178] The antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein refers to a polypeptide comprising the CDRs described above having the activity binding to CLDN18.2 protein. The antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein further comprises variants of the polypeptide comprising the CDRs described above having the activity binding to CLDN18.2 protein. These variants include, but are not limited to, substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more (generally from 1 to 50, preferably from 1 to 30, more preferably from 1 to 20, and most preferably from 1 to 10) amino acids in the polypeptide, and addition of one or more (generally from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 10, more preferably from 1 to 5, and most preferably from 1 to 3) amino acids at C-terminus and / or N-terminus of the polypeptide. Generally, substituting amino acid (s) in an antibody for similar amino acid (s) do not change the function of the antibody. Also, adding one or several amino acids at C-terminus and / or N-terminus of an antibody does not generally change the function of the antibody. The antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein further comprises active fragments and derivatives of the antibody of the disclosure.
[0179] The variants of the polypeptide comprise homologous sequences, conserved variants, allelic mutants, natural mutants, proteins encoded by DNAs hybridizing with the DNA encoding the antibody of the disclosure, and polypeptides obtained by using antiserums of the antibody of the disclosure.
[0180] The conserved variants of the antibody of the disclosure refer to polypeptides formed by substituting 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 5 and most preferably 1 to 3 of amino acids in the antibody for similar amino acids. The conserved variants of the antibody may be produced by substitution of amino acids according to Table A below.
[0181] Table A
[0182] The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety of this disclosure can be obtained by known technologies such as PCR amplification or genome library screening method.
[0183] Single domain antibodies or VHHs may be obtained using methods known in the art such as by immunizing a Camelid species and obtaining hybridomas therefrom, or by cloning a library of single domain antibodies using molecular biology techniques known in the art and subsequent selection by ELISA with individual clones of unselected libraries or by using phage display.
[0184] Phage display is a widespread method for display and selection of antibodies. The antibodies are displayed on the surface of bacteriophages as fusions to the bacteriophage coat protein. Selection of phage libraries can be accomplished by various techniques known in the art. Selection involves exposure to antigen to allow phage-displayed antibodies to bind their targets. Phage bound to antigen are recovered and used to infect bacteria to produce phage for further rounds of selection. For review, see, for example, Hoogenboom, Methods. Mol. Biol. 178: 1-37 (2002) ; and Bradbury and Marks, J. Immunol. Methods 290: 29-49 (2004) .
[0185] Also, the antibodies (e.g., single domain antibodies) provided herein may be produced by culturing cells transformed or transfected with a vector containing an antibody-encoding nucleic acids. Polynucleotide sequences encoding polypeptide components of the antibody of the present disclosure can be obtained using known standard recombinant techniques. Alternatively, the sequence of the antibody can be synthesized by known chemical methods.
[0186] It is, of course, contemplated that alternative methods, which are well known in the art, may be employed to prepare anti-Claudin18.2 antibodies (e.g., single domain antibodies) . For instance, the appropriate amino acid sequence, or portions thereof, may be produced by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques. In vitro protein synthesis may be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Various portions of the anti-Claudin18.2 antibody may be chemically synthesized separately and combined using chemical or enzymatic methods to produce the desired anti-Claudin18.2 antibody. Alternatively, antibodies may be purified from cells or bodily fluids, such as milk, of a transgenic animal engineered to express the antibody.
[0187] Further, the encoding sequences of light and heavy chains can be fused to produce a single chain antibody. Also, the sequences encoding the sdAb or VHH disclosed herein and a constant region can be fused to produce a heavy chain antibody.
[0188] Methods of purifying any of the antibodies disclosed herein are well known for a person skilled in the art. Generally, host cells can be cultured under the condition suitable for expression of the antibody of the disclosure, and conventional methods such as gel electrophoresis and affinity chromatography can be then used to purify the antibody.
[0189] The antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein can exhibit high affinity and specificity to CLDN18.2. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein does not substantially bind to CLDN18.1. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein binds CLDN18.2 (e.g., human CLDN18.2) with a greater specificity than its specificity to CLDN18.1 (e.g., human CLDN18.1) . In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein binds CLDN18.2 (e.g., human CLDN18.2) at a specificity that is at least 30-fold, at least 35-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 50-fold or at least 100-fold greater than its specificity to CLDN18.1 (e.g., human CLDN18.1) . In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein does not bind CLDN18.1 (e.g., human CLDN18.1) . The specificity of the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein to CLDN18.2 or CLDN18.1 can be characterized as a mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) by FACS.
[0190] In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein binds CLDN18.2 (e.g., human CLDN18.2) at a higher affinity than the control antibody (e.g., IMAB360) . In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein has an EC50 less than about 360ng / mL, less than about 330ng / mL, less than about 310ng / mL, less than about 280ng / mL, less than about 240ng / mL, less than about 210ng / mL or less than about 200ng / mL, as measured by FACS affinity assay using HEK293T cells expressing human CLDN18.2. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein has an EC50 less than about 630ng / mL, less than about 600ng / mL, less than about 580ng / mL, less than about 550ng / mL, less than about 530ng / mL or less than about 500ng / mL, as measured by FACS affinity assay using NUGC4 cells expressing human CLDN18.2.
[0191] In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein can specifically bind human CLDN18.2. In other embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein can specifically bind non-human CLDN18.2 such as cynomolgus macaque, mouse or rat CLDN18.2. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein binds HEK293T cells expressing cynomolgus macaque CLDN18.2 at an EC50 less than about 110ng / mL, less than about 90ng / mL, less than about 70ng / mL, or less than about 50ng / mL, as measured by FACS affinity assay. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein binds to HEK293T cells expressing rat CLDN18.2 at an EC50 less than about 190ng / mL, less than about 180ng / mL, less than about 170ng / mL, less than about 160ng / mL or less than about 150ng / mL, as measured by FACS affinity assay. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein binds to HEK293T cells expressing mouse CLDN18.2 at an EC50 less than about 140ng / mL, less than about 120ng / mL or less than about 100ng / mL, as measured by FACS affinity assay.
[0192] The antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein can exhibit good thermal stability. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein has a Tm value of about 67℃ to about 69℃ (e.g., 68.6℃) .
[0193] The antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein has high purity. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein has a purity of greater than about 97%.
[0194] The antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein can exhibit superior ADCC activity. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein has an EC50 less than about 6ng / mL, less than about 5ng / mL, less than about 4ng / mL or less than about 3ng / mL as measured by ADCC assay using HEK293T cells expressing human CLDN18.2. In some embodiments, the ADCC assay is a fluorescein reporter assay.
[0195] The antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein can exhibit superior endocytosis activity. In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., sdAb) or antigen binding fragment thereof, or the CLDN18.2-binding moiety disclosed herein mediates the endocytosis of the CLDN18.2 (e.g., human CLDN18.2) at an EC50 less than about 42ng / mL, less than about 40ng / mL, less than about 35ng / mL, less than about 30 ng / mL, less than about 27ng / mL, less than about 25ng / mL or less than about 20ng / mLas measured by a cell-killing method using HEK293T cells expressing human CLDN18.2.
[0196] Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)
[0197] The present disclosure provides a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , which can recognize CLDN18.2 at high affinity and specificity and provide engineered immune cells with high cytotoxicity against tumor or cancer cells. The CAR comprises an extracellular antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the CAR may further comprise a hinge domain and / or a signal peptide.
[0198] The extracellular antigen binding domain of the CAR of the present disclosure can specifically bind to CLDN18.2 (e.g., human CLDN 18.2) . In some embodiments, the extracellular antigen binding domain comprises the anti-CLDN18.2 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof provided herein, or comprises the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein.
[0199] It is found that the engineered immune cells (e.g., NK cells, for example, NK92 cells or iNK cells) expressing the CAR of the present disclosure exhibit high cytotoxicity against CLDN18.2-expressing tumor or cancer cells. In some embodiments, the engineered immune cells of the disclosure have very high expression of the CAR.
[0200] In some embodiments, the CAR of the disclosure is monospecific. In case of the monospecific CAR, the extracellular antigen binding domain consists of the CLDN18.2-binding moiety provided herein.
[0201] In some embodiments, the CAR of the disclosure is multispecific (e.g., bispecific or trispecific) . The multispecific CAR of the disclosure can target one or more other antigens in addition to CLDN18.2.
[0202] In some embodiments, the extracellular antigen binding domain further comprises a second binding moiety comprising a heavy chain variable region of a second single domain antibody (sdAb) specifically binding to a second antigen (such as a second tumor antigen) . In some embodiments, the extracellular antigen binding domain further comprises a second binding moiety comprising a heavy chain variable region of a second single domain antibody (sdAb) specifically binding to a second antigen (such as a second tumor antigen) ; and a third binding moiety comprising a heavy chain variable region of a third single domain antibody (sdAb) specifically binding to a third antigen (such as a third tumor antigen) .
[0203] In some embodiments, the other antigen (s) targeted by the CAR of the present disclosure are cell surface molecules. The single domain antibody may be chosen to recognize an antigen that acts as a cell surface marker on target cells associated with a special disease state. In some embodiments, the antigen is a tumor antigen. Tumors express a number of proteins that can serve as a target antigen for an immune response, particularly NK cell mediated immune responses. The antigens targeted by the CAR may be antigens on a single diseased cell or antigens that are expressed on different cells that each contribute to the disease. The antigens targeted by the CAR may be directly or indirectly involved in the disease.
[0204] Tumor antigens are proteins that are produced by tumor cells that can elicit an immune response, particularly NK cell mediated immune responses. The selection of the other target antigen of the present disclosure will depend on the particular type of tumor or cancer to be treated. Exemplary tumor or cancer antigens include, but not limited to, BCMA, CD73, GPC3, HER2, PMSA, 4-1BB, OX40, GLP-1, Trop2, FGL1, LFA-3, 2B4, 5T4, α-SMA, AGR2, APRIL, B7-H3, B7-H4, BAFF, BTLA, C-242, CA9, CA19-9, CD2, CD3, CD6, CD9, CDlla, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD24, CD25, CD27, CD30, CD33, CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD41, CD44, CD44v6, CD47, CD51, CD52, CD56, CD64, CD69, CD70, CD71, CD74, CD80, CD81, CD86, CD95, CD107a, CD117, CD123, CD125, CD132 (IL-2Rg) , CD133, CD137, CD138, CD160, CD166, CD172A, CD248, CEACAM5 (CEA) , CEACAM6 (NCA-90) , CLAUDIN-3, CLAUDIN-4, cMet, Cripto, CSFR, CSFR-1, CTLA-4, CTGF, CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR4, CYR61, DL44, DLK1, DLL4, DPP-4, DSG1, EDA, EDB, EGFR, EGFRviii, ETBR, ENPP3, EpCAM, EPHA2, EPHB2, ERBB3, FAP, FGF-2, FGF8, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FLT-3, FSP -1, GAL3ST1, G-CSF, G-CSFR, GD2, GITR, GLUT1, GLUT4, GM-CSF, GM-CSFR, Gpl30, GPIIB / IIIA, GPNMB, GRP78, HER2 / neu, HER3, HER4, HGF, hGH, HLA-DR, HVEM, ICOS, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNy, IgE, IgE receptor (FceRI) , IGF, IGF1R, IL1B, IL1R, IL2, IL11, IL12, IL12p40, IL-12R, IL-12Rβl, IL13, IL13R, IL13Ra2, IL15, IL17, IL18, IL21, IL23, IL23R, IL27 / IL27R (wsxl) , IL29, IL-31R, IL31 / IL31R, IL2R, IL4, IL4R, IL6, IL6R, Jagged 1, Jagged 2, KISS1-R, KLRG1, LAG-3, LIF-R, Lewis X, LIGHT, LRP4, LRRC26, Ly6G6D, LyPD1, MCSP, Mesothelin, MRP4, MUC1, MUC16, Na / K ATPase, NGF, Nicastrin, Notch 1, Notch 2, Notch 3, Notch 4, NOV, OSM-R, OX-40, PAR2, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, P1GF, PSCA, PSMA, PSGR, RAAG12, RAGE, SLC44A4, Siglecl5, STEAP1, STEAP2, TAG-72, TAPA1, TEM-8, TGFβ, TIGIT, TIM-3, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TMEM31, TNFα, TNFR, TNFRS12A, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, TRK-A, TRK-B, uPAR, VAP1, VCAM-1, VEGF, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF -D, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, VISTA, WISP-1, WISP-2, WISP-3, or a combination thereof.
[0205] In some embodiments, the tumor antigen comprises one or more antigenic cancer epitopes associated with a malignant tumor. Malignant tumors express a number of proteins that can serve as target antigens for an immune attack. These molecules include, but are not limited to, tissue-specific antigens such as MART-1, tyrosinase and gp 100 in melanoma and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer. Other target molecules belong to the group of transformation-related molecules such as the oncogene HER2 / Neu / ErbB-2. Yet another group of target antigens are onco-fetal antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) .
