Terminal and wireless communication method

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a reception unit that receives information for artificial intelligence (AI)-based positioning pertaining to a positioning reference unit (PRU); and a control unit that, on the basis of the information pertaining to the PRU, executes AI-based positioning using a terminal-side model. One aspect of the present disclosure makes it possible to achieve high-precision positioning.

Description

Terminal and wireless communication method

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal and a wireless communication method in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] In future wireless communication systems (e.g., Rel. 19 and later), it is being considered to introduce positioning (which may also be called location prediction, location estimation, positioning, etc.) that utilizes artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) models.

[0006] For such positioning, it is considered that data collection for training of AI / ML models is performed, and, particularly when using UE-side models, it is considered that information about Positioning Reference Units (PRUs) is used for the positioning and training.

[0007] However, there has been insufficient consideration of this data collection and information about the PRU, which may result in insufficient consideration of highly accurate positioning using the AI / ML model.

[0008] Therefore, one of the objects of the present disclosure is to provide a terminal and a wireless communication method that can realize highly accurate positioning.

[0009] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure has a receiving unit that receives information about a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based positioning, and a control unit that performs AI-based positioning using a terminal-side model based on the information about the PRU.

[0010] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, highly accurate positioning can be achieved.

[0011] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of processing using an AI model. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of an AI model (AI / ML model). FIGs. 3A to 3C are diagrams illustrating variations of positioning using DL signals. FIGs. 4A and 4B are diagrams illustrating variations of positioning using UL signals. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of location information in DL TDOA positioning. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of signal measurement information in DL TDOA positioning. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of parameters for providing assistance data enabling UE-based DL positioning, as defined in Rel. 18 and up. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of PRU DL information as defined in Rel. 18 and up. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of PRU information according to Option 1-1-1. FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of PRU information according to Option 1-1-2. FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of PRU information according to Option 1-1-3. FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. Fig. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0012] (AI Model) With regard to future wireless communication technologies, the use of AI technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control and management is being considered.

[0013] For example, for future wireless communication technologies, the use of AI techniques is being considered to improve channel state information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reduced overhead, improved accuracy, prediction), improve beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the time / space domain), and improve positioning (e.g., improved position estimation / prediction).

[0014] In the present disclosure, AI model information used in AI technology may refer to information including at least one of the following: - Input / output information of the AI ​​model; - Pre-processing / post-processing information for the input / output of the AI ​​model; - Parameter information of the AI ​​model; - Training information for the AI ​​model; - Inference information for the AI ​​model; - Performance information regarding the AI ​​model.

[0015] In the present disclosure, the terms AI model, AI / ML model, and model may be read interchangeably.

[0016] Here, the input / output information of the AI ​​model may include information on at least one of the following: - Contents of the input / output data (e.g., RSRP, SINR, amplitude / phase information in the channel matrix (or precoding matrix), information on the angle of arrival (Angle of Arrival (AoA)), information on the angle of departure (Angle of Departure (AoD)), location information); - Type of the input / output data (e.g., immutable value, floating-point number); - Quantization interval (quantization step size) of the input / output data (e.g., 1 dBm for L1-RSRP); - Range that the input / output data can take (e.g., [0, 1]).

[0017] In the present disclosure, the information on AoA may include information on at least one of an azimuth angle of arrival and a zenith angle of arrival (ZoA). The information on AoD may include information on at least one of an azimuth angle of departure and a zenith angle of departure (ZoD).

[0018] In the present disclosure, location information may be location information related to a UE / NW. The location information may include at least one of information (e.g., latitude, longitude, altitude) obtained using a positioning system (e.g., a satellite positioning system (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), etc.)), information about a base station adjacent to (or serving) the UE (e.g., a base station / cell identifier (ID), a BS-UE distance, a direction / angle of the BS (UE) as seen from the UE (BS), coordinates of the BS (UE) as seen from the UE (BS) (e.g., coordinates on the X, Y, and Z axes), etc.), a specific address of the UE (e.g., an Internet Protocol (IP) address), etc. The location information of the UE is not limited to information based on the position of the BS, and may be information based on a specific point.

[0019] The location information may include information about its implementation (e.g., location / position / orientation of antennas, location / orientation of antenna panels, number of antennas, number of antenna panels, etc.).

[0020] The location information may include mobility information, which may include information indicating at least one of information indicating a mobility type, a moving speed of the UE, an acceleration of the UE, and a moving direction of the UE.

[0021] Here, the mobility type may correspond to at least one of a fixed location UE, a movable / moving UE, a no mobility UE, a low mobility UE, a middle mobility UE, a high mobility UE, a cell-edge UE, a not-cell-edge UE, etc.

[0022] The pre-processing / post-processing information for the input / output of the AI ​​model may include information on at least one of the following: Whether to apply normalization (e.g., Z-score normalization (standardization), min-max normalization); Parameters for normalization (e.g., mean / variance for Z-score normalization, min / max for min-max normalization); Whether to apply a specific numerical conversion method (e.g., one hot encoding, label encoding, etc.); Selection rules for whether to use as training data.

[0023] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of processing using an AI model. For example, Z-score normalization (x) is performed as preprocessing for input information x (original input values). ｎｅｗ = (x - μ) / σ, where μ is the mean of x and σ is the standard deviation) ｎｅｗ (Normalized input values) may be input to the AI ​​model, and the output y ｏｕｔ The output values ​​may be post-processed to obtain the final output y (post-processed output values).

[0024] The information on the parameters of the AI ​​model may include information on at least one of the following: - Information on weights in the AI ​​model (e.g., neuron coefficients (connection coefficients)); - Structure of the AI ​​model; - Type of the AI ​​model as a model component (e.g., Residual Network (ResNet), DenseNet, RefineNet, Transformer model, CRBlock, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)); - Function of the AI ​​model as a model component (e.g., decoder, encoder).

[0025] Note that the weight information in the AI ​​model may include information on at least one of the following: - Bit width (size) of the weight information; - Quantization interval of the weight information; - Range that the weight information can take; - Weight parameters in the AI ​​model; - Information on the difference from the AI ​​model before update (if updating); - Weight initialization method (e.g., zero initialization, random initialization (based on normal distribution / uniform distribution / truncated normal distribution), Xavier initialization (for sigmoid function), He initialization (for rectified linear units (ReLU))).

[0026] The structure of the AI ​​model may also include information about at least one of the following: the number of layers, the type of layer (e.g., convolutional layer, activation layer, dense layer, normalization layer, pooling layer, attention layer), layer information, time series specific parameters (e.g., bidirectionality, time step), parameters for training (e.g., type of function (e.g., L2 regularization, dropout function, etc.), where (e.g., after which layer) to place this function).

[0027] The layer information may include information about at least one of the following: Number of neurons in each layer; Kernel size; Stride for pooling / convolutional layers; Pooling method (MaxPooling, AveragePooling, etc.); Residual block information; Number of heads; Normalization method (Batch normalization, instance normalization, layer normalization, etc.); Activation function (Sigmoid, tanh function, ReLU, leaky ReLU information, Maxout, Softmax).

[0028] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of an AI model (AI / ML model). This example illustrates an AI model including a ResNet model component #1, a Transformer model component #2, a dense layer, and a normalization layer. In this manner, one AI model may be included as a component of another AI model. Note that FIG. 2 may also illustrate an AI model in which processing proceeds from left to right.

