Methods and systems for signing electronic documents

Abstract

A device may determine, via computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action. A device may record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the first-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

Description

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SIGNING ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 661,534 filed June 18, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 668,068 filed July 5, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 674,793 filed July 23, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 680,061 filed August 6, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 685,234 filed August 20, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 693,173 filed September 10, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 707,992, filed October 16, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63,713,200, filed October 29, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 714,009 filed October 30, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 723,471 filed November 21, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 736,568, filed December 19, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 738,639, filed December 24, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 774,949, filed March 20, 2025, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 794,007, filed 24 April, 2025, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 794,564, filed 25 April, 2025, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 800,869, filed 6 May, 2025, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 63 / 822,629, filed 12 June, 2025, which are each incorporated herein in their entirety by these references which are each incorporated herein in their entirety by these references. BACKGROUND

[0002] Obtaining and managing signatures for electronic documents has long been a challenging process, particularly in environments where multiple parties, varying jurisdictions, and diverse workflows are involved. Traditional methods, such as print-sign-scan workflows, are cumbersome, time-consuming, and prone to errors, requiring users to physically print documents, sign them with ink, scan the signed copies, and transmit them back to the sender. 1 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTWhile electronic signature platforms have streamlined certain aspects of this process, they often rely on external systems that create fragmented workflows, requiring users to navigate between document viewers, signature tools, and email platforms. Additionally, these systems frequently lack robust mechanisms for ensuring the authenticity and integrity of signatures, leaving documents vulnerable to tampering or forgery. Managing signatures across distributed teams or remote environments further complicates the process, as discrepancies in document versions, delays in synchronization, and challenges in tracking signature statuses can disrupt workflows and compromise security. These inefficiencies highlight the need for a more integrated and intelligent solution. SUMMARY

[0003] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method for executing an electronic document including: determining, via computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and recording, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the first-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

[0004] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system including: at least one physical processor; physical memory including computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the physical processor, cause the physical processor to: determine, via computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTcode of the electronic document, the first-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

[0005] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium including computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one of one or more processors of a computing device, cause the computing device to: determine, via computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and record, via the computer- executable code of the electronic document, the first-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

[0006] These and other features will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The accompanying drawings illustrate a number of exemplary embodiments and are a part of the specification. Together with the following description, these drawings demonstrate and explain various principles of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIG.1 is a system diagram illustrating the architecture for managing electronic documents as smart digital objects.

[0009] FIG. 2 illustrates a system diagram of a networked document management system.

[0010] FIG.3 illustrates a flow chart diagram of a method for signing documents.

[0011] FIG.4 is a flow chart diagram of a method for signing electronic documents. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0012] FIG.5 illustrates an example of users performing a signing action.

[0013] FIG.6 illustrates an example of a user training a signing action.

[0014] FIG.7 illustrates an example of users performing a signing action.

[0015] Throughout the drawings, identical reference characters and descriptions indicate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements. While the exemplary embodiments described herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. However, the exemplary embodiments described herein are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the present disclosure covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0016] The process of signing electronic documents remains largely rooted in the paradigm of wet signatures on hard copies, a legacy of the pre-digital era. Wet signatures, which involve physically signing a document with ink, have long been the standard for verifying agreements and transactions. As society transitioned to electronic documents, the methods for signing these documents often mimicked the traditional approach, requiring users to print, sign, scan, and send documents back to the sender. Even with the advent of electronic signature platforms, the process remains constrained by the limitations of this outdated paradigm, failing to fully leverage the dynamic capabilities of modern digital systems. This reliance on static workflows and external tools has created inefficiencies, security vulnerabilities, and a lack of natural integration into the document experience. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0017] However, electronic documents with embedded intelligence offer a transformative solution, enabling signing processes that are seamless, secure, and context- aware, while making the act of signing more intuitive and natural.

[0018] The current methods for signing electronic documents are cumbersome and fragmented, often requiring users to navigate between multiple platforms and tools. For example, a user may receive a document via email, open it in a viewer, upload it to an electronic signature platform, sign it, and then send it back to the sender. This process is not only time- consuming but also prone to errors, such as mismatched document versions or incomplete signatures. Additionally, these systems often lack robust mechanisms for ensuring the authenticity and integrity of signatures, leaving documents vulnerable to tampering or forgery. The reliance on external platforms also creates security risks, as sensitive documents must be uploaded to third-party systems, increasing the potential for unauthorized access or data breaches. Furthermore, the act of signing itself often feels unnatural in electronic environments, as users are required to replicate the physical act of signing with a mouse, stylus, or keyboard, which lacks the tactile and intuitive qualities of wet signatures.

[0019] Electronic documents with embedded intelligence address these challenges by integrating signature management directly into the document itself, eliminating the need for external platforms and fragmented workflows. Embedded intelligence refers to the integration of software components, such as APIs, cryptographic systems, and machine learning algorithms, directly into the document. This allows the document to act as an autonomous entity capable of managing its lifecycle, interactions, and security. For signing processes, intelligent documents can detect the context in which they are accessed, authenticate users, and provide tailored signing 5 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTexperiences based on the user’s role, device, and environment. For example, a contract document may recognize that it is being accessed by two parties in different locations and enable secure remote signing, while ensuring that both signatures are cryptographically verified and immutably stored within the document.

[0020] One of the key advantages of intelligent documents is their ability to make signing more natural and intuitive. For instance, instead of requiring users to replicate a wet signature with a mouse or stylus, the document can leverage biometric authentication methods, such as facial recognition or fingerprint scanning, to verify the signer’s identity. Alternatively, the document may allow users to sign by performing a gesture, such as a handshake motion with their mobile device, which mimics the traditional act of shaking hands to finalize an agreement. These methods not only enhance the user experience but also provide stronger security, as biometric data and cryptographic verification ensure the authenticity of the signature. Intelligent documents can also adapt their signing processes based on the user’s device and environment. For example, a user accessing the document on a mobile device may be presented with a simplified signing interface optimized for touchscreens, while a user on a desktop may have access to advanced features, such as collaborative signing or real-time tracking of signature statuses.

[0021] In addition to improving the act of signing, intelligent documents enhance the overall management of signatures. By embedding intelligence directly into the document, the system can track the status of signatures, notify users of pending actions, and ensure that all parties are working with the most up-to-date version of the document. For example, if a user forgets to sign a document, the intelligent document can send a reminder notification to the user Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTand other stakeholders, reducing delays and ensuring timely completion of agreements. The document can also maintain an immutable record of all signatures, providing a secure audit trail for compliance and legal purposes. Furthermore, intelligent documents can integrate seamlessly with other systems, such as payment platforms or workflow management tools, enabling automated actions based on the completion of signatures. For instance, once a contract is signed, the document may trigger the release of funds or update the status of a project in a management system.

[0022] The accompanying figures provide detailed visual representations of the systems, methods, and components that enable intelligent, context-aware electronic documents to dynamically adapt their functionality and enhance user interactions. FIG. 1 illustrates the internal architecture of the system, including interfaces, data storage, and a physical processor, which collectively enable the document to detect and respond to contextual information. FIG.2 depicts the networked infrastructure for managing intelligent documents, showing the interaction between computing devices, servers, and viewers. FIGS.3 and 4 outline methods for detecting and recording signing actions by multiple parties, demonstrating how intelligent documents securely capture and store signatures. FIG. 5 showcases an example of two users signing an agreement by moving their mobile devices in a handshake motion, with the devices detecting proximity and trained gestures to authenticate the signatures. FIG. 6 highlights the process of training a personalized handshake signature, ensuring that only intentional motions are recognized as valid signatures. Finally, FIG.7 demonstrates the collaborative signing process, where two parties use their mobile devices to finalize an agreement through synchronized Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTgestures. Together, these figures illustrate the innovative features and practical applications of intelligent documents in modern workflows.

[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates a document 100 configured as an autonomous electronic document capable of managing the signing process independently. The document 100 includes instructions 102, data storage 120, and a physical processor 130. The instructions 102 include signature action detection instructions 104 and signature recordation instructions 106, which interact with the data storage 120 to facilitate the signing process. The data storage 120 contains data 122 relevant to the operation and signing functionality of the document 100. The instructions 102 are software components embedded within the document 100. The signature action detection instructions 104 are responsible for identifying signing actions performed by parties interacting with the document 100. These instructions may utilize contextual information, such as proximity, motion patterns, or biometric data, to determine whether a signing action has occurred. The signature recordation instructions 106, in turn, record the identified signing actions as binding signatures within the document 100. This ensures that the signing process is securely captured and stored.

[0024] The data storage 120 serves as the repository for data 122 associated with the document 100. The data 122 may include cryptographic elements, user authentication information, and metadata related to the signing process. By maintaining this information within the document 100, the system ensures the integrity and security of the signing process, reducing reliance on external systems.

[0025] In some examples, the data of a self-determinative document can include two distinct components: content 124 and metadata 126, each serving a unique purpose in the Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTdocument’s functionality and lifecycle. Content 124 refers to the core information of the document, such as text, images, tables, or other embedded elements that constitute the primary substance of the document. This content is immutable, meaning it cannot be altered once the document has been finalized or authenticated. The immutability of content 124 ensures the integrity and trustworthiness of the document, making it suitable for applications where the original state of the document must be preserved, such as legal agreements, financial reports, or medical records.

[0026] On the other hand, metadata 126 represents supplementary information about the document, such as timestamps, user interactions, access logs, version history, or contextual details. Unlike the immutable content, metadata 126 is mutable and can be updated or modified as the document evolves. For example, metadata can record the identity of users who accessed the document, the time and date of interactions, or the addition of comments or annotations. This mutability allows the document to dynamically track its lifecycle and provide real-time insights into its usage and provenance. By separating immutable content from mutable metadata, the document achieves a balance between preserving its core integrity and enabling flexibility for operational and contextual updates. This dual structure ensures that the document remains both reliable and adaptable, meeting the needs of secure and dynamic digital environments.

