Multi-rat dual stack registration and paging procedure
The method enables MR-DS registration and paging procedures for UEs to connect to multiple radio access technologies, addressing the need for improved 5G NR technology and enhancing connectivity and network efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/109245
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-29
AI Technical Summary
There is a need for improved techniques in 5G New Radio (NR) technology to support Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) registration and paging procedures, particularly for User Equipment (UEs) capable of simultaneous connection to multiple radio access technologies with a single subscription.
A method and apparatus for UE and network entities to perform MR-DS type registration and paging procedures, where the UE transmits a registration request indicating its capability to connect to both radio access technologies, and the network accepts this registration, enabling simultaneous connectivity.
Facilitates successful MR-DS registration and paging for UEs, enhancing connectivity and network efficiency by allowing simultaneous connection to multiple radio access technologies.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025109245_29012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MULTI-RAT DUAL STACK REGISTRATION AND PAGING PROCEDURECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims priorities of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 675,808, entitled “MRDS MULTI-RAT DUAL STACK REGISTRATION AND PAGING PROCEDURE” and filed on July 26, 2024, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUNDField
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to techniques of Multi-Rat Dual Stack related procedures. Background
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a User Equipment (UE) . The UE camps on a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) that broadcasts an indication of Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) support, wherein the UE has a single subscription to a network. The UE transmits, to the network via the cell, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration. The MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network. The UE receives, from the network, a registration accept message in response to the registration request message. The UE determines, based on the registration accept message, that the MR-DS registration is successful.
[0008] In another aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and a network are provided. The network includes one or more network entities. The one or more network entities broadcast, from a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) of a network supporting Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) , an indication of MR-DS support. The one or more network entities receive, from a User Equipment (UE) having a single subscription to the network, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration. The MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network. The one or more network entities determine to accept the MR-DS registration request. The one or more network entities transmit, to the UE, a registration accept message comprising an indication that confirms the successful MR-DS registration.
[0009] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0011] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0012] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0013] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0014] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a DL-centric slot.
[0015] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of an UL-centric slot.
[0016] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a 5G system architecture.
[0017] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an e5G system architecture.
[0018] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a 6G system architecture.
[0019] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating components of an e5GC architecture.
[0020] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating components of an e5GC system.
[0021] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example case of MR-DS.
[0022] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating another example case of MR-DS.
[0023] FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a registration procedure of MR-DS.
[0024] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a Paging procedure of MR-DS.
[0025] FIG. 16 is a flow chart of a process for Multi-Rat Dual Stack related procedures.
[0026] FIG. 17 is a flow chart of another process for Multi-Rat Dual Stack related procedures.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0028] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0029] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0030] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0031] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0032] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0033] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0034] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0035] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0036] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0037] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0038] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0039] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0040] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0041] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0042] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0043] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0044] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0045] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0046] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0047] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0048] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0049] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0050] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0051] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL slots for NR may be as described in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
[0052] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP) ) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0053] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0054] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0055] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0056] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0057] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0058] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0059] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 showing an example of a DL-centric slot. The DL-centric slot may include a control portion 502. The control portion 502 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the DL-centric slot. The control portion 502 may include various scheduling information and / or control information corresponding to various portions of the DL-centric slot. In some configurations, the control portion 502 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) , as indicated in FIG. 5. The DL-centric slot may also include a DL data portion 504. The DL data portion 504 may sometimes be referred to as the payload of the DL-centric slot. The DL data portion 504 may include the communication resources utilized to communicate DL data from the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) to the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) . In some configurations, the DL data portion 504 may be a physical DL shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0060] The DL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 506. The common UL portion 506 may sometimes be referred to as an UL burst, a common UL burst, and / or various other suitable terms. The common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to various other portions of the DL-centric slot. For example, the common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to the control portion 502. Non-limiting examples of feedback information may include an ACK signal, a NACK signal, a HARQ indicator, and / or various other suitable types of information. The common UL portion 506 may include additional or alternative information, such as information pertaining to random access channel (RACH) procedures, scheduling requests (SRs) , and various other suitable types of information.
[0061] As illustrated in FIG. 5, the end of the DL data portion 504 may be separated in time from the beginning of the common UL portion 506. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, a guard period, a guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of a DL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0062] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 showing an example of an UL-centric slot. The UL-centric slot may include a control portion 602. The control portion 602 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the UL-centric slot. The control portion 602 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the control portion 502 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The UL-centric slot may also include an UL data portion 604. The UL data portion 604 may sometimes be referred to as the pay load of the UL-centric slot. The UL portion may refer to the communication resources utilized to communicate UL data from the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) to the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) . In some configurations, the control portion 602 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) .
[0063] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the end of the control portion 602 may be separated in time from the beginning of the UL data portion 604. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, guard period, guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the scheduling entity) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the scheduling entity) . The UL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 606. The common UL portion 606 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the common UL portion 506 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The common UL portion 606 may additionally or alternatively include information pertaining to channel quality indicator (CQI) , sounding reference signals (SRSs) , and various other suitable types of information. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of an UL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0064] In some circumstances, two or more subordinate entities (e.g., UEs) may communicate with each other using sidelink signals. Real-world applications of such sidelink communications may include public safety, proximity services, UE-to-network relaying, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, Internet of Everything (IoE) communications, IoT communications, mission-critical mesh, and / or various other suitable applications. Generally, a sidelink signal may refer to a signal communicated from one subordinate entity (e.g., UE1) to another subordinate entity (e.g., UE2) without relaying that communication through the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) , even though the scheduling entity may be utilized for scheduling and / or control purposes. In some examples, the sidelink signals may be communicated using a licensed spectrum (unlike wireless local area networks, which typically use an unlicensed spectrum) .
[0065] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating a 5G system architecture. As shown, the system 700 can include a UE 710, a Next Generation Radio Access Network ( (NG-R) AN) 711, and a data network (DN) 712.
[0066] The UE 710 can be any device or network element in the 5G system 700 capable of signal transmission and reception. For example, the UE 710 can be a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a tablet, a vehicle carried mobile communication device, a utility meter fixed at a certain location, a commercial product with wireline or wireless communication capability and the like. While only one UE 710 is depicted in FIG. 7, it should be understood that any number UEs 710 can be distributed in the 5G system 700.
[0067] A core network can be a component in the 5G system 700 that provides service management and delivery over wireless, fixed, or converged networks. The core network may use a service-based architecture to support interactions between different network functions (NFs) . The NFs may include control plane and user plane network elements.
[0068] Specifically, the core network may include multiple NFs, such as User Plane Function (UPF) 720, Network Slice Specific Authentication and Authorization Function (NSSAAF) 721, Authentication Server Function (AUSF) 722, Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 723, Session Management Function (SMF) 724, Service Communication Proxy (SCP) 725, and Network Slice Admission Control Function (NSACF) 726.
[0069] The core network may include other NFs, such as Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) 731, Network Exposure Function (NEF) 732, Network Repository Function (NRF) 733, Policy Control Function (PCF) 734, Unified Data Management (UDM) 735, Application Function (AF) 736, and Edge Application Server Discovery Function (EASDF) 737.