[0029] The training information for the AI ​​model may include information about at least one of the following: - Information for the optimization algorithm (e.g., type of optimization (Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)), AdaGrad, Adam, etc.), parameters of the optimization (learning rate, momentum information, etc.); - Information on the loss function (e.g., information on metrics of the loss function (Mean Absolute Error (MAE)), Mean Square Error (MSE), Cross Entropy Loss, NLL Loss, KL Divergence, etc.)); - Parameters to be frozen for training (e.g., layers, weights); - Parameters to be updated (e.g., layers, weights); - Parameters to be (to be used as) initial parameters for training (e.g., layers, weights); - Method of training / updating the AI ​​model (e.g., (recommended) number of epochs, batch size, number of data to use for training).

[0030] The inference information for the AI ​​model may include information regarding decision tree branch pruning, parameter quantization, etc.

[0031] The performance information regarding the AI ​​model may include information regarding the expected value of a loss function defined for the AI ​​model.

[0032] AI model information regarding a specific AI model may be predetermined in a standard or may be notified to a UE from a network (NW). An AI model defined in a standard may be referred to as a reference AI model. AI model information regarding a reference AI model may be referred to as reference AI model information.

[0033] Note that the AI ​​model information in the present disclosure may include an index for identifying the AI ​​model (which may be referred to as an AI model index, for example). The AI ​​model information in the present disclosure may include the AI ​​model index in addition to / instead of the input / output information of the AI ​​model described above. The association between the AI ​​model index and the AI ​​model information (for example, input / output information of the AI ​​model) may be predetermined in a standard or may be notified to the UE from the NW.

[0034] (UE positioning using AI technology) Fingerprinting localization, which estimates the location of wireless devices using the propagation characteristics of wireless signals, is widely used in both Line Of Site (LOS) and Non-Line Of Site (NLOS) scenarios.

[0035] In this disclosure, LOS may mean that the UE and base station are in an environment where they can see each other (or there are no obstructions), and NLOS may mean that the UE and base station are not in an environment where they can see each other (or there are obstructions).

[0036] Fingerprinting location estimates the UE's location based on a database / AI model from the fingerprints of the UE's multiple transmission paths (multipath).

[0037] The multipath information may be, for example, information regarding the Angle of Arrival (AoA) / Angle of Departure (AoD) of the signal for optimal / candidate transmission paths.

[0038] 3GPP Rel. 16 NR supports the following positioning technologies: DL / UL Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) based positioning. Angle (DL AoD / UL AoA) based positioning. Multi-Round Trip Time (RTT) based positioning. Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID) based positioning.

[0039] Positioning in DL (DL TDOA, DL AoD) may be performed by the UE side or the LMF side. For example, in UE-based positioning, the UE may calculate the UE location based on various UE measurement results and assistance information from the LMF. Also, in UE-assisted positioning, the UE may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE location. The assistance information may be information for assisting UE location estimation. The assistance information may be interchangeable with assistance data.

[0040] Positioning in the UL (UL TDOA, UL AoA) may be performed by the LMF side. In this case, the base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0041] Positioning in DL and UL (multi-RTT, E-CID) may be performed by the LMF side. In this case, the UE / base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0042] Furthermore, in 3GPP Rel. 17, a positioning method using assistance information is proposed for the purpose of further improving positioning accuracy. The assistance information may be transmitted between the UE, the base station, and the LMF as measurement information for the above-mentioned DL / UL-TDOA, DL-AoD / UL-AoA, multi-RTT, and E-CID.

[0043] The assistance information may include information regarding at least one of the following: Timing Error Group (TEG); RSRPP (path-specific RSRP); Expected angle; Adjacent beam information; TRP antenna / beam information; LOS / NLOS indicator; Additional path reports.

[0044] The TEG may indicate one or more Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) resources whose Rx / Tx timing errors are within a certain margin.

[0045] RSRPP may indicate the measurement result of RSRP on the first pass.

[0046] In UL positioning, the assistance information regarding the expected angle may indicate an expected UL-AoA / ZoA. The assistance information may be transmitted to the base station from an LMF. The assistance information may support at least one of UL TDOA, UL AoA, and multi-RTT positioning.

[0047] In DL positioning, assistance information regarding expected angles may include information regarding expected DL-AoA / ZoA or DL-AoD / ZoD. The assistance information may be transmitted from an LMF to a UE. The assistance information may also support at least one of DL TDOA, DL AoA, and multi-RTT positioning. This improves the accuracy of angle-based UE positioning and enables optimization of Rx beamforming of the UE or base station.

[0048] The assistance information regarding the predicted angles may include, in addition to the information on the values ​​of the AoA / ZoA / AoD / ZoD themselves as described above, information indicating the uncertainty range of these values.

[0049] As additional beam information, the neighboring beam information may include information about a subset of DL-PRS resources (Option 1) for the purpose of prioritizing DL-AoD reports, or about the boresight direction of each DL-PRS resource (Option 2), allowing for optimization of UE Rx beam sweeping and DL-AoD measurements.

[0050] As additional beam information, the assistance information may also include PRS beam pattern information, which may include information regarding the relative power between DL-PRS resources per angle per TRP.

[0051] The LOS / NLOS indicator may indicate information regarding Line Of Site (LOS) / Non-Line Of Site (NLOS).

[0052] In addition, in order to improve the positioning delay of the UE, pre-configured measurement gaps (MG), activation of the MG via lower layers, MG-less location, PRS Rx / Tx in RRC_INACTIVE state, or on-demand PRS may be configured for the UE (or may be used by the UE).

[0053] 3GPP Rel. 17 NR supports the UE to measure / report the RSRP of neighboring beams to improve the accuracy of UE location estimation. For example, in a UE-assisted DL-AoD positioning method, the LMF can indicate at least one of the following options 1 to 2 in the assistance information:

[0054] Option 1: A subset of PRS resources for DL-AoD reporting prioritization. The subset may be configured for each PRS resource depending on UE capabilities. The UE may include PRS measurements requested for a subset of PRSs in the DL-AoD additional measurements if required PRS measurements for the associated PRS are reported. The required PRS measurements may be DL PRS RSRP / path PRS RSRP. The UE may report PRS measurements only for a subset of PRS resources. Note that the subset associated with a PRS resource may be in the same / different PRS resource set as the PRS resource. Option 2: Information about the boresight direction configured for each PRS resource depending on UE capabilities.

[0055] 3GPP Rel. 16 NR supports the LMF indicating the expected RSTD and its uncertainty range to the UE, and Rel. 17 also supports the LMF indicating the expected angle and its uncertainty range to the UE in order to reduce errors and complexity in AoA / AoD measurements.

[0056] 3GPP Rel. 18 NR supports the introduction of a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) for positioning.

[0057] The PRU is discussed as a reference device with a known location to mitigate transmission and reception timing errors of the UE / gNB. The PRU may be read as a UE / gNB / TRP (transmission reception point) / TP (transmission point).

