Dynamic traffic characteristic changes in user plane
By transmitting traffic characteristic changes to user plane functions and network nodes, the apparatus and method enable dynamic QoS adjustments, addressing inefficiencies in adapting to changing traffic patterns and enhancing network performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/110805
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication networks struggle to efficiently adapt to dynamic changes in traffic characteristics, such as periodicity, maximum data burst size, and error correction ratios, which are crucial for optimizing quality-of-service (QoS) in service data flows, particularly in 5G and beyond systems.
An apparatus and method for transmitting information about traffic characteristic changes, including periodicity, maximum data burst size, and error correction ratios, to user plane functions and network nodes, using real-time transport protocol headers or per-packet metadata, to dynamically adjust QoS profiles and scheduling.
Enhances network efficiency by allowing real-time adaptation to dynamic traffic changes, improving QoS management and resource allocation in communication networks.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024110805_12022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DYNAMIC TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN USER PLANETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Various example embodiments of this disclosure relate to a method, apparatus, system and computer program and in particular but not exclusively to a method, apparatus, system supports dynamic traffic characteristic changes in user plane.BACKGROUND
[0002] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network. A communication device may be provided with a service by an application server.
[0003] The communication networks operate in accordance with standards such as those provided by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) . Examples of standards provided by 3GPP are the so-called 3GPP standards for cellular technology generations, such as 3GPP standards for 4G technology, 5G technology, etc.SUMMARY
[0004] Some example embodiments of this disclosure will be described with respect to certain aspects. These aspects are not intended to indicate key or essential features of the various example embodiments of this disclosure, nor are they intended to be used to limit the scope of thereof. Other features, aspects, and elements will be apparent to a person skilled in the art in view of this disclosure. For example, it should be appreciated that further aspects may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the various aspects described below.
[0005] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0006] transmit, to a user plane function, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a service data flow;
[0007] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0008] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0009] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0010] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0011] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0012] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:
[0013] an identifier of a profile;
[0014] at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic; or
[0015] at least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.
[0016] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow is in a real time transport protocol (RTP) header or a RTP payload type header.
[0017] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow is transmitted as per-packet metadata of the service data flow.
[0018] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is further caused to: transmit, to the user plane function, an indication of at least one QoS profile associated with the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow.
[0019] According to an embodiment, the at least one QoS profile comprises at least one target QoS profile to be adopted based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow.
[0020] According to an embodiment, the at least one QoS profile comprises a QoS profile which is adopted when the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow occurs.
[0021] According to an embodiment, the apparatus comprises an application client or an application server.
[0022] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0023] transmit, to a network, a request associated with establishing a service data flow,
[0024] wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which are able to be adopted after a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow is established;
[0025] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0026] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0027] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0028] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0029] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0030] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0031] According to an embodiment, the at least one profile comprises an initial profile which indicates at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic to be initially adopted after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.
[0032] According to an embodiment, the request further comprises an indication of a time of adopting the initial profile.
[0033] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one profile comprises at least one of the following:
[0034] at least one identifier of the at least one profile;
[0035] a profile comprising one or more parameter identifiers for each traffic characteristic; or
[0036] one or more values for each traffic characteristic.
[0037] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is further caused to:
[0038] receive, from the network, a minimum time value of applying changes to the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.
[0039] According to an embodiment, applying the changes to the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established comprises at least one of the following:
[0040] changing a QoS profile of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established;
[0041] changing at least one connected mode discontinuous reception parameter of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established; or
[0042] changing scheduling of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.
[0043] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is further caused to:
[0044] receive, from the network, a response associated with establishing the service data flow, wherein the response comprises information indicating at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which is to be initially adopted after the service data flow is established.
[0045] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0046] detect at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by a service data flow; and
[0047] transmit, to a network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow;
[0048] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0049] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0050] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0051] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0052] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0053] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0054] According to an embodiment, detect the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by the service data flow comprises:
[0055] receiving, from an application entity, information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets of the service data flow.
[0056] According to an embodiment, the information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:
[0057] an identifier of a profile,
[0058] at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic, or
[0059] at least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.
[0060] According to an embodiment, the information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow is carried in a downlink general packet radio service tunnelling protocol user plane (GTP-U) packet of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow, a dummy GTP-U packet or an information element comprising a GTP-U header.
[0061] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is further caused to: receive, from the network node, a response indicating a status of receiving the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow.
[0062] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is caused to transmit, to the network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the service data flow by:
[0063] transmitting, to a session management function, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow in a Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) report.
[0064] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0065] receive, from a network, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with a service data flow, and
[0066] apply changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with a service data flow;
[0067] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0068] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0069] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0070] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0071] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0072] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0073] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:
[0074] an identifier of a profile,
[0075] at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic, or at least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.
[0076] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is further caused to:
[0077] transmit, to the network, a response indicating a status of receiving the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow.
[0078] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is caused to apply the changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow by at least one of the following:
[0079] changing a QoS profile of the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established;
[0080] changing at least one connected mode discontinuous reception parameter based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established; or
[0081] changing scheduling of the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established.
[0082] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is further caused to:
[0083] receive, from the network, a request associated with establishing the QoS flow, wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow which are able to be adopted after the QoS flow is established.
[0084] According to an embodiment, the at least one profile comprises an initial profile which indicates at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic to be initially adopted after the QoS flow is established.
[0085] According to an embodiment, the request further comprises an indication of a time of adopting the initial profile.
[0086] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one profile comprises at least one of the following:
[0087] at least one identifier of the at least one profile;
[0088] a profile comprising one or more parameter identifiers for each traffic characteristic, or one or more values for each traffic characteristic.
[0089] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is further caused to:
[0090] transmit, to the network, a minimum time value of applying the changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow after the QoS flow is established.
[0091] According to an embodiment, the apparatus is further caused to:
[0092] transmit, to the network, a response associated with establishing the QoS flow, wherein the response comprises information indicating at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow which is to be initially adopted after the QoS flow is established. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0093] means for transmitting, to a user plane function, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a service data flow;
[0094] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0095] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0096] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0097] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0098] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0099] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:
[0100] an identifier of a profile;
[0101] at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic; or
[0102] at least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.
[0103] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow is in a real time transport protocol (RTP) header or a RTP payload type header.
[0104] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow is transmitted as per-packet metadata of the service data flow.
[0105] According to an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:
[0106] means for transmitting, to the user plane function, an indication of at least one QoS profile associated with the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow.
[0107] According to an embodiment, the at least one QoS profile comprises at least one target QoS profile to be adopted based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow.
[0108] According to an embodiment, the at least one QoS profile comprises a QoS profile which is adopted when the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow occurs.
[0109] According to an embodiment, the apparatus comprises an application client or an application server.
[0110] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0111] means for transmitting, to a network, a request associated with establishing a service data flow,
[0112] wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which are able to be adopted after a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow is established;
[0113] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0114] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0115] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0116] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0117] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0118] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0119] According to an embodiment, the at least one profile comprises an initial profile which indicates at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic to be initially adopted after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.
[0120] According to an embodiment, the request further comprises an indication of a time of adopting the initial profile.
[0121] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one profile comprises at least one of the following:
[0122] at least one identifier of the at least one profile;
[0123] a profile comprising one or more parameter identifiers for each traffic characteristic; or
[0124] one or more values for each traffic characteristic.
[0125] According to an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:
[0126] means for receiving, from the network, a minimum time value of applying changes to the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.
[0127] According to an embodiment, applying the changes to the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established comprises at least one of the following:
[0128] changing a QoS profile of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established;
[0129] changing at least one connected mode discontinuous reception parameter of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established; or
[0130] changing scheduling of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.
[0131] According to an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:
[0132] means for receiving, from the network, a response associated with establishing the service data flow, wherein the response comprises information indicating at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which is to be initially adopted after the service data flow is established.
[0133] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0134] means for detecting at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by a service data flow; and
[0135] means for transmitting, to a network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow;
[0136] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0137] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0138] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0139] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0140] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0141] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0142] According to an embodiment, means for detecting the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by the service data flow comprises:
[0143] means for receiving, from an application entity, information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets of the service data flow.
[0144] According to an embodiment, the information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:
[0145] an identifier of a profile,
[0146] at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic, or
[0147] at least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.
[0148] According to an embodiment, the information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow is carried in a downlink general packet radio service tunnelling protocol user plane (GTP-U) packet of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow, a dummy GTP-U packet or an information element comprising a GTP-U header.
[0149] According to an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:
[0150] means for receiving, from the network node, a response indicating a status of receiving the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow.
[0151] According to an embodiment, means for transmitting, to the network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the service data flow comprises:
[0152] means for transmitting, to a session management function, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow in a Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) report. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising:
[0153] means for receiving, from a network, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with a service data flow, and
[0154] means for applying changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with a service data flow;
[0155] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0156] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0157] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0158] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0159] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0160] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0161] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:
[0162] an identifier of a profile,
[0163] at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic, or
[0164] at least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.
[0165] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is carried in a downlink general packet radio service tunnelling protocol user plane (GTP-U) packet of the QoS flow, a dummy GTP-U packet or an information element comprising a GTP-U header.
