Firearm and projectile for firearm (variants)

Abstract

The invention relates to the weapons industry, in particular to firearms. The firearm comprises a barrel (1) with a muzzle cut (2) and is provided with an external jet engine (9) configured to generate a jet of gases (10) coaxial with the barrel axis beyond the muzzle cut (2) in the direction of firing. The invention also concerns a projectile (6) for a firearm, comprising a cavity (18) containing a flowable substance (19) and one or more channels (20) communicating with the cavity (18) and having outlet openings (22) on an outer surface of the projectile (6). The cavity (18) is provided with a piston (23) capable of rectilinear movement and adapted to receive the impact of gases of the propellant charge (5). According to the invention, the projectile (6) has two alternative configurations. In the first configuration, a surface of the cavity (18) has one or a plurality of spiral -shaped protrusions (24) made along the axis of rotation of the projectile (6) and adapted to interact with the piston (23). In the second configuration, the piston (23) is made as a stepped piston consisting of several cylindrical surfaces of different diameters corresponding to the cylindrical surfaces of the cavity (18).

Description

[0001] DESCRIPTION

[0002] Title Of Invention: FIREARM AND PROJECTILE FOR FIREARM (VARIANTS)

[0003] Technical Field

[0004] The invention relates to the field of the weapons industry, in particular to firearms, such as barrel artillery, such as barrel artillery including: cannons, howitzers, mortars, recoilless guns, combat vehicles and small arms including: pistols, revolvers, rifles, machine guns, carbines, shotguns, machine guns and submachine guns.

[0005] Background Art

[0006] The closest to the claimed firearm in terms of technical essence and resulting tech- nical result is the device: Gun Barrel Optimized for Supersonic Projectiles (patent US20160363403A1 from 15.12.2016, Intel., F41A21 / 16), having a barrel, the barrel hav- ing a muzzle cut.

[0007] This device has several significant disadvantages.

[0008] The main disadvantage is that the throwing charge has a limited amount of throwing agent, which is designed for a certain burning time equal to the time the projectile is in the barrel during firing. Thus, at the moment the projectile leaves the barrel, practically the entire propellant charge is burned out and propellant burning practically ceases. Thus, as soon as the gases formed by the combustion of the propellant charge come in contact with atmospheric air in the barrel cavity in front of the bullet according to the invention, the energy and pressure of the gases, of the propellant charge, is transferred to a sound shock wave in front of the projectile, and the pressure behind the projectile becomes equal to or lower than the atmospheric air pressure and the acceleration of the projectile stops. Since the propelling charge according to the invention has a limited amount of substance, the flow of gases generated by the combustion of the propelling substance pushing the projectile will run out and the projectile will continue to move with negative acceleration. If we compare the traditional barrel of a firearm, which corresponds to the length of the elongated barrel described in the invention, and the barrel according to the invention, the initial velocity of the projectile as it leaves the barrel will be higher in the traditional barrel, because the time of acceleration of the projectile inside the barrel by the propellant gases will be longer and the gas will be able to transfer more energy to the projectile.

[0009] Also, the projectile accelerating in the barrel above the speed of sound overcomes the sound barrier inside the barrel resulting in the formation of a sound shock wave in front of the projectiles, which provides significant resistance to the forward motion of the pro- jectile along the barrel, which leads to the loss of kinetic energy of gases, which is converted into thermal energy and leads to heating of the projectile and the barrel of the firearm that negatively affects the acceleration of the projectile and the initial velocity of the projectile and will inevitably lead to damage to the barrel and / or projectile.

[0010] The device is closest to the claimed projectile for firearms (for variants 1 and 2 of the invention) in terms of its technical essence and resulting technical result: Pro- jectile for fire-arms and ordnance (patent US440672A From 18.11.1890, Intel., F42B14 / 04), having a cylindrical and / or conical shaped cavity which is made coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein the at least one cavity contains a flowable substance, one or more channels communicating with the at least one cavity and having outlet openings on the outer surface of the projectile, the at least one cavity is provided with a piston made with the possibility of rectilinear movement in the cavity, coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein the at least one piston is adapted to receive the im-pact of gases of the propellant charge.

[0011] This device has several significant disadvantages.

[0012] The main disadvantage of the selected prototype is that at the initial moment of firing the projectile is at rest, when the resting inertia force and the resting friction force of the pro- jectile have the maximum value. The gases resulting from the combustion of the propel- lant charge act on the bottom of the projectile and on the piston inside the projectile cavity. Since the inertia and friction forces of the projectile are higher than the inertia and friction forces of the piston, under the influence of gas pressure, the piston will create an impact force on the lubricant inside the cavity of the projectile. As a result of the impact of the piston on the lubricant inside the shell cavity, high pressure will be generated inside the lubricant, as the fluid is a non-compressible substance, and if the lubricant has sufficient fluidity and the channels are not hermetically sealed on the surface of the shell, the piston will squeeze all the lubricant into the barrel cavity at once. If the lubricant has low fluidity or the channels inside the projectile are sealed by the barrel of the firearm, projectile failure may occur along the projectile weakening channels inside the projectile.