[0070] The 5G system 700 also allows a full control plane (CP) and user plane (UP) split in the core network for independent scalability, evolution and flexible deployments. In the FIG. 7 example, the UP can include one or more UPFs 720 that support UP data processing. The CP functions, for example, can include the AMF 723 and the SMF 724. The AMF 723 can manage access control and mobility, and support other NFs to communicate with the UE 710 and the (R) AN 711, and the like. The SMF 724 can provide session management, IP address allocation and management, UP function selection and control, and the like. These NFs can be connected to each other over their respective service-based interfaces (SBI) through a SBI message bus, as shown in FIG. 7. For example, Namf is the SBI exhibited by the AMF 723 and Nsmf is the SBI exhibited by the SMF 724. The SBI message bus can employ RESTful application program interface (API) principles over Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) web technologies that dramatically simplify and accelerate service deployments.
[0071] Besides, each NF can interact with other network elements (NEs) by using a reference point. For example, the 5G system 700 contains the following reference points: N1 is the reference point between the UE 710 and the AMF 723, N2 is the reference point between the (R) AN 711 and the AMF 723, N3 is the reference point between the (R) AN 711 and the UPF 720, N4 is the reference point between the SMF 724 and the UPF 720, N6 is the reference point between the UPF 720 and the DN 712, and N9 is the reference point between UPFs 720. It should be understood that other reference points that show the interactions between NEs can also exist, but are not shown in FIG. 7, such as the reference point between the AMF 723 and the SMF 724.
[0072] As defined in the 3GPP standard, SBIs and reference points are two different ways to represent the interactions between different NEs. A reference point is a conceptual point exists between two NEs and it can be replaced by the SBIs of these two NFs.
[0073] The (R) AN 711 is part of the 5G system 700 that implements access technologies. It resides between the UE 710 and provides connection with the core network. For wireless cellular communication system, the 5G system 700 can employ 5G technologies developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Group (3GPP) . Thus, the UE 710 can establish a 3GPP or a non-3GPP access link to the (R) AN 711. Specifically, the 3GPP access is based on the radio access technology specified by 3GPP, such as 5G New Radio (NR) . The non-3GPP access is based on the access technologies that are not specified by 3GPP, such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth. The (R) AN 711 can connect to the AMF 723 and the UPF 720 of the core network through the reference point N2 and N3, respectively.
[0074] The DN 712 is a digital network that can provide different Internet services and applications to the UE 710 through one or more protocol data unit (PDU) session (s) . Herein, the PDU session can be created, updated, and removed by the core network. The Internet services and applications can be access to World Wide Web (WWW) , digital video, digital audio, cloud storage and server, the use of email and instant message (IM) applications, and the like.
[0075] In operation, the UE 710 may perform a non-access stratum (NAS) procedure for communicating with the core network, through the reference point N1. The purpose of the NAS transport procedure is to provide a transport of payload between the UE 710 and the AMF 723 of the core network. In this context, a message transmitted from the core network to the UE 710 may be referred to as a downlink (DL) NAS transport message, whereas a message transmitted from the UE 710 to the core network may be referred to as an uplink (UL) NAS transport message. The payload types of the NAS transport message can be a 5G system session management (5GSM) message, a short message service (SMS) message, a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message, and the like. The payload messages can be encapsulated into a 5G system mobility management (5GMM) message that is transmitted to the AMF 723 of the core network across the reference point N1. The AMF 723 receives the 5GMM message from the UE 710 and forwards the encapsulated payload, such as the 5GSM message, the SMS message, the LPP message, and the like towards corresponding NFs, such as the SMF 724.
[0076] When the AMF 723 successfully processes the NAS transport message by forwarding the encapsulated 5GSM message, SMS message, LPP message, and the like towards the NFs, the corresponding NF can further process the request included in the received message, and send back a response message to the UE 720 through the AMF 723 across the reference point N1 in a reversed direction.
[0077] For example, the UE 710 can include a PDU session establishment request in a 5GSM message. The 5GSM message is then encapsulated into a 5GMM message and transmitted to the AMF 723 in a NAS transport procedure across the reference point N1. The AMF 723 can forward the 5GSM message to the SMF 724. The SMF 724 can process the PDU session establishment request that is included in the 5GSM message by interacting with the UPF 720 across the reference point N4 to establish the PDU session between the UE 710 and the DN 712.
[0078] When the AMF 723 is unable to process the NAS transport message by forwarding the encapsulated 5GSM message, SMS message, LPP message, and the like towards the NFs, the AMF 723 can send an indication message to the UE 710 to inform the error.
[0079] During the transition period from 5G to 6G, a technology called Multi-Radio Access Technology (RAT) Dual Stack may be employed to enable the coexistence of both network generations. In this context, the term "Multi-RAT" specifically refers to multiple radio access technologies, such as 5G and 6G. The term "Dual Stack" means both RATs remain active and operate simultaneously within a user equipment (UE) . This means the UE maintains active connections to both networks concurrently, establishing separate Radio Resource Control (RRC) connections for 5G and 6G, and utilizing both 5G Data Radio Bearers (DRBs) and 6G DRBs at the same time for data transmission.
[0080] To convey this concept effectively, this disclosure provides specific terminology that allows for significant flexibility. Specifically, in the term "Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) " , the prefix "Multi-" can readily be substituted with terms like "Dual-" , "Inter-" , "Combined-" , "Hybrid-" , "Integrated-" , "Converged-" , "Scalable-" , or "Enhanced-" , without altering the core meaning of simultaneous multi-technology operation. Similarly, the term "RAT" can be replaced with "stack" , "access" , or "5G / NR and / or 6G" . The suffix "Stack" can be replaced with "Access" , "RAT" , "Connectivity" , "Network" , "Operation" , or even the explicit expression "5G / NR and / or 6G" . For example, various interchangeable forms include "Dual Stack" , "Dual Access" , "Dual RAT" , "Multi Access" , "Multi RAT" , "Multi Stack" , "Combined 5G and 6G" , "Inter-RAT Dual Stack" , "Inter-RAT Dual Access" , and "Multi-RAT Dual Access" (MR-DA) . In this terminology, the underlying concept remains consistent: the UE maintains active, concurrent connections and bearers across multiple RATs, specifically both current (5G) and next-generation (6G) RATs.
[0081] The need for MR-DS technology arises from two primary use cases during the 6G deployment phase. The first use case involves service segregation, where certain services are available exclusively on one radio access technology. For instance, while 6G may offer advanced data services and novel capabilities such as Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) , critical services like voice communications using Voice over New Radio (VoNR) may remain dependent on the mature and reliable 5G infrastructure. To access both types of services simultaneously, such as making a voice call while an application uses sensing data, the UE must maintain active connections to both 5G and 6G RANs.
