Methods and systems for reducing position error bias using reference points
By incorporating reference points to measure and correct NLoS biases using positioning reference signals, the accuracy of position estimation in wireless communication systems is enhanced, addressing inaccuracies in 5G and future networks and improving beamforming and reducing interference.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/105959
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-17
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-22
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face inaccuracies in position estimation due to non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias, which affects the performance of sensing and communication services, particularly in 5G and future generation networks.
Introduce reference points that measure and report position NLoS biases, using positioning reference signals to correct position errors by determining and transmitting an indication of NLoS bias, thereby enhancing the accuracy of self-positioning at nodes in proximity to these reference points.
This approach improves the accuracy of position estimation by correcting NLoS biases, enabling more precise beamforming and reducing interference between user equipment, while being backwards-compatible with current 5G positioning systems.
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Figure CN2024105959_22012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR REDUCING POSITION ERROR BIAS USING REFERENCE POINTSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates, generally, to sensing position in wireless communication systems and, in particular embodiments, to reducing position error bias using reference points.BACKGROUND
[0002] Many sensing and communication applications have been proposed for fifth generation, “5G, ” wireless communications systems and for future generation wireless communications systems. The sensing and communication applications are known to determine and / or make use of position information for various components of an environment in which the wireless communications systems are in use. For those wireless communications systems beyond the 5G systems, it is expected that accurate position information will be an important feature.
[0003] Accurate position information may be shown to assist in reducing signaling overhead in so-called sensing-assisted communication applications. Normally, when a base station is to transmit a signal to a user equipment (UE) and a position of the UE is not known, the base station first carries out a beam sweeping operation to determine the position of the UE. The base station may use results of the beam sweeping operation to direct a transmitted signal to the UE. In contrast, if the position of the UE is known, then the base station may directly beamform a transmitted signal in the direction of the UE with a reduced amount of beam sweeping overhead.
[0004] Additionally, accurate position information may be shown to assist in improving performance of communication and sensing services and to assist in expanding capabilities of sensing and communication services. For instance, based on information that two different UEs are widely separated, the base station can multiplex signal transmitted to the two UEs on the same time-frequency resources without causing interference on one another.SUMMARY
[0005] Sensing position in wireless communication systems may be enhanced by reducing position error bias using reference points. Based on an observation that position errors due to non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias at nodes / terminals / UEs may be correlated, position error at a reference point may be used to correct a sensed position at a given target UE. The reference point may receive a positioning reference signal and transmitting an indication of a position error due to NLoS bias. The position error due to NLoS bias may be determined by obtaining measurements of the positioning reference signal and processing the measurements of the positioning reference signal to, thereby, obtain an estimated position and obtain the position error due to NLoS bias based on a difference between the known position and the estimated position.
[0006] Many known positioning estimation techniques, designed for being carried out at a given target UE, are based on an assumption there is a line of sight (LoS) between a given positioning anchor and the given target UE. However, it may be shown that this assumption is not always valid in real life applications.
[0007] Aspects of the present application relate to introducing reference points as nodes for measuring and reporting position NLoS biases. It may be implied, from large reported NLoS biases, that there is a NLoS condition between a reference point and a UE. Relatively greater NLoS biases are associated with relatively worse NLoS conditions. The reporting by the reference points may be shown to enable improved accuracy in self-positioning at nodes in proximity to the reference points by eliminating NLoS-biases. Conveniently, aspects of the present application may be shown to be backwards-compatible with the current 5G positioning systems.
[0008] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for, at a first node having a known position, facilitating reduction of position error at a second node. The method includes receiving, at the first node, a positioning reference signal and transmitting, from the first node to a third node, an indication of a position error due to non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias. The position error due to NLoS bias may be determined, at the first node, by obtaining measurements of the positioning reference signal and processing the measurements of the positioning reference signal to, thereby, obtain an estimated position and obtain the position error due to NLoS bias based on a difference between the known position and the estimated position. The aspects of the present application also include an apparatus for carrying out this method and a computer-readable medium for allowing a processor to carry out this method.
[0009] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method includes receiving, from a device, assistance data, receiving, from the device, a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) , receiving an indication of a position non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias and transmitting an unbiased position estimate. The unbiased position estimate may be obtained by obtaining measurements of the DL-PRS, processing the measurements of the DL-PRS to obtain a biased position estimate and obtaining the unbiased position estimate by correcting the position NLoS bias from the biased position estimate.
[0010] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method includes receiving, from a device, a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) , transmitting a first side-link sensing signal, receiving a second side-link sensing signal and transmitting an unbiased position estimate. The unbiased position estimate may be obtained by obtaining, by processing the second side-link sensing signal, an indication of a position non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias, processing the measurements of the DL-PRS to obtain a biased position estimate and obtaining the unbiased position estimate by correcting the position NLoS bias from the biased position estimate.
[0011] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of employing a first node to facilitate reduction of position error bias at a second node. The method includes receiving a position estimate for a first node, the position estimate associated with an accuracy and transmitting, to the first node, a configuration, wherein the configuration indicates that the first node has been selected as a reference point, wherein selecting the first node includes determining that the accuracy is greater than a threshold accuracy and, as a reference point, the first node is to receive the downlink positioning reference signal and transmit an indication of a position non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias based on processing the received downlink positioning reference signal. The method further includes transmitting a downlink positioning reference signal, receiving, from the first node, the indication of the position NLoS bias, transmitting, to the second node, the indication of the position NLoS bias and receiving, from the second node, an unbiased position estimate.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] For a more complete understanding of the present embodiments, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, a communication system in which embodiments of the disclosure may occur, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices and multiple example transmit receive points along with various networks;
[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates, in a block diagram, the communication system of FIG. 1, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices, an example terrestrial transmit receive point and an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point along with various networks;
[0015] FIG. 3 illustrates, as a block diagram, elements of an example electronic device of FIG. 2, elements of an example terrestrial transmit receive point of FIG. 2 and elements of an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point of FIG. 2, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0016] FIG. 4 illustrates, as a block diagram, various modules that may be included in an example electronic device, an example terrestrial transmit receive point and an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0017] FIG. 5 illustrates, as a block diagram, a sensing management function, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0018] FIG. 6 illustrates an environment that includes two user equipment (UE) and three transmit-receive points (TRPs) , in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0019] FIG. 7 illustrates an environment that may be understood to be the environment of FIG. 6 with an addition of a reference point (RP) , in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0020] FIG. 8 illustrates vectors associated with estimated RP position error, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0021] FIG. 9 illustrates, in a flow diagram, interaction between some of the elements in the environment of FIG. 7, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0022] FIG. 10 illustrates, in a flow diagram, additional interaction associated with the flow diagram of FIG. 9, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0023] FIG. 11 illustrates a region of interest 1100 divided into a plurality of sub-areas, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0024] FIG. 12 illustrates an environment that may be understood to be similar to the environment of FIG. 7 with an addition of a configurable tag, in accordance with aspects of the present application; and
[0025] FIG. 13 illustrates, in a flow diagram, interaction between some of the elements in the environment of FIG. 12, in accordance with aspects of the present application.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] For illustrative purposes, specific example embodiments will now be explained in greater detail in conjunction with the figures.
[0027] The embodiments set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0028] Moreover, it will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement an application or module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0029] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next or future generation radio access network, or a legacy (e.g., 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) radio access network. One or more communication electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. Also, the communication system 100 comprises a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0030] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication system 100. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast, groupcast and unicast, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, between its constituent elements. The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system and / or a non-terrestrial communication system. The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc. ) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of a terrestrial communication system and a non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in what may be considered a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. Compared to conventional communication networks, the heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks.
[0031] The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system. In the example shown in FIG. 2, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , radio access networks (RANs) 120a, 120b, a non-terrestrial communication network 120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150 and other networks 160. The RANs 120a, 120b include respective base stations (BSs) 170a, 170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b. The non-terrestrial communication network 120c includes an access node 172, which may be generically referred to as a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0032] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any T-TRP 170a, 170b and NT-TRP 172, the Internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with T-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the ED 110d may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0033] The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , space division multiple access (SDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA, also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDMA, DFT-s-OFDMA) in the air interfaces 190a and 190b. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may utilize other higher dimension signal spaces, which may involve a combination of orthogonal and / or non-orthogonal dimensions.
[0034] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the ED 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0035] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c with various services such as voice, data and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130 and may, or may not, employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) and to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . The EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies and may incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0036] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of an ED 110 and a base station 170a, 170b and / or 170c. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , Internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0037] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, wearable devices such as a watch, head mounted equipment, a pair of glasses, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g., communication module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base stations 170a and 170b each T-TRPs and will, hereafter, be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in FIG. 3, a NT-TRP will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability; and connection necessity.
[0038] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may, alternatively, be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g., as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the at least one antenna 204 or by a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0039] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processing unit (s) (e.g., a processor 210) . Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache and the like.