[0166] According to an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:
[0167] means for transmitting, to the network, a response indicating a status of receiving the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow
[0168] According to an embodiment, means for apply the changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow comprises at least one of the following:
[0169] means for changing a QoS profile of the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established;
[0170] means for changing at least one connected mode discontinuous reception parameter based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established; or
[0171] means for changing scheduling of the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established.
[0172] According to an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:
[0173] means for receiving, from the network, a request associated with establishing the QoS flow, wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow which are able to be adopted after the QoS flow is established.
[0174] According to an embodiment, the at least one profile comprises an initial profile which indicates at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic to be initially adopted after the QoS flow is established.
[0175] According to an embodiment, the request further comprises an indication of a time of adopting the initial profile.
[0176] According to an embodiment, the information indicating the at least one profile comprises at least one of the following:
[0177] at least one identifier of the at least one profile;
[0178] a profile comprising one or more parameter identifiers for each traffic characteristic, or
[0179] one or more values for each traffic characteristic.
[0180] According to an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:
[0181] means for transmitting, to the network, a minimum time value of applying the changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow after the QoS flow is established.
[0182] According to an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises:
[0183] means for transmitting, to the network, a response associated with establishing the QoS flow, wherein the response comprises information indicating at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow which is to be initially adopted after the QoS flow is established.
[0184] According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising:
[0185] transmitting, to a user plane function, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a service data flow;
[0186] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0187] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0188] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0189] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0190] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0191] According to an aspect there is provided a method comprising:
[0192] transmitting, to a network, a request associated with establishing a service data flow,
[0193] wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which are able to be adopted after a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow is established;
[0194] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0195] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0196] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0197] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0198] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0199] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0200] According to an aspect there is provided a method comprising:
[0201] detecting at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by a service data flow; and
[0202] transmitting, to a network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow;
[0203] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0204] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0205] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0206] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0207] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0208] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0209] According to an aspect there is provided a method comprising:
[0210] receiving, from a network, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with a service data flow, and
[0211] applying changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with a service data flow;
[0212] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0213] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0214] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0215] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0216] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0217] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0218] According to an aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following:
[0219] transmitting, to a user plane function, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a service data flow;
[0220] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0221] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0222] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0223] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0224] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0225] According to an aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a user equipment, cause the user equipment to perform at least the following:
[0226] transmitting, to a network, a request associated with establishing a service data flow,
[0227] wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which are able to be adopted after a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow is established;
[0228] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0229] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0230] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0231] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0232] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0233] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0234] According to an aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a user equipment, cause the user equipment to perform at least the following:
[0235] detecting at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by a service data flow; and
[0236] transmitting, to a network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow;
[0237] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0238] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0239] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0240] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0241] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0242] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0243] According to an aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a user equipment, cause the user equipment to perform at least the following:
[0244] receiving, from a network, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with a service data flow, and
[0245] applying changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with a service data flow;
[0246] wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:
[0247] a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0248] a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0249] a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0250] a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0251] a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0252] According to an aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method according to any of the preceding aspects.
[0253] In the above, many different aspects have been described. As previously noted, it should be appreciated that further aspects may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the aspects described above. Other features, aspects, and elements will become apparent in view of the following.
[0254] DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0255] The above and other aspects and their implementations are described in greater detail in the drawings, the descriptions, and the claims.
[0256] FIG. 1 shows an example of a 5th generation communication system;
[0257] FIG. 2 shows an example of an apparatus for the communication system of FIG. 1 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0258] FIG. 3 shows an example an apparatus according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0259] FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0260] FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0261] FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0262] FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0263] FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;and
[0264] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0265] In the following various example embodiments are described with reference to communication devices capable of communication with a communication system. To help understand various example embodiments in the context better, a 5th generation communication system (5GS) , an access network and a 5G core network (5GC) thereof, and communication devices will be described for illustrative purpose with reference to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. Note that methods and apparatuses in each embodiment of the present disclosure are not limited to applications in the 5GS and may be applied in 6G and beyond communication systems.
[0266] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5GS. The 5GS may comprise a user equipment (UE) (or Terminal (node) ) , an access network, such as a (radio) access network ( (R) AN) or a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) , a 5GC, and one or more application functions (AFs) . One AF may be deployed in the 5GS as a trusted AF. In addition, an AF may be deployed or hosted on one or more application servers of a data network (DN) . Such AF, in this instance, are an untrusted AF. The 5GS connects the UE to the DN via the access network and the 5GC (e.g., a user plane function (UPF) of the 5GC) .
[0267] The (R) AN may comprise one or more radio access nodes, such as a gNodeB (gNB) . The gNB may include one or more gNB distributed units (DUs) connected to one or more gNB centralized units (CUs) .
[0268] The 5GC may comprise the following network functions: a Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) (not shown in FIG. 1) ; a Network Exposure Function (NEF) ; a Network Repository Function (NRF) (not shown in FIG. 1) ; a Policy Control Function (PCF) (not shown in FIG. 1) ; a Unified Data Management (UDM) ; Application Function (s) (AF (s) ) (not shown in FIG. 1) ; an Authentication Server Function (AUSF) ; an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) ; a Session Management Function (SMF) ; and a UPF. FIG. 1 also shows various interfaces (N1, N2, …, etc. ) that are implemented between the various elements of the system.
[0269] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a network apparatus 20 for controlling / implementing one or more (network) functions or one or more network entities of the 5GS shown in FIG. 1 (e.g., the (R) AN illustrated in FIG. 1, a next-generation RAN (NG-RAN) , a base station (BS) , a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) , a gNB distributed unit (gNB-DU) , the NEF, the UDM, the AUSF, the AMF, the SMF, the UPF, …, etc) . That is, in some embodiments, each (network) function or each network entity of 5GC is deployed or hosted on one network apparatus 20. In alternative embodiments, two or more (network) functions or network entities of the access network 102 may share one control apparatus 20. The network apparatus 20 may comprise at least one processor 200 (such as a microprocessor or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) ) , a storage unit 210 and a communication unit 220. The storage unit 210 may be any data storage device that stores a program code 212, which is accessed and executed by the processor 200. Examples of the storage unit 210 include but are not limited to read-only memory (ROM) , flash memory, random-access memory (RAM) , hard-disk, and optical data storage device. The communication unit 220 may be a transceiver and is used to transmit and receive signals (e.g., signaling, messages or packets) according to processing results of the processor 200. In an example, the communication unit 220 transmits and / or receives the signals via an interface unit 222. In some embodiments, the interface unit 222 may be internally or externally arranged to the network apparatus 20 and may comprise one or more antenna elements. The antenna arrangement may be a multi-input multi output (MIMO) antenna. In some embodiments, the communication unit 220 and / or the interface unit 222 may be implemented by an external device (electrically) coupled to the network apparatus 20.
[0270] In some embodiments, the processor 200, the storage unit 210 (e.g., ROM and the RAM) , the communication unit 220 and other circuitry (e.g., a modem) of the network apparatus 20 may be provided on a circuit board, in chipsets, or in a system on chip.
[0271] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a communication device 30, such as the UE in FIG. 1 (e.g., terminal (device) ) . The communication device 30 may be implemented by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals. Non-limiting examples of a communication device 30 comprise a mobile station (MS) or mobile device, such as a mobile phone or what is known as a ’smart phone’ , a computer provided with a wireless interface card or other wireless interface facility (e.g., a USB (Universal Serial Bus) dongle) , a personal data assistant (PDA) or a tablet provided with wireless communication capabilities, a machine-type communications (MTC) device, an Internet of things (IoT) type communication device or any combinations of these or the like. The communication device 30 may comprise at least one processor 300 (such as a microprocessor or ASIC) , a storage unit 310 and a communication unit 320. The storage unit 310 may be any data storage device that stores a program code 312, which is accessed and executed by the processor 300. Examples of the storage unit 310 include but are not limited to a subscriber identity module (SIM) , ROM, flash memory, RAM, hard-disk, and optical data storage device. The communication unit 320 may be a transceiver and is used to transmit and receive signals (e.g., signaling, messages or packets) according to processing results of the processor 300. In an example, the communication unit 320 transmits and / or receives the signals via an interface unit 322. In some embodiments, the interface unit 322 may be internally or externally arranged to the network apparatus 30 and may comprise one or more antenna elements. The antenna arrangement may be a multi-input multi output (MIMO) antenna. In some embodiments, the communication unit 320 and / or the interface unit 322 may be implemented by an external device (electrically) coupled to the network apparatus 30.
[0272] In some embodiments, the communication device 30 may optionally have a user interface, such as keypad 305, a touch sensitive screen or a touch pad, combinations thereof or the like. Optionally one or more of a display, a speaker and a microphone may be provided depending on the type of communication device 30.
[0273] In some embodiments, the processor 300, the storage unit 310 (e.g., ROM and the RAM) , the communication unit 320 and other circuitry of the communication device 30 (e.g., a modem) can be provided on a circuit board, in chipsets, or in a system on chip.