[0082] The second use case involves data aggregation to achieve higher peak data rates and improved performance. When neither the 5G radio alone nor the 6G radio alone can deliver sufficient peak data rates to meet user requirements, the system can combine the bandwidth capabilities of both technologies. This requires the UE to establish data bearers over both radio links and implement data splitting and aggregation mechanisms between the UE and the core network, specifically at the User Plane Function (UPF) , to achieve the sum of both technologies’ throughput.
[0083] FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating an e5G system architecture. In the e5G system 800, the prefix "e" (standing for Evolved / Enhanced) in each element indicates that it is an upgraded version of its 5G counterpart. Specifically, components in the e5GC system 800 include enhanced versions of existing 5G core network functions, such as the eAMF, eUPF, and eSMF. These evolved functions retain their original interfaces for NG-RAN interoperability but are augmented with new interfaces and protocols to accommodate 6G-RAN requirements. For example, the eUPF may incorporate in-path computing capabilities, while the eAMF may support dynamic mobility policies for hybrid 5G-6G handovers. This evolution reflects a transitional architecture designed to bridge 5G and 6G ecosystems, providing service continuity while progressively introducing next-generation features.
[0084] Not all network functions in the e5GC necessarily require the "e" prefix enhancement. Some functions may retain their original 5G implementation if they do not directly interface with 6G-RAN or if their existing capabilities are already sufficient for 6G operations. The selective enhancement approach allows for efficient evolution where modifications are applied only where needed. Additionally, the e5GC architecture may incorporate entirely new network functions specifically designed for 6G capabilities, such as specialized functions for sensing services (6G New NF1) , computing orchestration (6G New NF2) , or other advanced 6G-specific features (6G New NFx) , as illustrated in FIG. 8.
[0085] Similarly, the term "e5GC" in this disclosure represents an Evolved or Enhanced 5G Core (5GC) Network, which extends the capabilities of the traditional 5G Core to support seamless interworking with both 6G-RAN and legacy NG-RAN while maintaining backward compatibility. Beyond its foundational 5G functions, the e5GC introduces new network functionalities such as Sensing, Computing, and AI / ML-driven operations, enabling advanced use cases like real-time environmental awareness, edge intelligence, and adaptive resource allocation.
[0086] The e5GC architecture supports connectivity not only to 6G-RAN and NG-RAN but also to non-3GPP access networks, maintaining the flexibility of the original 5G architecture while extending it to next-generation access technologies. This comprehensive approach ensures that the evolved core network can serve as a universal connectivity platform across diverse access technologies.
[0087] In this disclosure, the terms e5GC (Evolved / Enhanced 5G Core) , e5GS (Evolved / Enhanced 5G System) , and e5G (Evolved / Enhanced 5G) are used interchangeably to describe architectures that can bridge 5G and 6G networks. These terms are intentionally flexible to accommodate different technical contexts or standardization phases.
[0088] For example, e5GC can be interchangeably referred to as 6GC (6G Core) when highlighting its forward compatibility with 6G-RAN, or simply as 5GC when highlighting its backward compatibility with NG-RAN where the core network supports connectivity to 6G radio access. Depending on the 3GPP release context, it may also be termed Rel-20 5GC or Rel-21 5GC. Additionally, if the core network operates in an enhanced N1 (eN1) mode, which is an interface extension for 6G interoperability, it may also be described as 5GC in eN1 mode or supporting eN1 mode.
[0089] As mentioned above, in 5G, the interface between the UE and AMF is termed N1. If the UE connects to the AMF via 6G Radio instead, this interface could evolve into eN1. That is, from the AMF’s perspective, its connection mode may include: 1) N1 mode: AMF connects to the UE via 5G Radio, or 2) eN1 mode: AMF connects to the UE via 6G Radio.
[0090] Similarly, the term e5GS (the broader system encompassing e5GC and RAN) may be substituted with 6GS (6G System) where appropriate, or alternatively referred to as 5GS with 6G-RAN support, Rel-20 / 21 5GS, or 5GS in eN1 mode / 5GS supporting eN1 mode to describe its dual compatibility.
[0091] The same logic applies to e5G, which can be replaced with 6G, or referred to as 5G with 6G-RAN support, Rel-20 / 21 5G, or 5G in eN1 mode / 5G supporting eN1 mode.
[0092] FIG. 7 illustrates the standard 5GC configuration, where the core network connects to traditional 5G radio access networks or non-3GPP access networks. FIG. 8 illustrates the enhanced 5GC architecture, which maintains backward compatibility with NG-RAN while introducing support for next-generation 6G-RAN connections, or non-3GPP Access Networks. This dual-connectivity capability allows the e5GC to serve as a transitional platform, simultaneously supporting both current 5G radio networks and future 6G access points. The e5GC thus bridges 5G and 6G ecosystems, providing smooth network evolution without requiring immediate, full-scale infrastructure replacement.
[0093] In other words, a goal of this disclosure is to avoid replacing the existing 5G Core and instead enhance it so that it can directly support 6G. This is similar to how, during the 2G / 3G era, both radio generations shared a single core network, allowing the core to remain unchanged for two generations before requiring a full upgrade. Certainly, in certain implementations, there is still strong advocacy for developing an entirely new core network -essentially abandoning the 5G Core and designing a completely fresh 6G Core (6GC) from scratch.
[0094] In this disclosure, the enhanced 5G Core (e5GC) can control both 5G RAN and 6G RAN. Similarly, a new 6G Core (6GC) could also be designed to control both 5G RAN and 6G RAN. To allow for future flexibility, the term e5GC can also be replaced with 6GC if needed.
[0095] FIG. 9 is a diagram 900 illustrating a 6G system architecture. With the introduction of 6G radio technology, the 6G-RAN 910 is expected to become available. This advanced 6G-RAN 910 will interface with the existing or evolved 5G Core Network, referred to as " (e) 5GC, " enabling the UE to connect to the eAMF and / or eUPF, as illustrated in FIG. 9. FIG. 9 illustrates an evolution from current 5G infrastructure, providing backward compatibility while enabling the enhanced capabilities promised by 6G.
[0096] FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating components of an e5GC architecture. The transition to 6G-RAN may introduce new functionalities and operational requirements beyond those supported by traditional 5G-RAN. As a result, legacy 5GC network elements such as the AMF and UPF, may not be fully compatible with 6G-RAN in their current form. For integration, these core network elements may require enhancements or evolutionary upgrades to accommodate the advanced capabilities of 6G-RAN. This evolution may involve updates to signaling protocols, support for new service requirements, or improved interoperability between the RAN and core network.
[0097] Referring to FIG. 10, the eAMF 1002 may include two portions: the evolved / enhanced logic 1002a and the portion 1002b outside the evolved / enhanced logic 1002a. The portion 1002b represents the original 5G AMF functionality, while the logic 1002a introduces new functionalities beyond the scope of the original AMF.
[0098] Similarly, the eUPF 1004 may include two portions: the evolved / enhanced logic 1004a and the portion 1004b outside the evolved / enhanced logic 1004a. The portion 1004b represents the original 5G UPF functionality, while the logic 1004a introduces new functionalities beyond the scope of the original UPF.