[0040] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the Internet 150 in FIG. 1) . The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to, or receiving information from, a user, and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a keypad, a keyboard, a display or a touch screen, etc.
[0041] The ED 110 includes the processor 210 for performing operations including those operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, those operations related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, and those operations related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g., by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the NT-TRP 172 and / or by the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g., beam angle information (BAI) , received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g., using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or from the T-TRP 170.
[0042] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or part of the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0043] The processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g., in the memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or a hardware accelerator such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) or an artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator.
[0044] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a remote radio head, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a base band unit (BBU) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be a macro BS, a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forgoing devices or refer to apparatus (e.g., a communication module, a modem or a chip) in the forgoing devices.
[0045] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 256 for the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g., through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0046] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may, alternatively, be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110; processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110; preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to the NT-TRP 172; and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g., multiple input multiple output, “MIMO, ” precoding) , transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates an indication of beam direction, e.g., BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy the NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling, ” as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Signaling may be transmitted in a physical layer control channel, e.g., a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as dynamic signaling. Signaling transmitted in a downlink physical layer control channel may be known as Downlink Control Information (DCI) . Signaling transmitted in an uplink physical layer control channel may be known as Uplink Control Information (UCI) . Signaling transmitted in a sidelink physical layer control channel may be known as Sidelink Control Information (SCI) . Signaling may be included in a higher-layer (e.g., higher than physical layer) packet transmitted in a physical layer data channel, e.g., in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as higher-layer signaling, static signaling, or semi-static signaling. Higher-layer signaling may also refer to Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol signaling or Media Access Control -Control Element (MAC-CE) signaling.
[0047] The scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within, or operated separately from, the T-TRP 170. The scheduler 253 may schedule uplink, downlink, sidelink and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (e.g., “configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0048] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or part of the receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0049] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252 and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same, or different one of, one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g., in the memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252 and the processing components of the receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or an AI accelerator) or an ASIC.
[0050] Notably, the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form, such as satellites and high altitude platforms, including international mobile telecommunication base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles, for example. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110; processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110; preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170; and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g., MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received signals and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g., BAI) received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0051] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or part of the receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0052] The processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272 and the processing components of the receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g., in the memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272 and the processing components of the receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a CPU, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or an AI accelerator) or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g., through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0053] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0054] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in the ED 110, in the T-TRP 170 or in the NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or by a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or by a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or by a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be a circuit such as an integrated circuit. Examples of an integrated circuit include a programmed FPGA, a CPU, a GPU or an ASIC. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be logical such as a logical function performed by a circuit, by a portion of an integrated circuit, or by software instructions executed by a processor. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor, for example, the modules may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0055] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0056] An air interface generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices. For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (e.g., data) over a wireless communications link. The wireless communications link may support a link between a radio access network and user equipment (e.g., a “Uu” link) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between device and device, such as between two user equipments (e.g., a “sidelink” ) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between a non-terrestrial (NT) -communication network and user equipment (UE) . The following are some examples for the above components.
[0057] A waveform component may specify a shape and form of a signal being transmitted. Waveform options may include orthogonal multiple access waveforms and non-orthogonal multiple access waveforms. Non-limiting examples of such waveform options include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , Direct Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-OFDM) , Filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) , Time windowing OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) , Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) , Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) , Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) , Faster Than Nyquist (FTN) Waveform and low Peak to Average Power Ratio Waveform (low PAPR WF) .
[0058] A frame structure component may specify a configuration of a frame or group of frames. The frame structure component may indicate one or more of a time, frequency, pilot signature, code or other parameter of the frame or group of frames. More details of frame structure will be discussed hereinafter.
[0059] A multiple access scheme component may specify multiple access technique options, including technologies defining how communicating devices share a common physical channel, such as: TDMA; FDMA; CDMA; SDMA; OFDMA; SC-FDMA; Low Density Signature Multicarrier CDMA (LDS-MC-CDMA) ; Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) ; Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) ; Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) ; Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) ; and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) . Furthermore, multiple access technique options may include: scheduled access vs.non-scheduled access, also known as grant-free access; non-orthogonal multiple access vs. orthogonal multiple access, e.g., via a dedicated channel resource (e.g., no sharing between multiple communicating devices) ; contention-based shared channel resources vs. non-contention-based shared channel resources; and cognitive radio-based access.
[0060] A hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol component may specify how a transmission and / or a re-transmission is to be made. Non-limiting examples of transmission and / or re-transmission mechanism options include those that specify a scheduled data pipe size, a signaling mechanism for transmission and / or re-transmission and a re-transmission mechanism.
[0061] A coding and modulation component may specify how information being transmitted may be encoded / decoded and modulated / demodulated for transmission / reception purposes. Coding may refer to methods of error detection and forward error correction. Non-limiting examples of coding options include turbo trellis codes, turbo product codes, fountain codes, low-density parity check codes and polar codes. Modulation may refer, simply, to the constellation (including, for example, the modulation technique and order) , or more specifically to various types of advanced modulation methods such as hierarchical modulation and low PAPR modulation.
[0062] In some embodiments, the air interface may be a “one-size-fits-all” concept. For example, it may be that the components within the air interface cannot be changed or adapted once the air interface is defined. In some implementations, only limited parameters or modes of an air interface, such as a cyclic prefix (CP) length or a MIMO mode, can be configured. In some embodiments, an air interface design may provide a unified or flexible framework to support frequencies below known 6 GHz bands and frequencies beyond the 6 GHz bands (e.g., mmWave bands) for both licensed and unlicensed access. As an example, flexibility of a configurable air interface provided by a scalable numerology and symbol duration may allow for transmission parameter optimization for different spectrum bands and for different services / devices. As another example, a unified air interface may be self-contained in a frequency domain and a frequency domain self-contained design may support more flexible RAN slicing through channel resource sharing between different services in both frequency and time.
[0063] A frame structure is a feature of the wireless communication physical layer that defines a time domain signal transmission structure to, e.g., allow for timing reference and timing alignment of basic time domain transmission units. Wireless communication between communicating devices may occur on time-frequency resources governed by a frame structure. The frame structure may, sometimes, instead be called a radio frame structure.
[0064] Depending upon the frame structure and / or configuration of frames in the frame structure, frequency division duplex (FDD) and / or time-division duplex (TDD) and / or full duplex (FD) communication may be possible. FDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur in different frequency bands. TDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur over different time durations. FD communication is when transmission and reception occurs on the same time-frequency resource, i.e., a device can both transmit and receive on the same frequency resource contemporaneously.
[0065] One example of a frame structure is a frame structure, specified for use in the known long-term evolution (LTE) cellular systems, having the following specifications: each frame is 10 ms in duration; each frame has 10 subframes, which subframes are each 1 ms in duration; each subframe includes two slots, each of which slots is 0.5 ms in duration; each slot is for the transmission of seven OFDM symbols (assuming normal CP) ; each OFDM symbol has a symbol duration and a particular bandwidth (or partial bandwidth or bandwidth partition) related to the number of subcarriers and subcarrier spacing; the frame structure is based on OFDM waveform parameters such as subcarrier spacing and CP length (where the CP has a fixed length or limited length options) ; and the switching gap between uplink and downlink in TDD is specified as the integer time of OFDM symbol duration.
[0066] Another example of a frame structure is a frame structure, specified for use in the known new radio (NR) cellular systems, having the following specifications: multiple subcarrier spacings are supported, each subcarrier spacing corresponding to a respective numerology; the frame structure depends on the numerology but, in any case, the frame length is set at 10 ms and each frame consists of ten subframes, each subframe of 1 ms duration; a slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols; and slot length depends upon the numerology. For example, the NR frame structure for normal CP 15 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 1” ) and the NR frame structure for normal CP 30 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 2” ) are different. For 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 1 ms and, for 30 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 0.5 ms. The NR frame structure may have more flexibility than the LTE frame structure.
[0067] Another example of a frame structure is, e.g., for use in a future generation network. In a flexible frame structure, a symbol block may be defined to have a duration that is the minimum duration of time that may be scheduled in the flexible frame structure. A symbol block may be a unit of transmission having an optional redundancy portion (e.g., CP portion) and an information (e.g., data) portion. An OFDM symbol is an example of a symbol block. A symbol block may alternatively be called a symbol. Embodiments of flexible frame structures include different parameters that may be configurable, e.g., frame length, subframe length, symbol block length, etc. A non-exhaustive list of possible configurable parameters, in some embodiments of a flexible frame structure, includes: frame length; subframe duration; slot configuration; subcarrier spacing (SCS) ; flexible transmission duration of basic transmission unit; and flexible switch gap.