[0058] For example, the PRU may support at least one of the following: Measuring DL PRS and reporting related measurements (e.g., RSTD / Transmit / Receive Time Difference / RSRP) to a location server (e.g., LMF); Transmitting SRS and enabling the TRP to measure and report measurements related to the reference device (e.g., Relative Time of Arrival (RTOA) / Transmit / Receive Time Difference, AOA) to a location server (e.g., LMF); Operation, measurements, and various parameters (parameters related to transmit and receive timing delay, AoD and AOA enhancement, and measurement correction); Reporting location coordinate information of the reference device to the location server (e.g., LMF) if the LMF does not have the location coordinate information; The accuracy with which the location of the reference device can be known.

[0059] Note that from the location server's perspective, the functionality of the PRU is realized by a UE / base station whose location is known.

[0060] Positioning using an AI model (which may also be called AI-based positioning, ML-based positioning, or AI / ML-based positioning, etc.) has, for example, the following two use cases: Direct AI / ML positioning. AI / ML-assisted positioning.

[0061] Direct AI / ML positioning outputs, for example, UE positioning, while AI / ML-assisted positioning outputs, for example, intermediate features, which may be input back into the AI / ML model.

[0062] Examples of outputs of the AI / ML assisted positioning described above may include at least one of the following: - Identification of LOS / NLOS (probability of LOS / NLOS); - ToA (time of arrival of PRS / SRS); - Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) time difference; - AoA / AoD; - Number of waves, Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) phase difference (Rel. 18 phase measurement); - DL RSTD / UL TDOA; - DL-PRS / UL-SRS, RSRPs / RSRPPs; - Likelihood of the above values ​​(e.g., probability of ToA).

[0063] (Use cases of AI-based positioning) Typical use cases of AI / ML-based positioning can be classified as follows, depending on at least one of which entity's (or entity's) model is used and whether measurement results of either DL signals or UL signals are used for location prediction.

[0064] 3A to 3C are diagrams showing variations of positioning using DL signals, and FIGS. 4A and 4B are diagrams showing variations of positioning using UL signals.

[0065] Case 1: UE-based positioning using a UE-side model (direct AI / ML positioning or AI / ML-assisted positioning). Case 2a: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning using a UE-side model (AI / ML-assisted positioning). Case 2b: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning using an LMF-side model (direct AI / ML positioning). Case 3a: NG-RAN node-assisted positioning using a gNB-side model (AI / ML-assisted positioning). Case 3b: NG-RAN node-assisted positioning using an LMF-side model (direct AI / ML positioning).

[0066] It should be noted that these names of cases are merely for convenience and are not limited to these examples.

[0067] <Case 1> Case 1 is an example of positioning using a UE-side model and DL signals / channels (see FIG. 3A). In Case 1, the UE receives (required) assistance information related to positioning (location prediction) from the NW (gNB / LMF). The UE-side model calculates (measures / predicts) the UE location or intermediate value based on the assistance information and the DL signals / channels from the NW. The UE transmits the UE location or intermediate value to the NW (LMF).

[0068] <Case 2a> Case 2a is an example of positioning using a UE-side model and DL signals / channels (see FIG. 3B). In Case 2a, the UE receives (required) assistance information related to positioning (location prediction) from the NW (gNB / LMF). The UE-side model calculates (measures / predicts) an intermediate value based on the assistance information and the DL signals / channels from the NW. The UE transmits the intermediate value to the NW (LMF).

[0069] <Case 2b> Case 2b is an example of positioning using the LMF-side model and DL signals / channels (see FIG. 3C). In Case 2b, the UE transmits measurement results of DL signals (specific signals / channels (e.g., RS)) from the NW to the NW (gNB / LMF). The UE also receives an instruction from the NW to collect (required) data related to positioning (location prediction). The LMF-side model calculates (measures / predicts) the UE location based on the measurement results of the DL signals.

[0070] <Case 3a> Case 3a is an example of positioning using a gNB-side model and UL signals / channels (see FIG. 4A). In Case 3a, the gNB receives (required) assistance information related to positioning (location prediction) from the LMF. The gNB-side model calculates (measures / predicts) intermediate values ​​based on the assistance information and the UL signals / channels from the UE. The gNB transmits the intermediate values ​​to the LMF.

[0071] <Case 3b> Case 3b is an example of positioning using an LMF-side model and UL signals / channels (see FIG. 4B). In Case 3b, the gNB transmits measurement results of UL signals (specific signals / channels (e.g., RS)) from the UE to the LMF. The gNB also receives (required) assistance information related to positioning (location prediction) from the LMF. The LMF-side model calculates (measures / predicts) the UE location based on the measurement results of the UL signals.

[0072] (Training Data Sample Collection) Up to Rel. 18, UE measurements are reported in signal measurement information (e.g., SignalMeasurementInformation) for UE-assisted positioning.

[0073] Also, up to Rel. 18, the calculated UE location is reported in location information (e.g., LocationInformation) for UE-based positioning.

[0074] 5 is a diagram showing an example of location information in DL TDOA positioning. The example shown in FIG. 5 shows NR-DL-TDOA-LocationInformation, which is location information related to downlink Time Difference Of Arrival (DL TDOA) in NR.

[0075] NR-DL-TDOA-LocationInformation is included in NR-DL-TDOA-ProvideLocationInformation, which is used by the target device to provide NR DL TDOA location measurements to the location server. NR-DL-TDOA-ProvideLocationInformation may also be used to provide error reasons specific to NR DL TDOA positioning.

[0076] As shown in Fig. 5, the NR-DL-TDOA-LocationInformation includes a parameter (measurementReferenceTime) indicating a measurement reference time. The parameter (measurementReferenceTime) indicating the measurement reference time is indicated by either a timestamp parameter (NR-TimeStamp) indicated by a system frame number or a Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) time parameter (UTCTime).

[0077] As shown in Figure 5, the NR-DL-TDOA-LocationInformation also includes parameters (locationCoordinates) related to location estimation using one of the geographic shapes, and a parameter (locationSource) for providing the source positioning technology to use for location estimation.

[0078] 6 is a diagram showing an example of signal measurement information for DL ​​TDOA positioning. The example shown in FIG. 6 shows NR-DL-TDOA-SignalMeasurementInformation, which is signal measurement information related to NR DL TDOA. NR-DL-TDOA-SignalMeasurementInformation is used by the target device to provide the location server with measurement values ​​of the NR DL TDOA.

[0079] As shown in FIG. 6, the NR-DL-TDOA-SignalMeasurementInformation includes a timestamp parameter (nr-TimeStamp), parameters related to additional paths (nr-AdditionalPathList), and parameters related to each quality (e.g., a parameter related to timing quality (nr-TimingQuality), a parameter related to LOS / NLOS (nr-los-nlos-Indicator), and a parameter related to phase quality (nr-PhaseQuality)).

[0080] The timestamp parameter (nr-TimeStamp / NR-TimeStamp) is information about the timestamp associated with the UE measurement, indicating the time instance at which the measurement was performed.

[0081] The timing quality parameters (nr-TimingQuality / NR-TimingQuality) are parameters that specify the quality of the timing value, and include a timing quality value parameter (timingQualityValue) and a timing quality resolution parameter (timingQualityResolution). The timing quality value parameter (timingQualityValue) is a parameter that provides an estimate of the uncertainty of the timing value provided by NR-TimingQuality in meters. The timing quality resolution parameter (timingQualityResolution) is a parameter that provides the resolution used in the timingQualityValue field.