[0099] FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating components of an e5GC system. As shown in FIG. 11, since e5GC is evolved / enhanced from 5GC, it retains all legacy 5GC functions, meaning it inherently supports NG-RAN. Similar to FIG. 10, in eAMF 1102, portion 1102b represents the original 5G AMF functionality, supporting NG-RAN 1106b, while logic 1102a introduces new functionalities beyond the scope of the original AMF, supporting 6G-RAN 1106a. Similarly, in eUPF 1104, portion 1104b represents the original 5G UPF functionality, supporting NG-RAN 1106b, while logic 1104a introduces new functionalities beyond the scope of the original UPF, supporting 6G-RAN 1106a. That is, once the UE gains 6G capability, new logic needs to be incorporated into the legacy AMF / UPF to enable proper interaction with these enhanced UEs.
[0100] This enhanced core network can simultaneously connect to RANs of two different generations. For the NG-RAN 1106b, it connects to the legacy AMF logic 1102b via the standard N2 interface, and connects to the legacy UPF logic 1104b via the standard N3 interface. In such a case, although eAMF 1102 is an enhanced AMF, it may not activate its upgraded logic to control the NG-RAN 1106b, and only the portion 1102b remains active. However, when connecting to the 6G RAN 1106a, the eAMF 1102 engages its newly added logic, i.e., the logic 1102a. Similarly, when connecting to the NG-RAN 1106b, the eUPF 1104 does not activate its upgraded logic, and only the portion 1104b remains active, while when connecting to the 6G RAN 1106a, the eUPF 1104 engages its newly added logic, i.e., the logic 1104a.
[0101] In this disclosure, a network supporting the MR-DS is called the MR-DS network, while a UE supporting the MR-DS is called the MR-DS UE. As mentioned above, the term "Multi-RAT Dual Stack" (MR-DS) can be interchangeably replaced with various forms. For example, the suffix "Stack" can be replaced with "Access" , and the term "Multi-RAT Dual Stack" becomes "Multi-RAT Dual Access" (MR-DA) .
[0102] A UE with a single Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) subscription (e.g., a single Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card) or Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) subscription can simultaneously connect to or associate with both 5G / NG-RAN and 6G-RAN networks. This dual connectivity allows the UE to interact with the same control plane function such as an evolved AMF (eAMF) for improved network management, either through 5G / NG-RAN, 6G-RAN, or both at the same time. Similarly, the UE can access the same user plane function, such as an evolved UPF (eUPF) , either through 5G / NG-RAN, 6G-RAN, or both at the same time. This flexibility provides seamless service continuity and enhanced performance, such as prioritizing single-network stability or maximizing speed through concurrent multi-RAN access.
[0103] The MR-DS UE is capable of accessing both 5G and 6G within the same network, with both RATs simultaneously maintaining an RRC active state. This enables concurrent data transmission over 5G and 6G, for example, dynamically switching traffic between the two or aggregating their bandwidths.
[0104] A network (PLMN or SNPN) can support a UE in simultaneously connecting to or associating with both 5G / NG-RAN and 6G-RAN access technologies. This capability allows the UE to access the same control plane function such as the eAMF either through 5G / NG-RAN, 6G-RAN, or both at the same time. Similarly, the network enables the UE to access the same user plane function such as the eUPF, either through 5G / NG-RAN, 6G-RAN, or both at the same time. This flexible architecture provides seamless mobility, load balancing, and enhanced service continuity by using the combined capabilities of 5G and 6G radio access while maintaining unified connectivity to core network functions.
[0105] During 6G deployment, the UE may need to maintain simultaneous connections to or associations with both 5G / NG-RAN and 6G-RAN networks due to uneven service availability across the two systems. This dual connectivity becomes necessary when certain services remain exclusively available on 5G networks or on 6G networks. For example, while 6G may provide enhanced data services and novel functionalities like integrated sensing capabilities, there are still some critical services that are only accessible through NG-RAN) .
[0106] Integrated sensing capabilities, such as Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) , essentially turn base stations or even smartphones into radar systems. By repurposing specific time / frequency resources in the wireless communication spectrum, ISAC allows base stations to execute sensing functions, such as detecting drones (e.g., counting them or tracking their flight paths) , while simultaneously transmitting data.
[0107] However, services such as voice communications (VoNR -Voice over New Radio) may remain dependent on the existing 5G infrastructure. For example, these services need to be provided via NR-RAN or Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA) connected to the 5GC. Such services are not yet supported by 6G RAN. The transition period creates a scenario where next-generation 6G services coexist with legacy 5G offerings, requiring the UE to intelligently manage connections to both network types. This provides uninterrupted access to all services while allowing for gradual migration of functionality from 5G to 6G networks.
[0108] Various scenarios necessitate the UE maintaining active connections to both 5G and 6G RANs concurrently. One such scenario arises from simultaneous service requirements, where the UE needs to deliver different services at the same time, each relying on distinct RAN technologies. In this service segregation scenario, a UE may utilize voice services through 5G while simultaneously accessing sensing services through 6G, as voice communications may remain optimized on mature 5G infrastructure while advanced sensing capabilities are exclusively available on 6G networks. This concurrent operation ensures users can engage in voice calls without interrupting sensing applications or vice versa.
[0109] Another scenario involves data aggregation for enhanced throughput performance. When neither the 5G radio alone nor the 6G radio alone can deliver sufficient peak data rates to meet user or application requirements, the system can leverage MR-DS capability to combine the bandwidth resources of both technologies. In this configuration, the UE establishes separate Data Radio Bearers (DRBs) over both 5G and 6G radio links simultaneously. The system implements IP packet splitting and aggregation mechanisms at both the UE side and the network side, specifically at the evolved User Plane Function (eUPF) . This dual-path transmission effectively achieves the aggregated throughput of both 5G and 6G technologies, surpassing the performance limitations of either technology operating independently.
[0110] FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example case of MR-DS service segregation. This example demonstrates supporting voice services exclusively through the 5G base station while concurrently utilizing the 6G base station for data services or advanced sensing capabilities such as Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) . Voice services remain on the mature 5G infrastructure because Voice over New Radio (VoNR) is already well-established and reliable on 5G networks, while Voice over 6G may not yet be available or optimized during the initial 6G deployment phase. These operations cannot function sequentially but instead require concurrency, allowing voice calls to proceed uninterrupted alongside active sensing and data sessions. This necessitates both radios being active at the same time to ensure users can access all required services simultaneously.
[0111] In this example, the UE establishes two independent Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions simultaneously via different networks. Specifically, voice services are provided through the 5G network (via PDU session #1) , where the UE establishes a 5G NR RRC connection with the 5G base station (gNB) , forming a 5G / NR DRB for carrying voice data. The data is transmitted via a tunnel between the UPF and the RAN to a UPF dedicated to DN1 (e.g., IMS) for voice processing.