[0068] The frame length need not be limited to 10 ms and the frame length may be configurable and change over time. In some embodiments, each frame includes one or multiple downlink synchronization channels and / or one or multiple downlink broadcast channels and each synchronization channel and / or broadcast channel may be transmitted in a different direction by different beamforming. The frame length may be more than one possible value and configured based on the application scenario. For example, autonomous vehicles may require relatively fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set to 5 ms for autonomous vehicle applications. As another example, smart meters on houses may not require fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 20 ms for smart meter applications.
[0069] A subframe might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. For example, a frame may be defined to include slots, but no subframes. In frames in which a subframe is defined, e.g., for time domain alignment, the duration of the subframe may be configurable. For example, a subframe may be configured to have a length of 0.1 ms or 0.2 ms or 0.5 ms or 1 ms or 2 ms or 5 ms, etc. In some embodiments, if a subframe is not needed in a particular scenario, then the subframe length may be defined to be the same as the frame length or not defined.
[0070] A slot might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. In frames in which a slot is defined, then the definition of a slot (e.g., in time duration and / or in number of symbol blocks) may be configurable. In one embodiment, the slot configuration is common to all UEs 110 or a group of UEs 110. For this case, the slot configuration information may be transmitted to the UEs 110 in a broadcast channel or common control channel (s) . In other embodiments, the slot configuration may be UE specific, in which case the slot configuration information may be transmitted in a UE-specific control channel. In some embodiments, the slot configuration signaling can be transmitted together with frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In other embodiments, the slot configuration may be transmitted independently from the frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In general, the slot configuration may be system common, base station common, UE group common or UE specific.
[0071] The SCS may range from 15 KHz to 480 KHz. The SCS may vary with the frequency of the spectrum and / or maximum UE speed to minimize the impact of Doppler shift and phase noise. In some examples, there may be separate transmission and reception frames and the SCS of symbols in the reception frame structure may be configured independently from the SCS of symbols in the transmission frame structure. The SCS in a reception frame may be different from the SCS in a transmission frame. In some examples, the SCS of each transmission frame may be half the SCS of each reception frame. If the SCS between a reception frame and a transmission frame is different, the difference does not necessarily have to scale by a factor of two, e.g., if more flexible symbol durations are implemented using inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) instead of fast Fourier transform (FFT) . Additional examples of frame structures can be used with different SCSs.
[0072] The basic transmission unit may be a symbol block (alternatively called a symbol) , which, in general, includes a redundancy portion (referred to as the CP) and an information (e.g., data) portion. In some embodiments, the CP may be omitted from the symbol block. The CP length may be flexible and configurable. The CP length may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and the CP length may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling. The information (e.g., data) portion may be flexible and configurable. Another possible parameter relating to a symbol block that may be defined is ratio of CP duration to information (e.g., data) duration. In some embodiments, the symbol block length may be adjusted according to: a channel condition (e.g., multi-path delay, Doppler) ; and / or a latency requirement; and / or an available time duration. As another example, a symbol block length may be adjusted to fit an available time duration in the frame.
[0073] A frame may include both a downlink portion, for downlink transmissions from a base station 170, and an uplink portion, for uplink transmissions from the UEs 110. A gap may be present between each uplink and downlink portion, which gap is referred to as a switching gap. The switching gap length (duration) may be configurable. A switching gap duration may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and a switching gap duration may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling.
[0074] A device, such as a base station 170, may provide coverage over a cell. Wireless communication with the device may occur over one or more carrier frequencies. A carrier frequency will be referred to as a carrier. A carrier may alternatively be called a component carrier (CC) . A carrier may be characterized by its bandwidth and a reference frequency, e.g., the center frequency, the lowest frequency or the highest frequency of the carrier. A carrier may be on a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. Wireless communication with the device may also, or instead, occur over one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) . For example, a carrier may have one or more BWPs. More generally, wireless communication with the device may occur over spectrum. The spectrum may comprise one or more carriers and / or one or more BWPs.
[0075] A cell may include one or multiple downlink resources and, optionally, one or multiple uplink resources. A cell may include one or multiple uplink resources and, optionally, one or multiple downlink resources. A cell may include both one or multiple downlink resources and one or multiple uplink resources. As an example, a cell might only include one downlink carrier / BWP, or only include one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs. In some embodiments, a cell may, instead or additionally, include one or multiple sidelink resources, including sidelink transmitting and receiving resources.
[0076] A BWP is a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on a carrier, or a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on multiple carriers, or a set of non-contiguous or contiguous frequency subcarriers, which may have one or more carriers.
[0077] In some embodiments, a carrier may have one or more BWPs, e.g., a carrier may have a bandwidth of 20 MHz and consist of one BWP or a carrier may have a bandwidth of 80 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous BWPs, etc. In other embodiments, a BWP may have one or more carriers, e.g., a BWP may have a bandwidth of 40 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous carriers, where each carrier has a bandwidth of 20 MHz. In some embodiments, a BWP may comprise non-contiguous spectrum resources, which consists of multiple non-contiguous multiple carriers, where the first carrier of the non-contiguous multiple carriers may be in the mmW band, the second carrier may be in a low band (such as the 2 GHz band) , the third carrier (if it exists) may be in THz band and the fourth carrier (if it exists) may be in visible light band. Resources in one carrier which belong to the BWP may be contiguous or non-contiguous. In some embodiments, a BWP has non-contiguous spectrum resources on one carrier.
[0078] Wireless communication may occur over an occupied bandwidth. The occupied bandwidth may be defined as the width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage, β / 2, of the total mean transmitted power, for example, the value of β / 2 is taken as 0.5%.
[0079] The carrier, the BWP or the occupied bandwidth may be signaled by a network device (e.g., by a base station 170) dynamically, e.g., in physical layer control signaling such as the known downlink control channel (DCI) , or semi-statically, e.g., in radio resource control (RRC) signaling or in signaling in the medium access control (MAC) layer, or be predefined based on the application scenario; or be determined by the UE 110 as a function of other parameters that are known by the UE 110, or may be fixed, e.g., by a standard.
[0080] UE position information is often used in cellular communication networks to improve various performance metrics for the network. Such performance metrics may, for example, include capacity, agility and efficiency. The improvement may be achieved when elements of the network exploit the position, the behavior, the mobility pattern, etc., of the UE in the context of a priori information describing a wireless environment in which the UE is operating.
[0081] A sensing system may be used to help gather UE pose information, including UE location in a global coordinate system, UE velocity and direction of movement in the global coordinate system, orientation information and the information about the wireless environment. “Location” is also known as “position” and these two terms may be used interchangeably herein. Examples of well-known sensing systems include RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) and LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) . While the sensing system is typically separate from the communication system, it could be advantageous to gather the information using an integrated system, which reduces the hardware (and cost) in the system as well as the time, frequency or spatial resources needed to perform both functionalities. However, using the communication system hardware to perform sensing of UE pose and environment information is a highly challenging and open problem. The difficulty of the problem relates to factors such as the limited resolution of the communication system, the dynamicity of the environment, and the huge number of objects whose electromagnetic properties and position are to be estimated.
[0082] Accordingly, integrated sensing and communication (also known as integrated communication and sensing) is a desirable feature in existing and future communication systems.
[0083] Any or all of the EDs 110 and BS 170 may be sensing nodes in the system 100. Sensing nodes are network entities that perform sensing by transmitting and receiving sensing signals. Some sensing nodes are communication equipment that perform both communications and sensing. However, it is possible that some sensing nodes do not perform communications and are, instead, dedicated to sensing. The sensing agent 174 is an example of a sensing node that is dedicated to sensing. Unlike the EDs 110 and BS 170, the sensing agent 174 does not transmit or receive communication signals. However, the sensing agent 174 may communicate configuration information, sensing information, signaling information, or other information within the communication system 100. The sensing agent 174 may be in communication with the core network 130 to communicate information with the rest of the communication system 100. By way of example, the sensing agent 174 may determine the location of the ED 110a, and transmit this information to the base station 170a via the core network 130. Although only one sensing agent 174 is shown in FIG. 2, any number of sensing agents may be implemented in the communication system 100. In some embodiments, one or more sensing agents may be implemented at one or more of the RANs 120.
[0084] A sensing node may combine sensing-based techniques with reference signal-based techniques to enhance UE pose determination. This type of sensing node may also be known as a sensing management function (SMF) . In some networks, the SMF may also be known as a location management function (LMF) . The SMF may be implemented as a physically independent entity located at the core network 130 with connection to the multiple BSs 170. In other aspects of the present application, the SMF may be implemented as a logical entity co-located inside a BS 170 through logic carried out by the processor 260.
[0085] As shown in FIG. 5, an SMF 176, when implemented as a physically independent entity, includes at least one processor 290, at least one transmitter 282, at least one receiver 284, one or more antennas 286 and at least one memory 288. A transceiver, not shown, may be used instead of the transmitter 282 and the receiver 284. A scheduler 283 may be coupled to the processor 290. The scheduler 283 may be included within or operated separately from the SMF 176. The processor 290 implements various processing operations of the SMF 176, such as signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing or any other functionality. The processor 290 can also be configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described in more detail above. Each processor 290 includes any suitable processing or computing device configured to perform one or more operations. Each processor 290 could, for example, include a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, field programmable gate array or application specific integrated circuit.