[0274] Traffic of many applications such as extended reality (XR) media streams (e.g., video, audio, haptics streams) can be characterized by a set of parameters including traffic periodicity (how often the application sends a burst of packets (i.e., data burst) ) or the maximum burst size. There are also other characteristics such as burst duration, level of forward error correction protection, or burst or packet level delay that may be relevant. The knowledge of such characteristics may be used in the network, especially in the (5G / 6G) RAN, to optimize the traffic treatment with regarding to power saving or scheduling. Some of these parameters are defined as assistance information that can be provided to the RAN for optimization purposes. As the traffic characteristics may change dynamically, it would be beneficial to have efficient ways on updating the assistance information from the application to the network / RAN. Thus, whether and how to support dynamic change in traffic characteristics (e.g., burst related parameters) provided by the application in the DN becomes a topic to be discussed. The discussion may need to consider at least the following aspects:
[0275] - What traffic characteristics are / need to be dynamically changed;
[0276] - Whether and how the network can be enhanced to know about dynamic changes in traffic characteristics of quality-of-service (QoS) flows (e.g., Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) flow and / or non-GBR flow) ;
[0277] - What information from the Application in the DN, if any, is needed by the network to be able to know the dynamic changes in the traffic characteristics and how this information is provided by the Application in the DN;
[0278] - At what granularity does the network need to know of changes in the traffic characteristics (e.g., QoS Flow granularity) ;
[0279] - What handling may be needed when the network knows about the changes in the traffic characteristics.
[0280] In the following, technologies relevant to the present disclosure are briefly discussed.
[0281] PDU set handling
[0282] For XR and Media services (XRM) , protocol data unit (PDU) Set based handling is defined in normative specifications (e.g., 3GPP TS23.501 V18.6.0 and 3GPP TS23.502 V18.6.0) to support QoS for XR and bring application awareness to the 5GS. A PDU Set comprises one or more PDUs carrying payload of one unit of information generated at the application level (e.g. frame (s) or video slice (s) , …, etc. for the XRM Services) .
[0283] To support the PDU set identification and marking, dedicated Real time Transport Protocol (RTP) Header Extensions are introduced in 3GPP TS 26.522 V18.0.0, clause 4.4, in which one-byte or two-byte RTP Header Extensions are introduced. The RTP Header Extension for PDU Set marking can be used by an application server (AS) or a sender UE that sends media to a receiver UE (e.g., an application client (AC) (configured / deployed in the UE) ) using the RTP.
[0284] Alternative QoS
[0285] The AF may request QoS from the 5GS by specifying QoS service requirements and optionally Alternative service requirements in a request transmitted to the NEF / PCF (see, e.g., 3GPP TS23.502 V18.6.0, clause 4.15.6.6) . The Alternative service requirements comprise one or more sets of Requested Alternative QoS Parameter Sets (e.g., comprising one or more of Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) , Packet Delay Budget (PDB) , or Packet Error Rate (PER) ) or references to those set (s) of parameters in a prioritized order. Based on the information provided by the AF or local configuration, the PCF formulates a Policy and Charging Control (PCC) rule containing QoS parameters which is then sent to the SMF. If the Alternative Service Requirements (QoS References or individual parameters) are also provided, the PCF includes the Alternative QoS parameter sets in the PCC rule (s) .
[0286] Traffic Assistance Information
[0287] In addition to the QoS parameters, the AF may also provide to 5GS a set of assistance information about a traffic flow. These include traffic characteristics such as direction (uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) ) , periodicity, burst arrival time and the maximum burst size. Originally, the assistance information was defined as part of Time Sensitive Communications (TSC) , so it is called TSC Assistance Information (TSCAI) . However, it applies to any type of periodic traffic. The TSCAI is provided from the 5GC to the RAN, which takes advantage of it for, e.g., power saving or scheduling purposes.
[0288] Note that, in the existing art, the TSCAI parameters are not part of the QoS profile or alternative QoS profiles. There is only one set of TSCAI per AF session or QoS flow, no alternatives.
[0289] Periodicity negotiation between AF and 5GS / RAN
[0290] While there is only one set of TSCAI per AF session or QoS flow, a feature is introduced for negotiating the optimal periodicity value between application (e.g., AF) and the 5GS / RAN. The AF can propose several periodicity values or a range of periodicity value that the application is willing to support, and the 5GS / RAN can choose the best one out of the proposed periodicity values or the proposed range from its perspective. However, after the 5GS / RAN selects one periodicity value, only the selected periodicity value will be associated with the QoS flow and be in use. The non-selected values proposed by the AF are not “remembered” by the 5GS / RAN and cannot be referred to in later procedures.
[0291] Note that, in the existing art, changing the periodicity or any other TSCAI parameters of the traffic flow requires a new AF request and updating such changes to the RAN needs a PDU session modification procedure, which requires certain amount of time and may not be able to be applied quick enough in time to change the relevant parameters of the traffic flow.
[0292] In the present disclosure, how the application can efficiently indicate to the RAN that its traffic characteristics have changed would be discussed. For the efficient indication, the indication may need to be implemented over the User Plane (UP) , since the indication via AF session update procedures and PDU session update procedures via the Control Plane (CP) may be too slow and / or unscalable. In the existing art, there is no framework describing the required mechanisms to support dynamic traffic characteristics changes. Such mechanism refers to required changes / capabilities at the AF, the 5GC and the RAN level, where the required changes at the 5GC level includes the required changes / capabilities at one or more of the NEF, the PCF, the SMF and the UPF.
[0293] On the other hand, one of relevant parameters in the traffic characteristics may be the traffic periodicity, which is expected to change relatively frequently (in a matter of seconds) . Under such conditions, using the exposure / CP based procedure to update the traffic periodicity may be unscalable for the RAN to be able to adapt itself in a meaningful way before the next change in the traffic periodicity. Other relevant parameters similar to the traffic periodicity (e.g., the parameter changes dynamically / rapidly) may include the maximum data burst size, Level / Ratio of Forward Error Correction for PDU Sets, data burst duration in time, etc. In present disclosure, one or more this kind of the parameters may be included in an assistance information profile, to be flexible to embrace any future extensions beyond the parameters listed in the present disclosure. In the present disclosure, the parameter included in the assistance information profile is called a set of assistance information parameters or a set of assistance information. The assistance information profile comprises / indicates value (s) of the set of assistance information (parameter (s) ) .
[0294] In addition, in the media layer, there are various encoding mechanisms, such as per-tile encoding, Variable resolution stream or Content Aware Encoding (CAE) , to treat different types of service or to provide different media transmission schemes. In these scenarios, the bit rates may change from time to time. For example, as scene changes, the best bit rates for each resolution would also be adjusted or the bit rates is derived by the encoder to achieve the desired minimum quality level. Under such conditions, the application layer encoder may use changeable time durations to encode different contents (e.g., scenes or frames) . Therefore, jitter of the arrival times of different contents is also changed together with the change in the bit rate and may need to be considered to be included in the assistance information profile.
[0295] Last but not least, many applications support in any case bitrate adaptation based on congestion control methods including the traditional packet loss-based ones, the more recent Low Latency Low Loss Scalable throughput (L4S) , or based on explicit signals from the network about available bit rate, applied QoS profile, level of congestion, …, etc. Such bitrate adaption mechanisms may support various bitrates or quality levels and seek to adapt to what is available in a dynamic manner. By doing so their traffic characteristics also get updated dynamically.
[0296] In an aspect, it may be necessary to drive a solution that does not extend the QoS / Alt-QoS profiles and meet the fast change requirement of above-mentioned parameters, e.g., periodicity, burst size, …, etc. Other parameters are not exclusive.
[0297] In the present disclosure, a framework and set of methods are proposed to allow the Application (e.g., the AS and / or the AC) to efficiently indicate to the network update (s) / change (s) in its traffic characteristics. The framework is discussed at least in the following three parts:
[0298] 1) Negotiation between the AF and the Network via an Exposure Interface about the supported in-band (i.e., User Plane) based update methods and the assistance information profile (s) that describes the traffic characteristics and / or initial assistance information profile to be used in the application session.
[0299] 2) Methods to perform the in-band traffic characteristics update from the Application (e.g., the AC in the UE or the AS behind the UPF) to the Core Network (e.g., UPF) . The updates may or may not refer to the profiles negotiated between the AF and the Network.
[0300] 3) Methods to perform the in-band traffic characteristics detection and marking from the Core Network (e.g., User Plane Function) to the (Access) Network over the UP. The updates may or may not refer to the profiles negotiated between the AF and the Network.
[0301] In some embodiments, the Application consists of AS and AC. In the present disclosure, the AF and AS / AC are assumed to be able to coordinate between each other. In some embodiments, the AC is located / comprised / deployed in the UE.
[0302] In some embodiments, the methods allow the traffic characteristics change initiated by the application (e.g., the AC in the UE or the AS behind the UPF) by using negotiation between the 5GS and the AF about the traffic characteristics among a set of traffic characteristics (in terms of assistance information profiles or parameter values) and when it shall apply. After the negotiation, actual traffic characteristics can be detected in the UPF and then indicated to and applied in the RAN. The detection of the updated traffic characteristics is based on various approaches including update from the Application (e.g., the AC in the UE or AS behind the UPF) .
[0303] In some embodiments, when / if the AF / AS / AC foresees potential usages of different codec profiles, i.e., a set of specific collections of encoding tools and algorithms, the AF / AS / AC provides, via the NEF to the 5GS, information allowing the 5GS to associate a profile ID with actual assistance information and optionally a set of protocol description (s) . Optionally, the profile ID may also be associated with a QoS / Alt-QoS profile.