[0112] Meanwhile, data services are provided through the 6G network (via PDU session #2) , where the UE establishes an independent 6G RRC connection with the 6G base station (6G NodeB) , forming a 6G DRB for carrying data traffic. Similarly, the data is transmitted via a tunnel between the UPF and RAN, but it is sent to another UPF dedicated to DN2 (e.g., Internet) for processing.
[0113] The sensing services available through 6G, such as ISAC, represent advanced capabilities where the 6G base station functions as both a communication node and a radar system. By allocating specific time or frequency resources within the communication spectrum for sensing purposes, the 6G network can simultaneously detect and track objects (such as drones) while maintaining data transmission capabilities. These sensing functionalities may be exclusive to 6G infrastructure and not available through legacy 5G networks, further necessitating the MR-DS approach.
[0114] As such, voice and data services are separately carried by 5G and 6G, utilizing independent PDU sessions and routing paths. The service segregation illustrated in FIG. 12 represents a practical deployment scenario during the 5G-to-6G transition period. Users require uninterrupted access to reliable voice services while simultaneously benefiting from advanced 6G capabilities. The MR-DS architecture enables this dual operation by maintaining separate, concurrent connections to both network generations, each optimized for its respective service offerings. This prevents service disruption that would occur if the UE had to disconnect from one network to access services on the other.
[0115] FIG. 13 is a diagram 1300 illustrating another example case of MR-DS. It illustrates an approach in which the UE simultaneously utilizes both 5G and 6G networks for aggregated data services using a single MR-DS PDU session.
[0116] As shown in FIG. 13, the UE establishes 5G NR RRC and 6G RRC connections with 5G gNB and 6G NodeB, respectively, forming corresponding 5G / NR DRB and 6G DRB. The data carried by these bearers is transmitted through separate tunnels between the single evolved UPF (eUPF) and the respective RANs (5G gNB and 6G NodeB) .
[0117] The Data / IP-packets (Pkts) Aggregation / Split mechanism is applied at both ends. At the UE side, data flows are aggregated or split before being transmitted via dual links over 5G and 6G. At the core network UPF side, the received data flows from the dual links are again aggregated or split before ultimately interfacing with the same DN (e.g., Internet) .
[0118] This approach aims to integrate the bandwidth resources of both networks to enhance overall throughput. Higher peak throughput (maximum data rate) may be achieved via data aggregation. When neither the 5G nor the 6G network alone can deliver the peak data rates, the system may use both radios simultaneously. This involves maintaining active RRC connections with both the 5G NG-RAN and 6G-RAN, implementing IP packet splitting and aggregation functionality within the UE itself, and establishing dual-path transmission over both 5G and 6G radio links. The data streams are split across these independent paths and then recombined at the core network, specifically at the eUPF. This approach effectively utilizes the bandwidth resources of both 5G and 6G, boosting overall throughput beyond the capabilities of either generation independently.
[0119] FIG. 14 is a diagram 1400 illustrating a registration procedure of MR-DS. It illustrates how a MR-DS UE registers to a MR-DS network. In a MR-DS network environment, both the UE and network need to support MR-DS functionality for proper operation. As shown in FIG. 14, the MR-DS capable network (PLMN 1) provides service through one or more 5G / NR cells and one or more 6G cells. These cells may broadcast Tracking Area Identifiers (TAIs) , where the 5G cell transmits a first TAI and the 6G cell transmits a second TAI -these values may be identical or different. Additionally, both 5G and 6G cells may optionally broadcast an "MR-DS supported" indicator to indicate their dual-stack capability.
[0120] During registration, an MR-DS capable UE selects and camps on an appropriate cell (which may broadcast the "MR-DS supported" indicator) and initiates the process by including an MR-DS registration indicator in its uplink NAS message, such as the REGISTRATION REQUEST. This registration request can be transmitted through various types of access points, including: (1) an NR cell, (2) a 6G cell, (3) an NG-RAN node, or (4) a non-3GPP access point like a WiFi base station. That is, the UE has various methods to register with the network. The first involves sending a Registration Request via a 5G base station, which then forwards it to the core network. Alternatively, the UE can transmit the same request through a 6G base station, which similarly routes it to the core network. The serving cell may optionally broadcast an "MR-DS supported" indication.
[0121] For the MR-DS capable network, a MR-DS capable network element, such as the eAMF, supporting both 5G / NR cells (with a first TAI) and 6G cells (with a second TAI) , processes UE registration by receiving the uplink NAS message. Upon determining to accept the UE’s MR-DS registration, the network responds with a downlink NAS message (e.g., REGISTRATION ACCEPT) containing either: 1) an explicit confirmation of successful MR-DS registration, and / or 2) a registration area / tai list that includes both the first TAI (from 5G) and the second TAI (from 6G) when they differ, or only one TAI when they are the same. This allows the network to efficiently manage dual-stack UEs while accommodating various deployment scenarios -whether the 5G and 6G cells share the same tracking area or maintain separate tracking areas.
[0122] The UE may determine successful MR-DS registration or whether the MR-DS registration is accepted by the network through various confirmation methods from the network: either by receiving an explicit MR-DS success indicator in the downlink NAS message, or by detecting that the provided registration area / tai list includes TAIs associated with both 5G and 6G cells. This flexible approach accommodates various network deployment scenarios.
[0123] The inclusion of the MR-DS indication in the UE’s registration request serves as a capability declaration, informing the network that the UE supports simultaneous connectivity to both 5G and 6G radio access technologies. This indication is crucial for the network to determine whether to configure the UE for single-RAT or multi-RAT operation. When the network receives this indication from a UE camping on a cell that broadcasts MR-DS support, it can proceed with the enhanced registration procedure that enables dual-stack connectivity.
[0124] The content of the Registration Accept message remains consistent regardless of whether it is relayed through a 5G or 6G base station, as it originates from the core network and is unaffected by the radio access type. Once the UE receives this message, its state transitions from "not registered" to "registered. " At this stage, the UE needs to recognize its registered tracking area scope, which includes the first and second TAIs though these may sometimes overlap or even be identical.
[0125] The network’s flexibility in TAI configuration provides deployment options for operators. When the same TAI is used for both 5G and 6G cells, it simplifies mobility management as the UE can move between different RAT cells without triggering tracking area updates. Conversely, using different TAIs for 5G and 6G cells allows for more granular network management and potentially different service areas for each technology, though it requires the UE to maintain registration to multiple tracking areas simultaneously.
[0126] As shown in FIG. 14, the UE supporting MR-DS operates in the combined 5G / 6G environment provided by PLMN 1, which also supports MR-DS. The PLMN 1 network (NW) includes a RAN and a core NW. The RAN may include a 5G RAN (implemented as NR / gNB or NG-RAN) and a 6G RAN (implemented as 6G RAN / NodeB) . The core NW may include multiple NFs, such as eAMF.
[0127] PLMN 1 broadcasts two distinct TAIs over its RAN. Specifically, at operation S1402, the 5G RAN broadcasts a first TAI, while at operation S1404, the 6G RAN broadcasts a second TAI. An optional "MR-DS supported" indication may be broadcast alongside each TAI.