[0027] Metadata plays a central role in the functionality and transformative potential of smart documents (i.e., documents that are digital infrastructure). It provides a structured, machine-readable layer of information that goes beyond the visual representation of a document, enabling advanced computational interactions, dynamic workflows, and granular 9 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTaccess control. Metadata can be categorized into several distinct types, each serving a unique purpose in enhancing the utility and intelligence of a document. These categories include process metadata, semantic metadata, and content-related metadata, among others. Below is a detailed explanation of these metadata types, with examples drawn from the discussion.

[0028] Process metadata captures the history and lifecycle of a document, recording every action, interaction, and workflow the document has undergone. This type of metadata serves as an audit trail, providing a comprehensive record of the document’s journey and the processes it has been part of. For example, process metadata might include timestamps for when the document was created, edited, shared, or signed. It could also log the identities of users who accessed the document, the nature of their interactions (e.g., viewing, commenting, or editing), and any changes made to the document’s content or metadata.

[0029] Semantic metadata describes the intrinsic characteristics of a document, answering the question of "what the document is" rather than "what the document contains." This type of metadata includes information about the document’s type, ownership, and categorical classification. For example, semantic metadata might indicate that a document is an NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement), a marketing presentation, or a financial report. It might also specify the document’s owner, such as the individual or organization responsible for its creation and management.

[0030] Semantic metadata is particularly useful for organizing and categorizing documents within a system. For instance, in an enterprise setting, semantic metadata can be used to group all contracts under a "Legal Documents" category, all invoices under a "Finance Documents" category, and all marketing materials under a "Marketing Documents" category. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTThis categorization enables efficient search and retrieval, as users can query the system to find all documents of a specific type or category.

[0031] Content-related metadata provides a structured representation of the document’s content, breaking it down into machine-readable elements such as paragraphs, headings, tables, and images. This type of metadata enables advanced computational interactions with the document, such as semantic analysis, automated workflows, and dynamic rendering.

[0032] The physical processor 130 is a hardware component that executes the instructions 102 embedded within the document 100. The physical processor 130 enables the document 100 to perform functions such as detecting signing actions, recording signatures, and managing the lifecycle of the document. This integration of hardware and software allows the document 100 to operate independently, adapting to various user environments and workflows.

[0033] An electronic document with embedded computer-executable code, which is also referred to herein as a smart electronic document, generally refers to a type of electronic document embedded with intelligence that enables it to autonomously monitor, record, and manage events associated with its lifecycle, access, and interactions. Unlike traditional documents, which depend on external systems or manual input to track changes and interactions, smart electronic documents are designed to independently identify and log activities such as access attempts, modifications, and interactions with other documents or systems.

[0034] The embedded intelligence within a smart electronic document allows it to maintain a detailed audit trail, offering insights into who accessed the document, when it was 11 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTaccessed, and what actions were performed. This capability is invaluable for ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and organizational policies, as it provides a reliable and tamper- proof record of all document-related activities.

[0035] Smart electronic documents also enhance security by dynamically managing access permissions through mechanisms such as role-based access control, encryption, and multi-factor authentication. These documents ensure that only authorized users can view or modify their content. By transforming documents into active entities capable of self-monitoring and self-regulation, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches while streamlining document management processes and maintaining data integrity. A smart electronic document is composed of code (i.e., intelligence), content, and metadata, which together enable its autonomous functionalities.

[0036] The attributes of a smart electronic document are multifaceted and address one or more of the limitations of traditional document management systems. For example, a smart electronic document is uniquely addressable, meaning it has a permanent and immutable identifier that distinguishes it from all other documents. This identifier ensures that the document can be reliably accessed and referenced, regardless of its location. Additionally, the document is equipped with machine-readable metadata that captures detailed information about its interactions, such as timestamps, user credentials, geolocation data, and the nature of the interaction. This metadata is not only comprehensive but also structured in a way that supports automated processing and analysis, enabling advanced functionalities such as real-time auditing and compliance verification. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0037] Another attribute of a smart electronic document is its ability to maintain version control. When changes need to be made to the document, a new uniquely addressable version is created, rather than altering the original document. This approach preserves the integrity of the original document while providing a clear record of its evolution. Each version is assigned its own unique identifier, ensuring that it can be independently accessed and verified. The relationship between versions is also recorded, creating a hierarchical structure that allows users to trace the document’s history and understand the context of each modification. For example, if a contract is updated to include new terms, the updated version will reference the original version, enabling auditors to compare the two and verify the changes.

[0038] The creation of new versions is governed by strict rules and cryptographic mechanisms to ensure authenticity and prevent unauthorized modifications. When a user or system initiates a change, the smart electronic document generates a cryptographic signature that validates the modification and ties it to the new version. This signature is stored as part of the document’s metadata, providing a tamper-proof record of the change. Additionally, the document’s embedded intelligence ensures that all changes are logged in its audit trail, capturing details such as who made the change, when it was made, and why it was made. This level of detail not only supports transparency but also enhances security by making it virtually impossible to alter the document without leaving a trace.

[0039] In some examples, the immutability of the content in a smart electronic document is a foundational characteristic that ensures the integrity, reliability, and trustworthiness of the document throughout its lifecycle. This immutability is achieved through a combination of technical mechanisms and design principles, which are explained below. 13 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0040] The “content” of a smart electronic document refers to the core information that constitutes the document, such as text, images, tables, or other embedded elements. This content is distinct from metadata (which provides supplementary information about the document, such as timestamps, user interactions, and version history) and executable code (which enables the document's intelligent functionalities). The immutability applies specifically to the content, ensuring that it remains unchanged once the document is finalized or authenticated.

[0041] To ensure immutability, the content of a smart electronic document can be cryptographically hashed at the time of its creation or finalization. A cryptographic hash is a unique, fixed-length string generated from the content using a hashing algorithm (e.g., SHA-256). This hash acts as a digital fingerprint of the content. If even a single character or pixel in the content is altered, the hash will change, making it immediately evident that the content has been tampered with.

[0042] Any system or user accessing the document can verify its integrity by recalculating the hash and comparing it to the original hash stored in the document's metadata. If the hashes match, the content is confirmed to be unchanged.

[0043] In cases where changes to the document are necessary (e.g., updates or amendments), the smart electronic document does not alter the original content. Instead, it creates a new version of the document with its own unique identifier and cryptographic hash. The original version remains intact and accessible, ensuring that the history of the document is preserved. Each version of the document is uniquely addressable and linked to the previous Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTversions, creating a hierarchical structure that allows users to trace the evolution of the document. This approach ensures that the original content is never overwritten or lost.

[0044] In some embodiments, the smart electronic document may leverage distributed ledger technology to ensure immutability. The content and its associated hash can be recorded on a distributed ledger, where each entry is cryptographically secured and immutable. This approach provides an additional layer of protection, as the distributed ledger ensures that the content cannot be altered without consensus from the network.

[0045] The smart electronic document separates its content from other mutable elements, such as metadata and executable code. While metadata and code can be updated to reflect new interactions or functionalities, the content layer remains fixed and unchangeable. This separation ensures that the core information of the document is preserved, even as the document evolves in other ways.

[0046] The smart electronic document can provides transparency to users by enabling them to verify the authenticity and integrity of the content at any time. This transparency is achieved through audit trails and visual indicators, ensuring that users can trust the document’s reliability and security.

[0047] FIG. 2 illustrates a system 200 for managing electronic documents through a networked infrastructure. The system 200 comprises a computing device 202, a network 204, a server 206, a document 210, a physical processor 220, a memory 240, and a viewer 260. The components interact to enable the creation, management, and execution of electronic documents with embedded intelligence. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0048] The computing device 202 is a hardware component that facilitates user interaction with the system 200. The computing device 202 is connected to the network 204, which serves as the communication medium between the computing device 202 and the server 206. The computing device 202 includes the physical processor 220 and the memory 240, which collectively enable the execution of computer-readable instructions and the storage of data necessary for the operation of the system 200. The physical processor 220 interprets and executes instructions related to the management and signing of electronic documents, while the memory 240 stores relevant data, such as cryptographic elements, user authentication information, and metadata associated with the document 210.

[0049] The network 204 serves as a communication infrastructure connecting the computing device 202 to the server 206. This infrastructure may encompass various types of networks, such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), or the Internet. The network 204 enables the transmission of data and instructions between the computing device 202 and the server 206, promoting smooth interaction and synchronization among the system components.

[0050] The server 206 is a centralized computing resource that hosts the document 210. The document 210 is an electronic file configured with embedded intelligence, enabling the electronic file to manage its lifecycle, interactions, and security autonomously. The server 206 provides the necessary computational power and storage capacity to support the operation of the document 210, including the electronic file's ability to detect signing actions, authenticate users, and record signatures. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0051] The viewer 260 is a software component of the computing device 202 that enables users to interact with the document 210. The viewer 260 provides a graphical user interface for displaying the document 210 and facilitating user actions, such as signing, editing, or reviewing the document. This software component may be designed to function effectively on various devices, including mobile phones, tablets, and desktop computers, promoting a uniform and user-friendly experience across different platforms.

[0052] In some embodiments, the system 200 may support additional functionalities, such as real-time collaboration, cryptographic verification of signatures, and integration with external systems. These features enhance the efficiency, security, and usability of system 200, making the system appropriate for a broad range of applications in contemporary digital workflows.

[0053] FIG.3 illustrates a flowchart diagram of a method 300 for enabling intelligent electronic documents to autonomously detect and record signing actions. The method begins with step 310, where the document, through embedded computer-executable code, determines that a first party has performed a signing action, such as a gesture, biometric authentication, or proximity-based interaction. Following this, step 320 involves the document securely recording the signing action as a binding signature within its data storage, ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the agreement. This figure highlights the ability of intelligent documents to independently manage the signing process, eliminating reliance on external systems and streamlining workflows while maintaining robust security and compliance.

[0054] Step 310 involves detecting, by an intelligent electronic document executing embedded computer-executable code, that a first party has performed a signing action. This step Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTis foundational to the operation of intelligent documents, as it enables them to autonomously identify and validate signing actions without relying on external systems.

[0055] A "signing action" broadly refers to any intentional act performed by a user to indicate agreement or consent, such as a physical gesture, biometric authentication, proximity- based interaction, or device-specific input, e-signature, etc. The intelligent document leverages embedded detection instructions to analyze contextual information, user behavior, and environmental factors to determine whether a valid signing action has occurred.

