Radio link management

Abstract

One disclosure of the present specification provides a method. The method may comprise the steps of: transmitting a random access preamble to a base station; receiving a response message from the base station; transmitting capability information related to air mobility to the base station; receiving a reference signal related to pre-OOS from the base station; and determining whether to transmit information related to a radio link warning.

Description

Wireless Link Management

[0001] This specification relates to mobile communications.

[0002] 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a technology designed to enable high-speed packet communications. Numerous approaches have been proposed to achieve LTE's goals of reducing costs for users and operators, improving service quality, expanding coverage, and increasing system capacity. 3GPP LTE's high-level requirements include reduced cost per bit, improved service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple architecture, open interfaces, and adequate power consumption for terminals.

[0003] The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3GPP have begun work on developing requirements and specifications for New Radio (NR) systems. 3GPP must identify and develop the technical components necessary to successfully standardize NR, meeting both urgent market needs and the longer-term requirements outlined by the ITU Radio communication sector (ITU-R) International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. NR must also be able to utilize any spectrum band up to at least 110 GHz, ensuring that it remains available for wireless communications well into the future.

[0004] NR aims to be a single technology framework that addresses all deployment scenarios, usage scenarios, and requirements, including enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). NR must be inherently forward-compatible.

[0005] Communication between terminals and networks based on air mobility is being discussed. However, conventional technology has a problem: there is no method to effectively and / or accurately support communication between terminals and networks based on air mobility.

[0006] In one aspect, a method is provided. The method may include: transmitting a random access preamble to a base station; receiving a response message from the base station; transmitting capability information related to air mobility to the base station; receiving a reference signal related to pre-OOS from the base station; and determining whether to transmit information related to a radio link warning.

[0007] In another aspect, a device implementing the above method is provided.

[0008] In one aspect, a method is provided. The method may include: receiving a random access preamble from a UE; transmitting a response message to the UE; receiving capability information related to air mobility from the UE; and transmitting a reference signal related to pre-OOS to the UE.

[0009] In another aspect, a device implementing the above method is provided.

[0010] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0011] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0012] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0013] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0014] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0015] FIGS. 6A to 6E illustrate examples of RACH procedures applicable to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 7 is an example of a scenario in which communication is performed between an AAM UE and a ground base station to which the disclosure of the present specification is applied.

[0017] FIG. 8 is an example of a pre-OOS condition according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0018] FIG. 9 is an example of a procedure related to AAM capability information according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0019] FIG. 10 is an example of a procedure based on pre-OOS conditions according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0020] FIG. 11 is an example of a cycle of pre-OOS according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0021] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a relaxed measurement for pre-OOS conditions, according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0022] FIG. 13 is an example of a procedure according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0023] The following techniques, devices, and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and Multi-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). UTRA is part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is part of E-UMTS (Evolved UMTS) that utilizes E-UTRA.3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL).

[0024] The following techniques, devices, and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and multicarrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS), or enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or E-UTRA (evolved UTRA). UTRA is part of UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system). 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project) LTE (long-term evolution) is part of E-UMTS (evolved UMTS) that uses E-UTRA.3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL). Evolution of 3GPP LTE includes LTE-A (advanced), LTE-A Pro, and / or 5G NR (new radio).

[0025] For convenience of explanation, the implementation of this specification is primarily described in relation to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, the technical features of this specification are not limited thereto. For example, the following detailed description is provided based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, aspects of this specification that are not limited to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system can be applied to other mobile communication systems.

[0026] For terms and technologies used in this specification that are not specifically described, reference may be made to wireless communication standard documents published prior to this specification.

[0027] As used herein, “A or B” can mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” In other words, as used herein, “A or B” can be interpreted as “A and / or B.” For example, as used herein, “A, B or C” can mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B, and C.”

[0028] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma can mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C."

[0029] In this specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in this specification, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted identically to “at least one of A and B.”

[0030] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B and C”. Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C”.

[0031] Additionally, parentheses used herein may mean “for example.” Specifically, when indicated as “control information (PDCCH),” “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “control information.” In other words, “control information” in this specification is not limited to “PDCCH,” and “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “control information.” Furthermore, even when indicated as “control information (i.e., PDCCH),” “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “control information.”

[0032] Technical features individually described in a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0033] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication and / or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G).

[0034] Hereinafter, the present specification will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and / or description, the same reference numbers may refer to the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, and / or functional blocks, unless otherwise indicated.