[0013] Summary of Invention

[0014] Technical Problem

[0015] To create a firearm with increased muzzle velocity of the projectile, as well as to create a projectile with reduced friction on the surface of the surface of the barrel of the firearm and eliminate the identified shortcomings of the prototypes.

[0016] Solution to Problem

[0017] The task at hand is solved with the help of, a firearm having a barrel, the barrel having a muzzle cut, wherein according to the invention, the barrel has an external jet engine made with the ability to generate a jet of gases, coaxial to the axis of the barrel, after the muzzle cut in the direction of firing.

[0018] Advantageous Effects of Invention.

[0019] This difference will increase the initial velocity of the projectile by creating a jet of gases coaxial to the barrel of the firearm after the muzzle cut in the direction of firing, an external jet engine that will reduce air resistance in front of the projectile in the cavity of the barrel channel by reducing the density and pressure of air inside the barrel in front of the pro- jectile, created by the jet of gases at the muzzle cut of the barrel.

[0020] There is also no external atmospheric resistance after the projectile leaves the barrel, as the projectile will move in the accelerated tail gas flow of the jet, allowing the projectile to continue acceleration.

[0021] Increase the accuracy of the first and subsequent firing, by creating pressure on the barrel of the firearm, a jet of gases, which forms a reactive thrust, directed in the opposite direc- tion from the direction of the shot, which will allow to hold the barrel in a given position and minimize the effect of recoil firing.

[0022] Will reduce the recoil impulse at the moment of firing a firearm by preloading the barrel with a reactive gas jet.

[0023] Also, this difference will eliminate the sound shock wave created by the gases of the throwing charge at the moment of leaving the projectile of the barrel cavity of the firearm, since the escaping gases of the throwing agent will be absorbed and dispersed by the jet of gases created by the external jet engine.

[0024] A variant embodiment of the invention is possible, wherein the jet engine is in the form of a rocket jet engine having a bell-type nozzle, such as a Laval nozzle, or a rocket jet engine having a nozzle in the form of a truncated toroidal wedge.

[0025] Such a difference will allow the use of already known rocket jet engine designs which will simplify the creation of the claimed firearm.

[0026] It is also possible to have a variant implementation in which the inner barrel cavity has an expansion chamber, made in front of the muzzle cut of the barrel, with the possi- bility of forming a jet of gases formed by the throwing charge, coaxial to the barrel axis.

[0027] Such a difference will allow the residual energy of the propellant gases after the projectile leaves the barrel of the firearm to be effectively utilized to increase the velocity of the projectile.

[0028] Also the task at hand is solved with a projectile for a firearm (variant 1), having a cylindrical and / or conical shaped cavity which is made coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein the at least one cavity contains a flowable substance, one or more channels communicating with the at least one cavity and having outlet openings on the outer surface of the projectile, the at least one cavity being provided with a piston made with the possibility of rectilinear movement in the cavity, coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein at least one piston is adapted to receive the impact of gases of a throwing charge, wherein according to the invention, at least one cylindrical or conical surface of at least one cavity has one or a plurality of spiral-shaped protrusions made along the axis of rotation of the projectile, at least one cavity is provided with at least one piston, at least one piston is made with the possibility of interaction with spiral-shaped protrusions of at least one cavity.

[0029] Advantageous Effects of Invention

[0030] Such a difference will eliminate contact between the projectile and the inner surface of the barrel channel by filling the gap between them with a flowable substance and creating fluid friction between them, which will lead to a significant decrease in friction forces and increase the velocity of the projectile inside the barrel, as well as allow to significantly increase the operating time of the barrel of the firearm.

[0031] Such a difference will control the rate of flowable substance flow through the channel outlets and the pressure of the flowable substance in the projectile cavity throughout the movement of the projectile in the barrel of the firearm during firing, thereby allowing a limited volume of flowable substance to be distributed throughout the length of the barrel of the firearm during firing, thereby eliminating contact of the projectile with the surface of the channel of the barrel of the firearm.

[0032] An advantageous variant embodiment of the invention, wherein it has at least two cavities, at least two interconnected pistons, each of which is mounted in a cavity corre- sponding thereto.

[0033] This difference will allow the cavity containing the flowable substance to be moved to the front of the projectile to reduce heating of the flowable substance, and will also allow the spiral-shaped protrusion to be made in a separate cavity that does not contain the flowa- ble substance, thus simplifying the design and increasing the reliability of the projectile.

[0034] A variant embodiment of the invention is possible, wherein the at least one channel has a slot-shaped exit opening.

[0035] This difference will allow the flowable substance to be distributed over a larger area of the outer surface of the projectile, which will increase the contact area between the flow- able substance and the barrel, resulting in a more stable movement of the projectile in the barrel channel cavity.

[0036] It is also possible to have a variant implementation in which the at least one channel has an outlet opening made in a direction opposite to the rotation of the projectile with the possibility of generating a reactive thrust by the flowable substance directed in the direc- tion of rotation of the projectile.