[0206] In some embodiments, the tumor antigen is a tumor-specific antigen (TSA) or a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) . Non-limiting examples of TSA or TAA antigens include: differentiation antigens such as MART-1 / MelanA (MART-I) , gp 100 (Pmel 17) , tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and tumor-specific multilineage antigens such as MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, pl5; overexpressed embryonic antigens such as CEA; overexpressed oncogenes and mutated tumor-suppressor genes such as p53, Ras, HER2 / neu; unique tumor antigens resulting from chromosomal translocations; such as BCR-ABL, E2A-PRL, H4-RET, IGH-IGK, MYL-RAR; and viral antigens, such as the Epstein Barr virus antigens EBVA and the human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens E6 and E7.
[0207] Different binding moieties in the extracellular antigen binding domain of the CAR of the disclosure can be linked by a peptide linker described above.
[0208] The CAR of the present disclosure comprises a transmembrane domain between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the intracellular signaling domain. The transmembrane domain extends across the cell membrane and anchors the CAR to the cell membrane. The transmembrane domain of the CAR of the present disclosure may be any polypeptide segment thermodynamically stabilized in cell membrane (especially eukaryotic cell membrane) . The transmembrane domain of the CAR may comprise a transmembrane domain derived from a natural membrane-bound or transmembrane protein, or a functional variant thereof. Alternatively, the transmembrane domain of the CAR may be a synthetic polypeptide segment, such as a polypeptide segment comprising predominantly hydrophobic residues such as leucine and valine. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain of the CAR may comprise a transmembrane domain derived from a human membrane-bound or transmembrane protein, or a functional variant thereof.
[0209] The transmembrane domain of the CAR may comprise a transmembrane domain derived from the protein selected from the group consisting of α or β chain of a T-cell receptor, CD3ε, CD2, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8a (CD8α) , CD9, CD16, CD22, CD27, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD37, CD45, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD152, CD154 (CD40L) , ICOS (CD278) , OX40 (CD134) , 4-1BB (CD137) , CTLA-4, PD-1, TRAC, TRBC, LAG-3, BTLA, GITR, HVEM, DR3, TIM1, GM-CSFR, LIGHT, FcεRIγ, Nkp44, Nkp46, Nkp30, Nkp80, 2B4 (SLAMF4, CD244) , KIR2DS2, LFA-1 (CD11a, CD18) , CD40, BAFFR, SLAMF7, CD19, IL2R beta, IL2R gamma, IL7R α, ITGA1, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, ITGB7, TNFR2, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, PAG / Cbp, NKG2D (e.g., NKG2D1, NKG2D2 and NKG2D3) , NKG2C, DAP10, DAP12, or a functional variant thereof.
[0210] In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain of the CAR may comprise CD8a transmembrane domain, CD28 transmembrane domain, NKG2D1 transmembrane domain, NKG2D2 transmembrane domain, NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, 2B4 transmembrane domain, DNAM1 transmembrane domain, DAP10 transmembrane domain, DAP12 transmembrane domain, or a functional variant thereof.
[0211] Preferred examples of the transmembrane domain of the CAR may comprise CD8a transmembrane domain, CD28 transmembrane domain, NKG2D1 transmembrane domain, NKG2D2 transmembrane domain, NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, 2B4 transmembrane domain, DAP10 transmembrane domain, DAP12 transmembrane domain, or a functional variant thereof. All of these preferred transmembrane domains can support higher expression of the CAR in contrast to other transmembrane domains.
[0212] The CAR of the present disclosure may further comprise a hinge domain between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the transmembrane domain. The hinge domain of the CAR may comprise any polypeptide segment normally found between two domains of a protein, which may allow the protein to be flexible and permit the movement of one or both domains relative to each other. In some embodiments, the hinge domain of the CAR may comprise a hinge region of a naturally occurring protein or a functional variant thereof, or a portion thereof (such as a fragment containing at least 15 (e.g., 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40) contiguous amino acids of the hinge region of said naturally occurring protein) . In some embodiments, the hinge domain of the CAR may comprise a hinge region derived from a naturally occurring human protein or a functional variant thereof, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the hinge domain of the CAR may comprise a hinge region derived from the protein selected from the group consisting of immunoglobulin (e.g., IgG) heavy chain, CD8a, CD28, IgG1, IgG4, IgD, CD4, or a functional variant thereof, or a portion thereof.
[0213] In some embodiments, the hinge domain of the CAR may comprise CD8a hinge region, IgG hinge region or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the hinge domain of the CAR comprises a wild-type CD8a hinge region. In some embodiments, the hinge domain of the CAR comprises a mutant of CD8a hinge region. In some embodiments, the mutant of CD8a hinge region has a cysteine-to-serine substitution at the cysteine position farthest from the C-terminal compared to the wild-type CD8a hinge region. In some embodiments, the wild-type CD8a hinge region comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the mutant of CD8a hinge region comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34. It is found in the present disclosure that the mutant of CD8a hinge region can support higher CAR expression in engineered cells (e.g., iPSC cells such as human iPSC cells) than other hinge domains (e.g., wild-type CD8a hinge region) .
[0214] In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises CD8a hinge region and CD8a transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the CAR comprises the mutant of CD8a hinge region and CD8a transmembrane domain. It is found in the present disclosure that the combination of the mutant of CD8a hinge region with CD8a transmembrane domain can support higher CAR expression in the engineered cells (e.g., iPSC cells) than other combinations of a hinge domain and a transmembrane domain (e.g., the combination of CD8a hinge region with CD8a transmembrane domain and the combination of IgG hinge domain and CD28 transmembrane domain) .
[0215] In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises no linker between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the hinge domain. In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure further comprises a linker between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the hinge domain. In some embodiments, the linker is a flexible linker. As the linker, the peptide linker described above may be used. In some embodiments, the linker has a length of 4-20 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker is substantially composed of serine and glycine (a serine / glycine linker) . In some embodiments, the linker has an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 59. This linker can increase the expression of the CAR in the engineered immune cells (e.g., NK cells) . In some embodiments, this linker can further increase the cytotoxicity of the engineered immune cells (e.g., NK cells) .
[0216] In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal thereof. Typically, a signal peptide can target the polypeptide to a desired site. In some embodiments, the signal peptide may target the CAR to a secretory pathway of the cell or allow the CAR to be anchored into the membrane of the cell. The signal peptide can be cleaved by a signal peptidase during or after the translocation of the CAR to generate a mature CAR. In some embodiments, the signal peptide of the CAR comprises a signal peptide derived from a human protein or a functional variant thereof.
[0217] The signal peptide of the CAR of the present disclosure may comprise a CD8a signal peptide, immunoglobulin (e.g., IgG) signal peptide, GM-CSFR signal peptide, CD28 signal peptide, CD4 signal peptide, CD137 signal peptide, or a functional variant thereof.
[0218] In preferred embodiments, the signal peptide of the CAR of the present disclosure comprises CD8a signal peptide. It is found in the present disclosure that the CD8a signal peptide can support higher CAR expression in the engineered cells (e.g., iPSC cells) than other signal peptides (e.g., GM-CSFR signal peptide) .
[0219] The CAR of the present disclosure comprises an intracellular signaling domain that transmits effective antigen receptor binding (binding of the CAR of the present disclosure to CLDN18.2) signals into the interior of the immune cell (e.g., NK cell) , activating at least one of the effector functions of the immune cell expressing the CAR (e.g., cytotoxicity or cytokine secretion activity) . In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR comprises one or more intracellular signaling domains, e.g., derived from human protein.
[0220] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR comprises at least a primary signaling domain. The primary signaling domain is responsible for intracellular primary signaling which recognizes the binding of the extracellular antigen binding domain to the antigen, leading to activation of the immune cell expressing the CAR and immune response mediated by the immune cell. The primary signaling domain may be a signaling domain containing one or more signaling motifs, for example, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) , atypical hemi-ITAM motif, YxxM motif or TxYxxV / I motif.
[0221] The primary signaling domain may comprise an intracellular signaling domain of a protein selected from a group consisting of TCRζ, FcRγ, FcRβ, CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, CD3ζ, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD66d, 4-1BB, DAP10, DAP12, NKp80, DNAM1 and 2B4, or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR comprises CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain as the primary signaling domain.
[0222] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR may further comprise one or two or more costimulatory domains. The costimulatory domain may be an intracellular signaling domain of a costimulatory molecule. A costimulatory molecule can specifically bind to a costimulatory ligand, thereby mediating a costimulatory response in an immune cell (e.g., proliferation or activation) .
[0223] In some embodiments, the primary signaling domain and the costimulatory domain may be connected to the carboxyl-terminal of the transmembrane domain in any order. In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain is located between the transmembrane domain and the primary signaling domain.
[0224] The costimulatory domain may comprise an intracellular signaling domain from TNF receptor protein, immunoglobulin-like protein, cytokine receptor, integrin, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM protein) , or activating NK cell receptor. In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain may comprise an intracellular signaling domain of a protein selected from a group consisting of CD28, 4-1BB (CD137) , CD2, CD4, CD7, CD27, CD28, CD30, CD40, CD226, DR3, SLAMF1, ICAM-1, LFA-1, NKG2D, NKG2C, B7-H3, 2B4, OX40 (CD134) , FcεRIγ, BTLA, Toll ligand receptor, GITR, BAFFR, HVEM, KIRDS2, SLAMF7, NKp80, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, DAP10, DAP12, DNAM1, CD40, CD40L, TIM1, PD-1, LIGHT, JAML, CD100, ICOS, MyD88, IL2Rβ, IL2Rγ, IL7Rα, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, ITGB7, TNFR2, TRANCE / RANKL, CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, LAT, GADS, SLP-76, PAG / Cbp, CD19a, CD28-OX40, CD28-4-1BB, a functional variant thereof or any combination thereof.
[0225] In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain comprises one or more selected from a group consisting of 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, and DAP12 intracellular signaling domain and a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain may comprise 2B4 intracellular signaling domain and DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain may comprise 2B4 intracellular signaling domain and DAP10 intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain may comprise 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain may comprise 2B4 intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain may comprise DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain.
[0226] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain, 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, DAP10 intracellular signaling domain, DAP12 intracellular signaling domain, and a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain, 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, DAP12 intracellular signaling domain, and a functional variant thereof.
[0227] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR comprises CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain as the primary signaling domain, and one or more costimulatory domains selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, and DAP12 intracellular signaling domain. In preferable embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR comprises CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain as the primary signaling domain, and one or more costimulatory domains selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain and 2B4 intracellular signaling domain. These preferable intracellular signaling domains can support both higher CAR expression in immune cells (e.g., NK cells) and higher cytotoxicity of the cells in contrast to other intracellular signaling domains.
[0228] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises, from the N-terminal to the C-terminal, a costimulatory signaling domain and a primary signaling domain. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises, from the N-terminal to the C-terminal, one or more selected from 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, and DAP12 intracellular signaling domain, and CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain.
[0229] In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises the combination of a transmembrane domain (TCD) and an intracellular signaling domain (ICD) , wherein the transmembrane domain is any one selected from CD8a transmembrane domain, NKG2D1 transmembrane domain, NKG2D2 transmembrane domain, NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, 2B4 transmembrane domain, DNAM1 transmembrane domain, DAP10 transmembrane domain and DAP12 transmembrane domain, and the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain as the primary signaling domain, and one or more costimulatory domains selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DAP10 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, and DAP12 intracellular signaling domain.
[0230] In preferable embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises the combination of a transmembrane domain (TCD) and an intracellular signaling domain (ICD) , wherein the transmembrane domain is any one selected from CD8a transmembrane domain, NKG2D1 transmembrane domain, NKG2D2 transmembrane domain, NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, 2B4 transmembrane domain, DNAM1 transmembrane domain, and DAP12 transmembrane domain, and the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain as the primary signaling domain, and one or more costimulatory domains selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, and DAP12 intracellular signaling domain. It is found that these TCD-ICD combinationscan support high CAR expression in immune cells (e.g., NK cells) .
[0231] In more preferable embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises the combination of a transmembrane domain (TMD) and an intracellular signaling domain (ICD) , wherein the transmembrane domain is selected from CD8a transmembrane domain, NKG2D1 transmembrane domain, NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, or DAP12 transmembrane domain, and the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain as the primary signaling domain, and one or more costimulatory domains selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, and DAP12 intracellular signaling domain. In the most preferable embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises the combination of a transmembrane domain (TMD) and an intracellular signaling domain (ICD) , wherein the transmembrane domain is CD8a transmembrane domain, or NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, and the intracellular signaling domain is the combination of CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain with 4-1BB or 2B4 intracellular signaling domain. It is found that the above TMD-ICD combinations can support both high CAR expression and higher cytotoxicity in immune cells (e.g., NK cells) in contrast to other TMD-ICD combinations.