[0056] One example of a signing action is a physical gesture, such as a handshake motion performed with a mobile device. For instance, two parties holding their respective mobile devices may swing their phones in a handshake-like motion, bringing them into proximity or contact. The document detects this motion using sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes embedded in the devices, ensuring that the gesture matches a predefined or trained pattern. This method mimics the traditional act of shaking hands to finalize an agreement, providing a natural and intuitive signing experience.

[0057] Traditionally, when parties to an agreement conclude their negotiations of the terms of the agreement, prior to capturing these terms in a written document, the parties would consummate the agreement by shaking hands. Having a “handshake” on an agreement is a milestone, signifying that the relationship has transitioned from adversarial negotiation to partnership. Even parties negotiating remotely, such as over a video call, may reach out their hands and make a handshake motion to signify mutual agreement. In some cases, this gesture follows months or years of intense negotiations. Often, parties may choose to meet face-to-face, Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTeven after conducting most of the negotiations remotely, to finalize the last few items and solidify the agreement.

[0058] In one embodiment, the agreement between the parties has been memorialized in a written document, and that document is displayed on the screens of the mobile phones of the two parties to the agreement. To indicate agreement to its terms, each party can hold their mobile phone in their right hand and make a handshake motion, whereby the phones swing to the point of making contact or to a point of sufficient proximity. In one example, at the moment the mobile phones touch or are sufficiently proximate, the haptic engines in each phone cause the devices to vibrate, simulating the sensation of a handshake. In addition to this haptic feedback, there can also be audible or visible feedback, such as the sound of a bell, the flashing of a light, or the display of fireworks, balloons, or a heart on the mobile phones’ screens.

[0059] Another example is biometric authentication, where the document verifies the identity of the signer using biometric data such as facial recognition, fingerprint scanning, or voice recognition. For instance, a user may authenticate themselves by scanning their fingerprint on their mobile device or using facial recognition software to confirm their identity. The document detects the biometric input and validates it against stored authentication data, ensuring that the signing action is performed by the authorized party.

[0060] Proximity-based interactions are also an example of a signing action. For example, the document may detect that the signer’s device is within close physical proximity to another device involved in the agreement. This proximity can be determined using technologies such as Bluetooth, near-field communication (NFC), or Wi-Fi triangulation. In one scenario, two 19 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTparties may place their devices close together, and the document detects the proximity as part of the signing process. This method ensures that the signing action is intentional and performed in a collaborative environment.

[0061] Device-specific inputs can also serve as signing actions. For instance, a user may press a specific combination of buttons on their device, such as the power button and volume button, to indicate agreement. Alternatively, the user may draw their signature or initials on a touchscreen, and the document detects the input as a valid signing action. In another example, the user may perform a unique motion, such as drawing a predefined shape or pattern in the air while holding their device, which the document recognizes as a trained signature gesture.

[0062] Temporal and environmental factors can further enhance the detection of signing actions. For example, the document may require the signing action to occur within a specific timeframe or in a secure location. If the user performs the signing action outside the designated time or location, the document may reject the action as invalid. Similarly, the document may detect additional contextual information, such as the presence of other authorized parties or the completion of prerequisite steps, before validating the signing action. Step 310 is designed to ensure that signing actions are intentional, secure, and contextually appropriate. By leveraging embedded detection instructions and analyzing a wide range of inputs, the intelligent document can autonomously validate signing actions, providing a seamless and secure signing experience. This capability represents a significant advancement over traditional methods, enabling documents to act as dynamic, context-aware entities that adapt to the needs of users and environments. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0063] Step 320 involves recording, by an intelligent electronic document executing embedded computer-executable code, a signing action as a binding signature within the document. This step is critical to ensuring the integrity, authenticity, and immutability of the agreement, as it securely captures the signing action and embeds it directly into the document’s data storage. The term “binding signature” refers to a legally or contractually enforceable indication of agreement, which is securely stored within the document alongside relevant metadata, such as the time, location, and identity of the signer. By autonomously recording the signing action, the intelligent document eliminates reliance on external systems, streamlining workflows and enhancing security.

[0064] The recording process begins with the intelligent document validating the signing action detected in step 310. For example, if the signing action involves a biometric authentication, such as a fingerprint scan or facial recognition, the document verifies the biometric data against stored authentication records. Once validated, the document securely records the signature along with metadata, such as the date and time of the signing, the device used, and the geographic location of the signer. This ensures that the signature is traceable and auditable, providing a robust foundation for compliance and legal enforcement. In cases where the signing action involves a physical gesture, such as a handshake motion performed with a mobile device, the document records the motion pattern as part of the signature. For instance, the accelerometer and gyroscope data captured during the handshake motion may be stored alongside the signature, ensuring that the recorded signature reflects the unique gesture performed by the signer. Similarly, if the signing action involves drawing a Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTsignature or initials on a touchscreen, the document records the drawn pattern as a digital signature, preserving the signer’s unique input.

[0065] Proximity-based signing actions are also securely recorded by the intelligent document. For example, if two parties place their devices close together to indicate agreement, the document records the proximity data, such as Bluetooth or NFC signals, as part of the signature. This ensures that the recorded signature reflects the collaborative nature of the signing process. Additionally, the document may record contextual information, such as the presence of other authorized parties or the completion of prerequisite steps, to provide a comprehensive audit trail.

[0066] The intelligent document can also record device-specific inputs as binding signatures. For instance, if the signing action involves pressing a specific combination of buttons on the device, such as the power button and volume button, the document records the button press sequence as part of the signature. Similarly, if the signing action involves performing a unique motion, such as drawing a predefined shape or pattern in the air, the document records the motion data as a signature.

[0067] Temporal and environmental factors are also captured during the recording process. For example, the document may record the exact time and date of the signing action, ensuring that the signature is timestamped for legal and compliance purposes. If the signing action occurs in a secure location, such as a designated meeting room, the document may record the location data alongside the signature. This ensures that the recorded signature reflects the specific conditions under which the agreement was finalized. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0068] In addition to recording the signature itself, the intelligent document may perform supplementary actions to enhance security and usability. For instance, the document may encrypt the recorded signature using cryptographic algorithms, ensuring that the signature cannot be tampered with or forged. The document may also generate a visual representation of the signature, such as displaying the signer’s name, initials, or gesture pattern, to provide a clear indication of agreement within the document. Furthermore, the document may notify other stakeholders of the recorded signature, ensuring that all parties are aware of the agreement’s completion.

[0069] Step 320 represents an advancement over traditional methods of recording signatures, as it integrates the signing process directly into the document itself. By autonomously recording signing actions as binding signatures, the intelligent document ensures that agreements are securely captured, traceable, and immutable, providing a seamless and reliable signing experience. This capability enhances workflows, improves security, and reduces reliance on external systems, making intelligent documents a transformative solution for modern digital environments.

[0070] FIG.4 builds upon the process outlined in FIG.3, illustrating a continuation of the method for enabling intelligent electronic documents to autonomously detect and record signing actions. While FIG. 3 focuses on the initial steps of detecting a signing action (step 310) and recording it as a binding signature (step 320), FIG. 4 expands the process to include the detection and recordation of signing actions by additional parties, enabling multi-party agreements to be securely captured within the document. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0071] The method begins with step 430, where the intelligent document detects, via embedded computer-executable code, that a second party has performed a signing action. This detection may involve analyzing contextual information such as proximity, motion patterns, or biometric data, similar to the process described for the first party in FIG. 3. For example, the document may detect that the second party has authenticated themselves using facial recognition, performed a handshake motion with their mobile device, or pressed a specific combination of buttons to indicate agreement. The intelligent document ensures that the signing action is intentional and valid by leveraging embedded detection instructions.

[0072] Following this, step 440 involves recording the second party’s signing action as a binding signature within the document. The intelligent document securely stores the signature alongside relevant metadata, such as the time, location, and identity of the second party. This ensures that the second party’s agreement is traceable and auditable, providing a robust foundation for compliance and legal enforcement. The document may also encrypt the recorded signature to prevent tampering or forgery, further enhancing security.

[0073] FIG. 4 highlights the ability of intelligent documents to manage multi-party agreements seamlessly, ensuring that all signing actions are securely captured and stored within the document. By autonomously detecting and recording signing actions from multiple parties, the intelligent document eliminates the need for external systems or manual processes, streamlining workflows and reducing the risk of errors or discrepancies. Together, FIGS.3 and 4 demonstrate the innovative capabilities of intelligent documents to facilitate secure, context- aware signing processes for agreements involving one or more parties. 24 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0074] FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 illustrate various methods of signing agreements using intelligent documents embedded within mobile devices, showcasing innovative approaches to creating secure, intuitive, and context-aware signing experiences. FIG. 5 depicts two users bringing their mobile phones close together to sign an agreement. In this example, the intelligent document detects proximity using technologies such as Bluetooth, near-field communication (NFC), or proximity sensors embedded in the devices. The phones may also detect contact or a specific motion pattern, such as a synchronized swing, using accelerometers and gyroscopes. This ensures that the signing action is intentional and collaborative. To enhance the experience, the devices may provide haptic feedback, such as vibrations, simulating the sensation of a handshake, or visual cues like confirmation messages or celebratory graphics. This proximity-based signing method is particularly useful in scenarios where parties are physically present, such as finalizing contracts during in-person meetings or signing agreements at events.

[0075] FIG. 6 illustrates a user training their mobile device to recognize a specific signing pattern, enabling personalized and secure signing actions. In this example, the user performs a unique motion, such as drawing a predefined shape, making a gesture, or emulating their signature in the air while holding the phone. The device uses embedded sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes, to capture the motion and store it as a trained pattern. This training process ensures that only the specific, intentional motion is recognized as a valid signature, preventing accidental signings. For instance, a user may train their phone to recognize a star-shaped motion, a circular gesture, or a custom handshake pattern associated with their identity. This method is particularly beneficial for scenarios requiring enhanced security, such as signing sensitive legal documents or agreements in high-stakes business transactions. 25 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTAdditionally, the trained pattern can be tailored to reflect cultural or organizational significance, such as a secret handshake for a fraternity or a symbolic gesture for a sports team.