[0037] This difference will create a rotation of the projectile around the projectile's rotation axis, which will increase the course stability of the projectile during flight to the target.

[0038] Another variant embodiment is an embodiment wherein, the spiral-shaped protru- sions of the at least one cavity, are made with a variable pitch along the axis of rotation of the cavity.

[0039] Such difference will allow to regulate the flow rate and pressure depending on the speed and position of the projectile, in the barrel, in the process of firing, which will allow to effectively spend and distribute a limited volume of flowable substance for the entire path of movement of the projectile in the barrel of the firearm.

[0040] A reasonable implementation variant is one in which, the flowable substance is a fluid or a liquefied gas.

[0041] Such a difference will allow different types of flowable substance to be used in different firearms operating conditions with maximum efficiency, which will reduce the weight and dimensions of the projectile and allow for an increase in the velocity and range of the projectile.

[0042] Also the task at hand is solved with the help of, a projectile for a firearm (variant 2) having a cylindrical and / or conical shaped cavity which is made coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein the at least one cavity contains a flowable substance, one or more channels communicating with the at least one cavity and having outlet open- ings on the outer surface of the projectile, the at least one cavity is provided with a piston made with the possibility of rectilinear movement in the cavity, coaxial to the axis of rota- tion of the projectile, wherein the at least one piston is adapted to receive the impact of gases of the propellant charge, wherein according to the invention, the at least one piston is made in the form of a stepped piston consisting of several cylindrical surfaces of different diameters, wherein the cavity has cylindrical surfaces corresponding in shape and diameter to the cylindrical surfaces of the piston.

[0043] Advantageous Effects of Invention

[0044] This design will simplify manufacturing and assembly and increase the reliability of the ammunition.

[0045] Brief Description of Drawings

[0046] Fig. 1 Schematically depicts a firearm before firing, containing a jet rocket motor with a bell-type nozzle, side longitudinal view. Fig. 2 Schematically depicts a firearm combat stock assembly, longitudinal section in ax- onometry front view, top view, left side view.

[0047] Fig. 3 Schematically depicts the barrel of a firearm containing a rocket engine with a bell- type nozzle, in a longitudinal section in axonometry, front view, top view, left side view and labeled with a local notation A.

[0048] Fig. 4 Schematic local embossing A showing a jet rocket engine with a bell-type nozzle in longitudinal section in axonometric front, top, left side views.

[0049] Fig. 5 Schematically depicts a firearm before firing, containing a jet rocket motor having a nozzle made in the form of a truncated toroidal wedge.

[0050] Fig. 6 Schematic representation of a firearms combat stock assembly, longitudinal section in axonometry front view, top view, left side view.

[0051] Fig. 7 Schematically depicts the barrel of a firearm containing a jet rocket engine, having a nozzle made in the form of a truncated toroidal wedge, in longitudinal section in axo- nometry, front view, top view, left side view, and marked with a local notation B.

[0052] Fig. 8 Schematically illustrated local reference B, showing a jet rocket engine having a nozzle in the form of a truncated toroidal wedge, in longitudinal section in axonometric view from front, top, left.

[0053] Figs. 9-13 Schematically depicts the steps of firing a firearm, side view in longitudinal section.

[0054] Fig. 14 Schematically depicts a firearm ammunition installed in the breech block of the barrel, side longitudinal view.

[0055] Fig. 15 Schematically depicts a projectile, side view in local section, local sections C, D are indicated.

[0056] Fig. 16 Schematically depicts a projectile in local section C-C.

[0057] Fig. 17 Schematically depicts the projectile in local section D-D.

[0058] Fig. 18 Schematic representation of an assembled firearm combat stock, longitudinal side view, with local notation E indicated.

[0059] Fig. 19 Schematically depicts the local notch E in an enlarged view.

[0060] Fig. 20 Schematic representation of the projectile, side view.

[0061] Fig. 21 Schematic representation of a projectile and piston, local section in axonometry, top view, rear view, left side view.

[0062] Fig. 22 Schematic representation of the projectile, side view showing longitudinal section F-F.

[0063] Fig. 23 Schematically depicts the projectile in longitudinal section F-F, top view, with local notation G indicated. Fig. 24 Schematically depicts the local notch G in an enlarged view.

[0064] Fig. 25 Schematically shows the projectile and piston in longitudinal section, side view.

[0065] Fig. 26 Schematically depicts the projectile and piston in longitudinal local section in ax- onometry, top view, rear view, left side view, local notation H is indicated.

[0066] Fig. 27 Schematically depicts the local embossing H in an enlarged view.

[0067] Fig. 28 Schematic representation of a projectile having two cavities and two pistons in longitudinal section, side view.

[0068] Fig. 29 Schematically depicts a projectile having two cavities and two pistons, local sec- tion in axonometry, top, rear, left side views.

[0069] Figs. 30-37 Schematically depicts a firearm at various stages of firing.