[0082] The LOS / NLOS-related parameters (nr-los-nlos-Indicator / LOS-NLOS-Indicator) are information indicating the likelihood of LOS of the propagation path from the source to the receiver. The LOS / NLOS-related parameters (nr-los-nlos-Indicator / LOS-NLOS-Indicator) are expressed as soft values ​​(0 to 10) or hard values ​​(0 or 1).

[0083] The phase quality parameter (nr-PhaseQuality / NR-PhaseQuality) is a parameter indicating the quality of the Reference Signal Carrier Phase (RSCP) / Reference Signal Carrier Phase Difference (RSCP) measurement, and includes a phase quality index parameter (phaseQualityIndex) and a phase quality resolution parameter (phaseQualityResolution). The phase quality index parameter (phaseQualityIndex) is a parameter providing an index value, in degrees, of the estimated uncertainty of the reported phase for which NR-PhaseQuality is provided. The phase quality resolution parameter (phaseQualityResolution) is a parameter providing the resolution used in the phaseQualityIndex field.

[0084] The parameters related to additional paths (nr-AdditionalPathList / NR-AdditionalPathList) include at least a parameter related to path quality (nr-PathQuarity), which refers to NR-TimingQuality.

[0085] In addition, the signal measurement information (OTDOA-SignalMeasurementInformation) of Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) positioning may include a parameter that refers to a parameter related to OTDOA measurement quality (OTDOA-MeasQuality). The parameter related to OTDOA measurement quality (OTDOA-MeasQuality) includes a parameter related to measurement error resolution (error-Resolution). The parameter related to measurement error resolution (error-Resolution) is expressed in meters.

[0086] The parameters listed above are only a part of the parameters, and each quality parameter is expressed in units of meters / angles / likelihood, etc.

[0087] (Provision of measurement information and label information by PRU) The existing NR (up to Rel. 18) supports a parameter (NR-PositionCalculationAssistance) for providing assistance data (assistance information) that enables UE-based DL positioning. This parameter is information used by the location server.

[0088] In Rel. 18, the parameter is supported to include information used by the location server to provide the target UE with specific information reported by the PRU for UE-based DL TDOA (PRU information) (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r18, also referred to as PRU DL information) (see FIG. 7). The specific information may include information related to carrier phase measurements and additional information.

[0089] The PRU DL information (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r18) includes a parameter (nr-PRU-LocationInfo-r18) indicating the location coordinates of the PRU, a parameter (nr-PRU-DL-TDOA-MeasInfo-r18, which may also be referred to as PRU DL TDOA measurement information) for specifying carrier phase measurement information (a list of carrier phase measurement RSCPDs) and other measurement information in DL TDOA by the PRU, a parameter (nr-PRU-DL-AoD-MeasInfo-r18, which may also be referred to as PRU DL AoD measurement information) for specifying a list of other measurement information in DL-AoD by the PRU, and a parameter (nr-PRU-RSCP-MeasInfo-r18, which may also be referred to as PRU RSCP measurement information) for specifying a list of carrier phase measurement RSCPDs measured by the PRU (see FIG. 8).

[0090] The PRU DL TDOA measurement information (nr-PRU-DL-TDOA-MeasInfo-r18) has the same information structure as the signal measurement information for NR DL TDOA (NR-DL-TDOA-SignalMeasurementInformation).

[0091] The PRU DL AoD measurement information (nr-PRU-DL-AoD-MeasInfo-r18) has the same information structure as the signal measurement information for NR DL AoD (NR-DL-AoD-SignalMeasurementInformation).

[0092] (Various Measurements) The UE's measurement capabilities related to New Radio Radio Access Technology (NR RAT) dependent positioning include the following. That is, the UE may measure / report at least one of the following: SS / CSI-RSRP / RSRQ. SS / CSI-SINR. SRS-RSRP. Cross Link Interference (CLI)-Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). RSSI. DL PRS-RSRP. DL Reference signal time difference (RSTD). UE's reception-transmission time difference (Rx-Tx time difference). DL PRS-reference signal received path power (RSRPP).

[0093] Phase-related DL / UL measurements are specified in Rel. 18 NR positioning and are considered as possible inference input or output intermediate values ​​for AI-based positioning. For example, DL RSCP, DL RSCPD, and UL RSCP are specified as follows:

[0094] <Downlink reference signal carrier phase (DL RSCP)> The DL RSCP of the ith path (e.g., i is 1) is defined as the phase of the channel response at the ith path delay obtained from the resource element carrying the DL PRS configured for measurement. The DL RSCP is associated with the center frequency of the DL positioning frequency layer (PFL) configured for measurement. For Frequency range 1 (FR1), the reference point for the DL RSCP is the UE antenna connector. For Frequency range 2 (FR2), the reference point for the DL RSCP is the UE antenna. The DL RSCP is applicable in the RRC connected state (RRC_CONNECTED), RRC inactive (RRC_INACTIVE), or RRC idle (RRC_IDLE).

[0095] <Downlink reference signal carrier phase difference (DL RSCPD)> RSCPD is defined as the difference between the DL RSCP from transmission point (TP) j and the DL RSCP from reference TP i, measured from the DL PRS transmitted in the DL PFL. If the UE reports RSCPD measurements along with RSTD measurements in the measurement report element, the reference TP for RSCPD is the same as the reference TP reported for RSTD. For Frequency range 1 (FR1), the reference point for DL ​​RSCPD is the UE's antenna connector. For Frequency range 2 (FR2), the reference point for DL ​​RSCPD is the UE's antenna. DL RSCPD is applicable in the RRC connected, inactive, or idle states.

[0096] <Uplink reference signal carrier phase (UL RSCP)> The UL RSCP of the i-th path (e.g., i is 1) is defined as the phase of the channel response at the i-th path delay obtained from the resource element transmitting the sounding reference signal (SRS) configured for measurement. The UL RSCP is related to the center frequency of the transmission bandwidth of the positioning SRS configured for measurement.

[0097] The reference point for the UL RSCP shall be: - for Type 1-C Base Station, the connector of the receive antenna; - for Type 1-O or 2-O Base Station, the receive antenna (i.e. the center position of the radiation area of ​​the receive antenna); - for Type 1-H Base Station, the receive Transceiver Array Boundary connector.

[0098] (Analysis) It is being considered that AI / ML-based positioning will be introduced into future wireless communication systems (for example, Rel. 19 and later).

[0099] When performing AI / ML-based positioning, it is considered that data collection for training an AI / ML model is performed, and that information for this data collection includes information about measurements and information about labels.

[0100] In the present disclosure, information related to measurement, information used for measurement, information for measurement, measurement information, measurement related information, Part A may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, information related to measurement may include at least one of a channel measurement value, a quality indicator of the channel measurement (value), and a timestamp of the channel measurement (value).

[0101] In the present disclosure, information about a label, information for a label, label information, label-related information, and Part B may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, information about a label may include at least one of a ground truth label (or an approximation), a quality indicator of the label, and a timestamp of the label. In the present disclosure, the timestamp of the label may refer to time / time information corresponding to the label.

[0102] Corresponding Part A and Part B may be for the same UE (eg, PRU / non-PRU) and may be for the same location associated with Part B.

[0103] For example, Part A and Part B may be generated by the same or different entities based on the same UE, or Part A and Part B may be generated based on the same UE in the same or different positioning methods / procedures.