[0076] FIG. 7 demonstrates two users emulating a handshake motion with their mobile devices to sign an agreement, providing a natural and intuitive alternative to traditional signing methods. In this example, the intelligent document detects the handshake-like motion using embedded sensors, ensuring that the gesture matches a predefined or trained pattern. The devices may also detect proximity or contact during the handshake motion, further validating the signing action. To enhance the experience, the phones may provide haptic feedback, such as vibrations, simulating the tactile sensation of a handshake, or visual cues like confirmation messages or celebratory graphics, such as fireworks or balloons, to indicate successful completion of the signing process. This method mimics the traditional act of shaking hands to finalize an agreement, making it particularly suitable for scenarios where parties wish to emphasize collaboration and mutual trust. For example, two business partners may use this method to sign a partnership agreement, or two friends may use it to finalize a personal arrangement.

[0077] These figures collectively highlight the versatility of intelligent documents in facilitating secure and context-aware signing experiences. Alternatives to these methods include using biometric authentication, such as facial recognition or fingerprint scanning, to verify the signer’s identity, or leveraging device-specific inputs, such as pressing a combination of buttons or drawing a signature on a touchscreen. Additionally, intelligent documents can adapt their signing processes based on the user’s environment, such as enabling simplified signing interfaces for mobile devices or collaborative signing features for desktop users. These innovative Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTapproaches eliminate the need for external platforms, streamline workflows, and enhance the naturalness and security of signing actions, transforming the way agreements are finalized in modern digital environments.

[0078] The motion associated with the “handshake” can be a traditional handshake swing or another motion programmed into the phones and / or selected by the parties. Alternatively, in some embodiments, no specific motion may be required, and mere contact or proximity may suffice. However, a particular motion that does not normally occur and can be recognized by sensors, such as accelerometers in the mobile phones, can be useful in preventing unintentional signings when the phones happen to touch or become proximate. For example, the parties may select an elaborate or meaningful handshake motion, such as a secret handshake associated with a fraternity, sports team, or gaming club, and program this handshake into their phones through a training process. This ensures that only the specific motion, followed by (or preceded by, or interrupted by) the establishment of contact or proximity, is sufficient to indicate signing of the agreement or entry into the club.

[0079] The benefits of intelligent documents extend beyond individual signing experiences to broader organizational workflows. In collaborative environments, intelligent documents can enable real-time synchronization of signatures across multiple users and devices, ensuring that all parties are working with the same version of the document. This eliminates the need for sending documents back and forth, reducing discrepancies and improving efficiency. Intelligent documents also enhance security by embedding cryptographic systems directly into the document, ensuring that signatures cannot be forged or tampered with. For example, the document may use RSA encryption to verify the authenticity of each signature, displaying a Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTwarning if the document is altered after signing. These features not only improve the reliability of electronic signatures but also reduce the reliance on external systems, minimizing security risks and streamlining workflows.

[0080] The process of signing electronic documents remains constrained by the paradigm of wet signatures on hard copies, resulting in inefficiencies, security vulnerabilities, and unnatural user experiences. Electronic documents with embedded intelligence offer a transformative solution, enabling signing processes that are seamless, secure, and context- aware. By integrating signature management directly into the document, intelligent documents eliminate the need for external platforms, enhance the naturalness of signing, and provide robust mechanisms for tracking, verifying, and managing signatures. These innovations not only improve individual signing experiences but also enhance organizational workflows, unlocking new possibilities for efficiency, security, and collaboration in modern digital environments. As organizations increasingly adopt intelligent document systems, the outdated paradigm of wet signatures will give way to a future where signing is intuitive, integrated, and tailored to the needs of users and environments.

[0081] For example, consider two executives meeting in person with their respective teams to finalize the details of a complex agreement, such as a merger or partnership. During the meeting, their legal teams may update the draft agreement in real time as negotiations progress. Once all terms are resolved, the final agreement is displayed on the mobile devices of the two executives. Instead of printing the document and signing it with ink or navigating through cumbersome electronic signature platforms, the parties can sign the agreement by holding their mobile phones in their right hands and performing a handshake motion. The phones detect 28 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTproximity or contact, as well as the specific motion pattern, using embedded sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes. To confirm the signing action, the devices may provide haptic feedback, such as vibrations, along with visual or audible cues, such as a confirmation message, the sound of a bell, or celebratory graphics like fireworks or balloons. The intelligent document securely records the signing action, along with metadata such as the time, location, and identity of the signers, ensuring traceability and authenticity.

[0082] In another scenario, a user may train their mobile device to recognize a specific signing pattern, enabling personalized and secure signing actions. For example, the user may perform a unique motion, such as drawing a predefined shape, making a gesture, or emulating their signature in the air while holding the phone. The device captures the motion using embedded sensors and stores it as a trained pattern, ensuring that only the specific, intentional motion is recognized as a valid signature. This approach is particularly useful for scenarios requiring enhanced security, such as signing sensitive legal documents or agreements in high- stakes business transactions. The trained pattern can also reflect cultural or organizational significance, such as a secret handshake for a club or a symbolic gesture for a team. For added security, the user may combine the motion with pressing specific buttons on the device, such as the power and volume buttons, to simulate the squeezing motion of a traditional handshake.

[0083] Another example involves two users emulating a handshake motion with their mobile devices to sign an agreement. This method mimics the traditional act of shaking hands to finalize a deal, providing a natural and intuitive signing experience. The devices detect the handshake-like motion using embedded sensors and validate the signing action based on proximity, contact, and the trained gesture pattern. This approach is particularly suitable for 29 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTagreements emphasizing collaboration and mutual trust, such as partnerships or personal arrangements. For instance, two friends may use this method to finalize a friendly wager or a shared commitment. In cases where the signing action involves a more elaborate motion, such as a secret handshake, the devices can be trained to recognize the specific sequence, ensuring that only intentional gestures are accepted as valid signatures.

[0084] The present disclosure also supports remote signing scenarios, where parties are not physically proximate. For example, during a video call, each party can view the agreement on their respective mobile devices and perform a signing action, such as a handshake motion, signature gesture, or biometric authentication. The devices may use geolocation, proximity sensors, or NFC technology to validate the signing action, ensuring that the agreement is securely captured even when the parties are distant. Additionally, the system can incorporate voice recognition, allowing users to vocalize their assent to the agreement, which is then recorded as part of the document’s timeline.

[0085] In alternative embodiments, wearable devices such as smartwatches can be used to execute the signing action. For example, two parties wearing smartwatches may perform a handshake motion, with the watches detecting proximity, motion patterns, and button presses to confirm the signing action. The watches may also incorporate biometric authentication, such as facial recognition or fingerprint scanning, to ensure that the signing action is performed by the authorized individuals. This approach provides flexibility, allowing one party to use a mobile phone while the other uses a smartwatch, or enabling signing actions in scenarios where holding a phone may not be practical. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0086] These examples highlight the versatility of intelligent documents in facilitating secure, intuitive, and context-aware signing processes. Whether through proximity-based interactions, trained motion patterns, or remote signing methods, the present disclosure transforms the act of signing into a seamless and natural experience while maintaining robust security and traceability. By leveraging embedded intelligence, the system eliminates reliance on external platforms, streamlines workflows, and adapts to the needs of users and environments, redefining how agreements are finalized in modern digital ecosystems.

[0087] Various examples involve using biometrics to securely sign an electronic document, showcasing how intelligent documents leverage advanced authentication methods to ensure the identity of the signer and prevent unauthorized access. In this example, the document is displayed on a mobile device, and the user is prompted to authenticate their identity using facial recognition. The device captures the user’s facial features through its embedded camera and compares them to stored biometric data to confirm the identity of the signer. Once authenticated, the document records the signing action as a binding signature, along with metadata such as the time, location, and device used. This process ensures that the signature is both secure and traceable, providing a robust foundation for compliance and legal enforcement.

[0088] Beyond facial recognition, there are numerous other ways to authenticate a user to enable them to sign an electronic document. For example, fingerprint scanning is a widely used biometric method, where the user places their finger on a sensor embedded in the device to verify their identity. Similarly, iris scanning can be employed, where the device captures the unique patterns of the user’s iris to authenticate them. Voice recognition is another biometric option, allowing the user to vocalize a specific phrase or word that is matched against stored 31 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTvoice data. Behavioral biometrics, such as analyzing the user’s typing patterns or touchscreen gestures, can also be used to confirm identity.

[0089] In addition to biometrics, other authentication methods can be integrated into the signing process. For instance, multi-factor authentication (MFA) can combine a password or PIN with a biometric factor, such as facial recognition or fingerprint scanning, to enhance security. One-time passwords (OTPs) sent via SMS or email can be used as an additional layer of authentication, requiring the user to enter a unique code to complete the signing process. Geolocation-based authentication can verify the user’s location, ensuring that the signing action occurs in a designated secure area. Similarly, proximity-based authentication using Bluetooth or NFC can confirm that the user’s device is near another authorized device. Cryptographic methods, such as digital certificates or public-private key pairs, can also be employed to authenticate the user. For example, the document may require the user to sign using their private key, which is validated against a corresponding public key stored in the system. Token-based authentication, where the user possesses a physical or digital token, can be used to confirm identity. For instance, a hardware security key or a mobile app generating time-based tokens can serve as authentication tools.

[0090] Other methods include gesture-based authentication, where the user performs a specific motion with their device, such as drawing a predefined shape or pattern. Passwordless authentication using QR codes can allow the user to scan a code displayed on the document to verify their identity. Biometric wearables, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers, can authenticate the user based on heart rate patterns or other physiological data. In some cases, Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTthe document may use contextual authentication, analyzing factors such as the user’s device usage history, network connection, or recent activity to confirm identity.

[0091] For enhanced security, the system can incorporate continuous authentication, where the user’s identity is verified throughout the signing process rather than at a single point. For example, the document may monitor the user’s behavior, such as typing speed or touchscreen interactions, to ensure that the signer remains the same individual. Additionally, the system can use dynamic authentication, adapting the method based on the sensitivity of the document or the user’s environment. For instance, a high-security document may require both facial recognition and a cryptographic key, while a less sensitive document may only require a fingerprint scan.