[0086] A reference signal-based pose determination technique belongs to an “active” pose estimation paradigm. In an active pose estimation paradigm, the enquirer of pose information (e.g., the UE 110) takes part in process of determining the pose of the enquirer. The enquirer may transmit or receive (or both) a signal specific to pose determination process. Positioning techniques based on a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as Global Positioning System (GPS) are other examples of the active pose estimation paradigm.
[0087] In contrast, a sensing technique, based on radar for example, may be considered as belonging to a “passive” pose determination paradigm. In a passive pose determination paradigm, the target is oblivious to the pose determination process.
[0088] By integrating sensing and communications in one system, the system need not operate according to only a single paradigm. Thus, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques can yield enhanced pose determination.
[0089] The enhanced pose determination may, for example, include obtaining UE channel sub-space information, which is particularly useful for UE channel reconstruction at the sensing node, especially for a beam-based operation and communication. The UE channel sub-space is a subset of the entire algebraic space, defined over the spatial domain, in which the entire channel from the TP to the UE lies. Accordingly, the UE channel sub-space defines the TP-to-UE channel with very high accuracy. The signals transmitted over other sub-spaces result in a negligible contribution to the UE channel. Knowledge of the UE channel sub-space helps to reduce the effort needed for channel measurement at the UE and channel reconstruction at the network-side. Therefore, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques may enable the UE channel reconstruction with much less overhead as compared to traditional methods. Sub-space information can also facilitate sub-space-based sensing to reduce sensing complexity and improve sensing accuracy.
[0090] In some embodiments of integrated sensing and communication, a same radio access technology (RAT) is used for sensing and communication. This avoids the need to multiplex two different RATs under one carrier spectrum, or necessitating two different carrier spectrums for the two different RATs.
[0091] In embodiments that integrate sensing and communication under one RAT, a first set of channels may be used to transmit a sensing signal and a second set of channels may be used to transmit a communications signal. In some embodiments, each channel in the first set of channels and each channel in the second set of channels is a logical channel, a transport channel or a physical channel.
[0092] At the physical layer, communication and sensing may be performed via separate physical channels. For example, a first physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-C is defined for data communication, while a second physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-Sis defined for sensing. Similarly, separate physical uplink shared channels (PUSCH) , PUSCH-C and PUSCH-S, could be defined for uplink communication and sensing.
[0093] In another example, the same PDSCH and PUSCH could be also used for both communication and sensing, with separate logical layer channels and / or transport layer channels defined for communication and sensing. Note also that control channel (s) and data channel (s) for sensing can have the same or different channel structure (format) , occupy same or different frequency bands or bandwidth parts.
[0094] In a further example, a common physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a common physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be used to carry control information for both sensing and communication. Alternatively, separate physical layer control channels may be used to carry separate control information for communication and sensing. For example, PUCCH-Sand PUCCH-C could be used for uplink control for sensing and communication respectively and PDCCH-Sand PDCCH-C for downlink control for sensing and communication respectively.
[0095] Different combinations of shared and dedicated channels for sensing and communication, at each of the physical, transport, and logical layers, are possible.
[0096] The term RADAR originates from the phrase Radio Detection and Ranging; however, expressions with different forms of capitalization (e.g., Radar and radar) are equally valid and now more common. Radar is typically used for detecting a presence and a location of an object. A radar system radiates radio frequency energy and receives echoes of the energy reflected from one or more targets. The system determines the pose of a given target based on the echoes returned from the given target. The radiated energy can be in the form of an energy pulse or a continuous wave, which can be expressed or defined by a particular waveform. Examples of waveforms used in radar include frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and ultra-wideband (UWB) waveforms.
[0097] Radar systems can be monostatic, bi-static or multi-static. In a monostatic radar system, the radar signal transmitter and receiver are co-located, such as being integrated in a transceiver. In a bi-static radar system, the transmitter and receiver are spatially separated, and the distance of separation is comparable to, or larger than, the expected target distance (often referred to as the range) . In a multi-static radar system, two or more radar components are spatially diverse but with a shared area of coverage. A multi-static radar is also referred to as a multisite or netted radar.
[0098] Terrestrial radar applications encounter challenges such as multipath propagation and shadowing impairments. Another challenge is the problem of identifiability because terrestrial targets have similar physical attributes. Integrating sensing into a communication system is likely to suffer from these same challenges, and more.
[0099] Communication nodes can be either half-duplex or full-duplex. A half-duplex node cannot both transmit and receive using the same physical resources (time, frequency, etc. ) ; conversely, a full-duplex node can transmit and receive using the same physical resources. Existing commercial wireless communications networks are all half-duplex. Even if full-duplex communications networks become practical in the future, it is expected that at least some of the nodes in the network will still be half-duplex nodes because half-duplex devices are less complex, and have lower cost and lower power consumption. In particular, full-duplex implementation is more challenging at higher frequencies (e.g., in millimeter wave bands) and very challenging for small and low-cost devices, such as femtocell base stations and UEs.
[0100] The limitation of half-duplex nodes in the communications network presents further challenges toward integrating sensing and communications into the devices and systems of the communications network. For example, both half-duplex and full-duplex nodes can perform bi-static or multi-static sensing, but monostatic sensing typically requires the sensing node have full-duplex capability. A half-duplex node may perform monostatic sensing with certain limitations, such as in a pulsed radar with a specific duty cycle and ranging capability.
[0101] Properties of a sensing signal, or a signal used for both sensing and communication, include the waveform of the signal and the frame structure of the signal. The frame structure defines the time-domain boundaries of the signal. The waveform describes the shape of the signal as a function of time and frequency. Examples of waveforms that can be used for a sensing signal include ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse, Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) or “chirp” , orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) , cyclic prefix (CP) -OFDM, and Discrete Fourier Transform spread (DFT-s) -OFDM.
[0102] In an embodiment, the sensing signal is a linear chirp signal with bandwidth B and time duration T. Such a linear chirp signal is generally known from its use in FMCW radar systems. A linear chirp signal is defined by an increase in frequency from an initial frequency, fchirp0, at an initial time, tchirp0, to a final frequency, fchirp1, at a final time, tchirp1 where the relation between the frequency (f) and time (t) can be expressed as a linear relation of f-fchirp0=α (t-tchirp0) , where is defined as the chirp slope. The bandwidth of the linear chirp signal may be defined as B=fchirp1-fchirp0 and the time duration of the linear chirp signal may be defined as T=tchirp1-tchirp0. Such linear chirp signal can be presented as in the baseband representation.
[0103] Precoding, as used herein, may refer to any coding operation (s) or modulation (s) that transform an input signal into an output signal. Precoding may be performed in different domains and typically transforms the input signal in a first domain to an output signal in a second domain. Precoding may include linear operations.
[0104] A terrestrial communication system may also be referred to as a land-based or ground-based communication system, although a terrestrial communication system can also, or instead, be implemented on or in water. The non-terrestrial communication system may bridge coverage gaps in underserved areas by extending the coverage of cellular networks through the use of non-terrestrial nodes, which will be key to establishing global, seamless coverage and providing mobile broadband services to unserved / underserved regions. In the current case, it is hardly possible to implement terrestrial access-points / base-stations infrastructure in areas like oceans, mountains, forests, or other remote areas.
[0105] The terrestrial communication system may be a wireless communications system using 5G technology and / or later generation wireless technology. In some examples, the terrestrial communication system may also accommodate some legacy wireless technologies (e.g., 3G or 4G wireless technology) . The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using satellite constellations, like conventional Geo-Stationary Orbit (GEO) satellites, which utilize broadcast public / popular contents to a local server. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which are known to establish a better balance between large coverage area and propagation path-loss / delay. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using stabilized satellites in very low earth orbits (VLEO) technologies, thereby substantially reducing the costs for launching satellites to lower orbits. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using high altitude platforms (HAPs) , which are known to provide a low path-loss air interface for the users with limited power budget. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (or unmanned aerial system, “UAS” ) achieving a dense deployment, since their coverage can be limited to a local area, such as airborne, balloon, quadcopter, drones, etc. In some examples, GEO satellites, LEO satellites, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be horizontal and two-dimensional. In some examples, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be coupled to integrate satellite communications to cellular networks. Emerging 3D vertical networks consist of many moving (other than geostationary satellites) and high altitude access points such as UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs.
[0106] MIMO technology allows an antenna array of multiple antennas to perform signal transmissions and receptions to meet high transmission rate requirements. The ED 110 and the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP may use MIMO to communicate using wireless resource blocks. MIMO utilizes multiple antennas at the transmitter to transmit wireless resource blocks over parallel wireless signals. It follows that multiple antennas may be utilized at the receiver. MIMO may beamform parallel wireless signals for reliable multipath transmission of a wireless resource block. MIMO may bond parallel wireless signals that transport different data to increase the data rate of the wireless resource block.