[0035] Although the attached drawing illustrates a UE (User Equipment) as an example, the illustrated UE may also be referred to as a terminal, ME (Mobile Equipment), etc. In addition, the UE may be a portable device such as a laptop, mobile phone, PDA, smart phone, multimedia device, etc., or a non-portable device such as a PC or vehicle-mounted device.

[0036] Hereinafter, "UE" is used as an example of a wireless communication device (or wireless device, or wireless device) capable of wireless communication. Operations performed by the UE may be performed by the wireless communication device. The wireless communication device may also be referred to as a wireless device, wireless device, etc.

[0037] The term base station used below generally refers to a fixed station that communicates with wireless devices, and may be called by other terms such as eNodeB (evolved-NodeB), eNB (evolved-NodeB), BTS (Base Transceiver System), Access Point, and gNB (Next generation NodeB).

[0038] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0039] The 5G usage scenario shown in FIG. 1 is only an example, and the technical features of this specification can be applied to other 5G usage scenarios not shown in FIG. 1.

[0040] The three main requirement categories for 5G are (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC), and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC).

[0041] Some use cases may require multiple criteria for optimization, while others may focus on a single key performance indicator (KPI). 5G supports these diverse use cases using flexible and reliable methods.

[0042] eMBB goes far beyond basic mobile internet access, encompassing rich interactive work and media and entertainment applications in the cloud and augmented reality. Data is a key driver of 5G, and for the first time, dedicated voice services may not be available in the 5G era. Voice processing is expected to be simplified in 5G as an application leveraging the data connections provided by the communication system. The primary reasons for the traffic increase are the increasing size of content and the rise of applications requiring high data rates. As more devices connect to the internet, streaming services (audio and video), conversational video, and mobile internet access will become more prevalent. Many of these applications require always-on connectivity to push real-time information and alerts to users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly growing on mobile communication platforms and can be applied to both work and entertainment. Cloud storage is a special use case that accelerates the increase in uplink data rates. 5G is also used for remote work in the cloud. When using tactile interfaces, 5G requires significantly lower end-to-end latency to maintain a good user experience. For example, entertainment, such as cloud gaming and video streaming, is another key factor driving demand for mobile broadband capabilities. Smartphones and tablets are essential for entertainment in all environments, including highly mobile environments like trains, cars, and airplanes. Another use case is augmented reality for entertainment and information retrieval. In this case, AR requires extremely low latency and high data volumes.

[0043] One of the most anticipated 5G use cases involves mMTC, the ability to seamlessly connect embedded sensors across all sectors. The potential number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices is projected to reach 240 million by 2020. Industrial IoT is a key enabler of smart cities, asset tracking, smart utilities, agriculture, and security infrastructure, all enabled by 5G.

[0044] URLLC encompasses ultra-reliable, low-latency links that will transform industries through remote control of core infrastructure, enabling new services such as autonomous vehicles. Reliability and latency are essential for controlling smart grids, automating industries, achieving robotics, and controlling and coordinating drones.

[0045] 5G is the means to deliver streaming data rates previously rated at hundreds of megabits per second, up to gigabits per second, complementing fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or DOCSIS). Such high speeds are necessary to deliver 4K and higher (6K, 8K, and beyond) resolution TV, as well as virtual and augmented reality (VR) applications. VR and AR applications include immersive sports games. Certain applications may require specialized network configurations. For example, for VR games, gaming companies must integrate their core servers with network operators' edge network servers to minimize latency.

[0046] Automotive is expected to be a significant new driver of 5G, with numerous use cases for in-vehicle mobile communications. For example, passenger entertainment demands high-capacity, high-mobility broadband mobile communications, as future users continue to expect high-quality connectivity regardless of location and speed. Another automotive application is an AR dashboard. This allows the driver to identify objects in the dark beyond what is visible through the windshield, overlapping the information provided to the driver to indicate their distance and movement. In the future, wireless modules will enable vehicle-to-vehicle communication, information exchange between vehicles and supporting infrastructure, and information exchange between vehicles and other connected devices (e.g., pedestrian-accompanying devices). Safety systems will guide drivers through alternative courses of action to reduce the risk of accidents. The next step will be remotely controlled or autonomous vehicles. This will require extremely reliable and fast communication between different autonomous vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. In the future, autonomous vehicles will perform all driving tasks, leaving drivers to focus solely on traffic as long as the vehicle remains undetectable. The technological requirements for autonomous vehicles will require ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability, enhancing traffic safety to levels unattainable by humans.