[0092] These examples highlight the versatility of biometrics and other authentication methods in enabling secure and intuitive signing processes. By integrating advanced authentication techniques, intelligent documents ensure that signatures are both valid and traceable, eliminating the risks associated with unauthorized access or forgery. This capability transforms the signing experience, providing users with a seamless and secure way to finalize agreements in modern digital environments.

[0093] Self-executing electronic documents are designed to handle signatures using various methods that can be controlled independently of the context in which the document is accessed. This flexibility allows the document to adapt to different signing scenarios without being constrained by external factors such as the user's device, location, or environment. For example, the document may enable biometric authentication, such as fingerprint or facial recognition, for one user while allowing another user to sign using a stylus or mouse input. The Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTdocument's embedded code ensures that each signing method is executed securely and independently, providing a seamless experience for all users regardless of their circumstances. The ability to control signing methods independently of context also enhances the document's usability across diverse workflows. For instance, a legal contract may require one party to sign using a digital certificate while allowing another party to sign using a gesture-based method on a mobile device. The document's code dynamically adjusts to accommodate these different methods, ensuring that the signing process remains efficient and compliant with applicable policies. This adaptability is particularly valuable in scenarios where multiple parties with varying levels of technical expertise or access to devices are involved in the signing process. Furthermore, controlling signing methods independently of context ensures that the document remains secure and reliable. By embedding intelligence into the document, the code can enforce specific signing protocols based on the user's role or permissions, regardless of the environment in which the document is accessed. For example, a high-security document may require multi- factor authentication for all signers, while a less sensitive document may allow simpler signing methods. This capability ensures that the document's integrity is maintained while providing users with a tailored signing experience.

[0094] Multi-factor authentication (MFA) in self-executing electronic documents can be tailored to the specific type, policy, or content of the document being signed. The embedded code of the document dynamically determines the appropriate level of authentication required based on the document's sensitivity or intended use. For example, a financial agreement may require MFA that combines biometric authentication and a one-time password (OTP) sent via email, while a less sensitive document, such as a meeting agenda, may only require a single-factor 34 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTauthentication like a password. This contextual approach ensures that the authentication process aligns with the document's security requirements.

[0095] The document's code can also enforce MFA policies based on organizational or regulatory standards. For instance, a healthcare document containing protected health information (PHI) may require MFA methods that comply with HIPAA regulations, such as biometric authentication combined with geolocation verification. Similarly, a corporate document may enforce MFA policies that align with internal security protocols, such as requiring signers to authenticate using their company-issued devices. By embedding these policies directly into the document, the code ensures that the signing process remains compliant and secure. Additionally, MFA can be adapted to the content of the document to enhance user experience and security. For example, a document containing sensitive financial data may require signers to authenticate using a combination of biometric and cryptographic methods, while a document with general information may allow simpler authentication methods. The document's code analyzes the content and applies the appropriate MFA protocols, ensuring that the authentication process is both efficient and robust. This capability allows self-executing electronic documents to provide a secure and tailored signing experience for users across various contexts.

[0096] Self-executing electronic documents can leverage mobile devices for authentication, providing users with a convenient and secure way to sign documents. The embedded code of the document interacts with the mobile device's hardware and software to enable authentication methods such as fingerprint scanning, facial recognition, or device-specific gestures. For example, a user may authenticate their identity by scanning their fingerprint on Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTtheir smartphone, and the document's code verifies the biometric data against stored authentication records. This seamless integration ensures that the signing process is both intuitive and secure.

[0097] Mobile device authentication also enhances the flexibility of the signing process, allowing users to sign documents from virtually anywhere. For instance, a user may receive a document via email, open it on their smartphone, and authenticate their identity using facial recognition before signing. The document's code ensures that the authentication process is executed securely, even in remote or mobile environments. This capability is particularly valuable for users who need to sign documents while traveling or working outside of traditional office settings.

[0098] Furthermore, authentication via mobile devices can be combined with other methods to provide multi-factor authentication (MFA). For example, the document's code may require the user to authenticate using their smartphone and then enter a one-time password (OTP) sent via SMS or email. This layered approach enhances the security of the signing process, ensuring that only authorized users can access and sign the document. By leveraging the capabilities of mobile devices, self-executing electronic documents provide users with a secure and convenient signing experience.

[0099] Self-executing electronic documents can also facilitate signing via desktop devices, providing users with a robust and secure signing experience tailored to larger screens and traditional computing environments. The embedded code of the document interacts with the desktop's hardware and software to enable authentication methods such as password entry, cryptographic key verification, or stylus-based signatures. For example, a user may authenticate 36 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTtheir identity by entering a password and then sign the document using a stylus on a touchscreen monitor. The document's code ensures that the signing process is executed securely and efficiently.

[0100] Desktop signing is particularly valuable for users who require advanced features or tools during the signing process. For instance, a legal professional may use a desktop device to review a contract in detail, annotate specific clauses, and then sign the document using a digital certificate stored on their computer. The document's code supports these advanced workflows, ensuring that the signing process remains seamless and compliant with applicable policies. This capability is ideal for scenarios where users need to perform complex tasks or access additional resources while signing documents.

[0101] Additionally, desktop signing can be integrated with multi-factor authentication (MFA) to enhance security. For example, the document's code may require the user to authenticate using their desktop device and then verify their identity using a smartphone or hardware security key. This layered approach ensures that the signing process is both secure and reliable, reducing the risk of unauthorized access or tampering. By supporting desktop signing, self-executing electronic documents provide users with a versatile and secure signing experience tailored to traditional computing environments.

[0102] Self-executing electronic documents enable users to sign or interact with documents using a variety of devices, even when they are not signed into a traditional screen- based interface. The embedded code of the document supports alternative authentication methods, such as using a smartphone or RFID device near a cash register, to initiate the signing process. For example, a user may authenticate their identity by tapping their RFID-enabled card Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTon a reader, and the document's code verifies the transaction before allowing the user to interact with the document on their smartwatch or tablet. This flexibility ensures that the signing process remains accessible and secure across diverse environments.

[0103] The ability to interact with documents on wearable devices, such as smart glasses, rings, or watches, further enhances the user experience. For instance, a user may receive a notification on their smartwatch prompting them to review and sign a document, and the document's code enables the signing process directly on the wearable device. Similarly, a user may use their smart glasses to view a document and sign it using voice commands or gestures. The document's code ensures that these interactions are executed securely, providing users with a seamless and intuitive signing experience.

[0104] This capability is also applicable to form filling and document connectivity. For example, a user may scan a QR code on their smartphone to access a form, fill it out using their tablet, and then sign it using their smartwatch. The document's code synchronizes these interactions across devices, ensuring that the form is completed and signed accurately. By supporting a wide range of devices and authentication methods, self-executing electronic documents provide users with a versatile and secure way to interact with documents in modern digital ecosystems.

[0105] Self-executing electronic documents can utilize passkeys to facilitate secure interactions between laptops and smartphones during the signing process. The embedded code of the document enables the exchange of cryptographic keys between devices, ensuring that the authentication process is both secure and seamless. For example, a user may initiate the signing process on their laptop and then verify their identity using a passkey sent to their smartphone. 38 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTThe document's code validates the passkey and allows the user to complete the signing process, ensuring that the transaction is secure and authorized.

[0106] The use of passkeys enhances the security of the signing process by creating a direct and encrypted connection between devices. For instance, the document's code may generate a unique passkey for each signing session, ensuring that the authentication process cannot be intercepted or replicated. This capability is particularly valuable for high-security documents, such as financial agreements or legal contracts, where robust authentication methods are required. By leveraging passkeys, self-executing electronic documents provide users with a secure and reliable way to sign documents across multiple devices.

[0107] Additionally, passkeys can be combined with other authentication methods to create multi-factor authentication (MFA). For example, the document's code may require the user to authenticate using a passkey sent to their smartphone and then verify their identity using biometric data on their laptop. This layered approach enhances the security of the signing process, ensuring that only authorized users can access and sign the document. By supporting passkeys between laptops and smartphones, self-executing electronic documents provide users with a secure and convenient signing experience.

[0108] Self-executing electronic documents can enforce location-based signing protocols, ensuring that signatures are executed in specific places or near specific individuals, such as notaries or witnesses. The embedded code of the document leverages geolocation data or proximity sensors to verify that the signing process occurs in the designated location or with the required parties present. For example, a user may sign a will document in the presence of a notary, and the document's code records the geolocation data and proximity of devices as digital 39 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTproof that the signers were at the same place at the same time. This capability enhances the authenticity and enforceability of signatures.

[0109] The use of proximity-based signing protocols also ensures compliance with legal or organizational requirements. For instance, a legal contract may require all parties to sign in the same room, and the document's code verifies the proximity of their devices before allowing the signing process to proceed. Similarly, a corporate agreement may require signatures to be executed in a specific office location, and the document's code enforces this requirement by validating geolocation data. By embedding these protocols directly into the document, the code ensures that the signing process remains secure and compliant.

[0110] Additionally, proximity-based signing can be combined with other authentication methods to enhance security. For example, the document's code may require the user to authenticate using biometric data and verify their proximity to a specific device or individual before signing. This layered approach ensures that the signing process is both secure and reliable, reducing the risk of fraud or tampering. By supporting location-based signing protocols, self-executing electronic documents provide users with a secure and compliant way to execute signatures in specific places or near specific individuals.

[0111] Self-executing electronic documents can utilize QR codes and RFID technology to facilitate secure and efficient signing processes. The embedded code of the document interacts with QR code scanners or RFID readers to authenticate users and initiate the signing process. For example, a user may scan a QR code displayed on their smartphone to access a document, and the document's code verifies the user's identity before allowing them to sign. Similarly, a user may tap their RFID-enabled card on a reader to authenticate their identity, and Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTthe document's code validates the transaction before enabling the signing process. This capability ensures that the signing process remains secure and convenient.