[0104] It is contemplated that the generation of parts A and B will be performed by a specific entity in each use case of AI-based positioning.

[0105] For example, in Cases 1 / 2a / 2b, Part A may be generated by a PRU or a non-PRU UE, and in Cases 1 / 2a / 2b, Part B may be generated by a PRU, a non-PRU UE with location estimation, or an LMF.

[0106] For example, in case 3a / 3b, Part A may be generated by the TRP / gNB (base station). Also, in case 3a, Part B may be generated by at least the LMF. In case 3b, Part B may be generated by the PRU, a non-PRU UE with location estimation, or the LMF.

[0107] For example, in case 1 / 2a, the UE may generate part A / B. In this case, the generation of part A / B may be based on the implementation of the UE.

[0108] For example, in case 1 / 2a, the LMF may generate Part B. In this case, the UE may report Part A and other information to the LMF according to existing methods (specified in Rel. 18). The LMF may send Part B to the UE as assistance information.

[0109] For example, in case 2b, the UE may generate part A / B, and in this case, the UE may report part A / B to the LMF.

[0110] For example, in case 2b, the LMF may generate Part B. In this case, the UE may report Part A and other information to the LMF according to existing methods (specified in Rel. 18).

[0111] For example, in case 3a, the TRP / base station may generate Part A. In this case, the generation of Part A may be based on the implementation of the TRP / base station.

[0112] For example, in case 3a, at least the LMF may generate Part B. In this case, the TRP / base station may report Part A and other information to the LMF according to existing methods (specified in Rel. 18). The LMF may send Part B to the TRP / base station as assistance information.

[0113] For example, in case 3b, the TRP / base station may generate Part A. In this case, the generation of Part A may be based on the implementation of the TRP / base station.

[0114] For example, in case 3b, the LMF may generate Part B. In this case, the TRP / base station may report Part A and other information to the LMF according to existing methods (specified in Rel. 18).

[0115] For example, in case 3b, the UE may generate Part B. In this case, the UE may report Part A and other information to the LMF.

[0116] Furthermore, in future wireless communication systems (for example, Rel. 19 and later), it is being considered to use information about PRUs in UE-based positioning and data collection for this positioning.

[0117] However, detailed consideration of the structure of information related to such PRUs and related operations has not been provided.

[0118] More specifically, in a UE-side model, when a PRU is applied to generate measurement information / label information for AI / ML-based positioning, and when model training / measurement information generation / label information generation are performed by different entities, there has been insufficient consideration given to how to specify information about the PRU (PRU information).

[0119] In the existing NR positioning, information about the PRU (PRU DL information (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r18)) includes the PRU's location information and DL measurement information as described above. However, in the UE-side model of AI / ML-based positioning, additional information for the location server (e.g., LMF) that indicates information about the PRU to the UE should be considered, but this consideration is insufficient.

[0120] In addition, in existing NR positioning, information about the PRU is provided to the UE as assistance information for UE-based DL positioning. On the other hand, information about the PRU is not provided to the UE in the case of UE-assisted positioning. Furthermore, information about the PRU is provided in conjunction with a specific positioning method and is not provided independently for both UE-assisted positioning and UE-based positioning.

[0121] Furthermore, in the AI / ML-based positioning of the UE side model, it is assumed that measurement information and label information of the PRU are required in the UE.

[0122] For this reason, it is necessary to consider a procedure for a UE to request information about a PRU, separate from the existing positioning framework, but this has not been sufficiently considered.

[0123] Furthermore, when the UE provides label information, there is insufficient consideration on how to guarantee the accuracy of the reported label on the UE side. For example, in cases 1 / 2b / 3b, the UE may generate location information. For example, in case 2a, the UE may generate an intermediate value. In case 3a, the base station may generate an intermediate value. By guaranteeing the accuracy of the label in such cases, it is possible to use only highly accurate labels or labels that can achieve high accuracy for training AI / ML-based positioning.

[0124] If the above considerations are not sufficient, it may not be possible to perform positioning using the AI / ML model appropriately, and it may not be possible to perform highly accurate positioning using the AI / ML model.

[0125] Therefore, the present inventors came up with a method to solve these problems.

[0126] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

[0127] (Various Reinterpretations) In the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "( )" in a sentence may indicate an explanation of the word immediately preceding it (for example, an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "[ ]" in a sentence may be interpreted including the word in the meaning of the entire sentence, or may be interpreted excluding (ignoring) the word in the meaning of the entire sentence. Note that "( )" and "[ ]" may also be used for purposes / meanings other than those mentioned above.

[0128] In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0129] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be read interchangeably.

[0130] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0131] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0132] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0133] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0134] In the present disclosure, the terms drop, abort, cancel, puncture, rate match, postpone, do not transmit, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0135] In the present disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be used interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be used interchangeably.

[0136] In the present disclosure, positioning may be interchangeably read as position determination, position estimation, position prediction, etc. In the present disclosure, KPI (Key Performance Indicator) and performance metrics may be interchangeably read as KPI (Key Performance Indicator) and performance metrics (Performance Metrics Calculation), model monitoring, and performance monitoring may be interchangeably read as KPI (Key Performance Indicator), model monitoring, and performance monitoring.

[0137] In the following embodiments, to explain the AI ​​model for communication between UEs, gNBs, and LMFs, the relevant entities are UEs, gNBs, and LMFs, but the application of each embodiment of the present disclosure is not limited to this. For example, for communication between different entities (e.g., communication between UEs), the UEs, gNBs, and LMFs in the following embodiments may be replaced with a first UE, a second UE, a third UE, and so on. In other words, the UEs, gNBs, and LMFs of the present disclosure may all be replaced with any UE, gNB, or LMF. Furthermore, the NWs, base stations (BSs), gNBs, LMFs, and TRPs may be replaced with each other.

[0138] In the present disclosure, the terms antenna port, subband, angle, and delay may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms NW, base station, gNB, LMF, TRP, NG-RAN, network node, network component, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0139] In the present disclosure, the terms LMF, a device (such as a server) that implements the LMF, a network node / component having a location management function, a node that performs location management, a location server, and the like may be interchangeable. The LMF may be defined as one of the network functions (NFs) provided in the core network and may be an entity that controls communications related to location information. The LMF may be mounted on any device on the core network. The LMF-side model may be an AI / ML model mounted on a device on the core network. LMF-based positioning may simply mean deriving location information using the LMF-side model.

[0140] In the present disclosure, the terms encoder, encoding, encode / encoded, modification / alteration / control by an encoder, compressing, compress / compressed, generating, generate / generated, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0141] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, slot, subslot, symbol, subframe, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0142] In the present disclosure, sample-based and sample-by-sample may be interchangeable. Sample and sampling may be interchangeable. Path-based and path-by-path may be interchangeable. Positioning, measurement, and reporting may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, information, information element (IE), and [higher layer] parameter may be interchangeable.

[0143] Examples of the present disclosure are applicable to all Life Cycle Management (LCM) procedures, for example, the reported information may be applied to data collection for AI / ML model inference, performance monitoring, model training and model update, etc. The AI / ML-based positioning in the present disclosure may be performed by the UE / gNB / LMF.

[0144] In the present disclosure, DL and UL may be interchangeable, and PRS and SRS may be interchangeable.