[0232] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζintracellular signaling domain and 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises, from the N-terminal to the C-terminal, 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain and CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain.
[0233] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζintracellular signaling domain and 2B4 intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises, from the N-terminal to the C-terminal, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain and CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain.
[0234] In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises, from the N-terminal to the C-terminal, a signal peptide, the extracellular antigen binding domain, a linker, a hinge domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises, from the N-terminal to the C-terminal, a CD8a signal peptide, the CLDN18.2 -binding moiety, a linker of SEQ ID NO: 58, a mutant of CD8a hinge region, a CD8a transmembrane domain, a 4-1BB signaling region and a CD3ζ primary signaling region.
[0235] In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises, from the N-terminal to the C-terminal, the extracellular antigen binding domain, a linker, a hinge domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain.
[0236] In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 52-54. In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 52-54. In some embodiments, the CAR of the present disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 52-54 without the signal peptide.
[0237] Polynucleotide and Expression vector
[0238] The present disclosure provides a polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, the CLDN18.2-binding moiety or the anti-CLDN18.2 CAR provided herein.
[0239] The polynucleotide can be used to express the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, the CLDN18.2-binding moiety or the CAR provided herein in a host cell. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide can be used to express the CAR provided herein in a host cell. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide can be used to express the CAR provided herein in an engineered cell (e.g., an immune cell or a PSC) . The polynucleotide may be in the form of DNA or the form of RNA (e.g., mRNA) . DNA includes cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic DNA; and can be double-stranded or single-stranded, and if single-stranded, can be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The polynucleotide may be synthesized or obtained by a recombinant method known in the art. The polynucleotide may be codon optimized for a host cell or an engineered cell to improve its expression in the cell.
[0240] Also provided is a vector comprising any of the polynucleotides described herein. In some embodiments, the vector can be introduced into a host cell or an engineered cell to express the anti-CLDN18.2 CAR provided herein.
[0241] The vector may be linear or circular, single-stranded or double-stranded, and / or DNA or RNA. The vector may be self-replicating. The vector may be episomal or integrative. The vector may be suitable for stable or transient expression of the gene comprised in said vector in a host cell or an engineered cell (e.g., an immune cell or a PSC) .
[0242] Vectors as used herein generally include, but are not limited to, plasmids, bacteriophages, animal viruses, and cosmids. The vector may be an expression vector, including eukaryotic expression vectors, and viral expression vectors. The vector is preferably an eukaryotic expression vector. Viruses that can be used as vectors include, but are not limited to, retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes viruses, and lentiviruses. In this disclosure, any suitable vectors, including well-known vectors, can be used. Examples of the vector can comprise the pUC series (Fermentas Life Sciences, Glen Bumie, Md. ) , the pBluescript series (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif. ) , the pET series (Novagen, Madison, Wis. ) , the pGEX series (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) , and the pEX series (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif. ) . Bacteriophage vectors, such as λGT10, λGT11, λEMBL4, and λNM1149, λZapII (Stratagene) can be used. The technology for constructing a recombination vector (e.g., expression vector) is common for a skilled artisan in the art of gene engineering.
[0243] In some embodiments, the vector is an expression vector. The present disclosure provides an expression vector comprising any of the polynucleotides of the disclosure. The expression vector may comprise an expression cassette for expression of the polypeptide (e.g., the CAR provided herein) .
[0244] In some embodiments, there is provided an expression vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein. In some embodiments, the expression vector of the disclosure can be any suitable expression vector, and can be used to transform or transfect any suitable host. The expression vector typically comprises an expression cassette for expression of at least one exogenous proteins such as the CAR provided herein. Examples of expression vectors may include pEUK-Cl, pMAM, and pMAMneo (Clontech) . The expression vector may be a viral vector, e.g., a retroviral vector, e.g., a gamma retroviral vector.
[0245] The expression vector can include one or more marker genes, which allow for selection of transformed or transfected hosts. Marker genes include biocide resistance, e.g., resistance to antibiotics, complementation in an auxotrophic host to provide prototrophy, and the like. Suitable marker genes for the described expression vectors include, for instance, neomycin / G418 resistance genes, histidinol x resistance genes, histidinol resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and ampicillin resistance genes. Suitable marker genes for the described expression vectors also comprise genes for encoding tag proteins such as Strep tag II.
[0246] The expression vector may comprise regulatory sequences, such as transcription and translation initiation and termination codons, which are specific to the type of host (e.g., bacterium, fungus, or animal) into which the vector is to be introduced, as appropriate, and taking into consideration whether the vector is DNA-or RNA-based.
[0247] The expression vector can comprise a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide sequence of the disclosure. The selection of promoters, e.g., strong, tissue-specific, inducible and developmental-specific, is within the ordinary skill of the artisan. In some embodiments, the promoter is selected from the group consisting of EF1a, PGK, CAG, CMV, CLP, and UBC. In some embodiments, the promoter is selected from an EF1a promoter, a CMV promoter, or CLP promoter.
[0248] Examples of the regulatory sequences further include, but are not limited to, enhancer, poly (A) tailing signal sequence, and the like. Enhancer refers to a DNA sequence that increases the transcription frequency of genes linked to it, and enhancers increase the transcription of downstream genes through the promoter. Effective enhancers can be located at the 5′ end of the gene, or at the 3′ end of the gene, and some can also be located in the intron of the gene. The enhancer can increase the transcription frequency for gene. Examples of the enhancer include, but are not limited to, CMV enhancer, SV40 enhancer, HPV16 LCR enhancer, immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer, HACNS 1 enhancer, GADD45G enhancer, hormone responsive element (HRE) , metal-regulated enhancer element (MRE) .
[0249] In some embodiments, the expression vector further comprises an anti-silencing ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) , wherein the UCOE is operably linked to the promoter.
[0250] The expression vectors can be designed for either transient expression, for stable expression, or for both.
[0251] In some embodiments, the expression vector may further comprise one or more additional polynucleotides encoding one or more additional proteins. The one or more additional exogenous proteins may comprise a Fc receptor, an antibody, a cytokine, a protein having safety switch function, or a combination thereof.
[0252] In some embodiments, the cytokine may include interleukins (ILs) , interferons, tumor necrosis factor superfamily, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines and growth factors, etc. The cytokine may be a human cytokine. The Cytokine may include wild-type cytokine and its functional variant. Examples of the cytokines include, but are not limited to ILs such as IL2, IL4, IL6, IL7, IL9, IL10, IL11, IL12, IL15, IL18, or NeoIL2; chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) -I alpha (CCL3) , IFN-inducible protein-10 (IP-10 / CXCL10) , RANTES (CCL5) , monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1 / CLL2) , MCP-2 (CCL8) , and MCP-3 (CCL7) ; any functional variant thereof or any combination thereof. The cytokine may be soluble or membrane-bound. In some embodiments, the cytokine is IL15 or its functional variant, e.g., human IL15 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the cytokine is membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) or its functional variant, e.g., membrane-bound human IL15 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the mbIL15 has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 56. Co-expression ofmbIL15 and the CAR can improve both the long-term survival and / or proliferation and the cytotoxicity of the immune cells such as NK cells as compared to wild type counterparts or CAR-modified counterparts.
[0253] In some embodiments, the antibody may include a monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, multispecific antibody (e.g., bispecific antibody) , full-length antibody, heavy-chain antibody and antigen binding fragments thereof. The antibody may also include a human antibody, camelid antibody, chimeric antibody, or humanized antibody. The antibody may include a heavy chain of class IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM or their subclasses, e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, and IgG4. The antibody may include a light chain of class κ and λ. The antigen binding fragment of the antibody may include, but is not limited to Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, Fv, scFv, di-scFv or sdAb. In some embodiments, the antibody may be an antibody or its antigen binding fragment specifically binding an immune checkpoint molecule, which is an inhibitor of the immune checkpoint. The immune checkpoint molecule may include, but is not limited to, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT or NKG2A, etc.
[0254] In some embodiments, the Fc receptor may be a human Fc receptor. The Fc receptor may be a wild-type Fc receptor or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the Fc receptor or its functional variant may be a high-affinity CD16 variant (e.g., F176V or F158V variant) or a non-cleavable CD16 variant (e.g., S197P variant) . In some embodiments, the Fc receptor or its functional variant may be a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular region of human CD64 and the transmembrane and intracellular regions of human CD16A (CD64 / 16A) .
[0255] The protein having safety switch function may include, but are not limited to, a protein that is encoded by a “suicide gene” or a truncated cell-surface protein. The proteins encoded by a suicide gene may include herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) (the cell death is initiated by administration of ganciclovir) , inducible caspase-9 (iCasp9) and FK50-binding protein (the cell death is initiated by administration of AP 1903) , and cytosine deaminase (CD) (the cell death is initiated by administration of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) ) . The truncated cell-surface protein can be targeted by a a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and may include a cluster of differentiation (CD) -type polypeptide or a small epitope peptide recognized by a mAb, e.g., CD20 (recognized by the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab) and the truncated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt, recognized by the anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab) . In some embodiments, the protein having safety switch function is a truncated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt) , e.g., a truncated human epidermal growth factor receptor (huEGFRt) . In some embodiments, the EGFRt comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0256] It is contemplated that a plurality of exogenous genes are integrated into the genome of the engineered cell. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein and the one or more additional polynucleotides are configured such that when they are introduced into a cell, the expression of both are initiated by the same or different promoter. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein and the one or more additional polynucleotides are linked by a linking sequence to enable their co-expression in a host cell or an engineered cell. In some embodiments, the linking sequence may be a nucleic acid sequence encoding a self-cleaving peptide or an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) . In some embodiments, said self-cleaving peptide is a 2A peptide, such as P2A, T2A, or F2A. The polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein and the one or more additional polynucleotides may be linked in any order, e.g., the polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein may be linked to the 5' end or the 3' end of the one or more additional polynucleotides.
[0257] Host cell and Engineered cell
[0258] The present disclosure provides a host cell comprising or expressing the CAR provided herein or comprises the polynucleotide or the expression vector provided herein.
[0259] The host cell may be any cell that contains a heterologous nucleic acid. For example, a host cell can be a cell from any organism that is selected, modified, transformed, grown, used or manipulated in any way, for the production of a substance by the cell, for example the expression by the cell of a gene, a DNA or RNA sequence, a protein or an enzyme. By way of example, a plasmid or cosmid can be introduced into a prokaryote host cell for replication of several types of vectors. In some embodiments, the host cell may be an eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell may be a prokaryotic cell. Bacterial cells such as, but not limited to DH5α, JM109, and KCB, Competent Cells, and SOLOPACK Gold Cells, can be used as host cells for vector replication and / or expression. Eukaryotic cells that can be used as host cells include, but are not limited to yeast, insects and mammals.
[0260] In some embodiments, the host cell is a non-human mammalian cell. In other embodiments, the host cell is a human cell. Examples of mammalian eukaryotic host cells for replication and / or expression of a vector include, but are not limited to, HeLa, NIH3T3, Jurkat, 293, COS, Saos, PC12, and Ag653 murine cell lines.
[0261] Also provided is an engineered cell comprising or expressing the anti-CLDN18.2 CAR provided herein, or comprises the polynucleotide or the expression vector provided herein.
[0262] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is a eukaryotic cell, such as a non-human mammalian cell or a human cell.
[0263] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is a pluripotent stem cell (PSC) , e.g., an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) or an embryonic stem cell (ESC) . iPSCs may be reprogrammed from a wide variety of somatic cells (e.g., fibroblasts, skin cells, blood cells, etc. ) with reprogramming factors. The reprogramming factors may include, but are not limited to, OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, LIN28A, KLF4, MYCL, MYCN, MYC, p53 knockdown, MIR302 / 367 cluster, ESRRB, REX1, GBX2, DLX4, ZSCAN10, ZSCAN4, TBX3, GLIS1, NR5A1 / 2, RARG, BMI1, KDM2B, TET1, SV40LT or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the iPSCs are reprogrammed from blood cells. In some embodiments, the hiPSCs are reprogrammed from human blood cells. In some embodiments, the hiPSCs are reprogrammed from human blood cells by the method described in CN108373998B (incorporated herein in its entirety by reference) . When used in the present disclosure, the ESCs are sourced from commercially established human embryonic stem cell lines or human embryonic stem cells isolated or acquired from early embryos that have developed in vitro for not more than 14 days from fertilization.