[0128] FIG. 14 also illustrates two alternative registration procedures. In Alternatives 1 and 2, at operations S1406 and S1410, the MR-DS capable UE initiates registration by sending a Registration Request that explicitly includes an MR-DS indication or type. The difference between S1406 and S1410 is that at S1406, the Registration Request is sent to the eAMF via the 5G RAN, while at S1410, it is sent to the AMF via the 6G RAN.
[0129] Accordingly, the eAMF responds with a Registration Accept message via the 5G RAN at operation S1408, or via the 6G RAN at operation S1412. This accept message may include an optional indication confirming successful MR-DS registration and contains a registration-area / tai-list. The composition of this list depends on the TAI values: if the 1st TAI and the 2nd TAI are different, the list includes both TAIs; if the 1st TAI and the 2nd TAI are the same, the list contains only one instance of this same TAI, i.e, the 1st TAI or the 2nd TAI.
[0130] By performing any one of operations S1402 and S1404, S1406 to S1408, or S1410 to S1412, the UE successfully becomes registered to both the 1st TAI and the 2nd TAI simultaneously, enabling its MR-DS capability.
[0131] Upon successful MR-DS registration, the UE achieves a unique operational state where it maintains registration context for both 5G and 6G radio access technologies under a single subscription. This dual registration enables the UE to subsequently establish concurrent RRC connections, maintain simultaneous data bearers, and seamlessly utilize services across both network generations without requiring re-registration when switching between or aggregating the technologies. The network similarly maintains a unified mobility context for the MR-DS UE, allowing coordinated management of the UE’s dual-technology connectivity through the evolved core network functions.
[0132] FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating a Paging procedure of MR-DS. It illustrates how the MR-DS network pages a registered MR-DS UE. In a MR-DS system including both an MR-DS capable UE and network, the network supports simultaneous operation across 5G / NR and 6G radio access technologies. When both the 5G and 6G cells broadcast the same TAI, and the UE successfully registers with this TAI in its registration area / tai list, it enters a dual idle state -maintaining NR / 5G IDLE and 6G IDLE mode simultaneously or it enters an idle state -maintaining NR / 5G IDLE or 6G IDLE mode.
[0133] For paging procedures, when the MR-DS capable network function, such as an enhanced AMF (eAMF) , needs to reach a UE registered with registration-area / tai-list, i.e., a 1st TAI, it initiates a paging process. Recognizing that this TAI encompasses both 5G and 6G radio access nodes, and aware that the target UE maintains idle mode connections on only one or both technologies (NR / 5G IDLE mode or / and 6G IDLE mode) , the network broadcasts paging messages to all associated access nodes. The access nodes include all cells / RANs associated with the TAI. The cells / RANs contain at least one NR / 5G cell and at least one 6G cell.
[0134] In the paging scenario illustrated in FIG. 15, both 5G cells and 6G cells broadcast the same first TAI. This unified TAI approach simplifies mobility management, as the UE’s valid tracking area encompasses both radio technologies under a single identifier. Once registration succeeds with this first TAI, the UE can move seamlessly between 5G and 6G cells within that TAI without triggering a TAU (Tracking Area Update) or mobility registration update. This differs from the registration procedure where 5G and 6G cells may broadcast different TAIs, requiring the network to include both TAIs in the registration acceptance.
[0135] Suppose a downlink data packet (e.g., internet traffic) arrives at the UPF destined for an idle UE. Since the UE is in idle mode and not actively connected to the RAN, the UPF cannot directly forward the packet to the UE. The UPF therefore requests the AMF to bring the UE back to connected state. The AMF then initiates paging to locate and activate the UE. Because the network has already confirmed the UE’s registration area as the first TAI during the registration procedure, it pages the UE across all cells within the first TAI, ensuring coverage regardless of whether the UE is currently camped on a 5G or 6G cell.
[0136] The simultaneous paging across both 5G and 6G cells represents a key advantage of the MR-DS architecture. Traditional single-RAT systems would require the network to (guess or) track which specific radio technology the UE is monitoring, potentially leading to paging delays if the initial guess is incorrect. With MR-DS paging, the network leverages the UE’s dual-idle capability to reach it through either technology (simultaneously) , improving paging reliability and reducing latency in re-establishing connectivity.
[0137] As shown in FIG. 15, the UE supporting MR-DS operates in the combined 5G / 6G environment provided by PLMN 1, which also supports MR-DS. The PLMN 1 network (NW) includes a RAN and a core NW. The RAN may include a 5G RAN (implemented as NR / gNB or NG-RAN) and a 6G RAN (implemented as 6G RAN / NodeB) . The core NW may include multiple NFs, such as eAMF and eUPF.
[0138] PLMN 1 broadcasts a first TAI over its RAN. Specifically, at operation S1502, the 5G RAN broadcasts the first TAI, while at operation S1504, the 6G RAN broadcasts the first TAI. By performing operations S1502 and S1504, the UE successfully becomes registered to the 1st TAI. The UE is currently operating in a dual-idle state: NR / 5G IDLE mode and 6G IDLE mode.
[0139] When Downlink (DL) Data for the UE arrives at the network destined for this UE (at the eUPF) , the eUPF recognizes that the UE is in idle state and cannot deliver the data directly. The eUPF then requests the eAMF to page the UE and bring it back to connected state. Recognizing that paging the UE is needed, the eAMF determines that the UE’s registration area consists of the first TAI, which includes both 5G and 6G cells. Consequently, the eAMF initiates a Paging request simultaneously towards the UE through both the 5G RAN (at operation S1506) and the 6G RAN (at operation S1508) . The UE can be reached regardless of which radio technology it is currently monitoring in its dual-idle state.
[0140] FIG. 16 is a flow chart 1600 of a process for Multi-Rat Dual Stack related procedures. This process involves interactions between a network (NW) and a UE (e.g., the UE 104) through a base station (e.g., the base station 102) .
[0141] At block 1602, the UE camps on a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) that broadcasts an indication of Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) support. The UE may have a single subscription to a network.
[0142] At block 1604, the UE transmits, to the network via the cell, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration. The MR-DS type registration may indicate the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network.
[0143] At block 1606, the UE receives, from the network, a registration accept message in response to the registration request message.
[0144] At block 1608, the UE determines, based on the registration accept message, that the MR-DS registration is successful.
[0145] In certain configurations, the first RAT is a 5G New Radio (NR) RAT and the second RAT is a 6G RAT. Alternatively, the first RAT is a 6G RAT and the second RAT is a 5G NR RAT.
[0146] In certain configurations, determining that the MR-DS registration is successful may include: detecting an explicit indication in the registration accept message that confirms successful MR-DS registration.
[0147] In certain configurations, determining that the MR-DS registration is successful may include: detecting that a registration area list in the registration accept message contains at least one Tracking Area Identity (TAI) associated with cells of the first RAT and at least one TAI associated with cells of the second RAT.