[0304] In some embodiments, the SMF provides the assistance information (parameter (s) or profile (s) ) to the RAN and the UPF. The Application (e.g., the AC in the UE or the AS behind the UPF) can send in the UP an indication of changes in the assistance information (parameter (s) or profile) to the RAN / UPF. For example, the SMF may sends a new assistance information profile ID to be applied or new parameter value (s) to an existing assistance information profile. This new assistance information profile ID or the new parameter value (s) is provided by the UPF over the 5GS UP (e.g., over GTP-U) to the RAN and may also be used by the UPF for its processing of the DL PDU. Then the RAN considers / determines the updated or latest applied assistance information (parameter (s) / profile) and optionally a set of protocol description (s) corresponding to the new assistance information profile ID or new parameter value (s) received from the UPF. In some embodiments, the assistance information profile ID may also be associated with a QoS / Alt-QoS profile.
[0305] In some embodiments, only one assistance information profile and optionally a set of protocol description (s) applies at a given time. In some embodiments, one assistance information (parameter / profile) may also be associated with a QoS / Alt-QoS profile.
[0306] In some embodiments, the traffic characteristics (comprised in the assistance information (profile) ) or the assistance information (parameters) includes at least one of the following:
[0307] - Periodicity, which refers to a time period between (starts of) two data bursts;
[0308] - Jitter, which is associated with the periodicity (updated by the UPF) ;
[0309] - Maximum data burst size of the data bursts;
[0310] - Forward Error Correction level or ratio of successfully decoding each data burst;
[0311] - Data burst duration.
[0312] FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The process shown in FIG. 4 comprises at least the following steps:
[0313] Step 401: The AF provides 5GS, via the NEF, one or more (alternative) assistance information profiles or assistance information parameter values (i.e., values of assistance information (parameters) ) along with service requirements of the application traffic. In some embodiments, one of the provided assistance information profiles or provided parameter values may be indicated as initial / default assistance information profile / parameter values to be applied (e.g., the first on the list of the provided (alternative) assistance information profiles or assistance information parameter values) or as the default assistance information profile / parameter values to be used when / if no “Assistance information” is available via the UP. As an alternative or in addition, RAN selection of the initial assistance information profile / parameter values may be supported. That is the RAN selection of the initial assistance information profile / parameter values reporting to AF in steps 406 to 408 shown in FIG. 4 may be optional.
[0314] Steps 402 and 403: The (alternative) assistance information profiles or parameter values are conveyed to the RAN via the 5GC (e.g., the NEF, the PCF, the SMF and the AMF (not shown in the FIG. 4) ) .
[0315] Step 404: The SMF provides / transmits protocol descriptions for the application to the UPF. The protocol descriptions may be based on the service requirements of the application traffic and the initial / default assistance information profile / parameter values.
[0316] Step 405: The RAN selects / determines one of the assistance information profiles or parameter values as the initial assistance information profile or parameter values. In some embodiments, the initial / default assistance information profile / parameter values are indicated in the information received from the 5GC / AF. In these embodiments, the RAN applies the initial assistance information profile or parameter values based on the indication. In some embodiments, the RAN selection of initial assistance information profile / parameter values is supported. In these embodiments, the RAN may neglect the indication received from the 5GC / AF, if any, determines / selects the assistance information profile / parameter values (e.g., based on the service requirements of the application traffic) and performs steps 406 to 408 to report the determined / selected assistance information profile / parameter values.
[0317] Steps 406 to 408: The RAN feedbacks the determined / selected initial assistance information profile or parameter values to the AF via the 5GC. In some embodiments, the RAN may be allowed to dictate, to the AF via the 5GC, a minimum time value for the change of the assistance information profiles or parameter values and / or associated QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. Particularly, the minimum time value refers to or indicates a minimum period required by the RAN to switch / change from (applying / using) a profile A to (applying / using) another profile B, wherein the profiles A and B can be assistance information profiles and / or (associated) QoS profiles. In some embodiments, the RAN switches / changes (to applying / using) or applies / uses one profile means that the RAN applies / adopts the parameter values (indicated) in the profile for the corresponding parameters / traffic characteristics.
[0318] As above discussed, in the AF request transmitted / conveyed via the NEF, one of the assistance information profiles or parameter values may be indicated as initial / default assistance information profile or parameter values to be used when no “Assistance information” is available via the UP. As an alternative or in addition, the RAN selection of the initial assistance information may be supported. That is the RAN selection of the initial assistance information reporting to the AF in steps 406 to 408 may optional.
[0319] In some embodiments, steps 406 and 408 are performed for reporting (only) the minimum time value for the change of the assistance information profiles or parameter values and / or the associated QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. In these embodiments, no matter whether the RAN selection of the initial assistance information profile / parameter values is supported, the RAN may report, to the AF via the 5GC, the minimum time value for the change of the assistance information profiles or parameter values and / or the associated QoS / Alt-QoS profiles.
[0320] Steps 409a and 409b: The process shown in FIG. 4 works for both downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) traffic. For the DL, step 409a is performed. For the UL, step 409b is performed. In step 409a, the UE (e.g., AC configured / deployed in the UE) transmits assistance information to the UPF (i.e., via UP) , to indicate change (s) in the assistance information of the UL traffic. Similarly, in step 409b, the AS transmits assistance information to the UPF (i.e., via UP) , to indicate change (s) in the assistance information of the DL traffic. In some embodiments, at least one of the steps 409a and 409b are performed.
[0321] Steps 410 and 411: The UPF detects changes in / of the assistance information or parameter values and updates assistance information profile (s) or parameter value (s) to the RAN.
[0322] Step 412 (Optional) : The RAN sends feedback to the UPF to indicate a successful reception of the (updated) assistance information profile or parameter value (s) .
[0323] Step 413: The RAN adapts to the updated assistance information profile or parameter values.
[0324] Step 414 (Optional) : The RAN decides to change the (alternative) QoS profiles or not based on the updated assistance information profile or parameter values.
[0325] In some embodiments, the assistance information in Steps 409a, 409b and 410 may comprise a profile ID or actual values.
[0326] To enable support for switching QoS / Alt-QoS profiles, it may require a minimum time value for a change of an updated assistance information profile or assistance information parameter value (s) and associated QoS / Alt-QoS profile or switching between QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. The RAN is not expected to change the assistance information profile / parameter values and / or the associated QoS / Alt-QoS Profiles if the minimum time value is violated. Thus, the RAN may also be allowed to dictate the minimum time value to the AF via the 5GC. For example, the NEF in step 408 can provide the AF with the minimum time value allowed between two QoS / Alt-QoS profile changes performed in step 413. This minimum time value may be provided as feedback from the RAN in steps 406 and 407 or be provided as policy configured on local policy of the PCF and / or NEF.
[0327] In the following, further embodiments of the present disclosure are introduced.
[0328] In the following embodiments, Option-1 refers to that there is a (pre-defined) mapping relationship between assistance information profiles / parameter values and QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. In addition, Option-2 refers to that there is not a (pre-defined) mapping relationship between assistance information profiles and QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. That is the assistance information profiles / parameter values are independent from the QoS / Alt-QoS profiles.
[0329] In the following embodiments, METHOD A refers to a method of identifying / indicating values of the assistance information (parameter (s) ) by using / indicating an assistance information profile (ID) . METHOD B refers to a method of identifying / indicating the identifying value (s) of the assistance information (parameter (s) ) by using / indicating ID (s) of assistance information (parameter (s) ) . METHOD C refers to a method of identifying the identifying / indicating value (s) of the assistance information (parameter (s) ) by using / indicating actual value (s) of the assistance information (parameter (s) ) .
[0330] In some embodiments, behaviors of the Application (e.g., the AC (configured / deployed) in the UE or the AS behind the UPF) may comprise at least one of the following:
[0331] - The AC in the UE or the AS behind the UPF may have a communication context with the UPF via a tunnel over which the AS passes its traffic towards the AC. Similarly, the AC may have a communication context with the UPF via a tunnel it uses to pass its traffic towards the AS.
[0332] - The AS and / or AC may be aware whether and how the network (e.g., 5GS) supports the dynamic changes in / of assistance information profile or parameter values via an UP-based method either by AF based negotiation or by configuration. The AS and / or the AC may also learn about how the network supports for the dynamic changes during tunnel establishment with the UPF. Both the UPF and the AS / AC indicate the methods they support and based on the indications the AS / AC learns which method (s) can be used and for which parameters the method is used.
[0333] - The AS / AC may indicate at any time the change (s) in / of the assistance information profile (s) or parameter values with an identifier (ID) (METHOD A / B) or actual values of the assistance information parameters (METHOD C) via the UP by using one of the following methods to the UPF. In some embodiments, the indication can be done in a reliable way by a request sent by the AS which the UPF acknowledges.
[0334] ○ For RTP based traffic without tunnelling between the AS / AC and the UPF:
[0335] ■ The ID of the selected assistance information profile or (each) parameter value (METHOD A or B) is included in an RTP protocol header. As an alternative, the RTP protocol headers may contain the actual value (s) of the assistance information parameter (s) (METHOD C) . This header can be either:
[0336] ● An existing RTP Payload Type (PT) header; or
[0337] ● An RTP “Traffic characteristics ID” header extension, which supports multiple independent profile IDs (METHOD A) or parameter value IDs (METHOD B) . In some embodiments, such header or PT may be included in all RTP packets as long as the values are applicable or in a limited number of RTP packets after an update to reduce overhead.
[0338] ■ With the RTP, the AC can only update the assistance information related to the UL traffic while the AS can only update the assistance information related to the DL traffic.