[0264] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is an immune cell, such as a human immune cell. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is autologous or allogeneic. In some embodiments, the immune cell is a primary immune cell or an induced immune cell. In some embodiments, the immune cell is a T cell, a natural killer (NK) cell, a natural killer T (NKT) cell, a macrophage, a dendritic (DC) cell or any combination thereof. Primary immune cell comprises a primary T cell, a primary NK cell, a primary NKT cell, a primary macrophage (MP) , a primary DC cell or any combination thereof. Induced immune cell comprises an induced T (iT) cell, an induced NK (iNK) cell, an induced NKT (iNKT) cell, an induced macrophage (iMP) , an induced DC (iDC) cell, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is an NK cell. In some embodiments, the NK cell is a primary NK cell, an induced NK cell (iNK cell) , or a NK cell cell line. In some embodiments, the NK cell is an iNK cell. The NK cell line may include NK92 cell line, YT cell line, NK-YS cell line, NKL cell line, NK3.3 cell line or KHYG-1 cell line. In some embodiments, the NK cell is an irradiated NK cell line. In some embodiments, the NK cell is a NK92 cell.
[0265] The primary immune cells may be isolated from whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or umbilical cord blood (UCB) . In some embodiments, the primary immune cells may be human primary immune cells, e.g., isolated from human whole blood, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) or human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) .
[0266] The induced immune cells can be obtained by differentiating PSCs (e.g., hiPSCs) and expanding / maturing the differentiated cells. Methods of differentiating PSCs (e.g., hiPSCs) and expanding / maturing the differentiated cells to obtain induced immune cells (e.g., iNK cells) are within the skill of the artisan. For example, iNK cells can be obtained from PSCs by the method described in CN111235105B, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
[0267] In some embodiments, the engineered cell further comprises one or more additional polynucleotides encoding one or more additional exogenous proteins. In some embodiments, the engineered cell further comprises or expresses said one or more one or more additional exogenous proteins. In some embodiments, the engineered cell co-expresses the one or more additional exogenous proteins and the CAR provided herein. The polynucleotide encoding said one or more additional exogenous proteins may be expressed from the same or different expression cassettes as the polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding said one or more additional exogenous proteins and the polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein are linked by a linking sequence to enable their co-expression in the engineered cell. In some embodiments, the linking sequence may be a nucleic acid sequence encoding a self-cleaving peptide or an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) . In some embodiments, the self-cleaving peptide is a 2A peptide, such as P2A, T2A, or F2A. The polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein and the polynucleotide encoding said one or more additional exogenous proteins may be linked in any order, e.g., the polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein may be linked to the 5' end or the 3' end of the polynucleotide encoding said one or more additional exogenous proteins. Said one or more additional exogenous proteins and the polynucleotide encoding said one or more additional exogenous proteins have been described in the expression vector described above.
[0268] Method of engineering a cell such as immune cell or PSC expressing at least one exogenous protein (e.g., the CAR provided herein and / or the one or more additional exogenous proteins) can be carried out by introducing at least one polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein or the expression vector comprising the at least one polynucleotide into the cell. The expression vector can be a vector for stable or transient expression of the at least one exogenous protein. The expression vector may be self-replicating. The expression vector may be episomal or integrative. For example, at least one exogenous protein (e.g., the CAR provided herein) may be transiently expressed by introducing an episomal vector (e.g., an adenoviral vector or an AAV vector) into the cell. At least one exogenous protein (e.g., the CAR provided herein) may also be stably expressed by introducing an integrative vector into the cell. The exogenous DNA or RNA sequence may be located in the episomal vector (e.g., an episomal plasmid) or integrated into the genome of the cell after being introduced into the cell. Suitable ways to introduce a nucleic acid (e.g., an expression vector) into a cell are also known to a skilled person in the art, including but not limited to, electroporation, lipofection, lipid nanoparticle, naked DNA or RNA (e.g., mRNA) transfection, plasmid vector transformation, or viral vector transduction.
[0269] The at least one polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein comprising the CAR provided herein can be directly introduced into a cell such as PSC or immune cell to obtain the engineered cell such as engineered PSC or engineered immune cell. Alternatively, the at least one polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein comprising the CAR provided herein can be introduced into a PSC to obtain an engineered PSC and the engineered PSC can be then differentiated into engineered immune cell by a method known to a person skilled in the art.
[0270] The at least one polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein can be integrated into the genome of a cell such as immune cell or PSC. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is genomically modified via random or targeted modification.
[0271] Genome editing, or genomic editing, or genetic editing, which can be used interchangeably, is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, and / or replaced in the genome of a targeted cell. Targeted genome editing (interchangeable with “targeted genomic editing” or “targeted modification” ) enables insertion, deletion, and / or substitution at pre-selected sites in the genome. When an endogenous sequence is inserted, deleted, and / or replaced at the pre-selected site during targeted editing, an endogenous gene comprising the affected sequence (e.g., CISH) can be knocked-out or knocked-down. Therefore, targeted editing may also be used to disrupt endogenous gene expression. In comparison, the exogenous nucleotide (s) of a construct is inserted into the cell′s chromosomal or mitochondrial DNA at an arbitrary site by random integration.
[0272] A vector system can be used to integrate the at least one polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein (e.g., the CAR provided herein) into the genome of a cell. The vector system generally comprises a vector or expression vector comprising the at least one polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein (e.g., the CAR provided herein) . The vector system may further comprise a vector for integrating into the genome of a cell the at least one polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein (e.g., the CAR provided herein) comprised in the expression vector. The vector for integrating the at least one polynucleotide into the genome of a cell includes, but is not limited to lentiviral vector, retroviral vector, transposon system, CRISPR / Cas system, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) system or TAL-effector nuclease (TALEN) system. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is engineered by introducing a first vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein and additional polynucleotide (s) encoding additional exogenous protein (s) , and a second vector for integrating into the genome of a cell the polynucleotides contained in the first vector. In some embodiments, the first vector is an expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein and the second vector is a transposon vector (e.g., Sleep Beauty or PiggyBac vector) or a site-specific endonuclease vector (e.g., a CRISPR / Cas vector) .
[0273] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is genetically engineered via random modification. Random modification of the genome of an engineered cell can be achieved by using a vector system comprising an integrative viral vector (e.g., lentiviral vector or retroviral vector) or a transposon vector (e.g., Sleep Beauty or PiggyBac system) and an expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein.
[0274] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is genetically modified via targeted modification. Targeted modification of the genome of an engineered cell can be achieved by using a vector system comprising a site-specific endonuclease vector (e.g., a CRISPR / Cas vector) and an expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein. As compared to random modification, targeted modification can provide the engineered cell with more reliable and predictable expression of transgene (s) and avoid position effects, gene silencing, and safety issue associated with protooncogene activation that may occur with random modification. The targeted modification comprise knock-in, knock-out, knock-down or a combination thereof.
[0275] In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises knock-in of at least one polynucleotide (e.g., gene) encoding the CAR provided herein and / or the one or more additional exogenous proteins and / or knock-out or knock-down of at least one polynucleotide (e.g., gene) , as discussed below. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises knock-in of at least one exogenous polynucleotide encoding the CAR provided herein and / or the one or more additional exogenous proteins and / or knock-out of at least one endogenous polynucleotide. The at least one exogenous polynucleotide can be inserted into the genome of the engineered cell at a target site for stable expression (knock-in) . The expression of at least one exogenous polynucleotide (e.g., at a target site) or the deleted or reduced expression of at least one endogenous polynucleotide (e.g., at a target site) may confer more beneficial properties on the engineered cell, including better effector function (e.g., better cytotoxicity or better anti-tumorigenic activity) , better specificity, better proliferation or better safety relative to the wild-type cell.
[0276] A targeted modification of the genome of engineered cell can be achieved by using a gene editing method medicated by a site-specific endonuclease capable of introducing a double strand break, such as CRISPR / Cas system, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) system or TAL-effector nuclease (TALEN) system. An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein such as the CAR provided herein can be used to enable integration of the polynucleotide into a target site in the genome of the engineered cell. It is also possible to integrate the polynucleotide encoding the at least one exogenous protein into the genome of the engineered cell at a target site by the gene editing method to utilize the regulatory sequence naturally occurring in the engineered cell for expression of the at least one exogenous protein such as the CAR provided herein.
[0277] In some embodiments, the endonuclease capable of introducing a double strand break comprises ZFN. As known for a skilled in the art, ZFN is a targeted endonuclease having a nuclease fused to a zinc finger DNA binding domain. A zinc finger is a domain of about 30 amino acids within the zinc finger binding domain whose structure is stabilized through coordination of a zinc ion. Examples of zinc fingers include, but not limited to, C2H2zinc fingers, C3H zinc fingers, and C4zinc fingers. An example of a ZFN is a fusion polypeptide of the FokI nuclease domain with a zinc finger DNA binding domain.
[0278] In some embodiments, the endonuclease capable of introducing a double strand break comprises TALEN. TALEN is a targeted endonuclease having a nuclease fused to a TAL effector DNA binding domain. TAL effector proteins are secreted by plant pathogens of the genus Xanthomonas during infection. These proteins enter the nucleus of the plant cell, bind effector-specific DNA sequences via their DNA binding domain, and activate gene transcription at these sequences via their transactivation domains. TAL effector DNA binding domain specificity depends on an effector-variable number of imperfect 34 amino acid repeats, which comprise polymorphisms at select repeat positions called repeat variable-diresidues (RVD) . An example of a TALEN is a fusion polypeptide of the FokI nuclease domain with a TAL effector DNA binding domain.
[0279] In some embodiments, the endonuclease capable of introducing a double strand break comprises CRISPR-Cas nuclease. CRISPR / Cas system is a powerful technology used as gene editing tool to selectively modify DNA sequence at any specific location in the genome of a cell. The CRISPR-Cas systems have been categorized into two classes and six major types. The Cas protein in the CRISPR / Cas system may include, but be not limited to Cas9, Cpf1 (Cas12a) , Cas13, CasX, CasY, Cas14, etc. An example of CRISPR / Cas system is CRISPR / Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 system is based on nucleolytic activity of the endonuclease protein, Cas9, which is guided to the desired site in the genome by a specificity determinant RNA, termed as guide RNA (gRNA) . Apart from these, another sequence known as protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) , present adjacent to the target site, is recognized by the CRISPR / Cas9 system and is crucial for the functionality of Cas9. The Cas9 protein binds to the target location in the presence of gRNA, with high precision and performs a double strand break at the cleavage site. Using predesigned repair template, the knock-in of gene as intended can be achieved by Homology-directed Repair (HDR) .
[0280] In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises or co-expresses the CAR provided herein and the one or more additional exogenous proteins. In some embodiments, the one or more additional exogenous proteins comprise a Fc receptor, an antibody, a cytokine, a protein having safety switch function, or a combination thereof. The Fc receptor, the antibody, the cytokine and the protein having safety switch function have been described in the expression vector described above.
[0281] Targeted modification of the genome of a cell, e.g., using site-specific nucleases (e.g., the CRISPR / Cas system) , can result in monoallelically and / or biallelically modified cells. Monoallelically and biallelically modified cells can be distinguished or screened by PCR assay, as known to a person skilled in the art. For example, monoallelically and biallelically modified cells can be distinguished or screened by amplifying two alleles of the engineered cell and determining whether they contain the modified sequence and / or the original sequence (i.e., unmodified sequence or wild-type sequence) .
[0282] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is monoallelically or biallelically modified to express the CAR. When the engineered cell is modified only with the CAR, the engineered cell (e.g., PSC and derived immune cell such as NK cell) allows stable and high expression of the CAR whether it is monoallelically or biallelically modified.
[0283] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is monoallelically or biallelically modified to co-express the CAR and the one or more additional exogenous proteins. In preferred embodiments, the engineered cell is biallelically modified to co-express the CAR and the one or more additional exogenous proteins. With double alleles modified, the engineered cell (e.g., PSC and NK cell) allows stable and high expressions of both the CAR and the one or more additional exogenous proteins, and with single allele modified, the engineered cell only allows high expression of the CAR with significantly lower expression of the one or more additional exogenous proteins.
[0284] In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises or co-expresses the CAR provided herein and the cytokine. In some embodiments, the cytokine is soluble. In some embodiments, the cytokine is membrane-bound. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises or co-expresses the CAR provided herein and IL15 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the engineered cell co-expresses the CAR provided herein and mbIL15.
[0285] In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises or co-expresses the CAR provided herein and the protein having safety switch function. In some embodiments, the engineered cell co-expresses the CAR provided herein and EGFRt.
[0286] In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises or co-expresses the CAR provided herein, the cytokine and the protein having safety switch function. In some embodiments, the engineered cell co-expresses the CAR provided herein, IL15 and EGFRt. In some embodiments, the engineered cell co-expresses the CAR provided herein, mbIL15 and EGFRt.