[0145] In the present disclosure, the terms label, location information, information relating to location, intermediate positioning values, LOS / NLOS indicator, timing information, various quality information, Part B, non-measurement information, environmental information, environmental-related parameters, etc. may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0146] In the present disclosure, Part B may include at least one of a label, quality information / indicators on the label, and a timestamp on the label.

[0147] In the present disclosure, label quality indicator, label quality information, quality indicator, quality information, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0148] In the present disclosure, label timestamp, label time information, timestamp, time information, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0149] In the present disclosure, PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning, PRU information, information about a PRU, PRU-related information, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0150] In this disclosure, the names of parameters / information are merely examples. For example, the description "-rxx (e.g., xx is 19)" indicating the release number written in each parameter does not have to be written in each parameter, or a different number may be indicated.

[0151] In the present disclosure, the UE side (side) and the terminal side (side) may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the NW side (side), the base station side (side), the gNB side (side), the TRP side (side), the LMF side (side), etc. may be interchangeable.

[0152] (Wireless communication method) The UE / NW (gNB / LMF) may perform positioning and various related operations (measurement / prediction / reporting / transmission / reception / data collection) by applying each of the embodiments shown below.

[0153] The UE may receive various configurations for positioning / measurement / reporting, and may further report / transmit corresponding prediction (positioning) results to the NW.

[0154] The NW may send various settings for positioning / measurement / reporting to the UE, and may also receive corresponding prediction results (reports) from the UE.

[0155] The UE / NW (gNB / LMF) may control various positioning-related operations (transmission and reception of related information) by applying the embodiments of the present disclosure and the various provisions described above. Furthermore, the UE / NW (gNB / LMF) may perform information exchange between multiple entities to realize these various operations.

[0156] First Embodiment The first embodiment relates to PRU information.

[0157] The first embodiment may be applied to AI / ML-based positioning, which may be performed, for example, by a UE-side model.

[0158] The UE may perform UE-based positioning (AI-based positioning using a UE-side model) based on the PRU information.

[0159] The PRU information may be used for training UE-based / assisted positioning and collecting data for such training.

[0160] The first embodiment is roughly divided into embodiments 1-1 and 1-2. Embodiments 1-1 and 1-2 may be applied independently or in combination.

[0161] <<Embodiment 1-1>> In embodiment 1-1, the configuration of PRU information will be described.

[0162] The UE may receive PRU information (e.g., from the LMF).

[0163] The UE may perform AI / ML-based positioning based on the received PRU information.

[0164] The PRU information may include, for example, at least one of information regarding the position (coordinates) of the PRU (which may be called PRU position information) and information regarding measurements of the PRU (which may be called PRU measurement information).

[0165] The PRU measurement information may include, for example, measurement information by an existing PRU (defined up to Rel. 18) (for example, at least one of PRU DL TDOA measurement information, PRU DL AoD measurement information, and PRU RSCP measurement information).

[0166] The PRU information may include, for example, in addition to / instead of existing (defined up to Rel. 18) PRU measurement information and PRU location information, at least one of the following information (which may hereinafter be referred to as PRU information / parameters for AI / ML-based positioning): - Information on channel measurements (e.g., signal strength quality (e.g., Channel impulse response (CIR) / Power delay profile (PDP) / Delay profile (DP))). - Information on timing / power / phase [of CIR]. - Configuration information of RS (e.g., PRS) [used by the PRU performing the measurement]. - Information on intermediate values.

[0167] By configuring the PRU information in this manner, AI-based positioning using a UE-side model can be performed appropriately based on the PRU information.

[0168] Note that at least one of the above-exemplified information / parameters may be referred to as PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning, or information including at least one of the above-exemplified parameters may be referred to as PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning. Furthermore, the PRU information may include at least one of the above-exemplified parameters.

[0169] For example, information about the timing / power / phase of the CIR may be included in the PRU information if information about the CIR is included in the PRU information.

[0170] The configuration information of the RS (for example, PRS) may include, for example, the ID / resource ID / resource set ID of the RS (PRS).

[0171] The intermediate value information may include, for example, timing information (eg, timestamps) and / or quality indicators (eg, LOS / NLOS indicators).

[0172] The intermediate value information may be calculated using the location / measurement information reported by the PRU by the LMF, and may be used as a ground truth label for AI / ML assisted positioning.

[0173] In addition, the information of the intermediate value does not need to be reported from the PRU to the LMF. In this case, in the AI / ML assisted measurement, the information of the intermediate value may be notified to the UE from the LMF as PRU information.

[0174] The PRU information may be configured / indicated / notified to the UE from the LMF using higher layer signaling (e.g., LPP signaling / message).

[0175] The PRU information may be defined, for example, by at least one of the configurations of options 1-1-1 to 1-1-3 below.

[0176] <<<Option 1-1-1>>> PRU DL information may include PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning as additional information.

[0177] 9 is a diagram showing an example of PRU information related to Option 1-1-1. In the example shown in Fig. 9, the PRU DL information (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r18) includes information on channel measurement (nr-PRU-channelmeas-r19), PRS configuration information (nr-PRU-PRSConfig), timing information (nr-est-timinginfo), and intermediate value information (nr-est-LOS-NLOS-indicator).

[0178] According to Option 1-1-1, by extending the configuration of existing information elements to specify PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning, it is possible to appropriately specify PRU information while reducing the impact on specifications.

[0179] <<<<Option 1-1-2>>> The PRU DL information may include signal measurement information for the PRU, and the signal measurement information may include PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning.

[0180] 10 is a diagram showing an example of PRU information related to Option 1-1-2. In the example shown in FIG. 10, PRU DL information (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r18) includes signal measurement information for the PRU (nr-PRU-MeasInfo-r19 / NR-PRU-SignalMeasurementInformation-r19). The signal measurement information for the PRU (NR-PRU-SignalMeasurementInformation-r19) may include PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning.

[0181] According to Option 1-1-2, by extending the configuration of existing information elements to specify PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning, it is possible to appropriately specify PRU information while reducing the impact on specifications.

[0182] <<<<Option 1-1-3>>> In addition to the existing PRU DL information (e.g., NR-PRU-DL-Info-r18), PRU DL information for AI / ML-based positioning (e.g., NR-PRU-DL-Info-r19) may be specified.

[0183] 11 is a diagram showing an example of PRU information related to Option 1-1-3. In the example shown in Fig. 11, the PRU DL information (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r19) for AI / ML-based positioning includes the PRU DL information (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r18), information related to channel measurement (nr-PRU-channelmeas-r19), PRS configuration information (nr-PRU-PRSConfig), information related to timing (nr-est-timinginfo), and information related to the intermediate value (nr-est-LOS-NLOS-indicator).

[0184] In the example shown in FIG. 11 , the PRU DL information (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r19) for AI / ML-based positioning includes information included in existing PRU DL information (e.g., NR-PRU-DL-Info-r18) (parameters indicating the PRU's location coordinates (nr-PRU-LocationInfo-r18) and PRU DL TDOA measurement information), but this is merely an example. The PRU DL information (NR-PRU-DL-Info-r19) for AI / ML-based positioning does not necessarily include PRU DL TDOA measurement information, and may instead include at least one of PRU DL AoD measurement information, PRU RSCP measurement information, and information regarding any measurement by the PRU.