[0339] ○ In case of AS / AC to UPF tunnel:
[0340] ■ The ID of the applied assistance information profile (METHOD A) or assistance information parameter value (s) (METHOD B) , or actual value (s) of the assistance information (METHOD C) is provided to the UPF as new per-packet metadata using per-packet metadata carrying methods. The metadata is either a single “Traffic characteristics profile / parameter value ID” or an actual value defined per parameter. Based on this method, both the AC and the AS can update both the UL and / or DL related information, depending on internal behaviour of the Application.
[0341] - The (alternative) assistance information profiles or the (alternative) assistance information values for each parameter may be associated with a specific QoS / Alt-QoS profile (Option-1) or be independent from QoS / Alt-QoS profiles (Option-2) .
[0342] - In the UP traffic, the Application includes the ID that points to the ID (s) of the QoS parameter (s) (in the QoS / Alt-QoS profile) and the corresponding assistance information. Note that, if the change (s) in the assistance information necessitates a change in QoS / Alt-QoS, the same or different IDs may simultaneously point to a corresponding QoS / Alt-QoS profile.
[0343] In some embodiments, behaviors of the AF may comprise at least one of the following:
[0344] - The AF provides (alternative) traffic characteristics (i.e., (alternative) assistance information profiles or (alternative) assistance information parameter values) to the network (e.g., 5GS) and negotiates with the network for initial values of the traffic characteristics. In some embodiments, the AF may indicate the network when to apply the initial values of the traffic characteristics. Alternative traffic characteristics may be provided to the network in different methods discussed below:
[0345] ○ Method A:
[0346] ■ The AF provides the network, along with the service requirements of the application traffic, one or more (alternative) assistance information profiles. The one or more (alternative) assistance information profiles may be separate / independent from QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. The purpose of providing the assistance information profiles is to assist the RAN in its processing, for example, scheduling or power saving.
[0347] ■ The AF can provide and update the one or more (alternative) assistance information profiles at any time via the exposure methods.
[0348] ■ The AF may indicate one of the assistance information profiles as the initial assistance information profile and optionally when the initial assistance information profile is expected to apply. As an alternative, the AF may indicate a preference order for the assistance information profiles, or called as alternative assistance information profiles, and depends on the RAN to determine the initial assistance information profile or initial assistance information parameter values during the QoS flow establishment procedure.
[0349] ■ Each (alternative) assistance information profile has an ID by which it can be referenced via subsequent CP or UP procedures.
[0350] ■ The (alternative) assistance information profiles are provided to the network in a way of Option-1: separately for the main QoS profile and each alternative QoS profile is either inline within the QoS profile or via reference to their IDs; or in another way of Option-2: the assistance information profiles are provided independent from the QoS / Alt-QoS profiles.
[0351] ○ METHOD B:
[0352] ■ Instead of providing multiple (alternative) assistance information profiles, the AF provides only a single assistance information profile containing / comprising at least one (e.g., two or more) alternative parameter value for individual assistance information parameter.
[0353] ■ Similarly to METHOD A, each parameter value has an ID which can be referenced with via subsequent CP or UP procedures.
[0354] ■ The AF may indicate which one of the values is the initial value for each assistance information parameter. Alternatively, the AF can indicate an order of preference for the alternative values and depends on the RAN to determine the initially applied value (s) of the assistance information parameter (s) during the QoS flow establishment procedure.
[0355] ■ Note that, for both Methods A and B, the AF may also receive a RAN indication for the selected initial assistance information profile or parameter value (s) if the RAN has the capability. Then the AF uses the received initial assistance information profile or parameter value (s) to instruct the AS for the traffic transmissions. In addition, the AF may also indicate its capabilities to support assistance information profile or parameter value updates via the UP and learns about the capabilities of the network for the same. Based on this, the Application would have knowledge of which type of update methods it can use. These capabilities may indicate which assistance information parameters are updatable and by which of the methods.
[0356] ○ METHOD C:
[0357] ■ During QoS flow establishment procedure, the AF does not provide 5GS assistance information profiles or parameter value (s) with IDs as precondition for UP dynamic updates. The AF transmits an indication of that the AF supports the dynamic updates via UP using explicit assistance information parameter value (s) and optional the initial assistance information parameter value (s) . If the network (e.g., 5GS and / or RAN) supports the dynamic updates using the explicit assistance information parameter value (s) , the network indicates such support back to the AF. In some embodiments, the AF and the network (e.g., 5GS / RAN) may exchange a list of preferred values for each assistance information parameter.
[0358] ■ After the QoS flow is established successfully, direct in-band (UP) updates are performed, with which actual value (s) of the assistance information (parameter (s) ) is directly conveyed from the AS / AC to the UPF.
[0359] In some embodiments, behaviors of the UPF may comprise at least one of the following:
[0360] - The UPF detects the change (s) in / of the assistance information profile or parameter value (s) by the above-mentioned methods and updates the changed assistance information profile or parameter value (s) to RAN. The UPF may send an assistance information update indication to the RAN.
[0361] ○ The assistance information update indication could be carried in any DL GTP-U (GPRS Tunneling Protocol for the UP) packet of the corresponding QoS flow or in a dummy GTP-U packet with a new GTP-U header or information element containing / comprising the existing GTP-U header. The indication may include the “Assistance information profile ID” (METHOD A) , the parameter value ID (s) (METHOD B) of each supported assistance parameter (same as listed above for AS / AC to UPF) , or actual value (s) of the assistance information parameter (s) (METHOD C) .
[0362] ○ In some embodiments, an assistance information update response indication of the assistance information update indication being successfully received by the RAN (e.g., carried in a true GTP-U packet or a dummy GTP-U packet) can be specified, which the RAN sends in response to the assistance information update indication. When / If receiving assistance information update response indication, the UPF acknowledges that the RAN successfully received the assistance information update indication. When / If the UPF receives feedback after a timer expires, the UPF considers / determines that the transmission of the assistance information update indication fails, and the transmission Failure may be notified to the AF / AS.
[0363] ○ In some embodiments, the assistance information update indication may be alternatively transmitted from the UPF to the RAN via Control Plane using a new PFCP report parameter. In these embodiments, the PFCP report parameter comprising the assistance information update indication is transmitted from the UPF to the SMF, and the SMF updates PFCP report parameter to RAN using a PDU Session modification procedure. The UPF may send its acknowledgement in response to an update request from the AC / AS only after the UPF has been acknowledged by the RAN.
[0364] In some embodiments, behaviors of the RAN may comprise at least one of the following:
[0365] - When / If the RAN receives the in-band (dynamic) change indication (i.e., assistance information update indication) from the UPF, the RAN stores the updated (alternative) assistance information profile or (alternative) parameter value (s) received from the UPF and (optionally) selects, based on the updated assistance information profile or parameter value (s) , one of the (alternative) assistance information profiles or (alternative) parameter values as the assistance information profile or parameter values applied on the corresponding traffic. After that, the RAN may send an assistance information update response indication to the UPF, to indicate a successful reception of the indication from the core network (e.g., 5GC (UPF or SMF) ) as explained in the above behaviors of the UPF.
[0366] ○ During the QoS flow establishment procedure, the selection of (initial) assistance information profile or parameter value (s) has the following options:
[0367] ■ Option-1: The RAN selects the QoS / Alt-QoS profile based on admission control results. The assistance information profile or parameter value (s) is selected among the ones associated with the selected QoS / Alt-QoS profile. If one of the assistance information profiles or parameter value (s) is indicated as initial assistance information profiles or parameter value (s) , the RAN applies that. If an indicator of when the initial profile or parameter value (s) is expected to apply, the RAN determine the RAN processing (e.g., resource allocation) based on the indicator. If there is an order of preference for the assistance information profiles or assistance information parameter value (s) , the RAN chooses one of them based on the order of preference and its own preference.
[0368] ■ Option-2: In this option, it is assumed that there is no association relationship between the (alternative) assistance information profiles or parameter values and the QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. In this case, the RAN applies the (alternative) assistance information profile or parameter value (s) indicated as the initial assistance information profile or assistance information parameter value (s) . As an alternative, the RAN selects the (alternative) assistance information profile or assistance information parameter value (s) based on the provided order of preference and its own preferences.
[0369] ■ Note that no matter which of Option 1 or 2 is applied, the RAN sends the applied assistance information profile or parameter value to the SMF.
[0370] - After the QoS flow is established, when / if the RAN re-selects the QoS / Alt-QoS profile the RAN re-applies or re-selects the assistance information profile or parameter value (s) . The re-selection of the assistance information profile or parameter value (s) has the following options:
[0371] - Option-1: After the assistance information profile or parameter value is selected, the RAN determines whether the associated QoS / Alt-QoS profile can be applied or (re-) selected. If yes, the RAN notifies the network (e.g., CN) and the network notifies the AF about the (re-) selected QoS / Alt-QoS profile.
[0372] - Option-2: The RAN may utilize the received / updated / changed assistance information profile / parameter value (s) to further perform the QoS enforcement. If the RAN decides, based on the received / updated / changed assistance information profile / parameter value (s) , to update the QoS / Alt-QoS profile, the RAN notifies the network (e.g., CN) and notifies the AF about the selected QoS / Alt-QoS profile.
[0373] - To enable support for switching QoS / Alt-QoS profiles, it is required that a minimum time value for changing assistance information profiles or parameter values. The AF may need to know such minimum time value. The RAN is not expected to change / switch QoS / Alt-QoS Profiles if the minimum time value is violated or cannot be satisfied. The RAN may be allowed to dictate the minimum time value to the AF via the network (e.g., CN or 5GC) .