[0287] In some embodiments, the engineered cell is biallelically modified to co-express the CAR and IL15. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is biallelically modified to co-express the CAR and mbIL15.
[0288] In some embodiments, the engineered cell may be engineered to delete (knock-out) or reduce (knock-down) expression of at least one endogenous polynucleotide such as gene. In some embodiments, the deletion or reduction of the expression of the at least one endogenous polynucleotide can reduce the immunogenicity of the immune cells, increase the sensitivity of the immune cells to cytokine (s) , and enhance the resistance of the immune cells to the tumor microenvironment and / or downregulate inhibitory receptors thereof.
[0289] The target site for knock-in of the at least one exogenous polynucleotide and / or knock-out of the at least one endogenous polynucleotide may be selected from AAVS1, CISH, CD38, Rosa26, TGF-β receptor gene, NKG2A, CIITA, CD70, B2M, adenosine receptor gene, glucocorticoid receptor gene or any combination thereof, for example. Preferable examples of the target site include, but are not limited to, a safe harbor site such as AAVS1, Rosa26, CISH, CD38, and NKG2A. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises knock-in of the at least one exogenous polynucleotide and / or knock-out of the at least one endogenous polynucleotide at CISH locus. CISH is a negative regulatory factor of IL15 or its functional variant. Thus, the knock-in and / or knock-out at CISH locus can render the immune cells hypersensitive to IL15 or its functional variant and results in enhanced proliferation, increased IFNγ production, and enhanced cytotoxic activity of the immune cell. Further, the knock-in at CISH locus can increase the expression of the at least one exogenous polynucleotide (e.g., the CAR provided herein) .
[0290] Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0291] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell or the engineered cell described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The amount of the active ingredients (e.g., engineered cells) in the pharmaceutical composition that is therapeutically effective in the treatment of a particular disorder or condition can depend on the nature of the disorder or condition and can be determined by standard clinical techniques.
[0292] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sterile aqueous solutions that contain no materials in addition to the active ingredients and water, or contain a buffer such as sodium phosphate at physiological pH value, physiological saline or both, such as phosphate-buffered saline. Still further, aqueous carriers can contain more than one buffer salt, as well as salts such as sodium and potassium chlorides, dextrose, and other solutes. Non-limiting examples of such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprise Multiple Electrolytes Injection, and Dextran injection.
[0293] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may include about 104 to 1012 engineered cells, e.g., about 104 to about 107 engineered cells, about 106 to about 109 engineered cells, or about 108 to about 1012 engineered cells in a unit dose.
[0294] Methods of formulating suitable pharmaceutical compositions are known in the art (see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st ed., 2005; and the books in the series Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences: a Series of Textbooks and Monographs (Dekker, NY) . For example, solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose, pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
[0295] Method and Use for Treatment
[0296] The present disclosure provides a method of preventing or treating a disease associated with Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) expression in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
[0297] The present disclosure also provides the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition as described herein for use in preventing or treating a disease associated with CLDN18.2 expression in a subject in need thereof.
[0298] The present disclosure further provides use of the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a disease associated with CLDN18.2 expression in a subject in need thereof.
[0299] In some embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a tumor or a cancer.
[0300] In certain embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a solid tumor or a hematologic tumor comprising a metastatic, refractory, or recurrent tumor or cancer.
[0301] In certain embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is selected from gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, renal cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer) , liver cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, germ cell cancer, bone cancer, skin cancer, thymic cancer, bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, melanoma, mesothelioma, lymphoma, myeloma (e.g., multiple myeloma) , sarcoma, glioblastoma, and leukemia. In preferable embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a gastric cancer, an esophageal cancer, a pancreatic cancer, a lung cancer, an ovarian cancer, or a colon cancer. In more preferable embodiments, the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a gastric cancer.
[0302] The CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be administered to a subject in any suitable routes. The routes of administration include but are not limited to injection and infusion. In certain embodiments, injection includes, without limitation, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, intralesional, intranodal, intraspinal, intracerebrospinal, intralymphatic, intratumoral, and intrasternal injection. In certain embodiments, the route is intravenous. In certain embodiments, cells described herein are administered as a bolus or by continuous infusion (e.g., intravenous infusion) over a period of time.
[0303] In some embodiments, the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be administered in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject.
[0304] In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the engineered cells (e.g., the engineered immune cells, for example, the engineered iNK cells) can be, for example, about 104 to about 1010 cells / kg body weight, for example, about 104 to about 106 cells / kg body weight, about 104 to about 108 cells / kg body weight, about 106 to about 108 cells / kg body weight, about 106 to about 1010 cells / kg body weight or about 108 to about 1010 cells / kg body weight, including all integer values of cell numbers within those ranges.
[0305] The CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be administered in a single dose or multiple doses, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more doses. In certain embodiments, the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be administered in several doses over a period of time.
[0306] The CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be administered once every one year, once every six months, once every three months, once every two months or at least once every one month, e.g., once a month, twice a month, once a week, twice a week, once a day, twice a day, once every eight hours or once every four hours.
[0307] It should be understood that the administration route, the therapeutically effective amount, and the administration timing of the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition as described herein can vary depending on the particular use envisioned, including but not limited to particular active ingredients, particular administration route, particular disease and / or clinical condition of the subject. The determination of the appropriate dosage or administration route is well within the skill of an ordinary artisan.
[0308] In some embodiments, the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be administered to a subject in combination with one or more other therapies. In some embodiments, the one or more other therapies may be selected from surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, adjuvant therapy, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more other therapies may be applied separately, simultaneously or sequentially with the administration of the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
[0309] In some embodiments, the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be administered to a subject in combination with one or more other pharmaceutically active agents, such as drugs having anti-tumor or anti-cancer activity. In some embodiments, the one or more other pharmaceutically active agents may be selected from interferon, etoposide, teniposide, vinorelbine, methotrexate, dacarbazine, cisplatin, carboplatin, pemetrexed, epirubicin, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, capecitabine, 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, paclitaxel, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more other pharmaceutically active agents may be administered to a subject prior to, concurrently with, or after the administration of the CAR, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell, the engineered cell or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
[0310] It should be understood that any aspects or embodiments of the present disclosure described herein, including those described only in the examples or claims, can be combined with any one or more other aspects and / or embodiments of the present disclosure, unless such combination is improper or expressly disclaimed.
[0311] Examples
[0312] The present description is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting in any way. The contents of all cited references (including literature references, issued patents, and published patent applications as cited throughout this application) are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
[0313] Materials and Methods
[0314] All reagents and apparatuses utilized throughout the Examples of the present disclosure are commercially available. In the examples, some abbreviations are used as follows: iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells; Claudin: CLDN; CAR: Chimeric antigen receptor; TME: tumor microenvironment; scFv: single-chain variable fragment; SP: signal peptide; HD: hinge domain; TMD: transmembrane domain; ICD: Intracellular domain; and PBase: PiggyBac transposase.
[0315] Example 1: Alpaca immunization and serum antibody detection
[0316] The amino acid sequences of human CLDN18.2 (P56856-2, Uniprot) and CLDN18.1 (P56856-1, Uniprot) were codon-optimized and synthesized into a lentivirus vector pLVX by General Bio Inc. Lenitiviral particles were prepared by lentivirus packing system and used to infect HEK293T cells (Cobioer biosciences, CBP60439) and CHO cells (ECACC) . Infected cells were then selected by puromycin to obtain stable cell lines, HEK293T-CLDN18.1 (human) and HEK293T-CLDN18.2 (human) . The positive expressions of CLDN18.2 and CLDN18.1 were confirmed by FACS. As measured, the positive expression rates of the above stable cell lines were greater than 95%.
[0317] A healthy adult alpaca was immunized with 2.0×107 CHO-CLDN 18.2 cells for 4 times at interval of 21 days. Peripheral blood was sampled at the 7th day of the fourth immunization and serum was isolated, and the titer and specificity of the antibody against CLDN 18.2 was analyzed by flow cytometry (Sony, SA3800) using HEK293T cells (Cobioer biosciences, CBP60439) and HEK293T-CLDN 18.2 and HEK293T-CLDN 18.1 stable cell lines. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the resulting serum against CLDN 18.2-expressing cells was ten-fold as high as that of negative serum, and was different from that against CLDN 18.1-expressing cells.
[0318] Table 1 Titer detection of alpaca serum antibody
[0319] Example 2: Phage library construction and screening
[0320] Phage library construction
[0321] After 4th immunization, 50 mL of alpaca peripheral blood was sampled and the PBMCs were separated from the blood by lymphocyte isolation kit (TBD science) according to the instruction manual. The total RNA was extracted by Trizol method and reversely transcribed by PrimeScriptTM II 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara, 6210A) to obtain cDNA. Gene fragment encoding the single domain antibody was amplified by nested PCR. In the 1st PCR, upstream primer was 5'-CTTGGTGGTCCTGGCTGC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 22) , and downstream primer was 5'-GGTACGTGCTGTTGAACTGTTCC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 23) ; and in the 2nd PCR, the product from the 1st PCR was used as template, upstream primer was 5'-CATGCCATGACTGTGGCCCAGGCGGCCCAGKTGCAGCTCGTGGAGTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 24) , downstream primer -1 was 5'-CATGCCATGACTCGCGGCCGGCCTGGCCGCTGGGGTCTTCGCTGTGGTGCG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 25) , and downstream primer -2 was 5'-CATGCCATGACTCGCGGCCGGCCTGGCCTGGTTGTGGTTTTGGTGTCTTGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 26) .
[0322] VHH nucleic acid product from the 2nd PCR was recovered and digested overnight with SfiI (NEB, R0123L) at 50℃, and the target fragment was then recovered. The digested VHH nucleic acid fragment was inserted into the phage display vector pComb3xss (AlpVHHs) , and ligated by T4 DNA Ligase (NEB, M0202L) . The ligated products were transformed into E. coli competent cells by electroporation to construct a phage library of single domain antibody against CLDN 18.2. To test the library capacity, 100 μL of transformed products were gradiently diluted and plated, and 217 clones were determined at the dilution gradient of 10-4 on the second day. Thus, the library capacity was determined to be 2.17×109. At the same time, 48 clones were randomly picked from the plates for colony PCR, and the results showed that the insertion rate for library was 100%.
[0323] Screening of anti-human CLDN 18.2 single domain antibody
[0324] 5×106 HEK293T-CLDN 18.2 cells were collected and centrifuged at 500g for 5 min, suspended and washed with 5%serum-PBS twice. 500μL of 3%OVA-PBS was then added to the cells in the centrifugation tube, with blocking at 4℃ for 1h under gentle shaking. After blocking, the cells were centrifuged and the supernatant was aspirated, and the cells were then incubated in phage library dilution buffer at 4℃ for 1h under gentle shaking. Then, the cells were centrifuged to remove unbound phages, and washed with 5%serum-PBS for six times. The cells were incubated in Gly-HCl elution solution at 37℃ for 8min to elute the specifically bound phages. The elution solution was transferred to a 1.5 mL of sterile centrifugation tube, and immediately neutralized with 10μL of Tris-HCl neutralization buffer. Then, 10μL of neutralization buffer was gradiently diluted to determine the titer and calculate the recovery rate, and the rest elute was mixed together and expanded and purified for next affinity screening.
[0325] After three-round screening, 192 clones were randomly picked from the titer assay plate to detect monoclonal phages in the supernatant by ELISA. HEK293T-CLDN 18.2 cells and HEK293T-CLDN 18.1 cells were cultured until the cells were 100%confluent, washed twice with PBS and fixed in 100 μL of 4%paraformaldehyde at 25℃ for 20-30min. After washed twice with PBS, the cells were incubated in 300 μL of 5%skim milk at 37℃ for 1h for blocking. After washing the cells once with PBST, 50 μL of supernatant of phage culture broth and 50μL of 5%skim milk were added into each well, and the cells were incubated at 37℃ for 1 h. After washed 5 times with PBST, the cells were incubated with 100μL / well of HRP (Horseradish peroxidase) -labeled anti-M13 antibody (AlpVHHs, diluted at 1: 10000) at 37℃ for 1 h. After washed 6 times with PBST, the cells were incubated with 100μL / well of TMB chromogenic solution at 37℃ for 1 h. Then, 50μL / well of stopping buffer was added to each well to stop the reaction, and the optical density at 450nm was detected. Clones which are CLDN 18.2+ and CLDN 18.1-were sequenced by Tsingke. After comparing and sorting the sequencing results to remove similar sequences, five specific clones with different sequences (Table 3) were obtained by screening, the CDRs of which were analyzed by KABAT, Chothia, Abm and IMGT softwares, respectively.