[0148] In certain configurations, the registration area list may contain: a first TAI associated with one or more cells of the first RAT and a second TAI associated with one or more cells of the second RAT, when the first TAI and the second TAI have different values.
[0149] In certain configurations, the registration area list may contain: a single TAI associated with both one or more cells of the first RAT and one or more cells of the second RAT, when cells of the first RAT and cells of the second RAT share the same TAI value.
[0150] In certain configurations, the cell may be one of: a 5G NR cell; a 6G cell; a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) cell; or a non-3GPP access point.
[0151] In certain configurations, the UE may further: after successful MR-DS registration, establish a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection with a base station of the first RAT; and establish a second RRC connection with a base station of the second RAT simultaneously with the first RRC connection.
[0152] In certain configurations, the UE may further: transmit first data via a first Data Radio Bearer (DRB) over the first RRC connection; and transmit second data via a second DRB over the second RRC connection simultaneously with transmitting the first data.
[0153] In certain configurations, the first data may include voice service data transmitted via the first RAT; and the second data may include at least one of data service traffic or sensing service data transmitted via the second RAT.
[0154] In certain configurations, the UE may further: perform data aggregation by splitting Internet Protocol (IP) packets between the first DRB and the second DRB to achieve combined throughput of both the first RAT and the second RAT.
[0155] In certain configurations, the single subscription may include one of: a single Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) subscription; or a single Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) subscription.
[0156] In certain configurations, after successful MR-DS registration, the UE may further: access a same control plane network function of the network via at least one of: the first RAT only; the second RAT only; or both the first RAT and the second RAT simultaneously.
[0157] In certain configurations, the control plane network function may be an evolved Access and Mobility Management Function (eAMF) that supports both the first RAT and the second RAT.
[0158] In certain configurations, camping on the cell may include: detecting that the cell broadcasts a TAI; and detecting that the cell broadcasts the indication of MR-DS support along with the TAI.
[0159] FIG. 17 is a flow chart 1700 of another process for Multi-Rat Dual Stack related procedures. This process involves interactions between one or more network entities and a UE (e.g., the UE 104) .
[0160] At block 1702, the one or more network entities broadcast, from a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) of a network supporting Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) , an indication of MR-DS support. At block 1704, the one or more network entities receive, from a User Equipment (UE) having a single subscription to the network, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration. The MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network.
[0161] At block 1706, the one or more network entities determine to accept the MR-DS registration request. At block 1708, the one or more network entities transmit, to the UE, a registration accept message comprising an indication that confirms the successful MR-DS registration.
[0162] In certain configurations, the first RAT is a 5G New Radio (NR) RAT and the second RAT is a 6G RAT. Alternatively, the first RAT is a 6G RAT and the second RAT is a 5G New Radio (NR) RAT.
[0163] In certain configurations, transmitting the registration accept message may include: including an explicit indication in the registration accept message that confirms successful MR-DS registration.
[0164] In certain configurations, transmitting the registration accept message may include: including a registration area list in the registration accept message that contains at least one Tracking Area Identity (TAI) associated with cells of the first RAT and at least one TAI associated with cells of the second RAT.
[0165] In certain configurations, the registration accept message may include a registration area list containing: a first TAI associated with one or more cells of the first RAT and a second TAI associated with one or more cells of the second RAT, when the first TAI and the second TAI have different values.
[0166] In certain configurations, the registration accept message may include a registration area list containing: a single TAI associated with both one or more cells of the first RAT and one or more cells of the second RAT, when cells of the first RAT and cells of the second RAT share the same TAI value.
[0167] In certain configurations, receiving the registration request message may include receiving the registration request message via one of: a 5G NR cell of the network; a 6G cell of the network; a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) cell of the network; or a non-3GPP access point of the network.
[0168] In certain configurations, the one or more network entities may include an evolved Access and Mobility Management Function (eAMF) that includes: first logic for supporting the first RAT; and second logic for supporting the second RAT.
[0169] In certain configurations, the one or more network entities may further: after the MR-DS registration is successful, support simultaneous connectivity of the UE to: a first base station of the first RAT via a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection; and a second base station of the second RAT via a second RRC connection.
[0170] In certain configurations, the one or more network entities may further: facilitate transmission of first data between the UE and a first User Plane Function (UPF) via the first base station; and facilitate transmission of second data between the UE and a second UPF via the second base station simultaneously with the transmission of the first data.
[0171] In certain configurations, the first data may include voice service data routed via the first RAT; and the second data may include at least one of data service traffic or sensing service data routed via the second RAT.
[0172] In certain configurations, the one or more network entities may further: facilitate data aggregation by supporting Internet Protocol (IP) packet splitting and aggregation at an evolved User Plane Function (eUPF) to enable the UE to achieve combined throughput of both the first RAT and the second RAT.
[0173] In certain configurations, the single subscription may include one of: a single Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) subscription; or a single Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) subscription.
[0174] In certain configurations, the one or more network entities may further: determine to page the UE after the MR-DS registration is successful, the UE is in an idle mode for the first RAT and an idle mode for the second RAT; identify a registration area of the UE that may include at least one cell of the first RAT and at least one cell of the second RAT; and transmit paging messages to the at least one cell of the first RAT and the at least one cell of the second RAT based on the registration area.
[0175] In certain configurations, transmitting the paging messages may include: simultaneously transmitting the paging messages to all cells associated with a single TAI, wherein the single TAI is associated with both cells of the first RAT and cells of the second RAT.
[0176] In certain configurations, determining to page the UE is in response to: receiving, at an evolved User Plane Function (eUPF) , downlink data destined for the UE; and receiving, from the eUPF, a request to page the UE.
[0177] In certain configurations, broadcasting the indication of MR-DS support may include: broadcasting a TAI from the cell; and broadcasting the indication of MR-DS support along with the TAI.