[0107] In recent years, a MIMO (large-scale MIMO) wireless communication system with the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 configured with a large number of antennas has gained wide attention from academia and industry. In the large-scale MIMO system, the T-TRP 170, and / or the NT-TRP 172, is generally configured with more than ten antenna units (see antennas 256 and antennas 280 in FIG. 3) . The T-TRP 170, and / or the NT-TRP 172, is generally operable to serve dozens (such as 40) of EDs 110. A large number of antenna units of the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 can greatly increase the degree of spatial freedom of wireless communication, greatly improve the transmission rate, spectral efficiency and power efficiency, and, to a large extent, reduce interference between cells. The increase of the number of antennas allows for each antenna unit to be made in a smaller size with a lower cost. Using the degree of spatial freedom provided by the large-scale antenna units, the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 of each cell can communicate with many EDs 110 in the cell on the same time-frequency resource at the same time, thus greatly increasing the spectral efficiency. A large number of antenna units of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 also enable each user to have better spatial directivity for uplink and downlink transmission, so that the transmitting power of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 and an ED 110 is reduced and the power efficiency is correspondingly increased. When the antenna number of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 is sufficiently large, random channels between each ED 110 and the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 can approach orthogonality such that interference between cells and users and the effect of noise can be reduced. The plurality of advantages described hereinbefore enable large-scale MIMO to have a magnificent application prospect.
[0108] A MIMO system may include a receiver connected to a receive (Rx) antenna, a transmitter connected to transmit (Tx) antenna and a signal processor connected to the transmitter and the receiver. Each of the Rx antenna and the Tx antenna may include a plurality of antennas. For instance, the Rx antenna may have a uniform linear array (ULA) antenna, in which the plurality of antennas are arranged in line at even intervals. When a radio frequency (RF) signal is transmitted through the Tx antenna, the Rx antenna may receive a signal reflected and returned from a forward target.
[0109] A non-exhaustive list of possible unit or possible configurable parameters or in some embodiments of a MIMO system include: a panel; and a beam.
[0110] A panel is a unit of an antenna group, or antenna array, or antenna sub-array, which unit can control a Tx beam or a Rx beam independently.
[0111] A beam may be formed by performing amplitude and / or phase weighting on data transmitted or received by at least one antenna port. A beam may be formed by using another method, for example, adjusting a related parameter of an antenna unit. The beam may include a Tx beam and / or a Rx beam. The transmit beam indicates distribution of signal strength formed in different directions in space after a signal is transmitted through an antenna. The receive beam indicates distribution of signal strength that is of a wireless signal received from an antenna and that is in different directions in space. Beam information may include a beam identifier, or an antenna port (s) identifier, or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource identifier, or a SSB resource identifier, or a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource identifier, or other reference signal resource identifier.
[0112] Many known positioning estimation techniques, designed for being carried out at a given target UE, are based on an assumption there is a line of sight (LoS) between a given positioning anchor and the given target UE. However, it may be shown that this assumption is not always valid in real life applications. The assumption may be especially invalid at relatively low carrier frequency bands; that is, carrier frequency bands that are sub-6GHz. In these carrier frequency bands, it may be illustrated that there is no so-called network densification, which is defined by base stations that are spatially separated by only hundreds of meters. As a result of a lack of network densification, it may be shown that there may be a relatively high probability of LoS blockage and an increased probability of NLoS conditions.
[0113] Moreover, in these carrier frequency bands, signal degradation factors, such as multi-bouncing reflections and diffractions, may be more pronounced. These signal degradation factors may be shown to cause non-line of sight bias (NLoS-bias) problems that reduce the accuracy of a position self-determined at a target UE 110. An example, a single nanosecond (1 ns) NLoS-bias in estimating a time of flight of a positioning reference signal (PRS) reflected by an environmental object may be shown to translate into an at least 30 cm error in a range / distance estimated by the target UE 110 that receives the reflected PRS. Moreover, a 30 cm NLoS-bias in a range / distance estimate may be shown to be more problematic given that positioning estimation techniques often involves the target UE 110 obtaining at least three range / distance estimates; one estimate based on reception, at the target UE 110, of each of at least three different PRSs transmitted by different positioning anchors, which are often base stations 170 or TRPs 170.
[0114] Aspects of the present application are based on an observation that position errors due to NLoS-bias at nodes / terminals / UEs may be correlated. Indeed, a high spatial correlation between a given target UE 110 and at least one other node may result in highly correlated position error due to NLoS-bias observed at, or experienced by, the given target UE 110 and position error due to NLoS-bias observed at, or experienced by, the at least one other node.
[0115] FIG. 6 illustrates an environment 600 that includes a first UE 110-1 and a second UE 110-2 along with three TRPs 170, including a first TRP 170-1, a second TRP 170-2 and a third TRP 170-3. The environment 600 of FIG. 6 also includes three environmental objects 602: a first environmental object 602A; a second environmental object 602B; and a third environmental object 602C.
[0116] In the environment 600 of FIG. 6, the first environmental object 602A establishes that there is no LoS path from the third TRP 170-3 to the first UE 110-1. However, there is an NLoS path from the third TRP 170-3 to the first UE 110-1. Similarly, the first environmental object 602A establishes that there is no LoS path from the third TRP 170-3 to the second UE 110-2. However, there is an NLoS path from the third TRP 170-3 to the second UE 110-2.
[0117] It may be shown that, due to a spatial proximity of the first UE 110-1 and the second UE 110-2, a delay, associated with the NLoS path from the third TRP 170-3 to the first UE 110-1, is approximately the same as a delay, associated with the NLoS path from the third TRP 170-3 to the second UE 110-2.
[0118] Similarly, a delay, associated with an imaginary LoS path from the third TRP 170-3 to the first UE 110-1, may be shown to be approximately the same as a delay, associated with an imaginary LoS path from the third TRP 170-3 to the second UE 110-2. The LoS paths are considered to be imaginary in that such paths would be possible in the absence of the first environmental object 602A.
[0119] A delay NLoS-bias term, βτ, may be defined to represent a difference between a NLoS delay, τNLoS, and an LoS delay, τLoS. In particular, and It follows that the delay NLoS-bias terms, and in delay estimates between the UEs 110-1, 110-2 and the third TRP 170-3 may be shown to be highly correlated. Indeed, the values of the NLoS-bias terms may be shown to be approximately similar, i.e.,
[0120] Assuming hybrid, geometry-based statistical channel models, the position error due to NLoS-bias associated with a particular UE 110 may be shown to be a function of both surrounding environment objects 602 and the position of the particular UE 110. However, it may be shown that, for certain areas of the environment 600, there is a disparity between the impact, on the position error due to NLoS-bias, of the surrounding environment objects 602 and the impact, on the position error due to NLoS-bias, of the position of the particular UE 110. Indeed, the impact of the position of the particular UE 110 may be weaker than the impact of the surrounding environment objects 602. This disparity may be especially pronounced if corner cases are excluded.
[0121] Accordingly, the impact, on the position error due to NLoS-bias, may be considered to be a “tile” / “small area” characteristic, rather than a feature of the particular UE 110. Notably, this consideration ignores hardware issues that may be associated with the particular UE 110 and also ignores synchronization error.
[0122] In overview, aspects of the present application relate to a first node, with a known location, determining an RP position error due to NLoS-bias and sharing the position error due to NLoS-bias with a second node that is in proximity to the first node.
[0123] Notably, in the present analyses and mathematical equations, additive noises, such as measurement noises, thermal noises, etc., have been excluded. Aspects of the present application relate to reducing position error due to NLoS conditions. It is known that noises can be alleviated by algorithmically using any unbiased estimation techniques.
[0124] Aspects of the present application may be found to be applicable to scenarios wherein a UE 110 is to be positioned or localized with relatively high accuracy. The UE 110 may reside in the same vicinity of another UE 110. In aspects of the present application, three different position-error-due-to-NLoS-bias measuring and reporting approaches are proposed. Notably, all three approaches share key ideas and machinery. The approaches may be distinguished in that each approach is tailored to meet various features of different application scenarios. There are four main nodes / terminals involved in the proposed approaches.
[0125] The term SMF 176 (see FIG. 5) is used, herein, to refer to a physical network entity or a logical network entity that may be considered to orchestrate the three different position-error-due-to-NLoS-bias measuring and reporting approaches. The main duties of the SMF 176 relate to: (i) managing the time and frequency resources and configurations of positioning signals; (ii) assigning reference points (RPs) to subareas; (iii) sending positioning signal configurations and NLoS measurement configurations to RPs, to receiver anchor nodes (RX-ANs) and to target UEs; and (iv) receiving feedback about an estimated position of a target UE.