[0112] The use of QR codes and RFID technology also enhances the flexibility of the signing process, allowing users to interact with documents in diverse environments. For instance, a user may scan a QR code on a printed document to access its digital version and sign it using their smartphone. Similarly, a user may use an RFID-enabled device to authenticate their identity at a kiosk and sign a document displayed on a touchscreen. The document's code ensures that these interactions are executed securely, providing users with a seamless and intuitive signing experience.

[0113] Additionally, QR codes and RFID technology can be combined with other authentication methods to create multi-factor authentication (MFA). For example, the document's code may require the user to scan a QR code and then verify their identity using biometric data or a passkey sent to their smartphone. This layered approach enhances the security of the signing process, ensuring that only authorized users can access and sign the document. By leveraging QR codes and RFID technology, self-executing electronic documents provide users with a versatile and secure way to interact with documents in modern digital ecosystems.

[0114] Some examples provide a mechanism for verifying the authenticity and validity of a binding signature within an electronic document. For example, a self-executing document can be capable of receiving an inquiry about the binding signature and responding with a confirmation that the electronic document was signed by the first party. This functionality may Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTaddress the need for secure and reliable signature verification in digital workflows, ensuring that parties interacting with the document can trust its authenticity and integrity.

[0115] For example, in a legal context, a party may inquire whether a contract has been signed by the intended signatory. The party (e.g., via another application, a viewer, etc.) can query the electronic document’s embedded audit trail and cryptographic signature data to confirm that the first party’s binding signature is present. The electronic document may respond with a confirmation that includes metadata such as the time and date of the signature, the device used, and the cryptographic verification of the signer’s identity.

[0116] A self-executing (e.g., smart) electronic document is designed to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and traceability of its content and associated audit trail through the use of immutability, a global marker, and embedded intelligence. This innovative structure addresses longstanding challenges in document management, auditing, and compliance.

[0117] Immutable Content

[0118] The content of a smart document is immutable, meaning it cannot be altered once finalized. This immutability is achieved through cryptographic techniques, such as hashing and digital signatures. When the document is created, its content is hashed to produce a unique cryptographic fingerprint. This hash is stored alongside the document and serves as a reference for verifying the integrity of the content. Any attempt to modify the content would result in a mismatch between the original hash and the hash of the altered content, immediately signaling tampering. Additionally, the document may be digitally signed using the creator’s private key, ensuring that the content is not only unchangeable but also verifiable as originating from the authorized source. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0119] Immutable Audit Trail

[0120] The audit trail of a smart document is equally immutable. The audit trail records every interaction with the document, including access, modifications, approvals, signatures, and other events. Each event in the audit trail is cryptographically secured and timestamped, ensuring that the sequence of events is preserved and cannot be altered retroactively. For example, when a user accesses the document, the system generates a cryptographic record of the access event, including the user's identity, the time of access, and the nature of the interaction. These records are stored in a manner that prevents deletion or modification, ensuring the audit trail remains a reliable source of truth. The audit trail is also linked to the document's content, creating a unified record of both the document and its history.

[0121] Immutable Connection to a Permanent Global Marker

[0122] Both the immutable content and the immutable audit trail are connected to an immutable global marker, which serves as the unique and unchanging identifier for the document. The global marker can be implemented as a universally unique identifier (UUID) or a cryptographic address, such as a hash-based identifier. This marker is permanent and does not change throughout the lifecycle of the document, regardless of how or where the document is accessed. The global marker ensures that the document can always be referenced and retrieved in its original form, providing a single source of truth.

[0123] The connection between the content, audit trail, and global marker established through cryptographic linking. The global marker is embedded in the document’s metadata, and the metadata itself is cryptographically secured to prevent tampering. The audit trail is also linked to the global marker, ensuring that every recorded event is associated with the 43 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTcorrect document. This triad—immutable content, immutable audit trail, and an immutable associated between the global marker and the content and audit trail—creates a robust framework that will revolutionize document management and control.

[0124] The immutability of the content, the audit trail, the global marker and of the link between the marker and the data (i.e., the content, the audit trail, and any other metadata) and the global marker, can have one or more of a variety of characteristics:

[0125] Unchangeable: Immutable refers to something that cannot be altered, modified, or edited once it has been created or finalized.

[0126] Permanent: Immutable signifies a state of permanence, where the object or data remains fixed and consistent over time.

[0127] Irreversible: Immutable describes a condition where changes are impossible, and any attempt to alter the object or data is invalid or rejected.

[0128] Fixed: Immutable means that the structure, content, or state of an object is locked and cannot be adjusted or updated.

[0129] Tamper-Proof: Immutable implies that the object or data is resistant to tampering, ensuring its integrity and authenticity.

[0130] Finalized: Immutable refers to an object or data that has reached its final form and cannot be reverted or reshaped.

[0131] Unmodifiable: Immutable describes a characteristic where the object or data is impervious to modification, whether intentional or accidental.

[0132] Consistent: Immutable ensures that the object or data remains consistent and reliable, unaffected by external influences or changes. 44 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0133] Secure: Immutable denotes a state of security where the object or data is safeguarded against unauthorized alterations or corruption.

[0134] Indelible: Immutable refers to something that is permanent and cannot be erased, overwritten, or replaced.

[0135] Benefits of the Immutable Structure

[0136] Integrity: The immutability of the content ensures that the document remains unchanged and trustworthy throughout its lifecycle.

[0137] Traceability: The immutable audit trail provides a complete and verifiable history of all interactions with the document.

[0138] Authenticity: The permanent global marker guarantees that the document can always be uniquely identified and retrieved, eliminating ambiguity.

[0139] Compliance: This structure simplifies regulatory compliance by providing a reliable and tamper-proof record of the document and its history.

[0140] Interoperability: The global marker enables seamless integration with external systems, ensuring that the document can be referenced and verified across different platforms.

[0141] In summary, a smart document achieves immutability of its content and audit trail while ensuring both are immutably connected to a permanent global marker. This design provides a transformative solution for document management, offering unparalleled integrity, authenticity, and traceability.

[0142] While in some examples of smart documents the content, the audit trail, and the link to the global marker are all immutable, in other examples one of or two of these three items may be immutable. In some examples, the entirety of the content and the audit trail are Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTimmutable, and in others only a portion of the content and / or the audit trail are immutable. Furthermore, a smart document may have content and an audit trail that are immutable while having other metadata that is changeable (e.g., comments, access rights, etc.)

[0143] In addition to the foundational features of immutability, smart documents possess embedded intelligence that enables them to actively interact with their environment, respond to requests, and perform actions autonomously. This intelligence transforms the document from a static repository of information into a dynamic, interactive entity capable of understanding and adapting to its context. Embedded intelligence in smart documents is achieved through the integration of executable code, metadata, and machine-readable content, all of which work together to create a responsive and self-aware system.

[0144] Features of Embedded Intelligence

[0145] Self-Determination and Responsiveness: Smart documents are equipped with the ability to process requests and respond dynamically. For example, when a user or system queries a document, the embedded intelligence allows the document to access its metadata, audit trail, and content to determine the appropriate response. This responsiveness is not limited to simple data retrieval; the document can also perform complex operations, such as verifying its authenticity, providing access logs, or extracting specific information from its content.

[0146] Contextual Awareness: Smart documents can understand and adapt to their context. This includes recognizing the identity of the user accessing the document, the device being used, the location of the access, and the stage of the document's lifecycle. For instance, a contract document may display different user interfaces depending on whether it is being Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTaccessed by the creator, a signatory, or a reviewer. Similarly, the document can adapt its behavior based on whether it is being accessed on a mobile device, desktop, or tablet.

[0147] Negotiation of Communication Protocols: Smart documents are capable of negotiating the manner in which they communicate with external systems. They can respond to requests using various protocols, such as RESTful APIs, gRPC, or even machine-specific languages like MCP (Machine Communication Protocol). This flexibility ensures that the document can seamlessly integrate with diverse systems and applications, making it highly interoperable.

[0148] Dynamic User Experience: The embedded intelligence enables smart documents to create personalized user experiences. For example, the document can present different panels, workflows, or visualizations depending on the user's role, the document's lifecycle stage, or the specific task being performed. This dynamic adaptability enhances usability and ensures that the document serves the needs of each stakeholder effectively.

[0149] Machine Learning and Predictive Capabilities: Smart documents can leverage machine learning algorithms to analyze their audit trail, content, and metadata to predict user needs or suggest actions. For instance, a smart document could identify patterns in user interactions and recommend next steps, such as suggesting additional documents that may be relevant to the current task or flagging anomalies in the audit trail for review.

[0150] How Intelligence is Embedded

[0151] The intelligence of smart documents is embedded through the integration of one or more components:

[0152] Executable Code: At the core of a smart document's intelligence is its embedded executable code. This code acts as the "brain" of the document, enabling it to process Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTrequests, perform actions, and interact with external systems. The code is designed to be lightweight and modular, allowing it to execute specific tasks efficiently without compromising the document's performance.

[0153] Metadata: Metadata provides the document with contextual information about itself, such as its creation date, owner, version history, and access permissions. This metadata is stored in a machine-readable format and is cryptographically secured to ensure its integrity. The document's intelligence uses this metadata to make decisions and respond to queries.

[0154] Machine-Readable Content: Unlike traditional documents, which are primarily human-readable, smart documents store their content in a machine-readable format. This allows the embedded intelligence to analyze the content, extract specific information, and perform operations based on the content's structure and meaning.

[0155] APIs for Interaction: Smart documents expose APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allow external systems to interact with them. These APIs enable the document to receive requests, process them, and return responses in a structured format, such as JSON or XML. The APIs also facilitate integration with other applications and systems, making the document highly interoperable.

[0156] Cryptographic Infrastructure: The intelligence of smart documents is underpinned by cryptographic infrastructure, which ensures the security and authenticity of the document's interactions. For example, digital signatures and hash-based identifiers are used to verify the integrity of the document and its audit trail, while encryption protects sensitive data. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0157] Machine Learning Models: Machine learning models can be embedded within the document or accessed through external systems to enhance its intelligence. These models enable the document to analyze patterns, predict outcomes, and adapt its behavior based on historical data and real-time inputs.