[0185] The input / output of the UE side model may be different, and the LMF may indicate different PRU information / measurement information to the UE.

[0186] According to Option 1-1-1, by specifying PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning separately from the configuration of existing information elements, it is possible to select and notify any of the information, which can contribute to reducing signaling overhead.

[0187] According to embodiment 1-1, it is possible to appropriately define PRU information for AI / ML-based positioning.

[0188] <<Embodiment 1-2>> Embodiment 1-2 relates to a request for data collection for PRU information.

[0189] The UE may send (to the LMF) a request for data collection (data collection request) for PRU information using upper layer signaling (e.g., LPP signaling / message).

[0190] The data collection may be data collection for training a UE-side model.

[0191] The data collection request may include, for example, information regarding at least one of the following: - Measurement / label information (required for data collection); - Required / expected accuracy / quality of measurement / label information; - Validity area of ​​measurement / label information; - Number of [required] measurements; - Number of [required] labels; - Number of [required] PRU information.

[0192] The measurement information may be, for example, information about at least one of DL RSTD, receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference at the UE, CIR, PDP, and DP.

[0193] The label information may be, for example, information about at least one of the location (coordinates), LOS / NLOS indicator, DL RSTD, receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference at the UE, and ToA.

[0194] The validity area may mean, for example, that within the area, the environment-related parameters (e.g., parameters such as LOS / NLOS conditions, speed, direction of movement, etc.) of the PRU that provided the data are the same / similar to the UE (UE's environment-related parameters) performing the model training.

[0195] Note that "similar" may mean that the difference in parameter value is within a specific range.

[0196] When the number of measurements / number of labels / number of PRU information is requested, it may mean that a dataset of training samples is sent to the training entity.When the number of measurements / number of labels / number of PRU information is requested, the UE may assume that a dataset of training samples is sent to the training entity.

[0197] The UE may receive PRU information from (the LMF that received the data collection request).

[0198] The UE may receive the PRU information regardless of whether UE-based DL positioning is performed or not.

[0199] The PRU information of each PRU may be transmitted to the UE using higher layer signaling (eg, LPP signaling / messages) as described in embodiment 1-1 above.

[0200] PRU information relating to multiple PRUs available on the LMF side may be jointly transmitted to the UE.

[0201] The PRU information relating to the multiple PRUs to be jointly transmitted may be transmitted to the UE using higher layer signaling (e.g., LPP signaling / messages), for example, as described in embodiment 1-1 above.

[0202] Furthermore, PRU information for multiple PRUs to be jointly transmitted may be transmitted to the UE using novel LPP signaling. The PRU information via the novel LPP signaling may be indicated, for example, by a difference value of measurement information / label information relative to a reference PRU. The reference PRU may be selected / determined based on a predefined specification or an LMF implementation.

[0203] In addition, the UE may send specific data collection requests to each PRU via sidelink. The PRU may also send location / measurement information directly to the UE. In this way, the UE-side model may be trained by the UE, and the model training procedure may be transparent to the network.

[0204] According to embodiment 1-2, the procedure up to reception of PRU information by the UE can be appropriately defined.

[0205] According to the first embodiment described above, it is possible to appropriately define PRU information and related operations for AI / ML-based positioning.

[0206] Second Embodiment The second embodiment relates to guaranteeing the accuracy of labels related to data collection for model training in AI / ML-based positioning.

[0207] In this embodiment, for the UE-side model, model training may be performed in the LMF and labels may be provided from the UE.

[0208] The LMF may send a request for location information to the UE.

[0209] The UE may report a label to the LMF based on the request and / or specific conditions.

[0210] The specific conditions may be, for example, predefined in a specification, or may be designated / set / instructed by the LMF.

[0211] In addition, in the present disclosure, the label (label information) may include at least one of location information, an intermediate value estimated by the UE (e.g., DL timing information and / or LOS / NLOS indicator), and an intermediate value measured [directly] by the UE.

[0212] The specific condition may be, for example, a condition based on the quality of the UE-based positioning (e.g., Quality of Service (QoS)). The quality of the UE-based positioning may be, for example, the horizontal accuracy / vertical accuracy of the UE-based positioning.

[0213] For example, if the quality of the UE-based positioning is greater than (or equal to or greater than) / less than (or equal to or less than) a certain threshold, the UE may decide to report a label.

[0214] The specific condition may be, for example, a condition based on UE-side measurement quality (eg, timing quality / phase quality / power quality / location quality).

[0215] For example, if the measurement quality on the UE side is greater than (or equal to or greater than) / less than (or equal to or less than) a certain threshold, the UE may decide to report the label.

[0216] The particular condition may be, for example, a condition based on an estimated timing measurement, such as a Round Trip Time (RTT) and / or a Round Trip Delay (RTD).

[0217] For example, if the estimated timing measurement is greater than (or equal to or greater than) / less than (or equal to or less than) a certain threshold, the UE may decide to report a label.

[0218] The specific condition may be, for example, a condition based on a channel-related parameter, such as at least one of a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and a signal to noise ratio (SNR).

[0219] For example, if a channel-related parameter is greater than (or equal to or greater than) / less than (or equal to or less than) a particular threshold, the UE may decide to report a label.

[0220] The specific condition may be, for example, a condition based on the initial path and the additional path, for example, if the difference in measurement between the initial path and the additional path is greater than (or equal to or greater than) / less than (or equal to or less than) a specific threshold, the UE may decide to report the label.

[0221] The specific conditions exemplified in this embodiment may be applied singly or in combination of at least two of them.

[0222] If certain conditions are not met, the UE may ignore the request for location information (may not report the label).

[0223] If certain conditions are not met, the UE may send a negative response to the LMF to indicate that the requirement for providing a label for AI / ML-based positioning is not met.

[0224] Alternatively, when the UE receives a request for location information, it may always send a label to the LMF, regardless of whether the above specific conditions are met or not.

[0225] In this case, the LMF may determine whether the label meets the accuracy requirements.

[0226] According to the second embodiment, the accuracy of the reported label / label information can be guaranteed.

[0227] <Supplementary Information> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information to the UE [from a Network (NW) (e.g., a Base Station (BS))] (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0228] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not defined in existing standards.

[0229] When the notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0230] In addition, notification of any information to the UE in the above-mentioned embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently (triggered by an instruction from the UE or the gNB), or aperiodically (triggered by an instruction from the UE or the gNB).

[0231] In the above embodiment, the UE may receive information from the NW as at least one of the following QCL rules: QCL Type A. QCL Type B. QCL Type C. QCL Type D.

[0232] In the above-described embodiment, the QCL source RS for each QCL type may be at least one of the following several RSs: SSB; CSI-RS with / without repetition; TRS; DMRS of PDCCH / PDSCH.

[0233] In the above-described embodiment, the information from the NW may be set / indicated by the following methods: Common to multiple UEs or UE-specific; Cell-specific or common to multiple cells; Per UE / per CC / per BWP / per band / per cell / per cell group (CG).

[0234] <<Notification of Information from UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE [to the NW] (in other words, transmission / report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0235] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID, which is not defined in existing standards, in the MAC subheader.

[0236] If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0237] In addition, notification of any information from the UE in the above-mentioned embodiments may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by an instruction from the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by an instruction from the UE or gNB).