[0047] Smart cities and smart homes / buildings, often referred to as smart societies, will be embedded in high-density wireless sensor networks. A distributed network of intelligent sensors will identify conditions for cost-effective and energy-efficient maintenance of cities or homes. A similar configuration can be implemented for each home. All temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and appliances will be wirelessly connected. Many of these sensors typically have low data rates, low power, and low cost. However, real-time HD video monitoring may be required by certain types of devices.

[0048] Higher decentralization of energy consumption and distribution, including heat and gas, requires automated control of distributed sensor networks. Smart grids use digital information and communication technologies to collect information and connect sensors to act on the collected information. This information can include the behavior of suppliers and consumers, allowing smart grids to improve the distribution of fuels like electricity through efficiency, reliability, economy, sustainable production, and automation. Smart grids can also be viewed as another low-latency sensor network.

[0049] Mission-critical applications (e.g., e-health) are one of the use cases for 5G. The health sector encompasses numerous applications that can benefit from mobile communications. Telecommunications systems can support telemedicine, which provides clinical care from remote locations. Telemedicine can help reduce distance barriers and improve access to medical services that are otherwise unavailable in remote, rural areas. Telemedicine is also used in emergency situations to provide critical care and save lives. Mobile-based wireless sensor networks can provide remote monitoring and sensors for parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

[0050] Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important in industrial applications. Wiring is expensive to install and maintain. Therefore, replacing cables with reconfigurable wireless links presents an attractive opportunity for many industries. However, achieving this replacement requires wireless connections with similar latency, reliability, and capacity to cables, and simplified management of wireless connections. With 5G connectivity, low latency and extremely low error rates are emerging requirements.

[0051] Logistics and freight tracking are important use cases for mobile communications, enabling inventory and package tracking anywhere using location-based information systems. Logistics and freight applications typically require low data rates but require wide-range, reliable location information.

[0052] Referring to FIG. 1, a communication system (1) includes wireless devices (100a to 100f), a base station (BS) (200), and a network (300). Although FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G network as an example of a network of the communication system (1), the implementation of the present disclosure is not limited to a 5G system and can be applied to future communication systems beyond the 5G system.

[0053] The base station (200) and the network (300) may be implemented as wireless devices, and a particular wireless device may operate as a base station / network node in relation to other wireless devices.

[0054] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) refer to devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may also be referred to as communication / wireless / 5G devices. Wireless devices (100a to 100f) may include, but are not limited to, robots (100a), vehicles (100b-1 and 100b-2), extended reality (XR) devices (100c), portable devices (100d), home appliances (100e), IoT devices (100f), and artificial intelligence (AI) devices / servers (400). For example, vehicles may include vehicles having wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include AR / VR / mixed reality (MR) devices, and may be implemented in the form of head-mounted devices (HMDs) and heads-up displays (HUDs) mounted on vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signs, vehicles, robots, etc. Portable devices may include smartphones, smart pads, wearable devices (e.g., smart watches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0055] In this specification, wireless devices (100a to 100f) may be referred to as user equipment (UE). The UE may include, for example, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation system, a slate PC, a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle with autonomous driving functions, a connected car, a UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a holographic device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a weather / environmental device, a 5G service-related device, or a 4th industrial revolution-related device.

[0056] For example, a UAV may be an aircraft that is unmanned and navigated by radio control signals.

[0057] For example, a VR device may include a device for implementing objects or backgrounds in a virtual environment. For example, an AR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by connecting them to objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, an MR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by merging them with objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, a holographic device may include a device that implements 360-degree stereoscopic images by recording and reproducing three-dimensional information using the light interference phenomenon that occurs when two laser lights, called holograms, meet.

[0058] For example, a public safety device may include an image relay device or imaging device that can be worn on the user's body.

[0059] For example, MTC devices and IoT devices may be devices that do not require direct human intervention or manipulation. Examples include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

[0060] For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, mitigating, curing, or preventing a disease. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, mitigating, or correcting an injury or damage. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of examining, replacing, or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device may include a therapeutic device, a driving device, an (in vitro) diagnostic device, a hearing aid, or a surgical device.

[0061] For example, a security device may be a device installed to prevent potential hazards and maintain safety. For example, a security device may be a camera, closed-circuit television (CCTV), recorder, or black box.

[0062] For example, a fintech device may be a device capable of providing financial services, such as mobile payments. For example, a fintech device may include a payment device or a point-of-sale system.