[0326] Example 3: Expression and purification of anti-human CLDN 18.2 alpaca VHH-Fc
[0327] Anti-CLDN 18.2 VHH fused to human constant region IgG1 CH2-CH3 (SEQ NO: 21) was cloned into a PTT5-IgG1 vector to construct a recombinant plasmid. The plasmid was amplified in bacteria culture. HEK293E cells were transfected with extracted plasmids by PEImax, and on Day 7 after transfection, the culture supernatant was centrifuged. Antibodies in the supernatant were purified by affinity chromatography using MabSelectSure. Purified antibodies were then ultra-filtrated into PBS buffer and the concentration was detected before storing at -20 ℃.
[0328] Example 4: Testing of anti-human CLDN 18.2 alpaca VHH-Fc
[0329] The binding of alpaca VHH-Fc to CLDN 18.2-expressing cells and CLDN 18.1-expressing cells was detected by FACS. Firstly, HEK293T-CLDN18.2 cells and HEK293T-CLDN18.1 cells were digested, centrifuged, and wash three times with pre-cooled PBS. Cells were then re-suspended in 1%BSA (in PBS) and plated in conical bottom 96 plates with 3×105 cells in 50 μL per well. The antibody to be tested was diluted with 1%BSA (in PBS) to 10 μg / mL (Blank: without any antibody; Isotype: anti-chicken lysozyme antibody from AlpVHHs) . 50μL / well of diluted antibody was added into cells, mixed well and then incubated at 4℃ for 1h. After incubation, cells were centrifuged and then washed 3 times with pre-cooled PBS. Then, 50 μL of secondary antibody (Jackson, 109-605-003) labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 was added to the cells, mixed well and then incubated at 4℃ for 0.5h. After incubation, cells were centrifuged and washed 3 times with pre-cooled PBS. The cells were re-suspended in 200 μL of PBS and detected by flow cytometer (Sony, SA3800) , and the data were analyzed by FlowJo software. The results are shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and Table 2. BS002-41, BS002-52 and BS002-376 were effectively bound to human CLDN 18.2-expressing cells and had no cross-reaction with human CLDN 18.1-expressing cells. BS002-5 and BS002-82 could bind to human CLDN 18.2, but had the cross-reaction with human CLDN 18.1-expressing cells. In view of the affinity, BS002-376 was chosen as the candidate for antibody humanization.
[0330] Table 2 Binding of anti-CLDN 18.2 alpaca VHH-Fc to human CLDN 18.2-expressing cells and human CLDN 18.1-expressing cells
[0331] Example 5: Humanization of anti-human CLDN 18.2 sdAb
[0332] Humanization was conducted by CDR grafting method. Firstly, human germline sequence with the highest homology to alpaca sequence BS002-376 was found by the common BLAST method and used as the template. Then, the CDRs of the alpaca single domain antibody were grafted into the human template to construct a chimeric sequence. Through structure analysis of the alpaca antibody, the FR amino acids that can retain the original conformation were found and the corresponding amino acids in the chimeric sequence were reversely mutated into alpaca amino acids to retain the original affinity. The constructed humanized antibody was calculated and analyzed for immunogenicity to obtain high-immunogenicity fragments, and these fragments were replaced with low-immunogenicity fragments to obtain three humanized single domain antibodies, which were named LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 (Table 3) , respectively.
[0333] Example 6: Preparation of humanized anti-human CLDN 18.2 sdAb
[0334] The VHHs (SEQ NO: 6, SEQ NO: 7 and SEQ NO: 8) of LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 were codon-optimized and synthesized by General Bio Inc., and cloned into the PTT5-IgG1 vector. After synthesizing the plasmid containing the human constant region IgG1 CH2-CH3 (SEQ NO: 21) , the plasmid was amplified in bacteria cultures. HEK293E cells were transfected with extracted plasmids by PEImax, and on Day 7 after transfection, the culture supernatant was centrifuged. The antibody in the supernatant was purified by affinity chromatography using MabSelectSure. Purified antibodies were then ultra-filtrated into PBS buffer and the concentration was detected before storing at -20 ℃. The control antibody, IMAB362, was prepared in the same way, the sequence of which was from patent CN 101312989B.
[0335] Example 7: Evaluation of affinity of anti-human CLDN 18.2 sdAb
[0336] The affinity of the humanized anti-human CLDN 18.2 single domain antibody was evaluated by FACS. HEK293T-CLDN18.2 (human) cells and NUGC4-Claudin18.2 (human) cells were dissociated, centrifuged and washed three times with pre-cooled PBS. The cells were re-suspended in 1%BSA (in PBS) and plated in a 96-well V-bottomed plate with 3×105 cells in 50 μL per well. 10 concentration gradients were obtained by diluting 40 μg / mL of the antibody for test with 1%BSA (in PBS) at a fold of 3. 50 μL / well of diluted antibody was added to the cells. Starting from the final antibody concentration of 20 μg / mL, the diluted antibody was mixed with the cells and incubated at 4℃ for 1 hr. The cells were centrifuged and washed three times with pre-cooled PBS. Then, the cells were re-suspended in 50 μL 1%BSA (in PBS) , and 1 μL of fluorescent secondary antibody was added into each well, mixed well and incubated at 4℃ for 0.5h. After incubation, the cells were centrifuged and washed three times with pre-cooled PBS. Then, the cells were re-suspended in 200 μL of PBS and analyzed by flow cytometer (Beckman, CytoFLEX) . The data were imported into Graph-Prism for graphing.
[0337] The results for HEK293T-CLDN18.2 (human) cells are shown in FIG. 3. LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 all had high affinity to human HEK293T-CLDN18.2 cells, with the EC50 values of 208.3 ng / mL, 355.7 ng / mL and 308.2 ng / mL and the maximum fluorescence values of 1362190, 1378434 and 1178882, respectively. In contrast, the control, IMAB362, had the EC50 value of 438.9 ng / mL and the maximum fluorescence value of 1044124.
[0338] The results for NUGC4-Claudin18.2 (human) cells are shown in FIG. 4. LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 all had high affinity to human NUGC4-Claudin18.2 cells, with the EC50 values of 620.5ng / mL, 576.1 ng / mL and 528.9 ng / mL and the maximum fluorescence values of 1575179, 1325627 and 1105701, respectively. In contrast, the control, IMAB362, had the EC50 value of 687.5 ng / mL and the maximum fluorescence value of 879801.
[0339] The above results indicated that LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 had higher affinity to human HEK293T-CLDN18.2 cells or NUGC4-Claudin18.2 (human) cells than IMAB362.
[0340] Example 8: Evaluation of specificity of anti-human CLDN 18.2 sdAb
[0341] The specificity of anti-human CLDN 18.2 single domain antibody was evaluated by FACS. HEK293T-CLDN18.1 (human) cells were digested, centrifuged and washed three times with pre-cooled PBS. The cells were re-suspended in 1%BSA (in PBS) and plated in conical bottom 96 plates with 3× 105 cells in 50μL per well. The antibody to be tested was added at final concentration of 2μg / mL and 10μg / mL, respectively, and cells were incubated at 4℃ for 1h. The cells were washed three times with pre-cooled PBS, and 1 μL of fluorescent secondary antibody was added into each well, mixed well and incubated at 4℃ for 0.5h. After incubation, the cells were washed three times with pre-cooled PBS. Then, the cells were re-suspended and analyzed by flow cytometer (Beckman, CytoFLEX) . The data were imported into Graph-Prism for graphing and calculation. The results are shown in FIG. 5. All of LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ couldn′t specifically recognize human CLDN18.1.
[0342] Example 9: Species cross evaluation of anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody
[0343] The amino acid sequences of Claudin18.2 of cynomolgus macaque (XP_015300615.1, NCBI) , mouse (NP_001181850.1, NCBI) and rat (NP_001014118.1, NCBI) were codon-optimized and synthesized into a lentiviral vector pLVX by GenScript Inc. (China) , and lentiviruses were prepared by a lentiviral packaging system. HEK293T cells were infected by the lentiviruses, and the cells were screened with puromycin to obtain HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (cynomolgus macaque) , HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (rat) and HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (mouse) stable cell lines.
[0344] The affinity of anti-Human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody to cynomolgus macaque Claudin18.2, rat Claudin18.2 or mouse Claudin18.2 was detected by flow cytometry (FACS) as follows. HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (cynomolgus macaque) cells, HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (rat) cells and HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (mouse) cells were dissociated and centrifuged, respectively. The cells were washed three times with pre-cooled PBS and resuspended in 1%BSA (in PBS) . 3 × 105 cells were added into each well of a 96-well V-bottomed plate at 50μL. 10 concentration gradients were obtained by serially diluting 40 μg / mL of antibody for test with 1%BSA (in PBS) at a factor of 3. 50 μL / well of diluted antibody was added to the cells. Starting from the final antibody concentration of 20μg / mL, the diluted antibody was mixed with the cells and incubated at 4℃ for 1 hr. The cells were then centrifuged, washed three times with pre-cooled PBS and resuspended in 50μL of 1%BSA (in PBS) . 1 μL / well of fluorescent secondary antibody was added and mixed well. After incubated for 0.5 hr at 4℃, the cells were centrifuged, washed three times with pre-cooled PBS and resuspended in 200μL of PBS. The samples were detected by flow cytometer (Beckman, CytoFLEX) and the data were imported into Graph-Prism for graphing.
[0345] As shown in FIG. 6, LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 all showed high affinity to HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (cynomolgus macaque) cells, with ECS0 values of 62.33. ng / mL, 103.9 ng / mL and 85.11 ng / mL and maximal fluorescent signal values of 1325843, 1651947 and 1552783, respectively.
[0346] As shown in FIG. 7, LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2, and LJD003-HZ3 all showed high affinity to HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (rat) cells, with EC50 values of 167.1 ng / mL, 180.7 ng / mL and 175.9 ng / mL and maximum fluorescent signal values of 2726433, 2768686 and 2661951, respectively.
[0347] As shown in FIG. 8, LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2, LJD003-HZ3 all had high affinity to HEK293T-Claudin18.2 (mouse) cells, with EC50 values of 113.8 ng / mL, 131.7 ng / mL and 115.9 ng / mL and maximal fluorescent signal values of 2415543, 2466115 and 2177835, respectively. In contrast, the control antibody, IMAB362, had EC50 value of 231.0 ng / mL and maximum fluorescent signal value of 2102022.
[0348] The above results showed that LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 were able to recognize Claudin18.2 in cynomolgus macaque, rat and mouse.
[0349] Example 10: Evaluation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody
[0350] ADCC of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody was detected by fluorescein reporter system as follows. HEK293T-Claudin18.2 cells were dissociated, centrifuged and resuspended in DEME+2%FBS. 100000 cells were plated into each well at 50 μL. Jurkat-NFAT-CD16a cells were centrifuged and resuspended in 1640+2%FBS, and 100000 cells were plated into each well at 50 μL. 11 concentration gradients were obtained by serially diluting 100 μg / mL of antibody for test with DEME+2%FBS at a factor of 5. 100 μL / well of diluted antibody was added to the cells. Starting from the final antibody concentration of 50μg / mL, the gradient-diluted antibody were mixed with the cells and incubated at 37℃ for 5 hrs. 30 μL / well of Bio-Glory One-Step luciferase substrate (Suzhou Rui′an, China, RA-GO04) was added and the plate was detected by a microplate reader (MD , i3x) .
[0351] As shown in FIG. 9, LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 showed high ADCC activity, with EC50 of 5.432 ng / mL, 4.572 ng / mL and 3.158 ng / mL, all of which were superior to EC50 of 37.50 ng / mL for the control antibody, IMAB362.
[0352] Example 11: Endocytosis activity of anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody
[0353] Endocytosis activity of the anti-human Claudin18.2 humanized single domain antibody was measured by the cell-killing method as follows. HEK293T-Claudin18.2 cells were trypsinized and centrifuged. The cells were resuspended in DMEM+2%FBS and counted. 5000 cells were plated into each well of 96-well plate at 50 μL for ready-to-use. Total 11 concentration gradients were obtained by serially diluting 40 μg / mL of antibody for test with DEME+2%FBS at a fold of 4. 100μL / well of diluted antibody was added to the cells, starting from the final antibody concentration of 20 μg / mL. Anti-human IgG-MMAE (Apac Bio) was diluted with DMEM+2%FBS to 8 μg / mL and added to the cells at 50μL / well to make the final concentration of 2 μg / mL. Control wells were set up: Antibody only control (antibody+cells) , MMAE control (Anti-human IgG-MMAE + cells) and blank control (cells only) . After 4 days of incubation, 20 μL CCK8 detection reagent was added to each well, and the 96-well plate was incubated in an incubator for 0.5-4 hrs, and then the OD 450nm was detected by a microplate reader (MD, Spectramax ABS Plus) , and the data were imported into Graph-Prism for graphing.