[0126] The term “reference point (RP) ” is used, herein, to refer to a node, either a network node or a UE in an RCC-connected state, that is able to receive, measure and process positioning reference signals according a configuration. The position of the RP is known at the RP itself with accuracy higher than the accuracy desired for an estimated position of a target UE. The main duties of the RP include: (i) measuring and estimating different position errors due to NLoS-bias; and (ii) reporting the estimated position errors due to NLoS-bias.
[0127] FIG. 7 illustrates an environment 700 that may be understood to be the environment 600 of FIG. 6 with an addition of an RP 704.
[0128] The term “tag” is used, herein, to refer to a node that may be configured with an estimate of position-error-due-to-NLoS-bias. A tag may modulate a sounding reference signal (received, say, over a sidelink channel) by embedding the position-error-due-to-NLoS-bias estimate while reflecting the sounding reference signal.
[0129] The term “target UE” used, herein, to refer to a UE 110 for which a position is to be estimated. Aspects of the present application relate to reducing error due to NLoS-bias in localizing or positioning the target UE.
[0130] Aspects of the present application relate to estimating position error due to different biases associated with NLoS conditions existing between a positioning TRP and a target UE. Such aspects include establishing positioning reference signal configuration parameters, making measurements, at reference points, of received positioning reference signals, processing measurements, at reference points, of received positioning reference signals and feeding back different types of information obtained by processing the received positioning reference signals.
[0131] FIG. 9 illustrates, in a flow diagram, interaction between some of the elements in the environment 700 of FIG. 7. A particular UE 110, or, more generally, a particular network node, may be selected, by the SMF 176, to be an RP 704. Upon selecting the particular network node, the SMF 176 may transmit (step 902) , to the selected RP 704, an indication of the selection. The RP 704 receives (step 904) the indication. The SMF 176 may also transmit (step 906) , to the RP 704, configuration for downlink positioning reference signals (DL-PRS) that are to be sent. The RP 704 receives (step 908) the configuration.
[0132] It is expected that a high spatial correlation between the target UE 110-1 and the RP 704 may result in highly correlated position error due to NLoS-bias observed at, or experienced by, the target UE 110-1 and position error due to NLoS-bias observed at, or experienced by, the RP 704.
[0133] The SMF 176 may transmit (step 910) , to the target UE 110-1, measurement configurations and indication of a positioning methodology that includes NLoS bias reduction. The target UE 110-1 receives (step 912) the configuration.
[0134] The SMF 176 may also transmit (step 910) , to the RP 704, the same measurement configurations and indication of positioning methodology. The RP 704 receives (step 914) the configuration.
[0135] An RP 704 has an RP known position vector, PRP, and the RP known position vector, PRP, is associated with an accuracy level. Notably, the RP known position vector, PRP, is referenced as a vector because it is expected that the RP known position vector, PRP, will have multiple components in a given frame of reference, for example, PRP= (Px, Py, Pz) . The accuracy level may be measured as an RP position error standard deviation vector, σRP, for the RP known position vector, PRP. Notably, the RP position error standard deviation vector, σRP, is also referenced as a vector because it is expected that the RP standard deviation vector, σRP, will have multiple components in the given frame of reference, for example, σRP= (σx,σy, σz) .
[0136] The entity assigning a particular node as the RP 704 may be the SMF 176 or a so-called “main serving” TRP 170, which may be a physical TRP that implements an SMF 176. The act of assigning the particular node as an RP may involve associating the RP 704 with a target UE 110-1 or with a group of target UEs 110. The RP 704 may be expected to measure, detect, estimate, correct and share position error due to NLoS-bias.
[0137] The RP 704 may be implemented as a network node, such as remote radio head (RRH) , a road side unit (RSU) , a relay, a repeater or any similar node that may be configured to receive PRS, process PRS, estimate certain parameters and share the parameters with the SMF 176. The sharing of the parameters, with the SMF 176 or with another network node, may be accomplished through use of any uplink control channel or uplink shared channel.
[0138] Alternatively, the RP 704 may be implemented as a terminal node, such as a UE 110, a terminal sensor, an IoT device or any similar device that may be configured to receive PRS, process PRS, estimate certain parameters and share the parameters with the SMF 176.
[0139] Before carrying out a procedure related to estimating a position for a target UE 110-1, the RP 704 is expected to obtain, through any means, the RP known position vector, PRP. As part of obtaining the RP known position vector, PRP, the RP 704 is expected to obtain an accuracy level indication to associate with the RP known position vector, PRP. It is proposed, herein, to use the RP position error standard deviation vector, σRP, as an accuracy level indication. Notably, accuracy level indications that are distinct from position error standard deviation are also contemplated.
[0140] The accuracy level indication associated with the RP known position vector, PRP, of the assigned RP 704 should be higher than an accuracy level vector, σreq, that is expected or desired for the target UE 110-1. That is, the assigned RP 704 is considered useful under the condition that σRP<σreq. This condition establishes that the RP 704 is suitable for measuring and reporting position error due to NLoS-bias.
[0141] The TRPs 170 may be referenced as positioning anchors. The positioning anchor 170-3 of FIG. 9 may carry out aspects of the present application by transmitting (step 916) DL-PRS toward the target UE 110-1 for which a position is to be determined.
[0142] The positioning anchor 170-3 may also transmit (1016, see FIG. 10) side information and configurations. The configurations may, for example, include location information for the positioning anchor 170-3, measurement configurations and an indication of a positioning methodology. The target UE 110-1 receives (step 1018) the side information and configurations. The RP 704 also receives (step 1020) the side information and configurations.
[0143] The target UE 110-1 receives (step 918) DL-PRS transmitted (step 916) by the TRP 170-3. The target UE 110-1 processes (step 922) received (step 918) DL-PRS according to the configuration received (step 912) from the SMF 176.
[0144] The configurations received (steps 908, 914) from the SMF 176 may be shown to allow the RP 704 to process (step 924) received (step 920) DL-PRS in a manner consistent with the manner that the target UE 110-1 processes (step 922) received (step 918) DL-PRS.
[0145] The target UE 110-1 is expected to perform known procedures and processes for obtaining a position according to the configuration received (step 912) from the SMF 176. For instance, the target UE 110-1 may process (step 922) the DL-PRS to obtain positioning-related measurements. In a case of using downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDoA) as a positioning method, the positioning-related measurements may, for example, include: received signal time difference (RSTD) ; and PRS received signal received power (PRS-RSRP) . The processing (step 922) , by the target UE 110-1, of received (step 918) DL-PRS may be understood to allow the target UE 110-1 to obtain a biased estimate of its own position.
[0146] It is expected that the RP 704 will overhear (that is, receive in step 920) the DL-PRS transmitted (step 916) by the TRP 170-3. Upon receiving (step 920) the DL-PRS, the RP 704 may process (step 924) obtained measurements, according to the PRS configuration received (step 908) from the SMF 176. The RP 704 may also process (step 924) the DL-PRS according to the NLoS reduction configuration received (step 914) from the SMF 176.
[0147] Although the receiving (step 920) , by the RP 704, of the DL-PRS is described herein as “overhearing” the DL-PRS, it is notable that the RP 704 and the target UE 110-1 may receive the DL-PRS over two different time slots. As long as the RP 704 and the target UE 110-1 are in the same vicinity and the general configurations of the DL-PRS are the same for the RP 704 and for the target UE 110-1, then the RP 704 and the target UE 110-1 are expected to experience the same NLOS bias. Accordingly, any position error due to NLoS bias reported by the RP 704 may be expected to be relevant to the target UE 110-1.
[0148] The RP 704 and the target UE 110-1 are expected to be configured to make use of the same frequency resources and time resources or, at least, resources that are highly correlated. In this way, it may be reasonably expected that the RP 704 and the target UE 110-1 experience highly correlated NLoS. For example, both the RP 704 and the target UE 110-1 may receive DL-PRS sent over the same beam or over two very spatially correlated beams and the same frequency and time resources or, at least, frequency and time resources within a coherence bandwidth and a coherence time of the channel.
[0149] Side information and configuration of the positioning process may be received (step 914) , by the RP 704, from the SMF 176. The side information and configuration of the positioning process may include, for example, locations of positioning anchors transmitting the DL-PRS.
[0150] Based on the processing (step 924) of the measurements of the DL-PRS, in combination with the side information and configuration of the positioning process (received in step 914) , the RP 704 may obtain an RP estimated position vector,
[0151] Utilizing the RP estimated position vector, in combination with a previously established RP known position vector, PRP, the RP 704 may estimate different biases related to the NLoS condition. In particular, the RP 704 may obtain an estimated RP position error due to NLoS-bias, expressed as an RP position error vector, (see FIG. 8) . Alternatively, an estimated RP position error due to NLoS-bias may be expressed as an RP position error scalar, where
[0152] Notably, it may be shown that obtaining the RP known position vector, PRP, is difficult to accomplish without error. That is, the RP known position vector, PRP, is usually associated with some uncertainty, which may be referenced as a “true position error. ” In the present analysis, it may be assumed that the true position error either approaches zero or is much smaller than a maximum position error desired for the target UE 110-1 and for the RP position error scalar, Accordingly, it is assumed that ignoring the true position error when obtaining the estimated RP position error, vector or scalar, is a reasonable approach.