[0374] In some embodiments, behaviors of the network (e.g., CN or 5GC) may comprise at least one of the following:
[0375] - The minimum time value for a change of an updated assistance information profile or assistance parameter value (s) and associated QoS / Alt-QoS profile or switching between QoS / Alt-QoS profiles is reported to the AF either based on at least one of:
[0376] - Feedback from the RAN;
[0377] - policy configured on the PCF; or
[0378] - local policy of the NEF.
[0379] FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In FIG. 5, it is assumed that, for a given GBR QoS Flow, QoS notification control (QNC) is enabled. In addition, the RAN (e.g., NG-RAN) has received a list of Alternative QoS Profile (s) for this QoS Flow and supports the Alternative QoS Profile handling. The process shown in FIG. 5 comprises the following steps:
[0380] Steps 500a to 500c: The UE establishes at least one PDU session (step 500b) . In some embodiments, there is tunnel established between the AS and the UPF (step 500c) . In the embodiments of applying Option 1, step 500a is performed, a pre-defined mapping relationship between the assistance information profiles and QoS / Alt-QoS profiles is predefined / configured in the RAN.
[0381] Step 501: The AF transmits an AF request to the NEF and the PCF, to establish a service data flow of the established PDU session. The AF request comprises service requirement (s) , alternative service requirement (s) and (alternative) assistance information profile (s) . In some embodiments, Step 501 is done via extension of the existing exposure mechanisms such as AFSessionWithQoS API defined in 3GPP TS 23.502 V18.6.0 clause 5.2.6.9.
[0382] Step 502: The PCF generates PCC rules including the assistance information profile (s) . For example, the assistance information profiles IDs and their associated assistance information parameter value (s) are added in the definition of PCC rules in 3GPP TS 23.503 V18.6.0 clause 6.3.1.
[0383] Step 503: The PCC rules are forwarded to the SMF (e.g., via Npcf_SMPolicyControl service defined in 3GPP TS 23.502 V18.6.0 clause 5.2.5.4) .
[0384] Step 504: The SMF updates the RAN with the assistance information profiles, which may imply / require changes of / in QoS PDU session related information for NGAP protocol defined in 3GPP TS 38.413 V18.2.0.
[0385] Step 505: The SMF updates the UPF with the Protocol Description in packet detection rule (PDR) , to facilitate the UPF to perform assistance information identification and marking, which may imply changes to / in definition of the PDR and QoS Enforcement Rule (QER) in 3GPP TS 29.244 V18.6.0 (e.g., to control the information that UPF may need to provide in GTP-u extensions) .
[0386] Step 506: The RAN performs the admission control for the new QoS flow. If / When the RAN receives from the SMF the freedom to select the initial assistance information profile. The RAN selects the initial assistance information profile and informs the SMF the selected initial assistance information profile in Step 507.
[0387] In some embodiments, the RAN feedbacks the minimum time value required for changing the assistance information profile (or assistance information parameter value (s) and the associated QoS / Alt-QoS profile or switching between QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. The change / switch possibly happens at any time during the QoS flow lifetime (e.g., in step 515) .
[0388] Steps 508 to 510: The selected initial assistance information profile or parameter value (s) is sent to the AF. In some embodiments, the minimum time value may also be provided to the AF from the RAN in steps 507 to 510. In some embodiments, the NEF provides AF with the minimum time value as policy configured on the PCF or local policy of the NEF.
[0389] In some embodiments, Steps 507 to 510 may be omitted if / when the RAN is not allowed to select the initial assistance information profile.
[0390] In some embodiments, steps 507 to 510 are performed for providing only the minimum time value required for changing the assistance information profile (or assistance information parameter value (s) ) and the associated QoS / Alt-QoS profile or switching between QoS / Alt-QoS profiles.
[0391] Steps 511 a and 511 b: The AC in the UE and / or the AS behind the UPF may decide to update the assistance information (profile / parameter value (s) ) at any time after the QoS flow is established.
[0392] In some embodiments, the updated assistance information (profile / parameter value (s) ) is updated with the application data. The application data is received by the UPF from the AS or from the UE / AC.
[0393] In the embodiments UE / AC to UPF or AS to UPF tunnelling for metadata exchange, the assistance information update from the UE / AC or the AS to the UPF may not be piggybacked within the UL or DL traffic data, but rather being provided over the tunnel in a specific flow-metadata-update or assistance-information update request and response. In these embodiments, the UPF may send a response immediately after it has received the request or only after receiving the corresponding response from the RAN. As an alternative, the UPF may send a certain type of response at both of those stages. The details of the service flow or assistance information metadata update may use HTTP requests and responses. For instance, if only the AS to UPF tunnel exists without the AC to UPF tunnel, the AS would update the information about both UL and DL directions.
[0394] Step 512: The UPF detects dynamic change (s) in the assistance information profile or parameter value (s) . The detection may be based on RTP (header extension or payload header extension) traffic detection or based on XRM metadata information received in a tunnel over which the AS passes its traffic towards the AC via the UPF.
[0395] If / When the dynamic change is indicated by RTP protocol headers, a dedicate RTP header extension or existing RTP payload header maybe applied. In the case of PT is used, the PT value corresponds to the profile ID or parameter value ID. In some embodiments, if dynamic PT values start from 96 while profile / parameter IDs may be limited to 0 to 15, the AF provides the mapping between the PT values and the profile / parameter IDs (e.g. 96->0, 97->1, and so on) to the 5GS in the AF / 5GS procedure. The mapping is provided with the profile IDs to RAN or to the UPF which can also act as the mapper.
[0396] The UPF performs the GTP-U packet marking by using the detected updated assistance information (change (s) ) .
[0397] For the assistance information parameter “jitter” , the UPF detects the change without involving the AS. The UPF may use mechanisms defined in TS 23.501 V18.6.0, clause 5.37.8.2, to derive the N6 jitter and periodicity as the assistance information parameter “jitter” in the detected assistance information changes.
[0398] Step 513: The UPF may send an assistance information update indication to the RAN (e.g., carried in GTP-U packets sent in DL traffic, and these packets may carry actual data or correspond to dummy packets) . The UPF uses the detected assistance information change (s) to mark the GTP-U header (s) to the RAN.
[0399] Step 514: The RAN, if possible, changes / updates the currently applied assistance information profile or parameter value (s) to the detected updated assistance information profile or parameter value (s) received from the UPF. Note that, only one assistance information profile (e.g., the maximum burst size and the periodicity) applies for the traffic (on a QoS flow / DRB) at any given time.
[0400] Step 515 (Optional) : The RAN may need to determine whether to use / adopt new QoS / Alt-QoS profile if / when the assistance information (profile / parameter value (s) ) is updated in step 514. If Option-1 is applied, the RAN can use the applied / updated assistance information profile / parameter value (s) to determine an associated QoS / Alt-QoS profile based on the mapping relationship between applied / updated assistance information (profile / parameter value (s) ) and the QoS / Alt-QoS profiles. If Option-2 is applied, the RAN determines the newly adopted QoS / Alt-QoS profile based on the updated assistance information (profile / parameter value (s) ) . If the RAN decides to adopt / apply new QoS / alt-QoS profile, the RAN notifies the AF via the 5GC about the newly applied QoS / Alt-QoS profile in step 517.
[0401] Step 516: (optional) The RAN sends an assistance information update response indication (carried in a true or a dummy GTP-U packet) as response to the indication received by the UPF. When / If receiving the assistance information update response indication, the UPF knows that the RAN received the assistance information update indication successfully. Feedback received after the time expires will be considered as failure. Failure will be notified to the AF / AS via the CP or the UP (not shown in FIG. 5) .
[0402] Step 517 (Optional) : The RAN notifies the AF via 5GC about the new applied QoS / Alt-QoS profile.
[0403] In some embodiments, after the QoS flow is established, the RAN tries to fulfil the QoS profile or any Alternative QoS Profile that has higher priority because the QNC is enabled for the GBR flow. If the RAN decides to update / change the fulfilled alternative QoS profile, RAN may determine whether an (alternative) assistance information (profile / parameter value (s) ) needs to be re-selected. If there is no mapping relationship between the (Alternative) QoS profiles and the assistance information (profile / parameter value (s) ) or if the RAN selects a different assistance information (profile / parameter value (s) ) linked to the selected (Alternative) QoS profile, the RAN may indicate the selected assistance information (profiles or parameter value (s) ) for the alternative QoS profile for the indicated QoS flow via the CP (e.g., together with the QNC notification) or the UP. As an alternative, the RAN may still keep the assistance information (profile / parameter values) unchanged until receiving an explicit indication of changing the assistance information (profile / parameter values from the UPF.
[0404] FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a process / method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The process / method shown in FIG. 6 may be used in an Application (entity) , such as an AC (configured in the UE) , a UE or an AS, and comprises the following steps:
[0405] Step 601: Transmit, to a UPF, information indicating change (s) of traffic characteristic (s) associated with a service data flow.
[0406] In FIG. 6, the application transmits information indicating change (s) of traffic characteristic (s) associated with a service data flow to a UPF, to update the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow via the UP. Based on the updated traffic characteristic (s) , the network (e.g., the RAN is able to timely update the corresponding parameters of the service data flow. In this embodiment, the traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following: a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow; a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow; a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow. Note that the traffic characteristic (s) refers to the aforementioned assistance information profile, one or more assistance information parameter (s) comprised in the assistance information profile, assistance information, or assistance information parameter (s) .