[0354] As shown in Fig. 10, the signal value for the antibody only control ranged from 1.5523 to 1.7328, the signal value for the MMAE control ranged from 1.2881 to 1.3091, the signal value for the blank control ranged from 1.6843 to 1.7405, the TOP value for the tested wells ranged from 1.285 to 1.359, and the Bottom value thereof ranged from 0.9931 to 1.088. These data showed that LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3 all were able to mediate the endocytosis of Claudin18.2, with EC50 values of 26.09 ng / mL, 24.63 ng / mL and 41.29 ng / mL, respectively, all of which were superior to EC50 of 54.93 ng / mL for the control antibody, IMAB362.
[0355] Table 3 Antibody sequences
[0356] Example 12: Construction and screening of CAR in iPSCs based on different SPs, HDs and TMDs
[0357] hiPSCs were produced as per Nuwacell′sCN108373998B. The hiPSCs were maintained in ncEpic hPSC medium (Nuwacell) on a vitronectin-coated surface. The hiPSCs were engineered as follows to express a CAR.
[0358] The DNA fragment encoding CAR as shown in Table 4 was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) . This fragment was inserted into a PB-PNEE vector (FIG. 11A, Nuwacell) by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for 1-2 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . A Strep tag II was linked to the antibody (CD19 scFv) for easy detection of the CAR expression. The ligation products were transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP103-03) . The identity of the constructed recombinant expression vector was verified by double digestion with XbaI / BamHI (NEB) .
[0359] Table 4
[0360] 4× 106 hiPSCs were transfected with 1 μg of the recombinant expression vector and 1 μg of a PBase vector (FIG. 11B, Nuwacell) by Nucleofector 2b (Lonza Inc. ) . At 24 hrs after transfection, the resulting cells were collected and stained with Strep tag II antibody (LSBio, Cat#LS-C203631) and the percentage of the CAR-expressing cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (FIG. 11C) .
[0361] As shown in FIG. 11C, by comparisons between #1 and #4, between #2 and #5 as well as between #3 and #6, it was shown that CD8a SP supported higher CAR expression in hiPSCs than GM-CSFR SP. Further, by comparisons between #2 and #1 as well as between #5 and #4, it was shown that CD8amut HD (SEQ ID NO: 34) supported higher CAR expression in hiPSCs than CD8awt HD (SEQ ID NO: 35) . Among the three HD-TMD combinations tested, CD8amut-CD8a also supported the highest CAR expression in hiPSCs. These screened signal peptides, hinge domains and transmembrane domains were used for further test in subsequent cell engineering.
[0362] Example 13: Construction and screening of CAR in NK92 cells based on different TMDs and ICDs
[0363] NK92 cell line from Procell Inc. (China) was cultured according to the manual instruction. The NK92 cells were engineered as follows to co-express a CAR and an EGFRt.
[0364] The DNA fragment encoding CAR as shown in Table 5 and EGFRt (SEQ ID NO: 44) linked by T2A was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) . This fragment was inserted into the PB-PNEE vector (Nuwacell) similarly to the process in Example 12 to obtain a recombination expression vector. EGFRt, a truncated human epidermal growth factor receptor, was co-expressed with the CAR from the same vector using T2A peptide. EGFRt is a safety switch and can be targeted by cetuximab, a clinically available monoclonal antibody. A Strep tag II was linked to the antibody for easy detection of the CAR expression.
[0365] Table 5
[0366] 7.5 × 106 NK92 cells were transfected with 3 μg of the recombinant expression vector and 3 μg of the PBase vector (Nuwacell) by Nucleofector 2b (Lonza Inc. ) . The transfected cells were selected with 750 μg / mL geneticin for about two weeks. Then, the NK92 cells were collected and stained with FITC Strep tag II antibody (LSBio, Cat#LS-C203631) and PE anti-human EGFR Antibody (BD, Cat#555997) , and the percentage of Strep tag II + EGFRt+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (FIG. 12A) .
[0367] The specific lysis of Raji rumor cells by the NK92 cells was assessed by CFSE / 7-AAD cytotoxicity assay. Briefly, Raji rumor cells were labelled with CFSE prior to co-culture by staining the cells in 2μM CFSE for 10 min at 37℃. CFSE labelled Raji rumor cells were then co-cultured with the NK92 cells at E: T of 3∶1. After incubated for 4 hrs, the cells were stained with 7-AAD (Live / dead staining) and analyzed with flow cytometry (Beckman coulter, Cytoflex) (FIG. 12B) . The specific lysis of Raji rumor cells was not assessed for #6 due to low CAR expression. The number of the CFSE+7-AAD-cells were recorded, which represents the number of the remaining alive Raji tumor cells. The number of the lyzed Raji tumor cells was obtained by substracting the number of the remaining Raji tumor cells from the total cell number of the Raji tumor cells, and the percent specific lysis of the NK92 cells was calculated from the ratio of the number of the lyzed Raji tumor cells to the total cell number of the Raji tumor cells.
[0368] As shown in FIG. 12A, with different TMD-ICD combinations tested, all CARs were highly co-expressed with EGFRt in NK92 cells except #6. This result showed that DAP 10 TMD-DAP 10 ICD could not support high expression of CAR in NK92 cells. As shown in FIG. 12B, with each of the TMD-ICD combinations tested, all CAR-NK92 cells exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells as compared to the WT NK92 cells. In particular, the TMD-ICD combinations of#1, #2, and #4 not only supported high CAR expression, but also higher cytotoxicity against tumor cells as compared to the other TMD-ICD combinations. These screened TMD-ICD combinations were used for further test in subsequent cell engineering.
[0369] Example 14: Construction and screening of CAR in NK92 cells based on different ICDs
[0370] NK92 cell line from Procell Inc. (China) was cultured according to the manual instruction. The NK92 cells were engineered to express a CAR. The method for engineering the NK92 cells was the same as that of Example 13 except for engineering the NK92 cells using the CAR in Table 6 only.
[0371] Table 6
[0372] The resulting NK92 cells were collected and stained with FITC Strep tag II antibody (LSBio, Cat#LS-C203631) and the percentage of Strep tag II + cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (FIG. 13A) . CFSE / 7AAD cytotoxicity assay was conducted similarly to Example 13 except that the incubation time was 4 hrs or 24 hrs and KG1-CD19 cells were used as the target cells. After incubated for 4 hrs or 24 hrs, the NK92 cells were stained with 7-AAD (Live / dead staining) and analyzed with flow cytometry (FIG. 13B) . KG1-CD19 cells were constructed as follows. Firstly, the gene encoding CD19 was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) and inserted into PB-PNEE vector (Nuwacell) similarly to the process in Example 12 to obtain a recombination expression vector. 2× 106 KG1 cells (Procell, China) were nucleofected with 2 μg of the recombination expression vector and 2 μg of the PBase vector by Nucleofector 2b (Lonza Inc. ) . Geneticin selection (1000 μg / mL) was started on a first day post-transfection for stable vector integration.
[0373] As shown in FIG. 13A, when engineered into NK92 cells, all ICD combinations tested could support high CAR expression except the ICD combination of#4. As shown in FIG. 13B, with the ICD combinations of 3#and #4 in the CAR, the NK92 cells exhibited relatively lower cytotoxicity against tumor cells in contrast to the ICD combinations of 1#and 2#.
[0374] Example 15: Construction and screening of CAR in iPSCs and derived iNK cells based on different ICDs
[0375] In order to examine the effect of different ICDs on the CAR expression in iNK cells, hiPSCs (Nuwacell) were engineered by knock-in as follows to express a CAR. U6 promoter-gRNA-CISH-gRNA chimeric fragment (SEQ ID NO: 48) was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) . This fragment was inserted into a Cas-template vector (FIG. 14A, Nuwacell) by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for about 1 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . The ligation products were transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP 103-03) . The identity of the plasmid was verified by double digestion with KpnI / EcoRI (NEB) . The constructed Cas / gRNA vector and the gRNA targeting sequence used are shown in Table 7 below.
[0376] Table 7
[0377] A 5' homologous arm fragment (SEQ ID NO: 50) and a 3' homologous arm fragment (SEQ ID NO: 51) were synthesized separately by GenScript Inc. (China) . The above fragments were inserted into the pKI-Antares2 vector (FIG. 14B, Nuwacell) by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for about 1 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . The ligation products were transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP 103-03) . The identity of the plasmid (pKI-Antares2-CISH vector) was verified by double digestion with EcoRI / BamHI (NEB) .
[0378] The DNA fragment encoding CAR as shown in Table 8 was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) . This fragment was inserted into the pKI-Antares2-CISH vector by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for about 1 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . 1550F UCOE (ubiquitously chromatin opening element, SEQ ID NO: 57) was placed directly upstream of the EF 1 a promoter for stable CAR expression. A Strep tag II was connected to the antibody for easy detection of the CAR expression. The ligation products were transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP103-03) . The identity of the plasmid (pKI-Antares2-CISH-CAR vector) was verified by double digestion with ClaI / EcoRI (NEB) .
[0379] Table 8
[0380] 2 × 106 hiPSCs were transfected with 2μg of the pKI-Antares2-CISH-CAR vector and 2μg of the Cas / gRNA vector by Nucleofector 2b (Lonza Inc. ) . The transfected hiPSCs were plated at a cell density of 2× 104 cells / cm2 in six well plates and selected with 1 μg / mL puromycin for 1 to 2 days. After growing for 5 to 7 days, hiPSC single clones were picked and transferred into 48 well plates, then further expanded in E8 medium (Nuwacell) in 6 well plates to get enough cells for further screening. Positive clones where the Antares2 sequence was correctly inserted at the chosen locus of the genome were firstly screened by nested PCR assay using the Pfx DNA Polymerase (ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manual instruction. Nested PCR assay was conducted by amplifying the 5' and 3' junctions spanning the inserted sequence and the surrounding genomic target locus of hiPSC genome. Based on the PCR assay, it was confirmed that the clone had both alleles engineered at the desired locus.
[0381] Three hiPSC clones, C1, C2 and C3, were selected and further differentiated into immature iNK cells as per CN111235105B. The immature iNK cells were co-cultured with feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1∶0.5 for 8 days in an expansion medium consisting of a NKSFM medium (Nuwacell, SN-03-0020) and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) . The medium was refreshed on Day 2, Day 4 and Day 6 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2× 106cells / mL. The NKSFM medium used here consisted of IMDM (Sigma) : DMEM / F12 (Gibco) (50%∶ 50%) ; about 1% (v / v) of GlutaMAX-1 (Invitrogen) ; 0.1-20 mg / mL of Human serum albumin (HSA, Sinopharm, CN) ; 1-400 μM ofMonothioglycerol (MTG) ; about 80 μg / mL of Ascorbic acid (Sigma) ; 1-200 μg / mL of Transferrin (Sigma) ; about 1-50 ng / mL of Na Selenite (Sigma) ; about 20 μM of Ethanolamine (Sigma) ; about 110 μg / mL of Sodium pyruvate (Sigma) ; 0.1-20 μg / mL of Insulin (Baiying, CN) ; 1-5 mM of Nicotinamide (NAM, Sigma) ; 0.5-50 μg / mL of Heparin sodium (Thermo) ; and 0.5-4 % (v / v) of Human Platelet Lysate (PLT, BI) .
[0382] The expanded iNK cells were collected on Day 8 and stained with FITC Strep tag II antibody (LSBio, Cat#LS-C203631) and the percentage of Strep tag II + cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (FIG. 14C) .
[0383] The specific lysis of Raji tumor cells by the iNK cells was assessed by CFSE / 7-AAD cytotoxicity assay similarly to Example 13 except that the incubation time was 24 hrs. The results are shown in FIG. 14D.
[0384] As demonstrated by data of 3 clones in FIGS. 14C and 14D, when the CAR with 4-1BB-CD3ζ ICD or the CAR with 2B4-CD3ζ ICD was knocked in hiPSCs at CISH locus, the derived iNK cells exhibited stable high CAR expression and high cytotoxicity in contrast to the WT iNK cells.
[0385] Example 16: Generation and characterization of CLDN18.2 CAR-NK92 cells
[0386] NK92 cell line from Procell Inc. (China) was cultured as described in Example 13. The NK92 cells were engineered by random integration to express a CLDN18.2 CAR. The method for engineering the NK92 cells, including the process of constructing a recombinant vector, was the same as that of Example 13 except for substituting a CLDN18.2 sdAb for the antibody in Example 13 and placing 1550F UCOE directly upstream of the EF 1 a promoter for stable CAR expression. The CLDN18.2 sdAb used here and the CLDN18.2 CAR were shown in Table 9. 59B6C4, a high-affinity CLDN18.2 antibody developed by Nanjing Legend Biotechnology Co., Ltd and proved to have high anti-tumor efficacy (US20220073643A1) , was used as control.