[0070] Figs. 38-41 Schematically depicts a projectile at various stages of firing.

[0071] Description of Embodiments

[0072] Firearms consists of a barrel 1 (fig. 1 , 5) made in the form of a tube, which has two oppo- site ends, the muzzle cut 2 and opposite to him breech 3. Muzzle cut 2, is the front end of the barrel of a small arms firearm, the exit port of the table through which the projectile leaves the barrel during firing.

[0073] The breech block 3, is the rear part, opposite the muzzle cut part of the barrel 1 , in which the bolt 4 is located. The barrel 1 of the firearm may be made of any material that meets the technical requirements of the selected firearm design, for example metals: steel, alloy steels, composite alloys, metal-ceramics, and / or have a multi-layer composite structure comprising several layers of materials. In the breech block 3 of the barrel 1 is a throwing charge 5 (fig. 14), which in turn may consist of several charges 5.1 , 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 (fig. 1 ), which may differ in chemical composition, size, rate of combustion and the amount of energy released. The propelling charge may be any substance that meets the technical requirements of the selected firearm design, for example, smokeless or smokeless pow- der, liquid or gaseous propelling charges, single component or multi-component propel- ling charges.

[0074] The projectile 6, the propelling charge 5 may be installed directly into the breech block 3 of the barrel 1 and the initiating device in the form of a primer 7 for initiating the propelling charge 5 may be provided in the barrel 1 or in the bolt 4 (not shown in the drawings). The charge structure may also include a container in the form of a cartridge case 8 (figs. 1 , 2). Cartridge case 8 contains a projectile 6, a throwing charge 5 and a primer 7 used to ignite the throwing charge. The cartridge case 8 may be made of any material that meets the technical requirements of the selected firearm design, for example, bronze, brass, steel, fabric, cardboard or polymer or composite materials, and the like. The projectile 6 (figs. 1 , 2) may have any aerodynamic shape that satisfies the technical requirements of the selected firearm design. The projectile 6 may contain explosives, a plurality of impactors, a shaped charge, electronic components, or be designed as a cap- sule for any payload. The projectile 6 may be made of any material that meets the spec- ifications of the selected firearm design, for example, steel, cast iron, metal-ceramic, gra- phene, polymeric materials, composite materials including multiple materials.

[0075] The primer 7 may have different variants of the initiating device, the design of which de- pends on the type of the selected propellant and may be made as a chemical primer, electromechanical, piezoelectric, etc. The bolt 4 locks and holds the cartridge case 8, the propellant charge 4 and the projectile 6 in the breech block 3 of the barrel 1.

[0076] Barrel 1 (fig. 1 , 5) has an external jet engine 9 made as a unit with the barrel 1 or made as a separate device mounted on the barrel 1 . Jet engine 9 is made with the possibility of creating a jet of reactive gases 10 coaxial to the axis of the barrel 1 after the muzzle cut 2 in the direction of firing (figs. 9-13). Jet engine 9 includes a combustion chamber 11 and a bell-type nozzle 12 (fig. 1 ) or nozzle execution in the form of a truncated toroidal wedge 13 (fig. 5). A rocket jet engine having a bell type nozzle 12 (figs. 1 , 3, 4), for example a Laval nozzle, or a rocket jet engine having a nozzle made in the form of a truncated toroidal wedge 13 (figs. 5-8) may be used as a jet engine. Also, the jet engine nozzle may be made with variable geometry to control the jet of gases (not shown in the drawings). Rocket jet engines powered by various fuels, chemical rocket engines, nuclear rocket engines, electric rocket engines, and plasma rocket engines can also be used. By way of example, shown are a liquid chemical rocket jet engine 9 (figs. 1 , 3) which has an external fuel source 14(fig. 1 ) and a solid rocket jet engine 9 (figs. 5, 7) which has a solid fuel 15 located in a combustion chamber 11. Barrel 1 has an expansion chamber 16 (fig. 1 ) made at the muzzle cut 2 barrel 1 with the possibility of forming a jet 17 (fig. 13) gases of the throwing agent coaxial to the axis of the barrel 1 .

[0077] The principle of action of firearms.

[0078] In the first stage of firing fig. 9, a reactive jet of gases 10 is created by means of a rocket jet engine 9 with a bell-shaped Laval nozzle 12, along the axis of the barrel 1 after the muzzle cut 2 in the direction of firing. At the same time, the velocity Vsof the jet gas stream 10 is higher than the speed of sound and the calculated velocity Vbof the projectile 6. The gas pressure Pi inside the reactive gas jet 10 is lower than the atmospheric pres- sure Paof air. The resulting air pressure P2in the barrel cavity 1 , in front of the projectile 6 is reduced below the atmospheric air pressure Ra.

[0079] In the next step fig. 10 initiated the first throwing charge 5.1 , which takes the projectile 6 out of the state of rest and gives it initial acceleration under the influence of the gas pres- sure difference P3 throwing charge 5.1 and reduced air pressure P2 formed by the jet of gases 10 in front of the projectile 6.