[0178] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0179] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication of a User Equipment (UE) , comprising:camping on a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) that broadcasts an indication of Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) support, wherein the UE has a single subscription to a network;transmitting, to the network via the cell, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration, wherein the MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network;receiving, from the network, a registration accept message in response to the registration request message; anddetermining, based on the registration accept message, that the MR-DS registration is successful.2.The method of claim 1, wherein (a) the first RAT is a 5G New Radio (NR) RAT and the second RAT is a 6G RAT or (b) the first RAT is a 6G RAT and the second RAT is a 5G NR RAT.3.The method of claim 1, wherein determining that the MR-DS registration is successful comprises:detecting an explicit indication in the registration accept message that confirms successful MR-DS registration.4.The method of claim 1, wherein determining that the MR-DS registration is successful comprises:detecting that a registration area list in the registration accept message contains at least one Tracking Area Identity (TAI) associated with cells of the first RAT and at least one TAI associated with cells of the second RAT.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the registration area list contains:a first TAI associated with one or more cells of the first RAT and a second TAI associated with one or more cells of the second RAT, when the first TAI and the second TAI have different values.6.The method of claim 4, wherein the registration area list contains:a single TAI associated with both one or more cells of the first RAT and one or more cells of the second RAT, when cells of the first RAT and cells of the second RAT share the same TAI value.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is one of:a 5G NR cell;a 6G cell;a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) cell; ora non-3GPP access point.8.The method of claim 1, further comprising:after successful MR-DS registration, establishing a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection with a base station of the first RAT; andestablishing a second RRC connection with a base station of the second RAT simultaneously with the first RRC connection.9.The method of claim 8, further comprising:transmitting first data via a first Data Radio Bearer (DRB) over the first RRC connection; andtransmitting second data via a second DRB over the second RRC connection simultaneously with transmitting the first data.10.The method of claim 9, wherein:the first data comprises voice service data transmitted via the first RAT; andthe second data comprises at least one of data service traffic or sensing service data transmitted via the second RAT.11.The method of claim 9, further comprising:performing data aggregation by splitting Internet Protocol (IP) packets between the first DRB and the second DRB to achieve combined throughput of both the first RAT and the second RAT.12.The method of claim 1, wherein the single subscription comprises one of:a single Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) subscription; ora single Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) subscription.13.The method of claim 1, wherein after successful MR-DS registration, the method further comprises:accessing a same control plane network function of the network via at least one of:the first RAT only;the second RAT only; orboth the first RAT and the second RAT simultaneously.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the control plane network function is an evolved Access and Mobility Management Function (eAMF) that supports both the first RAT and the second RAT.15.The method of claim 1, wherein camping on the cell comprises:detecting that the cell broadcasts a TAI; anddetecting that the cell broadcasts the indication of MR-DS support along with the TAI.16.A method of wireless communication of one or more network entities, comprising:broadcasting, from a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) of a network supporting Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) , an indication of MR-DS support;receiving, from a User Equipment (UE) having a single subscription to the network, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration, wherein the MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network;determining to accept the MR-DS registration request; andtransmitting, to the UE, a registration accept message comprising an indication that confirms the successful MR-DS registration.17.The method of claim 16, wherein (a) the first RAT is a 5G New Radio (NR) RAT and the second RAT is a 6G RAT or (b) the first RAT is a 6G RAT and the second RAT is a 5G New Radio (NR) RAT.18.The method of claim 16, wherein transmitting the registration accept message comprises:including an explicit indication in the registration accept message that confirms successful MR-DS registration.19.The method of claim 16, wherein transmitting the registration accept message comprises:including a registration area list in the registration accept message that contains at least one Tracking Area Identity (TAI) associated with cells of the first RAT and at least one TAI associated with cells of the second RAT.20.The method of claim 16, wherein the registration accept message includes a registration area list containing:a first TAI associated with one or more cells of the first RAT and a second TAI associated with one or more cells of the second RAT, when the first TAI and the second TAI have different values.21.The method of claim 16, wherein the registration accept message includes a registration area list containing:a single TAI associated with both one or more cells of the first RAT and one or more cells of the second RAT, when cells of the first RAT and cells of the second RAT share the same TAI value.22.The method of claim 16, wherein receiving the registration request message comprises receiving the registration request message via one of:a 5G NR cell of the network;a 6G cell of the network;a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) cell of the network; ora non-3GPP access point of the network.23.The method of claim 16, wherein the one or more network entities comprise an evolved Access and Mobility Management Function (eAMF) that includes:first logic for supporting the first RAT; andsecond logic for supporting the second RAT.24.The method of claim 16, further comprising:after the MR-DS registration is successful, supporting simultaneous connectivity of the UE to:a first base station of the first RAT via a first Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection; anda second base station of the second RAT via a second RRC connection.25.The method of claim 24, further comprising:facilitating transmission of first data between the UE and a first User Plane Function (UPF) via the first base station; andfacilitating transmission of second data between the UE and a second UPF via the second base station simultaneously with the transmission of the first data.26.The method of claim 25, wherein:the first data comprises voice service data routed via the first RAT; andthe second data comprises at least one of data service traffic or sensing service data routed via the second RAT.27.The method of claim 24, further comprising:facilitating data aggregation by supporting Internet Protocol (IP) packet splitting and aggregation at an evolved User Plane Function (eUPF) to enable the UE to achieve combined throughput of both the first RAT and the second RAT.28.The method of claim 16, wherein the single subscription comprises one of:a single Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) subscription; ora single Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) subscription.29.The method of claim 16, further comprising:determining to page the UE after the MR-DS registration is successful, wherein the UE is in an idle mode for the first RAT and an idle mode for the second RAT;identifying a registration area of the UE that comprises at least one cell of the first RAT and at least one cell of the second RAT; andtransmitting paging messages to the at least one cell of the first RAT and the at least one cell of the second RAT based on the registration area.30.The method of claim 29, wherein transmitting the paging messages comprises:simultaneously transmitting the paging messages to all cells associated with a single TAI, wherein the single TAI is associated with both cells of the first RAT and cells of the second RAT.31.The method of claim 29, wherein determining to page the UE is in response to:receiving, at an evolved User Plane Function (eUPF) , downlink data destined for the UE; andreceiving, from the eUPF, a request to page the UE.32.The method of claim 16, wherein broadcasting the indication of MR-DS support comprises:broadcasting a TAI from the cell; andbroadcasting the indication of MR-DS support along with the TAI.33.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a user equipment (UE) , comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:camp on a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) that broadcasts an indication of Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) support, wherein the UE has a single subscription to a network;transmit, to the network via the cell, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration, wherein the MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network;receive, from the network, a registration accept message in response to the registration request message; anddetermine, based on the registration accept message, that the MR-DS registration is successful.34.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising code to:camp on a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) that broadcasts an indication of Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) support, wherein the UE has a single subscription to a network;transmit, to the network via the cell, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration, wherein the MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network;receive, from the network, a registration accept message in response to the registration request message; anddetermine, based on the registration accept message, that the MR-DS registration is successful.35.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being one or more network entities, comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:broadcast, from a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) of a network supporting Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) , an indication of MR-DS support;receive, from a User Equipment (UE) having a single subscription to the network, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration, wherein the MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network;determine to accept the MR-DS registration request; andtransmit, to the UE, a registration accept message comprising an indication that confirms the successful MR-DS registration.36.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of one or more network entities, comprising code to:broadcast, from a cell of a first or a second radio access technology (RAT) of a network supporting Multi-Radio Access Technology Dual Stack (MR-DS) , an indication of MR-DS support;receive, from a User Equipment (UE) having a single subscription to the network, a registration request message including an indication that the registration request is for MR-DS type registration, wherein the MR-DS type registration indicates the UE is capable of simultaneously connecting to both the first radio access technology (RAT) and the second RAT of the network;determine to accept the MR-DS registration request; andtransmit, to the UE, a registration accept message comprising an indication that confirms the successful MR-DS registration.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Traffic steering and switching between multiple access networks
CN111034336A
Configuring wireless devices with multi-radio access technology dual connectivity
CN116158188A
Access method, access system and related equipment
CN117715176A
Method and user equipment device for registering in wireless communication system
US20180199302A1