[0153] By processing (step 924) the measurements, the RP 704 may also obtain an estimated total delay drift in delay, τ, due to the estimated RP position error vector, The estimated total delay drift, may be found as where C is the speed of light.
[0154] By processing (step 924) the measurements, the RP 704 may also obtain an estimated total elevation angle drift, in elevation angle of arrival, θ, due to the scalar RP position error scalar, The RP may obtain the estimated total elevation angle drift as
[0155] By processing (step 924) the measurements, the RP 704 may also obtain an estimated total azimuth angle drift, in azimuth angle of arrival, due to components of the RP position error vector, The RP may obtain the estimated total azimuth angle drift as
[0156] The RP 704 may be expected to maintain first position information (P1) for the first TRP 170-1 (TRP1) , second position information (P2) for the second TRP 170-2 (TRP2) and third position information (P3) for the third TRP 170-3 (TRP3) . The measurements, processed (step 924) at the RP 704, may allow the RP 704 to obtain an estimated time of flight, for the received PRS sent from the jth TRP, TRPj. Based on this estimated time of flight, the RP 704 may obtain an estimated TRP-specific RP delay error scalar, An estimated TRP-specific RP delay error scalar may be determined as
[0157] At a conclusion of processing (step 924) the measurements, the RP 704 may transmit (step 926) , to the SMF 176, a NLoS bias report. It follows that the SMF 176 receives (step 928) the NLoS bias report. Responsive to receiving (step 928) the NLoS bias report, the SMF 176 may transmit (step 930) , to the target UE 110-1, a bias update. The bias update may include information received (step 928) , by the SMF 176, in the NLoS bias report. Indeed, the bias update may include the estimated biases.
[0158] Aspects of the present application relate to the target UE 110-1 implementing corrective action responsive to receiving (step 932) , from the SMF 176, the configuration update including information about position error due to different NLoS-biases.
[0159] Before transmitting (step 916) the DL-PRS, the TRP 170-3 may transmit (step 1016, FIG. 10) assistance data designed to help the target UE 110-1 position itself. It follows that, before receiving (step 918) the DL-PRS, the target UE 110-1 may receive (step 1018, FIG. 10) the assistance data. The assistance data may include locations of one or more positioning anchors (TRPs 170) that will be transmitting (step 916) the DL-PRS.
[0160] Upon receiving (step 918) the DL-PRS at the target UE 110-1, the target UE 110-1 may start processing (step 922) positioning measurements in a manner that has been preconfigured by, for example, the SMF 176. The manner of processing (step 922) the positioning measurements may be expected to depend on a predetermined methodology. For example, the target UE 110-1 may process (step 922) RSTD measurements and / or PRS-RSRP measurements when the predetermined positioning methodology is DL-TDoA. RSTD measurements and PRS-RSRP measurements may be broadly referenced as “positioning-related, delay-based measurements. ” Other positioning-related, delay-based measurements have been contemplated, including so-called TX-RX diff measurements and multipath measurements.
[0161] Depending on the LoS conditions between the target UE 110-1 and the set of positioning anchors (the TRPs 170) , the positioning-related, delay-based measurements are expected to be relatively biased by delay NLoS-biases. Such delay NLoS-biases may be shown to cause a relatively large position error to be present when the target UE 110-1 obtains a UE own position estimate, It is expected that the target UE 110-1 will, unknowingly, determine an UE own position estimate, that combines a UE true position vector, PUE, with a UE position error scalar, That is, the target UE 110-1 is expected to obtain a UE own position estimate as
[0162] Due a proximity between the RP 704 and the target UE 110-1, due, at least in part, to appropriate selection, by the SMF 176, of the RP 704, NLoS conditions and, accordingly, position error due to NLoS-bias experienced at the RP 704 and position error due to NLoS-bias experienced at the target UE 110-1 are expected to be highly correlated. It follows that the values of the position errors due to similar NLoS conditions are expected to be similar and correlated with small differences due to the differences in distances between them, i.e.,
[0163] Subsequent to receipt (step 932) , at the target UE 110-1 from the SMF 176, of the configuration update including, for example, the RP position error vector, the target UE 110-1 may re-process (step 934) DL-PRS measurements to obtain an estimate of a UE true position vector, PUE, by subtracting the RP position error vector, from a UE position estimate vector, That is, the target UE 110-1 may process (step 922) DL-PRS measurements to determine the UE true position vector as More generally, the subtracting of the RP position error vector, from a UE position estimate vector, may be referred to as correcting the position NLoS bias from the biased position estimate, since the operation may not always be a subtraction.
[0164] As an alternative to, or in addition to, transmitting (step 926) , to the SMF 176, a NLoS bias report, the RP 704 may transmit (step 1030, FIG. 10) , to the target UE 110-1, updated configuration information in the form of one or more TRP-specific RP delay error scalars, The target UE 110-1 may receive (step 1032, FIG. 10) , from the RP 704, the updated configuration information.
[0165] In the context of the updated configuration information, the target UE 110-1 may re-process (step 934) the measurements of the received (step 918) DL-PRS to, thereby, arrive at an estimated TRP-specific UE delay error,
[0166] The estimated TRP-specific UE delay error, may be understood to be different from an unbiased TRP-specific UE delay error, τUE, TRP, by a TRP-specific RP delay error scalar, that is,
[0167] In the context of FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, it may be understood that the target UE 110-1 receives (step 1032, FIG. 10) , from the RP 704, updated configuration information, including a third-TRP-specific RP delay error scalar, specific to the third TRP 170-3. Notably, the target UE 110-1 may receive (step 1032, FIG. 10) , from the RP 704, updated configuration information, including a first-TRP-specific RP delay error scalar, specific to the first TRP 170-1 (see FIG. 7) and updated configuration information, including a second-TRP-specific RP delay error scalar, specific to the second TRP 170-2 (see FIG. 7) .
[0168] Based on receiving a plurality of RP delay error scalars, the target UE 110-1 may obtain a plurality of unbiased TRP-specific UE delay errors, using The re-processing (step 934) of the measurements of the received (step 918) DL-PRS may be shown to allow the target UE 110-1 to utilize plurality of unbiased TRP-specific UE delay errors to obtain an estimated position for itself using any delay-based positioning technique, such as DL-TDoA.
[0169] The target UE 110-1 may then transmit (step 936) , to the SMF 176, a sensing report. The SMF 176 receives (step 938) the sensing report. The sensing report may include an indication of the estimated position for the target UE 110-1. The SMF 176 may process (step 940) the sensing report to extract the estimated position for the target UE 110-1.
[0170] Aspects of the present application relate to collaborative sharing of position error due to NLoS bias between different network nodes. Further aspects of the present application relate to signaling to achieve such sharing.
[0171] The SMF 176 may employ offline processing to divide a region of interest, for example, the environment 700 of FIG. 7, into sub-areas. FIG. 11 illustrates a region of interest 1100 divided into a plurality of sub-areas. Each sub-area may be defined by a property wherein position errors due to NLOS bias are expected to be highly correlated. The dividing carried out by the SMF 176 may be based on historical data collected for the sub-areas. Additionally or alternatively, the dividing carried out by the SMF 176 may be based on some knowledge about a map of main features of the region of interest 1100. The main features may include position, orientation and shape of buildings within the region of interest 1100. Additionally or alternatively, the dividing carried out by the SMF 176 may be based on information obtained from offline data collected during historical RF measurements campaigns.
[0172] The SMF 176 may assign one or more RPs 1104 to a given sub-area. The SMF 176 may assign, as an RP 1104, a network node. Additionally or alternatively, the SMF 176 may assign, as an RP 1104, a UE 110. An estimated position error due to NLoS bias, determined at an RP 1104, may be shared by the RP 1104 with a target UE 110 directly (see step 1030, FIG. 10) , via a serving TRP 170 (not shown) or via the SMF 176 (see step 930, FIG. 9) . When the RP 1104 is a UE 110, the RP 1104 may share the estimated position error due to NLoS bias using side link communications. When the RP 1104 is a network node distinct from a UE 110, the RP 1104 may share the estimated position error due to NLoS bias using a regular downlink channel or a control channel.
[0173] Aspects of the present application relate to sharing, from the RP 704 to the SMF 176, estimated position error due to NLoS bias. In turn, the SMF 176 shares, with a target UE 110, the estimated position error due to NLoS bias. The SMF 176 may accomplish such sharing through a configurable tag 1202, as illustrated in FIG. 12.