[0080] In the next step of fig. 11 of firing, under the influence of the throwing charge 5.1 , the throwing charge 5.2 is initiated, which has a burning rate and potential energy of the generated gases of the throwing charge higher than the throwing charge 5.1 , whereby the projectile 6 will receive more energy in the direction of motion. At this stage, projectile 6 will receive an acceleration at which the velocity Vb of projectile 6 equals or approaches the speed of sound. In this case, considering the effect of the reactive gas jet 10 on the air in the cavity of the barrel channel 1 in front of the projectile 6, which will lead to a decrease in pressure P2 and a decrease in air density in this area, which will prevent the occurrence of a shock sound wave in front of the projectile and will promote the movement of the projectile in the direction of firing.

[0081] In the next firing step of fig.12, the throwing charge 5.2 initiates the throwing charge 5.3 under the influence of the throwing charge 5.2. Since the velocity Vb and the acceleration of the projectile 6 are constantly increasing as it moves along the axis of the barrel 6 and the volume of the barrel channel cavity 1 between the bottom of the projectile 6 and the bolt 8 is increasing, in order to maintain or increase the acceleration of the projectile 6, it is necessary to increase the burning rate of the propellant charges and / or to increase the amount of energy released in the form of gas pressure generated by the propellant charge. This is necessary for smooth acceleration of the projectile 6 inside the barrel while preventing the barrel from being destroyed as a result of detonation of the entire charge. Thus, the rate of combustion and / or the amount of energy released by the propellant 5.3 is higher than that of the propellant 5.2. At this stage, the projectile 6 will reach the muzzle cut 2 of the barrels 1 .

[0082] In the next firing step of fig. 13, the propellant charge 5.3 initiates propellant charge 5.4 under the influence of propellant charge 5.3, thereby creating a pressure P4 of propellant charge gases 5.4 in the barrel channel cavity 1 . Since the projectile 6 has already left the barrel 1 the gases of the propellant charge 5.4 will not experience any resistance and the velocity of expulsion will be the maximum possible gases of the propellant charge 5.4 with the pressure of gases P4 in the jet being lower than the atmospheric Paair pressure. Having reached the expansion chamber 16 of the barrel 1 the gases formed by the throw- ing charge 5.4 form a jet 17 directed along the axis of the barrel 1 into the bottom of the projectile 6 and merges with the reactive jet of gases 10 thus forming a zone of increased pressure P5. In this case, the projectile 6 hitting the reactive gas stream 10 forms a zone of reduced pressure Pe, in front of the projectile 6 in the direction of firing, due to the difference in velocity of the reactive gas stream 10 and the velocity of the projectile 2. This pressure difference and the friction of the gases in the jet stream 10 against the projectile 6 will produce a driving force in the firing direction, and hence the projectile 6 will continue its acceleration. Thus, we create a virtual lengthening of the barrel of a fire- arm that will lead to an increase in the output velocity of the projectile, an increase in range and accuracy without changing the physical length of the barrel 1 or without chang- ing the amount of the throwing charge. An increase in the velocity of the projectile 6 inside the barrel 1 will lead to an increase in the friction force of the projectile 6 on the surface of the barrel channel 1 , which will lead to a decrease in the operational life of the barrel 1 of the firearm, and this in turn will reduce the effectiveness of the firearm as a whole. To eliminate this disadvantage, it is expedient to use a low friction projectile 6 described below.

[0083] A projectile for a firearm (variant 1).

[0084] This projectile can be used for traditional rifled and non-rifled firearms as well as for the firearms described above and includes all the differences described above.

[0085] The projectile 6 (fig. 14) has an outer diameter equal to or less than the diameter of the barrel channel 1. The projectile 6 has a cavity18 (fig. 14) of cylindrical or conical shape, made coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile 6. The cavity 18 (fig. 14) contains a flowable substance 19. The flowable substance 19 may be a fluid or liquefied gas which has high fluidity, low viscosity and does not detonate at a sudden increase in pressure. The flowable substance 19 may be water, kerosene, alcohol, liquefied carbon dioxide, liquefied helium, and the like. The flowable substance 19 may be in the cavity 18 of the projectile 6 packaged in an easily collapsible pressurized container (not shown in the drawings). The container may be made of any material that meets the technical require- ments of the selected projectile design, for example cardboard, polymeric materials, wood, fabric, rubber, composite materials, and the like. The projectile 6 may also include blow-off valves that open at a certain pressure and allow the flowable substance 19 to leave the cavity 18.

[0086] Alternatively, the flowable substance may be stored directly in the cavity 18 of the projec- tile 6 or poured into the cavity 18 of the projectile 6 immediately prior to use of the projec- tile 6.