[0407] In some embodiments, the information indicating the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow comprises at least one of the following: an ID of a profile (i.e. METHOD A) ; parameter ID (s) for the traffic characteristic (s) (i.e., METHOD B) ; or value (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) . That is the Application indicates the changes in / of the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow by indicating / updating the changed traffic characteristic value (s) . In some embodiments, the Application indicates the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow by indicating / updating the difference (s) between the changed traffic characteristic value (s) and the currently adopted traffic characteristic value (s) .
[0408] In some embodiments, the Application transmits the information in an RTP header or a RTP payload type header.
[0409] In some embodiments, the Application transmits the information as per-packet metadata of the service data flow.
[0410] In some embodiments, the Application further transmits an indication of QoS profile (s) to the UPF, to indicate the QoS profile (s) associated with the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow. For example, the indicated QoS profile (s) may be QoS profile candidate (s) to be adopted (by the network) if / when the network updates the corresponding parameters of the service data flow based on the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow. Specifically, the QoS profile (s) comprises target QoS profile to be adopted based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow. As an alternative, the QoS profile (s) comprises a QoS profile which is adopted when the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow occurs (i.e., when / if the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow is changed / updated to be the indicated change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow.
[0411] FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of a process / method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The process / method shown in FIG. 7 may be used in an AF (e.g., a network apparatus / device / entity / node comprising the AF or a network apparatus / device / entity / node performing at least part of the functionalities of the AF) and comprises the following step:
[0412] Step 701: Transmit, to a network, a request associated with establishing a service data flow.
[0413] In FIG. 7, the AF transmits to a network (node) (e.g., PCF / NEF) a request associated with establishing a service data flow. The request comprises information indicating (assistance information) profile (s) of traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow which are able to be adopted after a QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established, wherein the traffic characteristic (s) comprises at least one of the following: a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow; a jitter associated with the periodicity; a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow; a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0414] In some embodiments, the AF indicates, in the request, an initial profile which indicates / comprises initial value (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) to be initially adopted after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.
[0415] In some embodiments, the AF indicates, in the request, an indication of a time of adopting the initial profile.
[0416] In some embodiments, the information indicating the profile (s) comprises at least one of the following: ID (s) of the profile (s) ; a profile comprising parameter ID (s) for each traffic characteristic; or value (s) for each traffic characteristic.
[0417] In some embodiments, the AF may receive, from the network, a minimum time of applying changes to the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on change (s) of / in the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established. Note that the changes applied to the QoS flow may comprise at least one of the following:
[0418] - changing / switching a QoS profile of the QoS flow;
[0419] - changing at least one connected mode discontinuous reception parameter of the QoS flow;
[0420] - changing scheduling of the QoS flow;
[0421] - changing / updating value (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow.
[0422] In some embodiments, the AF may receive, from the network, a response associated with establishing the service data flow. The response comprises information indicating initial value (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) of the service data flow which is to be initially adopted after the service flow is established.
[0423] FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of a process / method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The process / method shown in FIG. 8 may be used in a UPF (e.g., a network apparatus / device / entity / node comprising the UPF or a network apparatus / device / entity / node performing at least part of the functionalities of the UPF) and comprises the following steps:
[0424] Step 801: Detect change (s) of traffic characteristic (s) associated with packet (s) carried by a service data flow.
[0425] Step 802: Transmit, to a network node, information indicating the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with a QoS flow associated with the service data flow.
[0426] In FIG. 8, the UPF is configured to detect change (s) of traffic characteristic (s) associated with packet (s) carried by a service data flow and informs a network node (e.g., BS, RAN, NG-RAN) about the detected change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with packet (s) . In this embodiment, the traffic characteristic (s) comprises at least one of the followings:
[0427] - a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;
[0428] - a jitter associated with the periodicity;
[0429] - a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;
[0430] - a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or
[0431] - a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0432] Note that the traffic characteristic (s) refers to the aforementioned assistance information profile, one or more assistance information parameter (s) comprised in the assistance information profile, assistance information, or assistance information parameter (s) .
[0433] Based on the transmission of the indication of the detected change (s) in / of the traffic characteristic (s) , the network node is able to timely apply changes on transmission parameters of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow. The communication quality and / or resource efficiency can be increased, therefore.
[0434] In some embodiments, the UPF detects the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the packet (s) carried by the service data flow via / if / when receiving, from an Application entity (e.g., AC configured in UE, UE or AS) , information indicating at least one of the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the one or more packets of the service data flow. For example, the Application entity may transmit the information indicating the change (s) of at least one of the following: the periodicity of transmitting data burst of the service data flow; a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow; a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0435] In some embodiments, the information indicating the change (s) is configured / carried in a DL GTP-U packet of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow, a dummy GTP-U packet or an information element comprising a GTP-U header.
[0436] In some embodiments, the UPF receives a response from the network node. The response may indicate successful reception of the information indicating the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the packets (s) carried by the service data flow.
[0437] In some embodiments, the UPF transmits the information indicating the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the packets (s) carried by the service data flow in a PFCP report.
[0438] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of a process / method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The process / method shown in FIG. 9 may be used in a network node (e.g., BS, RAN, NG-RAN) and comprises the following steps:
[0439] Step 901: Receive, from a network, information indicating change (s) of traffic characteristic (s) associated with a QoS flow associated with a service data flow.
[0440] Step 902: Apply changes associated with the QoS flow based on the change (s) of the at least one traffic characteristic (s) of the QoS flow.
[0441] In FIG. 9, the network node receives information indicating change (s) of traffic characteristic (s) associated with a QoS flow associated with a service data flow from a network (e.g., UPF, SMF, core network, 5GC) . Note that the service data flow is mapped to the QoS flow by the network. From network node respective, the network node may only recognize QoS flow. Thus, the network node may consider that information indicates the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with / of the QoS flow. Based on the indicated changes of the traffic characteristic (s) , the network node applies changes associated with the QoS flow. In this embodiment, the traffic characteristic (s) comprises at least one of the following: a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow; a jitter associated with the periodicity; a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow; a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; or a duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.
[0442] In some embodiments, the information indicating the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow via / by indicating / comprising at least one of the following:
[0443] - an ID of a profile, (Method A)
[0444] - parameter ID (s) for the traffic characteristic (s) , (Method B) or
[0445] - value (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) (Method C) .
[0446] In some embodiments, the information indicating the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is carried in a DL GTP-U packet of the QoS flow, a dummy GTP-U packet or an IE comprising a GTP-U header.
[0447] In some embodiments, the network node transmits, to the network, a response indicating a status of receiving the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow. For example, the network node may transmit the response indicating a successful reception of the information to the network if / when successfully receiving the information.
[0448] In some embodiments, the applied changes associated with the QoS flow may comprise at least one of the following:
[0449] - change (s) in / of a QoS profile of the QoS flow;
[0450] - change (s) in / of connected mode discontinuous reception parameter (s) ;
[0451] - change (s) in / of scheduling of the QoS flow;
[0452] - change (s) in / of the traffic characteristic (s) of the QoS flow.
[0453] Note that the changes are applied after the QoS flow is established. In other words, the network node applies an initial / default setting when the QoS flow is established. Based on the received changes of the traffic characteristics associated with the QoS flow (associated with the service data flow) , the network node performs the changes on the QoS flow to accordingly change the initial / default setting.
[0454] In some embodiments, the network node receives, from the network (e.g., core network, 5GC, SMF) , a request of establishing the QoS flow. The request comprises information indicating profile (s) of / for the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow (associated with the service data flow) which are able to be adopted after the QoS flow is established.
[0455] In some embodiments, the request comprises (indication of) an initial profile which indicates initial value (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) to be initially adopted after the QoS flow is established. The request may further comprise an indication of a time of adopting the initial profile.
[0456] In some embodiments, similar to the information indicating the change (s) in / of the traffic characteristic (s) , the information, the information indicating profile (s) of / for the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow (associated with the service data flow) comprises at least one of the following:
[0457] - ID (s) of the at least one profile;
[0458] - a profile comprising parameter ID (s) for each traffic characteristic, or
[0459] - value (s) for each traffic characteristic.
[0460] In some embodiments, the network node transmits, to the network, (information / indication of) a minimum time value of applying the changes associated with the QoS flow based on the change (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the QoS flow (associated with the service data flow) after the QoS flow is established.
[0461] In some embodiments, the network node may be allowed / able to determine / decide / select the initial value (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the QoS flow (associated with the service data flow) based on its preference. In these embodiments, the network node transmits, to the network, a response associated with establishing the QoS flow, wherein the response comprises information indicating the determined / decided / selected initial value (s) of the traffic characteristic (s) associated with the QoS flow which is to be initially adopted after the QoS flow is established.
[0462] It is understood that references in the above to various network functions (e.g., to an AMF, an SMF, TNF etc. ) may be implemented by apparatus (e.g., network apparatus 20) that performs at least some of the functionality associated with those network functions. Further, an apparatus configured to implement a network function may further be configured to implement a virtual network function instance of that network function.