[0174] FIG. 12 illustrates an environment 1200 that may be understood to be similar to the environment 700 of FIG. 7 with an addition of a configurable tag 1202. For ease of illustration, the first TRP 170-1 and the second TRP 170-2 are not illustrated in FIG. 12. A further distinction between the environment 1200 of FIG. 12 and the environment 700 of FIG. 7 may be found in a co-location of the SMF 176 with the third TRP 170-3.
[0175] FIG. 13 illustrates, in a flow diagram, interaction between some of the elements in the environment 1200 of FIG. 12. A particular UE 110, or, more generally, a particular network node, may be selected, by the SMF 176, to be an RP 704.
[0176] Although not illustrated, a plurality of environment objects in the region of interest 1100 illustrated in FIG. 11 may be associated with a corresponding plurality of configurable tags similar to the configurable tag 1202 of FIG. 12. Ideally, configurable tags are deployed in objectively good intermediate positions within each subarea.
[0177] Upon selecting the particular network node, the SMF 176 (co-located with the third TRP 170-3) may transmit (step 902) , to the selected RP 704, an indication of the selection. The RP 704 receives (step 904) the indication. For each subarea, the SMF 176 may select a UE associated with relatively high position accuracy to be the RP 704.
[0178] The SMF 176 may also transmit (step 906) , to the selected RP 704, configuration for DL-PRS that are to be sent. The RP 704 receives (step 908) the configuration.
[0179] The SMF 176 may transmit (step 910) , to the target UE 110-1, measurement configurations and indication of a positioning methodology that includes NLoS bias reduction. The target UE 110-1 receives (step 912) the configuration.
[0180] The SMF 176 may also transmit (step 910) , to the RP 704, the same measurement configurations and indication of positioning methodology. The RP 704 receives (step 914) the configuration.
[0181] The third TRP 170-3 (co-located with the SMF 176) may carry out aspects of the present application by transmitting (step 916) DL-PRS toward the target UE 110-1 for which a position is to be determined. The target UE 110-1 receives (step 918) DL-PRS transmitted (step 916) by the TRP 170-3. The target UE 110-1 processes (step 922) received DL-PRS according to the configuration received (step 912) from the SMF 176.
[0182] The configurations received (steps 908, 914) from the SMF 176 may be shown to allow the RP 704 to process (step 924) received (step 920) DL-PRS in a manner consistent with the manner that the target UE 110-1 processes (step 922) received (step 918) DL-PRS.
[0183] At a conclusion of processing (step 924) the measurements, the RP 704 may transmit (step 926) , to the SMF 176, a NLoS bias report. It follows that the SMF 176 receives (step 928) the NLoS bias report. Responsive to receiving (step 928) the NLoS bias report, the SMF 176 may transmit (step 1350) , to the configurable tag 1202, a tag configuration. The tag configuration may include information received (step 928) , by the SMF 176, in the NLoS bias report. The configurable tag 1202 receives (step 1352) the tag configuration and stores the tag configuration.
[0184] Although not illustrated in FIG. 12 or FIG. 13, a given subarea may include more than one RP 704. Accordingly, the SMF 176 may receive (step 928) more than one NLoS bias report. Upon receiving (step 928) a plurality of NLoS bias reports, the SMF may process (not shown) the plurality of NLoS bias reports to obtain a mean of the position errors due to the NLOS-biases for a given subarea. It follows that the tag configuration that is transmitted in step 1350 may indicate the mean of the position errors due to the NLOS-biases for the subarea in which the configurable tag 1202 is located.
[0185] The target UE 110-1 may transmit (step 1354) a side link (SL) sensing signal. Upon receiving (step 1336) SL sensing signal, the configurable tag 1202 backscatters (step 1358) the SL sensing signal. While backscattering (step 1358) the SL sensing signal, the configurable tag 1202 may embed, in the backscattered SL sensing signal, position error due to NLoS bias, as represented in the stored tag configuration.
[0186] The target UE 110-1 may receive (step 1360) , from the configurable tag 1202, the backscattered SL sensing signal. From the information embedded in the backscattered SL sensing signal, the target UE 110-1 may obtain an indication of position error due to NLoS bias.
[0187] Recall that the processing (step 922) , by the target UE 110-1, of received (step 918) DL-PRS may be understood to allow the target UE 110-1 to obtain biased estimate of its own position.
[0188] The target UE 110-1 may incorporate the indication of position error due to NLoS bias when re-processing (step 934) the measurements of the received (step 918) DL-PRS to, thereby, arrive at unbiased estimate of its own position.
[0189] The target UE 110-1 may then transmit (step 936) , to the SMF 176, a sensing report. The SMF 176 receives (step 938) the sensing report. The sensing report may include an indication of the unbiased estimated position for the target UE 110-1. The SMF 176 may process (step 940) the sensing report to extract the unbiased estimated position for the target UE 110-1.
[0190] It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, data may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. Data may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. Data may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. The respective units / modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units / modules may be an integrated circuit, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . It will be appreciated that where the modules are software, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances as required, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0191] Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated embodiments, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this disclosure. In other words, a system or method designed according to an embodiment of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments.
[0192] Although this disclosure has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.
Claims
A method comprising:receiving, at a first node, a positioning reference signal; andtransmitting, from the first node to a third node, an indication of a position error due to non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias;wherein the position error due to NLoS bias has been determined, at the first node, by:obtaining measurements of the positioning reference signal;processing the measurements of the positioning reference signal to, thereby:obtain an estimated position; andobtain the position error due to NLoS bias based on a difference between a known position and the estimated position.The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting the indication of the position error due to NLoS bias comprises using at least one of an uplink control channel or an uplink shared channel.The method of claim 1 to claim 2, further comprising transmitting, to the third node, at least one of an estimate for a drift in delay due to the position error due to NLoS bias, an estimate for a drift in an azimuth angle of arrival, or an estimate for a drift in elevation angle of arrival.The method of any one of claim 1 to claim 3, wherein the processing comprises carrying out a predetermined positioning methodology.The method of claim 4, wherein the predetermined positioning methodology comprises downlink time difference of arrival.The method of claim 5, wherein the obtaining measurements of the positioning reference signal comprises obtaining positioning-related, delay-based measurements.The method of claim 6, wherein the positioning-related, delay-based measurements comprise at least one of received signal time difference measurements, received signal received power measurements, TX-RX diff measurements, or multipath measurements.The method of any one of claim 1 to claim 7, further comprising receiving at least one of a configuration for the positioning reference signal, a configuration for the obtaining the measurements, or positioning-related assistance information.The method of claim 8, wherein the positioning-related assistance information comprises at least one of an indication of a positioning methodology or an indication of a location for a positioning anchor transmitting the positioning reference signal.A method comprising:receiving, from a device, assistance data;receiving, from the device, a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) ;receiving an indication of a position non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias; andtransmitting an unbiased position estimate;wherein the unbiased position estimate has been obtained by:obtaining measurements of the DL-PRS;processing the measurements of the DL-PRS to obtain a biased position estimate; andobtaining the unbiased position estimate by correcting the position NLoS bias from the biased position estimate.The method of claim 10, wherein the assistance data comprises a location for the device transmitting the DL-PRS.The method of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the obtaining the measurements of the DL-PRS comprises obtaining at least one of received signal time difference (RSTD) measurements or reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements.The method of any one of claim 10 to claim 12, further comprising, before the receiving the DL-PRS, receiving a configuration for the DL-PRS.A method comprising:receiving, from a device, a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) ;transmitting a first side-link sensing signal;receiving a second side-link sensing signal; andtransmitting an unbiased position estimate;wherein the unbiased position estimate has been obtained by:obtaining, by processing the second side-link sensing signal, an indication of a position non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias;processing the measurements of the DL-PRS to obtain a biased position estimate; andobtaining the unbiased position estimate by correcting the position NLoS bias from the biased position estimate.A method comprising:receiving a position estimate for a first node, the position estimate associated with an accuracy;transmitting, to the first node, a configuration, wherein the configuration indicates that:the first node has been selected as a reference point, wherein selecting the first node includes determining that the accuracy is greater than a threshold accuracy;as a reference point, the first node is to receive the downlink positioning reference signal and transmit an indication of a position non-line-of-sight (NLoS) bias based on processing the received downlink positioning reference signal;transmitting a downlink positioning reference signal;receiving, from the first node, the indication of the position NLoS bias;transmitting, to a second node, the indication of the position NLoS bias; andreceiving, from the second node, an unbiased position estimate.An apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 15.The apparatus of claim 16 comprising:a processor to perform the processing the measurements; andan interface to perform the transmitting and the receiving.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the interface comprises one or more transceivers.The apparatus of claim 16 comprising a processor and a memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 15.A computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 15.A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 15.A system comprising a first apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 9, and a second apparatus configured to perform the method of claim 15.A system comprising a first apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 10 to 14, and a second apparatus configured to perform the method of claim 15.A system comprising a first apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 9, and a second apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 10 to 14.
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