[0087] The projectile 6 also has one or more channels 20 (figs. 14-17) made with the possibility of communicating the cavity cavity18 and the cavity 21 of the barrel channel 1 , wherein the outlet openings 22 (fig. 17) of the channels 20 are made towards the inner walls of the barrel channel. The exit port 22 of the channel 20 can have a slit-shaped (figs. 15, 17) with channels 20 and exit ports 22 are made along the axis of the projectile 6 (figs. 14, 15) or can be made at an angle to the axis of the projectile 6 or made in the form of a spiral extended along the axis of the projectile 6 (figs. 20, 21 ). Also, the projectile may have one or more annular grooves in which there are exit holes 22, which form a ring- shaped cavity between the projectile and the inner walls of the barrel channel 1 (figs. 18, 19).

[0088] Cavity 18 is provided with a piston 23. Piston 23 (fig. 14,15), is coaxial to the cavity 18 with the possibility of rectilinear movement relative to the projectile 6 inside the cavity 18, with the piston 23 forms a movable hermetic connection with the longitudinal walls of the cavity 18. Also, the piston 23 (figs. 22, 24) may be collapsed and set into a stop in the cavity 18, thereby forming a temporarily fixed, sealed connection to the projectile 6.

[0089] The piston 23 may be made of plastic materials allowing plastic deformation with the possibility of changing the shape of the piston 23, such as aluminum, duralumin, bronze, mild steel, polymeric materials or any other materials meeting the technical requirements of the selected design of the projectile 6, for example made of metals: steel, duralumin, aluminum, bronze, brass or polymeric materials or composite materials. At least one lon- gitudinal wall of the cavity 18, made along the axis of rotation of the projectile 6, has one or a plurality of protrusions 24 (figs. 14-16,) spiral-shaped made along the axis of rotation of the projectile 6, wherein the piston 23 is made with the possibility of interaction with the spiral-shaped protrusions 24 of the cavityl 8.

[0090] Also, the cavity may have at least one column 25 shown in figs. 25-27 made inside the cavity 18 and forming with the piston 23 a rectilinear translational kinematic pair. Column 25 acts as an additional piston guide which prevents the piston 23 from tipping over during movement within cavity 18. Column 25 may form a cylindrical inner wall of cavity 18 that has spiral-shaped protrusions 24.

[0091] The spiral-shaped projections 24 may be made with a constant pitch or variable pitch along the axis of rotation of the projectile 6. Also, the edges of the spiral-shaped projec- tions 24 may have a pointed, knife-like shape. The piston 23 may have projections and / or recesses corresponding to the spiral-shaped projections 24 and / or recesses made in the cavity 18 (not shown in the drawings) and forming a threaded connection to the cavity 18. It is also possible variant in which the projectile 6 (Figs. 28, 29) has at least two cavities 18 and 18.1 made coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, at least two intercon- nected pistons 23.1 and 23.2, each of which is installed in its corresponding cavity 18 and 18.1 (Figs. 28, 29). The pistons 23.1 and 23.2 are fixedly connected to each other by a rod. The spiral-shaped protrusions 24 are made in a separate cavity 18.1 and the flowable substance 19 is in the cavity 18 so that it is easier to organize a hermetically sealed movable connection between the piston 23.1 and the cavity 18, while the movable con- nection between the piston 23.2 and the cavity 18.1 does not require a hermetically sealed design. Also in this case, the flowable substance will be extruded through the channels 20 in the opposite direction of the movement of the projectile 6, which will reduce the resistance to the movement of the flowable substance 19 through the channels 20 because it is not necessary to overcome the inertia force of the flowable substance 19.

[0092] Principle of action of a projectile for a firearm (variant 1).

[0093] Figs. 28, 29 shows the firearm before firing. In the breech ring 2 of barrel 1 is installed cartridge case 8 in which is a projectile 6 and throwing charges 5.1 , 5.2 and 5.3. Cartridge case 8 is locked in the breech block 3 of barrel 1 by bolt 4. The projectile 6 has a cavity 18 filled with flowable substance 19 (fig. 29) and hermetically sealed piston 23.

[0094] Figs. 30, 31 show the initial stage of firing, during which the first propellant charge 5.1 is ignited. Under the influence of the pressure of the gases formed by the propellant charge 5.1 , the bottom of the projectile 6 and the piston 23 will be impacted by the gases of the propellant charge 5.1 , the piston 23 will start a straight-line movement inside the projectile 6 and the projectile 6 will start moving inside the cartridge case 8 and barrel 1 .

[0095] Since the projectile 6 at the beginning of firing has a velocity Vb equal to zero and the resting inertia and friction force of the projectile 6 is higher than the resting inertia and friction force of the piston 23, as well as the surface area of the piston 23 experiencing the pressure of the gases of the throwing charge 5.1 is larger than the area of the projec- tile 6 interacting with the gas of the throwing charge 5.1 , the piston 23 will start a rectilinear motion inside the projectile 6, and the projectile 6 will start moving inside the barrel 1 .