[0238] <<Application of Each Embodiment>> In a UE / BS (NW / gNB / LMF / NG-RAN), specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied (used) when one or more of the following conditions are met: - A higher layer parameter indicating the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is configured. - The specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on related higher layer parameters. - The specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is specified / activated / triggered by a MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS. - A specific UE capability indicating (or related to) the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is reported or supported. - The application of the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0239] The specific UE capability may indicate at least one of the following: - Supporting the specific process / action / control / assumption / information - Supporting AI / ML-based (using AI / ML model) positioning - Supporting data collection for AI / ML-based (using AI / ML model) positioning - Supporting the use of a UE-side model - Not supporting at least one of the above capabilities.

[0240] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, a band, a band combination, a BWP, a component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0241] Furthermore, the specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied to all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0242] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0243] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplemented with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having a receiver that receives information about a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based positioning, and a controller that performs AI-based positioning using a terminal-side model based on the information about the PRU. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the information about the PRU includes at least one of information about a position of the PRU, information about measurements of the PRU, information about channel measurements, information about at least one of timing, power, and phase, configuration information of a positioning reference signal, and information about an intermediate value. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the controller controls transmission of a first request for data collection used to train the terminal-side model. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 3, wherein the receiver receives a second request for data collection used to train the terminal-side model, and the controller controls transmission of label information based on the second request and a specific condition. [Supplementary Note 5] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 4, wherein the receiving unit receives a second request for data collection to be used for training a model on the terminal side, and the control unit controls not to transmit label information regardless of reception of the second request if a specific condition is not satisfied.

[0244] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0245] 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0246] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0247] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (Master Node (MN)), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (Secondary Node (SN)). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0248] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0249] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The location, number, shape, size, etc. of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as the base station 10.

[0250] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize multi-input multi-output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or may be formed by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called, for example, a supercell) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called, for example, subcells). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell with a quasi-static / dynamically variable physical range. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0251] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CCs) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0252] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band higher than 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

[0253] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0254] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0255] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0256] The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). A single network node may provide multiple functions. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

[0257] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0258] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the wireless communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0259] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (e.g., other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0260] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0261] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), or the like may be used as an uplink channel.

[0262] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, a System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit a Master Information Block (MIB).

[0263] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0264] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be replaced with DL data, and the PUSCH may be replaced with UL data.

[0265] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources for searching for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0266] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," "CORESET configuration," and the like in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0267] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0268] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0269] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

[0270] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as a reference signal.

[0271] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or the like may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0272] (Base Station) Fig. 13 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

[0273] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0274] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0275] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0276] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0277] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be configured from a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be configured from a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be configured from a reception processing unit 1212, the RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0278] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0279] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0280] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0281] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0282] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0283] The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

[0284] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

[0285] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0286] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0287] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0288] The transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0289] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level functions of the physical layer (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level functions of the physical layer (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement the functions of the PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer.

[0290] In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may include a single device that realizes all of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU, or may include multiple devices that each realize some of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may be interchangeably read as RU / DU / CU.

[0291] The base station 10 may configure / instruct at least one of the UE operations according to the first / second embodiment.

[0292] (User Terminal) Fig. 14 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0293] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0294] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0295] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0296] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0297] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0298] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0299] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0300] The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0301] The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0302] The transmitter / receiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0303] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0304] The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

[0305] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

[0306] The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

[0307] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0308] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0309] Note that the transmitting section and receiving section of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0310] The transceiver 220 may receive information about a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) for artificial intelligence (AI)-based positioning. The controller 210 may perform AI-based positioning using a terminal-side model based on the information about the PRU (first embodiment).

[0311] The information about the PRU may include at least one of information about the position of the PRU, information about measurements of the PRU, information about channel measurements, information about at least one of timing, power, and phase, positioning reference signal setting information, and information about intermediate values ​​(first embodiment).

[0312] The control unit 210 may control the transmission of a first request for data collection used to train the terminal-side model (first embodiment).

[0313] The transceiver 220 may receive a second request for data collection to be used for training the terminal-side model, and the controller 210 may control the transmission of label information based on the second request and specific conditions (second embodiment).

[0314] The transceiver 220 may receive a second request for data collection to be used for training the terminal-side model. The controller 210 may control not to transmit label information regardless of reception of the second request if a specific condition is not met (second embodiment).

[0315] (Hardware Configuration) Note that the block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0316] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0317] For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0318] In the present disclosure, the terms apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be used interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0319] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0320] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0321] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0322] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be implemented in a similar manner.

[0323] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EEPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0324] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0325] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0326] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0327] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0328] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0329] In addition, the devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be realized by the above-mentioned functional block / hardware configuration.

[0330] (Modifications) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0331] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0332] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0333] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

[0334] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0335] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0336] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

[0337] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0338] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0339] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0340] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0341] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0342] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0343] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI, each of which may be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0344] In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0345] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0346] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0347] The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0348] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0349] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0350] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0351] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0352] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0353] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0354] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0355] With respect to any information (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) described in the present disclosure, even if not specifically stated in the above embodiments, any first device (e.g., UE / base station) may notify any second device (e.g., base station / UE) of information indicating / specifying (or relating to) the value of the any information.

[0356] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0357] Note that the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, such as an RRC Connection Setup message or an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0358] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0359] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0360] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0361] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0362] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0363] In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0364] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0365] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0366] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0367] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0368] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) property," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0369] In the present disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0370] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. The "spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and the TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and the spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0371] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0372] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within that coverage.

[0373] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0374] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0375] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0376] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0377] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0378] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0379] 16 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0380] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by a user.

[0381] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (for example, an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0382] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0383] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0384] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0385] The driving assistance system unit 64 includes various devices for providing functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0386] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0387] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0388] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0389] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0390] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0391] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a sidelink channel.

[0392] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0393] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0394] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0395] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802. The present invention may be applied to systems that use IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0396] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0397] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0398] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0399] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0400] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some kind of action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0401] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0402] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ..." or "do ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ..." or "does not ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0403] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0404] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0405] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0406] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0407] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0408] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0409] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with "i-th" (i is an arbitrary integer) attached (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable with "i-th highest").

[0410] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0411] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after a time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0412] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0413] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

A receiver for receiving information about a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based positioning; A terminal having a control unit that performs AI-based positioning using a terminal-side model based on information about the PRU. 　 The terminal of claim 1, wherein the information about the PRU includes at least one of information about the location of the PRU, information about measurements of the PRU, information about channel measurements, information about at least one of timing, power, and phase, positioning reference signal configuration information, and information about an intermediate value. 　 The terminal of claim 1 , wherein the control unit controls sending a first request for data collection used to train the terminal-side model. 　 the receiver receives a second request for data collection to be used in training the terminal-side model; The terminal according to claim 1 , wherein the control unit controls transmission of the label information based on the second request and a specific condition. 　 the receiver receives a second request for data collection to be used in training the terminal-side model; The terminal according to claim 1 , wherein the control unit controls the terminal not to transmit label information when a specific condition is not satisfied, regardless of whether the second request is received. 　 receiving information about a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) for Artificial Intelligence (AI) based positioning; and performing AI-based positioning using a terminal-side model based on information about the PRU.

Images