[0158] Examples of Embedded Intelligence in Action

[0159] Audit Trail Analysis: A smart document can analyze its audit trail to identify unusual patterns, such as repeated failed access attempts, and alert the owner to potential security risks.

[0160] Dynamic Rendering: When accessed on a mobile device, a smart document can automatically adjust its layout to optimize readability and usability, while providing additional features like touch-based navigation.

[0161] Workflow Management: A smart document associated with a workflow can track its progress and notify stakeholders of pending actions, such as signatures or approvals.

[0162] Content Extraction: A smart document can respond to a query by extracting specific information from its content, such as the total amount in an invoice or the number of items listed in a receipt.

[0163] Protocol Negotiation: A smart document can negotiate the format of its responses based on the preferences of the requesting system, such as providing data in JSON for web applications or XML for enterprise systems.

[0164] In summary, the embedded intelligence of smart documents is achieved through the integration of executable code, metadata, machine-readable content, APIs, cryptographic infrastructure, and machine learning models. This intelligence enables the 49 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTdocument to interact dynamically with its environment, adapt to its context, and provide personalized experiences, making it a transformative innovation in document management.

[0165] The combination of immutability and embedded intelligence in smart documents creates a transformative paradigm for document management, offering unparalleled integrity, authenticity, traceability, and adaptability. Together, these features address longstanding challenges in document security, compliance, and usability, while enabling dynamic interactions and personalized experiences.

[0166] The Synergy of Immutability and Embedded Intelligence

[0167] The combination of immutability and embedded intelligence creates a powerful synergy that revolutionizes document management. Immutability provides the foundation of trust, ensuring that the document’s content and history are secure, authentic, and tamper-proof. Embedded intelligence builds on this foundation, enabling the document to interact dynamically with its environment, adapt to its context, and provide personalized experiences.

[0168] Enhanced Integrity and Authenticity: Immutability ensures that the document’s content and audit trail remain unchanged, while embedded intelligence enables the document to verify its authenticity and respond to queries about its provenance. Together, these features create a system where trust is inherent and verifiable.

[0169] Dynamic Traceability: The immutable audit trail provides a complete history of interactions with the document, while embedded intelligence allows the document to analyze and interpret this history. This dynamic traceability enables stakeholders to understand not only what happened to the document but also why and how. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0170] Personalized Compliance: Immutability simplifies regulatory compliance by providing a reliable and tamper-proof record of the document and its history. Embedded intelligence enhances this by adapting the document’s behavior to meet specific compliance requirements, such as displaying relevant panels or workflows based on the user’s role or jurisdiction.

[0171] Interoperability and Adaptability: The permanent global marker ensures seamless integration with external systems, while embedded intelligence enables the document to negotiate communication protocols and adapt its responses to different platforms. This combination ensures that the document can function effectively in diverse environments.

[0172] Predictive Security and Usability: Immutability protects the document from tampering, while embedded intelligence leverages machine learning to predict potential security risks and suggest preventive actions. This proactive approach enhances both security and usability, ensuring that the document serves the needs of its stakeholders effectively.

[0173] Real-World Applications

[0174] The synergy of immutability and embedded intelligence has transformative implications across industries:

[0175] Legal and Compliance: Smart contracts can ensure the integrity of agreements while dynamically adapting to regulatory changes.

[0176] Finance: Immutable audit trails and intelligent analysis can enhance fraud detection and streamline reporting.

[0177] Healthcare: Patient records can remain secure and authentic while providing personalized access to authorized stakeholders. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0178] Supply Chain: Immutable tracking and intelligent analysis can optimize logistics and ensure product authenticity.

[0179] In summary, the combination of immutability and embedded intelligence in smart documents creates a revolutionary framework for document management. By ensuring integrity, authenticity, and traceability while enabling dynamic interactions and personalized experiences, this synergy addresses longstanding challenges and unlocks new possibilities for innovation and efficiency.

[0180] Alternative Terminology

[0181] The term “smart document” or “smart electronic document” can also be referred to as a self-determinative document, an active document, a self-tracking document, a self-assimilating document, a self-executing document, a document with executable code, a document with embedded code, and / or in a variety of other ways depending on the context and on the features of the smart document. In any example, a smart electronic includes three elements, at minimum—data (e.g., content, audit trail, other metadata, etc.), executable code (e.g., an API), and a globally unique marker.

[0182] A self-executing document may be a technical solution to the problem of maintaining data integrity, security, and operational efficiency in digital document systems, which are often prone to unauthorized modifications, fragmented audit trails, and inefficient workflows. This innovative document structure incorporates immutable content and an immutable audit trail, both immutably connected to an immutable global identifier, which can ensure that the document’s content, history, and identity remain tamper-proof, trustworthy, and verifiable. The machine-readable design of the self-executing document enables seamless Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTintegration with computational systems, allowing automated querying, validation, and processing of its data and interactions. Additionally, the self-executing document embeds intelligence in the form of executable code, which enables it to autonomously perform actions such as enforcing access permissions, executing workflows, and dynamically responding to user or system queries. This embedded intelligence transforms the document into a responsive and interactive entity capable of managing its lifecycle independently, providing a robust solution to the challenges of document security, traceability, and operational inefficiencies in modern digital ecosystems.

[0183] A self-executing document can address the problems of data security, inefficient use of device hardware, and inefficient use of network systems associated with traditional PDFs by leveraging its self-executing capabilities, immutable structure, and machine- readable design. In terms of data security, the self-executing document autonomously enforces cryptographic commitments, ensuring that its content, audit trail, and global identifier remain tamper-proof and trustworthy. By embedding executable code, the document can independently manage access permissions, monitor interactions, and execute workflows without relying on external systems, significantly reducing the risk of unauthorized access and ensuring compliance with stringent security protocols.

[0184] Regarding device hardware, traditional PDFs often require substantial computational resources for rendering, extracting data, and managing versions, often leading to inefficiencies and hardware strain. A self-executing document can reduce these burdens by autonomously performing operations such as data validation, workflow execution, and access control directly within the document, optimizing the use of device hardware and enabling faster, 53 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTmore efficient operations. Similarly, network systems that handle PDFs often experience bandwidth inefficiencies due to the need to transmit large, static files and duplicate versions. A self-executing document addresses this by maintaining a single source of truth that is universally accessible via its global identifier, allowing lightweight, API-driven interactions rather than transmitting entire files. This self-executing functionality minimizes network bandwidth usage, streamlines workflows, and ensures that documents are securely and efficiently managed across devices and systems, making them ideal for modern digital ecosystems.

[0185] Furthermore, the described methods may provide a technical solution to the technical problem of securely managing electronic document signing processes while optimizing hardware efficiency. By embedding intelligence directly into the document, the method enables the document to autonomously detect signing actions and record them as binding signatures, reducing reliance on external systems and minimizing the computational load on centralized servers. This localized processing leverages the physical processor of the user’s device, allowing the document to execute tasks such as user authentication, contextual analysis, and secure recordation directly on the device. As a result, the hardware resources of the server are freed up for other operations, improving overall system performance.

[0186] Additionally, the method reduces network bandwidth usage by eliminating the need to repeatedly transmit data between the document and external platforms for validation or storage. For example, instead of sending signing data to a remote server for processing, the document securely stores the signature and associated metadata locally, ensuring traceability and compliance without requiring constant communication with external systems. This approach 54 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTnot only enhances the efficiency of the user’s device but also reduces latency, enabling faster and more reliable signing experiences.

[0187] The integration of cryptographic systems within the document further improves hardware functionality by utilizing the device’s processor to perform encryption and validation tasks. This ensures that signatures are securely captured and protected against tampering, while reducing the need for additional hardware or software components. By distributing the computational workload across individual devices, the method optimizes hardware utilization, enabling scalable and efficient document management across diverse environments.

[0188] In conclusion, the detailed description illustrates how the disclosed present disclosure transforms electronic documents into intelligent, context-aware entities capable of autonomously managing their lifecycle, interactions, and security. By embedding intelligence directly into the document, the present disclosure addresses longstanding challenges associated with static workflows, fragmented systems, and inefficient resource utilization. The ability of intelligent documents to detect context, adapt functionality, and integrate seamlessly with external systems enhances user experience, improves security, and optimizes hardware and network efficiency. Through innovative features such as proximity-based signing, biometric authentication, and dynamic content rendering, the present disclosure redefines the role of documents in modern digital ecosystems, enabling secure, intuitive, and collaborative workflows. These advancements not only streamline individual and organizational processes but also unlock new possibilities for efficiency, scalability, and trust in electronic document management. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0189] Clause 1. A method for executing an electronic document comprising: determining, via computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and recording, via the computer- executable code of the electronic document, the first-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

[0190] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, further comprising: determining, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a second party to the electronic document has performed a second-party signing action; and recording, via the computer- executable code of the electronic document, the second-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

[0191] Clause 3. The method of clauses 1-2, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the first party has authenticated itself to the electronic document via a device of the first party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the second party has authenticated itself to the electronic document via a device of the first second party.

[0192] Clause 4. The method of clauses 1-3, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party is within close physical proximity of the device of the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party is within close physical proximity of the device of the first party. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0193] Clause 5. The method of clauses 1-4, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party is touching the device of the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party is touching the device of the first party.

[0194] Clause 6. The method of clauses 1-5, wherein, determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party moved in a pattern indicative of the first party shaking hands with the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party moved in a pattern indicative of the second party shaking hands with the first party.

[0195] Clause 7. The method of clauses 1-6, wherein: identifying the pattern indicative of the first party shaking hands with the second party comprises comparing the movement of the device of the first party with a recorded pattern trained by the first party to act as a signature of the first party; and identifying the pattern indicative of the second party shaking hands with the first party comprises comparing the movement of the device of the second party with a recorded pattern trained by the second party to act as a signature of the second party.

[0196] Clause 8. The method of clauses 1-7, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the first party pressed a button of the device of the first party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the second party pressed a button of the device of the second party. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0197] Clause 9. The method of clauses 1-8, wherein: determining that the first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action comprises: determining that a biometric characteristic of a first person matches a biometric authenticator of the first party; and determining that the first and second party are shaking hands as an indication of assent to an agreement between the first and second parties described in the electronic document; and determining that the second party to the electronic document has performed a second-party signing action comprises: determining that a biometric characteristic of a second person matches a biometric authenticator of the second party; and determining that the first and second party are shaking hands as the indication of assent to the agreement between the first and second parties described in the electronic document.