[0463] In some embodiments, the apparatus may be or comprise a network function, such as an AF, NEF, UDM / UDR, AMF, …, etc. In the present disclosure, an apparatus being / comprising a network function refers to an apparatus / device configured to provide / perform at least part of functionalities of that network function.
[0464] It should be understood that the apparatuses may comprise or be coupled to other units or modules etc., such as radio parts or radio heads, used in or for transmission and / or reception. Although the apparatuses have been described as one entity, different modules and memory may be implemented in one or more physical or logical entities.
[0465] It is noted that whilst some embodiments have been described in relation to 5G networks, similar example embodiments can be applied in relation to other networks and communication systems. Therefore, although certain example embodiments were described above by way of example with reference to certain example architectures for wireless networks, technologies and standards, further example embodiments may be applied to any other suitable forms of communication systems than those illustrated and described herein.
[0466] While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not by way of limitation. Likewise, the various diagrams may depict an example architectural or configuration, which are provided to enable persons of ordinary skill in the art to understand exemplary features and functions of the present disclosure. Such persons would understand, however, that the present disclosure is not restricted to the illustrated example architectures or configurations, but can be implemented using a variety of alternative architectures and configurations. Additionally, as would be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art, one or more features of one embodiment can be combined with one or more features of another embodiment described herein. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any one of the above-described exemplary embodiments.
[0467] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements. As used herein, the expression “and / or” includes any and all combinations of the listed terms, including at least any one of the elements, at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all of the elements.
[0468] As used herein, the term “or” refers to a non-exclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated (e.g., use of “or else” or “or in the alternative” ) .
[0469] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included. Analogously, performing a step or functionality “based on A” does not indicate that the step or functionality is performed solely based on “A” as one or more additional conditions may be included.
[0470] In general, the various embodiments may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuitry, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects of the disclosure may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although the disclosure is not limited thereto. While various aspects of the disclosure may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting and illustrative examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0471] As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0472] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0473] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0474] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0475] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0476] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that utilizes software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not utilized for operation. ”
[0477] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term herein, including in any claims. As a further example, as used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0478] The embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented by computer software executable by a data processor of the mobile device, such as in the processor entity, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. Computer software or program, also called program product, including software routines, applets and / or macros, may be stored in any apparatus-readable data storage medium and they comprise program instructions to perform particular tasks. A computer program product may comprise one or more computer-executable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it.
[0479] Furthermore, a skilled person would understand that various illustrative steps, logical flows, logical blocks, units, devices, components and circuits described herein can be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit (IC) that can include a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof. The logical blocks, units, and circuits can further include antennas and / or transceivers to communicate with various components within the network or within the device. A general purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suitable configuration to perform the functions described herein. If implemented in software, the functions can be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Thus, the steps of a method or algorithm disclosed herein can be implemented as software (code) stored on a (non-transitory) computer-readable medium.
[0480] The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (e.g., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0481] The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may comprise one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, DSPs, ASIC, FPGA, gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.
[0482] In the present disclosure, the term “unit” as used herein, refers to software, firmware, hardware, and any combination of these elements for performing the associated functions described herein. Additionally, for purpose of discussion, the various units are described as discrete units; however, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, two or more units may be combined to form a single unit that performs the associated functions according embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0483] The scope of protection sought for various example embodiments of the disclosure is set out by the independent claims. The example embodiments and features thereof, if any, described in this disclosure that do not fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding various example embodiments of the disclosure.
[0484] The foregoing description has provided, by way of non-limiting and illustrative examples, a full and informative description of the various example embodiments of this disclosure. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of this disclosure, when read in conjunction with the drawings and the claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings will still fall within the various example embodiments of this disclosure. By way of non-limiting and illustrative example, there is a further example embodiment comprising a combination of one or more example embodiments with any of the other example embodiments previously discussed.
Claims
1.An apparatus, comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:transmit, to a user plane function, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a service data flow;wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; ora duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:an identifier of a profile;at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic; orat least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.3.The apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow is in a real time transport protocol (RTP) header or a RTP payload type header.4.The apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow is transmitted as per-packet metadata of the service data flow.5.The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to the user plane function, an indication of at least one QoS profile associated with the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow.6.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one QoS profile comprises at least one target QoS profile to be adopted based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow.7.The apparatus of claim 5 or 6, wherein the at least one QoS profile comprises a QoS profile which is adopted when the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow occurs.8.The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the apparatus comprises an application client or an application server.9.An apparatus, comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:transmit, to a network, a request associated with establishing a service data flow,wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which are able to be adopted after a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow is established;wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;a jitter associated with the periodicity;a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; ora duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.10.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one profile comprises an initial profile which indicates at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic to be initially adopted after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the request further comprises an indication of a time of adopting the initial profile.12.The apparatus of any of claims 10 to 11, wherein the information indicating the at least one profile comprises at least one of the following:at least one identifier of the at least one profile;a profile comprising one or more parameter identifiers for each traffic characteristic; orone or more values for each traffic characteristic.13.The apparatus of any of claims 10 to 12, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:receive, from the network, a minimum time value of applying changes to the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein applying the changes to the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established comprises at least one of the following:changing a QoS profile of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established;changing at least one connected mode discontinuous reception parameter of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established; orchanging scheduling of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow after the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is established.15.The apparatus of any of claims 9 to 14, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:receive, from the network, a response associated with establishing the service data flow, wherein the response comprises information indicating at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which is to be initially adopted after the service data flow is established.16.An apparatus, comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:detect at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by a service data flow; andtransmit, to a network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow;wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;a jitter associated with the periodicity;a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; ora duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein detect the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by the service data flow comprises:receiving, from an application entity, information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets of the service data flow.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:an identifier of a profile,at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic, orat least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.19.The apparatus of claim 17 or 18, wherein the information indicating at least one of the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow is carried in a downlink general packet radio service tunnelling protocol user plane (GTP-U) packet of the QoS flow associated with the service data flow, a dummy GTP-U packet or an information element comprising a GTP-U header.20.The apparatus of any of claims 16 to 19, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:receive, from the network node, a response indicating a status of receiving the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow.21.The apparatus of any of claims 16 to 20, wherein the apparatus is caused to transmit, to the network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the service data flow by:transmitting, to a session management function, the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the one or more packets carried by the service data flow in a Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) report.22.An apparatus, comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:receive, from a network, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with a service data flow, andapply changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with a service data flow;wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;a jitter associated with the periodicity;a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; ora duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.23.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow comprises at least one of the following:an identifier of a profile,at least one parameter identifier for the at least one traffic characteristic, orat least one value of the at least one traffic characteristic.24.The apparatus of claim 22 or 23, wherein the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow is carried in a downlink general packet radio service tunnelling protocol user plane (GTP-U) packet of the QoS flow, a dummy GTP-U packet or an information element comprising a GTP-U header.25.The apparatus of any of claims 22 to 24, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to the network, a response indicating a status of receiving the information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow.26.The apparatus of any of claims 22 to 25, wherein the apparatus is caused to apply the changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow by at least one of the following:changing a QoS profile of the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established;changing at least one connected mode discontinuous reception parameter based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established; orchanging scheduling of the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow after the QoS flow is established.27.The apparatus of any of claims 22 to 26, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:receive, from the network, a request associated with establishing the QoS flow, wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with the service data flow which are able to be adopted after the QoS flow is established.28.The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the at least one profile comprises an initial profile which indicates at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic to be initially adopted after the QoS flow is established.29.The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the request further comprises an indication of a time of adopting the initial profile.30.The apparatus of any of claims 27 to 29, wherein the information indicating the at least one profile comprises at least one of the following:at least one identifier of the at least one profile;a profile comprising one or more parameter identifiers for each traffic characteristic, orone or more values for each traffic characteristic.31.The apparatus of any of claims 27 to 30, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to the network, a minimum time value of applying the changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow after the QoS flow is established.32.The apparatus of any of claims 27 to 31, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to the network, a response associated with establishing the QoS flow, wherein the response comprises information indicating at least one initial value of the at least one traffic characteristic of the QoS flow which is to be initially adopted after the QoS flow is established.33.A method for use in an application entity, the method comprising:transmitting, to a user plane function, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a service data flow;wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; ora duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.34.A method for use in an application function, the method comprising:transmitting, to a network, a request associated with establishing a service data flow,wherein the request comprises information indicating at least one profile of at least one traffic characteristic of the service data flow which are able to be adopted after a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow is established;wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;a jitter associated with the periodicity;a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; ora duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.35.A method for use in a user plane function, the method comprising:detecting at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with one or more packets carried by a service data flow; andtransmitting, to a network node, information indicating the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with the service data flow;wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;a jitter associated with the periodicity;a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; ora duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.36.A method for use in a network node, the method comprising:receiving, from a network, information indicating at least one change of at least one traffic characteristic associated with a quality-of-service (QoS) flow associated with a service data flow, andapplying changes associated with the QoS flow based on the at least one change of the at least one traffic characteristic associated with the QoS flow associated with a service data flow;wherein the at least one traffic characteristic comprises at least one of the following:a periodicity which is a time period between starts of two data bursts of the service data flow;a jitter associated with the periodicity;a maximum data burst size of the data bursts of the service data flow;a forward Error Correction ratio associated with successfully decoding each data burst of the service data flow; ora duration of transmitting the data bursts of the service data flow.37.A computer readable medium, comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform a method of any of claims 33 to 36.
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