[0387] Table 9
[0388] The resulting NK92 cells were collected and the percentage of Strep tag II +cells was analyzed by flow cytometry similarly to Example 13. The results are shown in FIG. 15A. Further, the percent specific lysis of the NK92 cells was assessed by CFSE / 7-AAD cytotoxicity assay as described in Example 13 except that the incubation time was 24 hrs and KG1-18.1 cells and KG1-18.2 cells were used as the target cells to assess the specificity of the CAR. KG1-18.1 and KG1-18.2 cells were KG1 cells stably overexpressing CLDN18.1 and CLDN18.2, respectively. KG1-18.1 cells or KG1-18.2 cells were constructed similarly to KG1-CD19 in Example 14 except for substituting CLDN18.1 or CLDN18.2 for CD19. The results are shown in FIG. 15B.
[0389] As shown in FIG. 15A, all three sdAbs targeting CLDN18.2, LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3, supported high CAR expression in the NK92 cells similarly to 59B6C4. As shown in FIG. 15B, the NK92 cells with LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 or LJD003-HZ3 in the CAR exhibited comparable or higher cytotoxicity against the KG1-18.2 cells in contrast to those with 59B6C4 in the CAR, and LJD003-HZ3 provided the highest cytotoxicity for the NK92 cells, and the LJD003-HZ2 ranked second. Further, all CLDN18.2 CAR-NK92 cells were not specific for recognition of KG1-18.1 cells.
[0390] Example 17: Generation and characterization of CLDN18.2 CAR-iNK Cells
[0391] hiPSCs were produced and cultured similarly to Example 12. The hiPSCs were differentiated into immature iNK cells as per CN111235105B. The immature iNK cells were resuspended in a cryopreservation solution consisting of Multiple Electrolytes Injection, Human Serum Albumin (HSA, 40mg / mL) and DMSO (10%, v / v) at a cell density of 5× 107 cells / mL and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (-196℃) for 1 month. Thereafter, the cryopreserved immature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2× 106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of a NKSFM medium (Nuwacell, SN-03-0020) and 400IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) for 2 days.
[0392] 3 × 106 iNK cells were transfected with 2 μg of an expression vector and 2 μg of PBase vector (Nuwacell) by Nucleofector 2b (Lonza Inc. ) . The vectors used here were the same as those in Example 16. The transfected cells were then subjected to first-round expansion by co-culture with feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1∶0.5 for 7 days in six-well-plates. The medium was refreshed on Day 2, Day 4 and Day 6 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2 × 106cells / mL. The cells were selected with 600 μg / mL of geneticin, starting from Day 3 of co-culture. After the first-round expansion, the iNK cells were subjected to second-round expansion by co-culture with the feeder cells at ratio of 1∶1 for 9 days in six-well-plates. Again, the medium was refreshed on Day 2, Day 5, Day 7 and Day 8 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2× 106cells / mL. On Day 9 of the second-round expansion, the resulting iNK cells were collected.
[0393] The resulting iNK cells were stained with FITC Strep tag II antibody (LSBio, Cat#LS-C203631) , and the percentage of Strep tag II + cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (FIG. 16A) . Further, the resulting iNK cells were tested for their cytotoxicity against KG1-18.1 and KG1-18.2 cells as described in Example 16 (FIG. 16B) .
[0394] As shown in FIG. 16A, all three single domain antibodies targeting CLDN18.2, LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 and LJD003-HZ3, supported high CAR expression in the iNK cells similarly to 59B6C4. As shown in FIG. 16B, the iNK cells with LJD003-HZ1, LJD003-HZ2 or LJD003-HZ3 in the CAR could exhibit comparable or higher cytotoxicity against the KG1-18.2 cells in contrast to those with 59B6C4 in the CAR, and LJD003-HZ3 provided the highest cytotoxicity for the iNK cells, and the LJD003-HZ1 ranked second. Further, all CLDN18.2 CAR-iNK cells were not specific for recognition o f KG 1-18.1 cells.
[0395] Example 18: Generation and characterization of CLDN18.2 CAR-mbIL15-iPSCs and CLDN18.2 CAR-mbIL15-iNK cells
[0396] hiPSCs were produced and cultured similarly to Example 12. The hiPSCs were engineered by knock-in as follows to co-express CLDN18.2-CAR and mbIL15. The DNA fragment encoding CLDN18.2 CAR (#3, Table 9) and mbIL15 (SEQ ID NO: 56) linked by T2A was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) . This fragment was subcloned into the hiPSCs similarly to Example 15. Positive clones where the CAR sequence was correctly inserted at the chosen locus of the genome were firstly screened by nested PCR assay using the Pfx DNA Polymerase (ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manual instruction. 5' screen PCRs and 3' screen PCRs were conducted by amplifying the 5' and 3' junctions between the inserted sequence and the surrounding genomic target locus of hiPSC genome. Based on the PCR assay, it was confirmed that the clone had single or double alleles engineered at the desired locus. In order to distinguish between monoallelic-and biallelic-modified colonies, positive colonies were further analyzed with WT screen PCRs using the Pfx DNA Polymerase (ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manual instruction. Due to the large size of inserted CAR, double-knockin colonies would not yield any product, while single-knockin colonies would yield the same product as that of the wildtype control. The double-and single-knockin hiPSC clones were then stained with the Strep tag II-FITC antibody and IL15-PE antibody (R&D, IC2471P) , and the percentage of Strep tag II + cells and mbIL15+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (FIG. 17A) .
[0397] As shown in FIG. 17A, although all the double-and single-knockin hiPSCs had relatively high expressions of both CAR and mbIL15, the double-knockin hiPSCs are significantly superior to the single-knockin hiPSCs in view of the expression of mbIL15.
[0398] The engineered hiPSCs were differentiated into immature CLDN18.2 CAR-mbIL15-iNK cells as per CN111235105B. The immature CLDN18.2 CAR-mbIL15-iNK cells were resuspended in a cryopreservation solution consisting of Multiple Electrolytes Injection, Human Serum Albumin (HSA, 40mg / mL) and DMSO (10%, v / v) at a cell density of 5× 107 cells / mL and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (-196℃) for 1 month. The cryopreserved immature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2 × 106cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of a NKSFM medium (Nuwacell, SN-03-0020) and 400IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) for 2 days. The recovered immature iNK cells were expanded and matured for 17 days by co-culture with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1∶2 in the NKSFM medium in six-well-plates to obtain mature CLDN18.2 CAR -mbIL15-iNK cells. The mature CLDN18.2 CAR -mbIL15-iNK cells (double KI) were stained with CD56-PE antibody (BD) , the Strep tag II-FITC antibody and the IL15-PE antibody, and the percentages of CD56+ cells, Strep tag II + cells and mbIL15+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FIG. 17B) . Further, the mature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15-iNK cells were tested for their cytotoxicity against KG1-18.2 cells as described in Example 16 (FIG. 17C) .
[0399] In this example, mbIL15 was knocked in the hiPSCs along with the CLDN18.2 CAR so as to improve the long-term survival and / or proliferation as well as the cytotoxicity of the derived CAR-iNK cells. As shown in FIGS. 17A and 7B, the engineering of the hiPSCs by double-knockin allowed stable and high expressions of both the CLDN18.2 CAR and mbIL15 in the hiPSCs and the iNK cells. In contrast, the engineering of the hiPSCs by single-knockin only allowed high expression of the CLDN18.2 CAR in the hiPSCs with significantly lower expression of mbIL15 in the hiPSCs. As shown in FIG. 17C, the CLDN18.2 CAR -mbIL15-iNK cells exhibited the enhanced cytotoxicity, which was also demonstrated by comparison with the CLDN18.2 CAR-iNK cells of Example 17.
[0400] One skilled in the art would readily appreciate that the methods, compositions, and products described herein are representative of exemplary embodiments, and not intended as limitations on the scope of the disclosure. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the present disclosure disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure.
[0401] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated as incorporated by reference.
[0402] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure. All the various embodiments of the present disclosure will not be described herein. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the present disclosure claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present disclosure has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
Claims
1.A chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , comprising an extracellular antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain, wherein the extracellular antigen binding domain comprises a Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) -binding moiety comprising at least one heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR1, a CDR2 and a CDR3 from the single domain antibody as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5-8.2.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises:(a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9, 12, 14, and 16;(b) a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 20; and(c) a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11 or 18.3.The CAR of claim 2, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises:(a) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11;(b) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11;(c) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11;(d) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11;(e) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; or(f) a CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.4.The CAR of any of claims 1-3, wherein the CDRs are defined according to Chothia, Abm, Kabat or IMGT numbering system.5.The CAR of any of claims 1-4, wherein the CLDN18.2-binding moiety is camelid, chimeric, human or humanized.6.The CAR of claim 5, wherein the CLDN18.2-binding moiety has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5.7.The CAR of claim 5, wherein the CLDN18.2-binding moiety has an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8.8.The CAR of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the CAR further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal thereof.9.The CAR of claim 8, wherein the signal peptide comprises CD8a signal peptide, GM-CSFR signal peptide or a functional variant thereof.10.The CAR of claim 9, wherein the signal peptide is CD8a signal peptide.11.The CAR of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the CAR further comprises a hinge domain located between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the transmembrane domain.12.The CAR of claim 11, wherein the hinge domain comprises CD8a hinge domain, IgG hinge domain or a functional variant thereof.13.The CAR of claim 12, wherein the hinge domain is a mutant of CD8a hinge domain.14.The CAR of any one of claims 11-13, further comprising a linker between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the hinge domain.15.The CAR of claim 14, wherein the linker has an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 59.16.The CAR of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the transmembrane domain comprises CD8a transmembrane domain, CD28 transmembrane domain, NKG2D 1 transmembrane domain, NKG2D2 transmembrane domain, NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, 2B4 transmembrane domain, DAP 10 transmembrane domain, DAP 12 transmembrane domain, or a functional variant thereof.17.The CAR of claim 16, wherein the CAR comprises the mutant of CD8a hinge domain and CD8a transmembrane domain; or the CAR comprises CD8a hinge domain and CD8a transmembrane domain.18.The CAR of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the intracellular signaling domain comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain, 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain, 2B4 intracellular signaling domain, DNAM1 intracellular signaling domain, DAP12 intracellular signaling domain, and a functional variant thereof.19.The CAR of claim 18, wherein the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζintracellular signaling domain as primary signaling domain, and one or more costimulatory domains selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB intracellular signaling domain and 2B4 intracellular signaling domain.20.The CAR of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the transmembrane domain is CD8a transmembrane domain or NKG2D3 transmembrane domain, and the intracellular signaling domain is the combination of CD3ζ intracellular signaling domain with 4-1BB or 2B4 intracellular signaling domain.21.The CAR of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the CAR comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 52-54.22.A polynucleotide encoding the CAR of any one of claims 1-21.23.An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 22.24.A host cell comprising or expressing the CAR of any one of claims 1-19, or comprising the polynucleotide of claim 20 or the expression vector of claim 21.25.An engineered cell comprising or expressing the CAR of any one of claims 1-21, or comprising the polynucleotide of claim 22 or the expression vector of claim 23.26.The engineered cell of claim 25, wherein the engineered cell is genetically engineered via random or targeted modification and preferably targeted modification.27.The engineered cell of claim 25 or 26, wherein the engineered cell further comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more additional exogenous proteins.28.The engineered cell of any one of claims 25-27, wherein the engineered cell is an immune cell or a pluripotent stem cell.29.The engineered cell of claim 28, wherein the pluripotent stem cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) .30.The engineered cell of claim 28, wherein the immune cell is a primary NK cell, or an induced NK cell (iNK cell) .31.The engineered cell of claim 28, wherein the immune cell is NK92 cell.32.The engineered cell of claim 26, wherein the engineered cell is monoallelically or biallelically modified to express the CAR.33.The engineered cell of claim 27, wherein the engineered cell is biallelically modified to co-express the CAR and the one or more additional exogenous proteins.34.The engineered cell of claim 27 or 33, wherein the one or more additional exogenous proteins comprise a Fc receptor, an antibody, a cytokine, a protein having safety switch function, or a combination thereof.35.The engineered cell of claim 34, wherein the cytokine is membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) or a functional variant thereof.36.The engineered cell of claim 34, wherein the protein having a safety switch function is a truncated EGFR (EGFRt) .37.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the CAR of any one of claims 1-21, the polynucleotide of claim 22, the expression vector of claim 23, the host cell of claim 24, or the engineered cell of any one of claims 25-36, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.38.A method of preventing or treating a disease associated with Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) expression in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the CAR of any one of claims 1-21, the polynucleotide of claim 22, the expression vector of claim 23, the host cell of claim 24, the engineered cell of any one of claims 25-36 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 37.39.The method of claim 38, wherein the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a tumor or a cancer.40.The method of claim 37, wherein the disease associated with the CLDN18.2 expression is a gastric cancer, an esophageal cancer, a pancreatic cancer, a lung cancer, an ovarian cancer, or a colon cancer.
Citation Information
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