[0198] Clause 10. A system comprising: at least one physical processor; physical memory comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the physical processor, cause the physical processor to: determine, via computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the first-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

[0199] Clause 11. The system of clause 10, wherein the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the physical processor, further cause the physical processor to: determine, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a second party to the electronic document has performed a second-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the second-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0200] Clause 12. The system of clauses 10-11, wherein: the computer-executable instructions cause the physical processor to determine that the first party has performed the first-party signing action by determining that the first party has authenticated itself to the electronic document via a device of the first party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the second party has authenticated itself to the electronic document via a device of the first second party.

[0201] Clause 13. The system of clauses 10-12, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party is within close physical proximity of the device of the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party is within close physical proximity of the device of the first party.

[0202] Clause 14. The system of clauses 10-13, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party is touching the device of the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party is touching the device of the first party.

[0203] Clause 15. The system of clauses 10-14, wherein, determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party moved in a pattern indicative of the first party shaking hands with the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party moved in a pattern indicative of the second party shaking hands with the first party. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0204] Clause 16. The system of clauses 10-15, wherein: identifying the pattern indicative of the first party shaking hands with the second party comprises comparing the movement of the device of the first party with a recorded pattern trained by the first party to act as a signature of the first party; and identifying the pattern indicative of the second party shaking hands with the first party comprises comparing the movement of the device of the second party with a recorded pattern trained by the second party to act as a signature of the second party.

[0205] Clause 17. The system of clauses 10-16, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the first party pressed a button of the device of the first party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the second party pressed a button of the device of the second party.

[0206] Clause 18. The system of clauses 10-17, wherein: determining that the first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action comprises: determining that a biometric characteristic of a first person matches a biometric authenticator of the first party; and determining that the first and second party are shaking hands as an indication of assent to an agreement between the first and second parties described in the electronic document; and determining that the second party to the electronic document has performed a second-party signing action comprises: determining that a biometric characteristic of a second person matches a biometric authenticator of the second party; and determining that the first and second party are shaking hands as the indication of assent to the agreement between the first and second parties described in the electronic document. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

[0207] Clause 19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer- executable instructions that, when executed by at least one of one or more processors of a computing device, cause the computing device to: determine, via computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the first-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

[0208] Clause 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium, wherein the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the physical processor, further cause the physical processor to: determine, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a second party to the electronic document has performed a second-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the second-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

[0209] As detailed above, the computing devices and systems described and / or illustrated herein broadly represent any type or form of computing device or system capable of executing computer-readable instructions, such as those contained within the modules described herein. In their most basic configuration, these computing device(s) may each include at least one memory device and at least one physical processor.

[0210] In some examples, the term “memory device” generally refers to any type or form of volatile or non-volatile storage device or medium capable of storing data and / or computer-readable instructions. In one example, a memory device may store, load, and / or maintain one or more of the modules described herein. Examples of memory devices include, without limitation, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), flash memory, 61 Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTHard Disk Drives (HDDs), Solid-State Drives (SSDs), optical disk drives, caches, variations or combinations of one or more of the same, or any other suitable storage memory.

[0211] In some examples, the term “physical processor” generally refers to any type or form of hardware-implemented processing unit capable of interpreting and / or executing computer-readable instructions. In one example, a physical processor may access and / or modify one or more modules stored in the above-described memory device. Examples of physical processors include, without limitation, microprocessors, microcontrollers, Central Processing Units (CPUs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) that implement softcore processors, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), portions of one or more of the same, variations or combinations of one or more of the same, or any other suitable physical processor.

[0212] Although illustrated as separate elements, the modules described and / or illustrated herein may represent portions of a single module or application. In addition, in certain embodiments one or more of these modules may represent one or more software applications or programs that, when executed by a computing device, may cause the computing device to perform one or more tasks. For example, one or more of the modules described and / or illustrated herein may represent modules stored and configured to run on one or more of the computing devices or systems described and / or illustrated herein. One or more of these modules may also represent all or portions of one or more special-purpose computers configured to perform one or more tasks.

[0213] In addition, one or more of the modules described herein may transform data, physical devices, and / or representations of physical devices from one form to another. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the modules recited herein may transform a Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTprocessor, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and / or any other portion of a physical computing device from one form to another by executing on the computing device, storing data on the computing device, and / or otherwise interacting with the computing device.

[0214] In some embodiments, the term “computer-readable medium” generally refers to any form of device, carrier, or medium capable of storing or carrying computer-readable instructions. Examples of computer-readable media include, without limitation, transmission- type media, such as carrier waves, and non-transitory-type media, such as magnetic-storage media (e.g., hard disk drives, tape drives, and floppy disks), optical-storage media (e.g., Compact Disks (CDs), Digital Video Disks (DVDs), and BLU-RAY disks), electronic-storage media (e.g., solid- state drives and flash media), and other distribution systems.

[0215] The process parameters and sequence of the steps described and / or illustrated herein are given by way of example only and can be varied as desired. For example, while the steps illustrated and / or described herein may be shown or discussed in a particular order, these steps do not necessarily need to be performed in the order illustrated or discussed. The various exemplary methods described and / or illustrated herein may also omit one or more of the steps described or illustrated herein or include additional steps in addition to those disclosed.

[0216] The preceding description has been provided to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize various aspects of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein. This exemplary description is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The embodiments disclosed herein should be considered in all respects Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTillustrative and not restrictive. Reference should be made to the appended claims and their equivalents in determining the scope of the present disclosure.

[0217] Unless otherwise noted, the terms “connected to” and “coupled to” (and their derivatives), as used in the specification and claims, are to be construed as permitting both direct and indirect (i.e., via other elements or components) connection. In addition, the terms “a” or “an,” as used in the specification and claims, are to be construed as meaning “at least one of.” Finally, for ease of use, the terms “including” and “having” (and their derivatives), as used in the specification and claims, are interchangeable with and have the same meaning as the word “comprising.” Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for executing an electronic document comprising: determining, via computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and recording, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the first-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a second party to the electronic document has performed a second-party signing action; and recording, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the second- party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the first party has authenticated itself to the electronic document via a device of the first party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the second party has authenticated itself to the electronic document via a device of the first second party. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT4. The method of claim 3, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party is within close physical proximity of the device of the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party is within close physical proximity of the device of the first party.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party is touching the device of the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party is touching the device of the first party.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein, determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party moved in a pattern indicative of the first party shaking hands with the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party moved in a pattern indicative of the second party shaking hands with the first party. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT7. The method of claim 6, wherein: identifying the pattern indicative of the first party shaking hands with the second party comprises comparing the movement of the device of the first party with a recorded pattern trained by the first party to act as a signature of the first party; and identifying the pattern indicative of the second party shaking hands with the first party comprises comparing the movement of the device of the second party with a recorded pattern trained by the second party to act as a signature of the second party.

8. The method of claim 3, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the first party pressed a button of the device of the first party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the second party pressed a button of the device of the second party.

9. The method of claim 2, wherein: determining that the first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action comprises: determining that a biometric characteristic of a first person matches a biometric authenticator of the first party; and Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTdetermining that the first and second party are shaking hands as an indication of assent to an agreement between the first and second parties described in the electronic document; and determining that the second party to the electronic document has performed a second- party signing action comprises: determining that a biometric characteristic of a second person matches a biometric authenticator of the second party; and determining that the first and second party are shaking hands as the indication of assent to the agreement between the first and second parties described in the electronic document.

10. A system comprising: at least one physical processor; physical memory comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the physical processor, cause the physical processor to: determine, via computer-executable code of an electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the first- party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the physical processor, further cause the physical processor to: Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTdetermine, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a second party to the electronic document has performed a second-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the second-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein: the computer-executable instructions cause the physical processor to determine that the first party has performed the first-party signing action by determining that the first party has authenticated itself to the electronic document via a device of the first party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the second party has authenticated itself to the electronic document via a device of the first second party.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party is within close physical proximity of the device of the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party is within close physical proximity of the device of the first party.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein: Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTdetermining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party is touching the device of the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party is touching the device of the first party.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein, determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the first party moved in a pattern indicative of the first party shaking hands with the second party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the device of the second party moved in a pattern indicative of the second party shaking hands with the first party.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein: identifying the pattern indicative of the first party shaking hands with the second party comprises comparing movement of the device of the first party with a recorded pattern trained by the first party to act as a signature of the first party; and identifying the pattern indicative of the second party shaking hands with the first party comprises comparing the movement of the device of the second party with a recorded pattern trained by the second party to act as a signature of the second party. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT17. The system of claim 12, wherein: determining that the first party has performed the first-party signing action comprises determining that the first party pressed a button of the device of the first party; and determining that the second party has performed the second-party signing action comprises determining that the second party pressed a button of the device of the second party.

18. The system of claim 11, wherein: determining that the first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action comprises: determining that a biometric characteristic of a first person matches a biometric authenticator of the first party; and determining that the first and second party are shaking hands as an indication of assent to an agreement between the first and second parties described in the electronic document; and determining that the second party to the electronic document has performed a second- party signing action comprises: determining that a biometric characteristic of a second person matches a biometric authenticator of the second party; and determining that the first and second party are shaking hands as the indication of assent to the agreement between the first and second parties described in the electronic document. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one of one or more processors of a computing device, cause the computing device to: determine, via computer-executable code of an electronic document, that a first party to the electronic document has performed a first-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the first- party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one of one or more processors of the computing device, further cause the computing device to: determine, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, that a second party to the electronic document has performed a second-party signing action; and record, via the computer-executable code of the electronic document, the second-party signing action as a binding signature of the electronic document.

21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one of one or more processors of the computing device, further cause the computing device to: receive an inquiry about the binding signature; Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCTrespond to the inquiry about the binding signature with a confirmation that the electronic document was signed by the first party. Attorney Docket No.: 226148.012801 / PCT

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