[0096] Piston 23 experiencing the shock load of gases of the throwing charge 5.1 moving axially to the axis of the projectile 6 will experience plastic deformation in the flared part of the piston 23 at that the flared part of the piston 23 will take the cylindrical shape of the cavity 18, creating a hermetic movable joint. At the same time, spiral-shaped protrusions 24, made in the walls of the cavity 18, subject the piston 23 to plastic deformation, crashing into the piston 23, create in the piston 23 recesses corresponding to the profile and shape of spiral-shaped protrusions 24, thus creating a movable hermetic connection in the form of a threaded pair. As a result of interaction of the spiral-shaped protrusions 24 and the piston 23, the piston 23 will begin to rotate around its axis of rotation, thereby limiting the rectilinear movement of the piston 23 that will allow to regulate the pressure of the piston 23 on the flowable substance 19 in the cavity 18 and, accordingly, the speed and flow rate of the flowable substance 19. For uniform distribution of flowable substance along the inner walls of the barrel channel 1 throughout the entire firing, taking into account the varying velocity of the projectile 6, the spiral-shaped protrusions 24 may have a variable pitch, which will keep the flow rate of flowable substance 19 at all stages of firing constant depending on the velocity of the projectile 6. In this way, we realize a slowing device of the piston 23 that will make it possible to regulate the flowable substance 24 throughout the firing. Also, other technical solutions can be applied that allow to realize the slowing device of the piston 23. As a result of the rectilinear movement of the piston 23 in the cavity 18, a portion of the flowable substance 19 will be extruded into the channels 20 and through the slit-shaped openings 22 into the cavity 21 of the barrel channel 1 between the projectile and the walls of the barrel channel 1 .

[0097] Figs. 32, 33 show the next step of firing, wherein the second throwing charge 5.2 is ignited as a result of interaction with the first throwing charge 5.1. Given the increased velocity Vb of the projectile 6 and the increasing volume of the cavity 21 of the barrel channel 1 between the throwing charge 5.2 and the projectile 6, in order to maintain the acceleration or increase the acceleration of the projectile 6, the burning rate and / or the amount of energy released by the throwing charge 5.2 must be higher than that of the first, softer, throwing charge 5.1. At this stage, the flowable substance 19 extruded from the slit- shaped holes 22 made in the plane of rotation of the projectile at an angle to the radius of the cross-section of the projectile 6 in the direction opposite to the rotation of the pro- jectile 6 creates a reactive force directed in the direction of rotation of the projectile 6, which makes the projectile 6 rotate around its axis of rotation inside the barrel channel 1 . The direction of rotation of the projectile 6 may coincide with the direction of rotation of the spiral-shaped projections 24 or have opposite rotation.

[0098] Figs. 34, 35 show the final stage of firing, in which the last propellant charge 5.3 is ignited as a result of interaction with the second propellant charge 5.2. As in the preceding stage, the propellant charge 4.3 must have a higher burn rate and / or release a greater amount of energy to maintain projectile acceleration. At this stage, the projectile 6 will leave the barrel 1 through the muzzle cut 2 of barrel 1 .

[0099] Thus, by continuously squeezing the flowable substance 19 out of the projectile 6 along the entire trajectory of the projectile 6, inside the barren , we apply the flowable substance 19 by wetting the surface of the barrel channel 1 , whereby the flowable substance 19 applied to the surface of the barrel channel 1 will be fixed relative to the barrel 1 because the flow of the flowable substance 19 is continuous. At the same time, the flowable sub- stance 19 leaving the projectile 6 from the holes 22 under pressure will create a reactive thrust, causing the projectile to rotate around its axis, while evenly distributing the flowa- ble substance 19 in a spiral along the channel of the barrel 1 , this process will resemble the unwinding of a rotating roll of cloth moving linearly along the axis of the barrel 1 . Since the projectile 6 and the flowable substance 19 contained therein move along the barrel axis 1 , the flowable substance 19 flowing out of the holes 22 will wet the surface of the projectile 16 adhering to it while friction in the flow of the flowable substance 19 will occur in the form of shearing of fluid layers. Also, the flowable substance 19 entering at high pressure into the gap between the projectile 6 and the surface of the barrel channel 1 and taking into account the capillary properties of the flowable substance 19, the flowable substance 19 will create a movable hermetic connection between the projectile 6 and the barrel 1 preventing the gases of the propellant charge from escaping, forward, in front of the projectile in the firing direction.

[0100] Thus, the problem was solved by replacing the friction-sliding of the metal of the projectile 6 against the metal of the barrel 1 by friction between the shear layers inside the flowable substance 19, which called for a significant increase in speed and acceleration of the movement of the projectile 6 inside the barrel 1 without allowing contact between them. Such a solution prevents the possibility of damage to the projectile 6 and the barrel 1 of the firearm resulting from friction between them. And also, we obtain an increase in the velocity and acceleration of the projectile 6 inside the barrel 1 of the firearm as a result of the change in the weight of the projectile 6 resulting from the flowable substance 19 flow- ing out of the projectile 6 and a significant reduction in the friction forces of the projectile 6 against the barrel 1 .

[0101] A projectile for a firearm (variant 2).

[0102] A projectile 6 (figs. 38-41 ) for a firearm having a cavity 18 of cylindrical and / or conical shape, which is made coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile 6. At least one cavity 18 contains a flowable substance 19, one or more channels 20 communicating with at least one cavity 18 and having exit holes 22 on the outer surface of the projectile 6, at least one cavity 18 is provided with a piston 23.4, made with the possibility of rectilinear movement in the cavity 18, coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile 6. At least one piston 23.4 is adapted to absorb the impact of gases of the propellant charge 4. At least one piston 23.4 is made in the form of a stepped piston consisting of several cylindrical surfaces of different diameters, wherein the cavity 18 has cylindrical surfaces correspond- ing in shape and diameter to the cylindrical surfaces of the piston 23.4.

[0103] Principle of action of a firearm projectile (variant 2).

[0104] Fig. 38 shows a projectile 6 at rest before firing. Fig. 39 shows the projectile 6 at the moment of firing, when the velocity of the projectile 6 is not shaft. As can be seen in the diagram, the gases of the propellant 4 interact with the piston 23.4 on the minimum area that creates a relatively low pressure of the piston 23.4 on the flowable substance 19 located in the cavity 18. Thus, we limit the pressure in the cavity 18, which prevents one-step extrusion of the flowable substance 19 from the projectile 6.

[0105] Fig. 40 shows the projectile 6 at the next stage of firing when the velocity of the projectile has increased and it experiences significant acceleration, which requires an increase in the rate of flowable substance 19 in the cavity between the projectile 6 and the walls of the barrel channel. For this purpose, a cylindrical protrusion is provided in the piston 23.4, which increases the area of contact with the gases of the propellant charge 4 thereby increasing the pressure of the piston on the flowable substance 19 in the cavity 18, which will increase the rate of flow of the flowable substance 19 and the projectile 6.

[0106] Fig. 40 shows the projectile 6 in the final stage of firing, when the projectile 6 reaches the maximum acceleration inside the barrel, this opens the next cylindrical protrusion, in- creasing the area of interaction between the piston 23.4 and the gases of the propellant 4. As a result, the pressure of the piston 23.4 on the flowable substance increases, which will increase the velocity of the flowable substance flowing out of the projectile 6.

[0107] In this way we will ensure that the flowable substance 19 flows uniformly throughout the firing at the varying velocity of the projectile 6 inside the barrel 1 .

Claims

Claims1. A firearm having a barrel, the barrel having a muzzle cut, characterized in that the barrel has an external jet engine made with the ability to generate a jet of gases, coaxial to the axis of the barrel, after the muzzle cut in the direction of firing.

2. Firearm according to claim 1 , characterized in that the jet engine is in the form of a rocket jet engine having a bell-type nozzle, such as a Laval nozzle, or a rocket jet engine having a nozzle in the form of a truncated toroidal wedge.

3. Firearm according to claim 1 , characterized in that the inner barrel cavity has an expansion chamber, made in front of the muzzle cut of the barrel, with the possibility of forming a jet of gases formed by the throwing charge, coaxial to the barrel axis.

4. A projectile for a firearm having a cylindrical and / or conical shaped cavity which is made coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein the at least one cavity con- tains a flowable substance, one or more channels communicating with the at least one cavity and having outlet openings on the outer surface of the projectile, the at least one cavity being provided with a piston made with the possibility of rectilinear movement in the cavity, coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein at least one piston is adapted to receive the impact of gases of a throwing charge, characterized in that at least one cylindrical or conical surface of at least one cavity has one or a plurality of spiral- shaped protrusions made along the axis of rotation of the projectile, at least one cavity is provided with at least one piston, at least one piston is made with the possibility of inter- action with spiral-shaped protrusions of at least one cavity.

5. The projectile according to claim 4, characterized in that it has at least two cavities, at least two interconnected pistons, each of which is mounted in a cavity corresponding thereto.

6. The projectile according to claim 4, characterized in that the at least one channel has a slot-shaped exit opening.

7. The projectile according to claim 4, characterized in that the at least one channel has an outlet opening made in a direction opposite to the rotation of the projectile with the possibility of generating a reactive thrust by the flowable substance directed in the direc- tion of rotation of the projectile.

8. The projectile according to claim 4, characterized in that the spiral-shaped protru- sions of the at least one cavity, are made with a variable pitch along the axis of rotation of the cavity.

9. The projectile according to claim 4, characterized in that the flowable substance is a fluid or a liquefied gas.

10. A projectile for a firearm having a cylindrical and / or conical shaped cavity which is made coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein the at least one cavity con- tains a flowable substance, one or more channels communicating with the at least one cavity and having outlet openings on the outer surface of the projectile, the at least one cavity is provided with a piston made with the possibility of rectilinear movement in the cavity, coaxial to the axis of rotation of the projectile, wherein the at least one piston is adapted to receive the impact of gases of the propellant charge, characterized in that the at least one piston is made in the form of a stepped piston consisting of several cylin- drical surfaces of different diameters, wherein the cavity has cylindrical surfaces corre- sponding in shape and diameter to the cylindrical surfaces of the piston.

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