[0063] For example, a weather / environment device may include a device that monitors or predicts the weather / environment.

[0064] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) via a base station (200). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) via the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a network after 5G. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) can communicate with each other via the base station (200) / network (300), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station (200) / network (300). For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) / vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). Additionally, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0065] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and / or between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and a base station (200) and / or between base stations (200). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR), such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or, device-to-device (D2D) communication), and base station-to-base station communication (150c) (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200) can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least some of the various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), and resource allocation processes can be performed based on various proposals of the present specification.

[0066] AI is the study of artificial intelligence or the methodologies for creating it, while machine learning (ML) defines various problems in the field of AI and studies the methodologies for solving them. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that improves performance on a task through consistent experience.

[0067] A robot can be defined as a machine that automatically processes or operates a given task based on its own capabilities. Specifically, a robot capable of perceiving its environment, making decisions, and performing actions on its own can be called an intelligent robot. Robots can be categorized into industrial, medical, household, and military applications based on their intended use or field. Robots are equipped with a drive unit, including an actuator or motor, enabling them to perform various physical actions, such as moving robot joints. Furthermore, mobile robots include wheels, brakes, and propellers in their drive unit, enabling them to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

[0068] Autonomous driving refers to the technology of driving on one's own, while autonomous vehicles refer to vehicles that drive without, or with minimal, user intervention. For example, autonomous driving can include technologies such as lane keeping, automatic speed control like adaptive cruise control, autonomous driving along a set route, and autonomous driving based on a set destination. Vehicles encompass all types of vehicles: those with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles with both internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles with only electric motors. These vehicles can include not only cars but also trains and motorcycles. Autonomous vehicles can be viewed as robots with autonomous driving capabilities.

[0069] Extended reality is a general term for VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides real-world objects and backgrounds as CG images only, AR technology provides virtual CG images over images of real objects, and MR technology is a CG technology that mixes and combines virtual objects with the real world. MR technology is similar to AR in that it displays real and virtual objects together. However, there is a difference: while AR uses virtual objects to complement real objects, MR uses virtual and real objects equally.

[0070] NR supports multiple numerologies, or subcarrier spacing (SCS), to support diverse 5G services. For example, an SCS of 15 kHz supports wide areas in traditional cellular bands; an SCS of 30 kHz / 60 kHz supports dense urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth; and an SCS of 60 kHz or higher supports bandwidths greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

[0071] The NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges (e.g., FR1 and FR2). The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges can be changed. For example, the two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) can be as shown in Table 1 below. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges used in the NR system, FR1 can mean the "sub 6 GHz range", and FR2 can mean the "above 6 GHz range" and can be called millimeter wave (mmW). FR2 can include FR 2-1 and FR 2-2, as shown in the examples in Tables 1 and 2.

[0072] Frequency Range designationCorresponding frequency rangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1450MHz - 6000MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR2FR2-124250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHzFR2-257000MHz - 71000MHz120, 480, 960kHz

[0073] As described above, the numerical value of the frequency range of the NR system can be changed. For example, FR1 may include a band from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz, as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.). For example, the frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) included within FR1 may include unlicensed bands. Unlicensed bands may be used for various purposes, such as for communications for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).

[0074] Frequency Range designationCorresponding frequency rangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1410MHz - 7125MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR2FR2-124250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHzFR2-257000MHz - 71000MHz120, 480, 960kHz

[0075] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may include not only LTE, NR, and 6G, but also narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (low power wide area network) technology and may be implemented with standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced MTC). For example, LTE-M technology can be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-bandwidth limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE MTC, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification can include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN considering low-power communication, and is not limited to the above-described names. For example, ZigBee technology can create PAN (personal area networks) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called by various names.

[0076] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0077] Referring to FIG. 2, the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals to / from external devices via various RATs (e.g., LTE and NR).

[0078] In FIG. 2, {the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200)} may correspond to at least one of {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200)}, {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the wireless devices (100a to 100f)}, and / or {the base station (200) and the base station (200)} of FIG. 1.

[0079] The first wireless device (100) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (106), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (101), and / or one or more antennas (108).

[0080] The processing chip (101) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (102), and at least one memory, such as a memory (104). FIG. 2 illustrates an example in which the memory (104) is included in the processing chip (101). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (104) may be located external to the processing chip (101).

[0081] The processor (102) may control the memory (104) and / or the transceiver (106) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information / signal and transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signal via the transceiver (106). The processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signal via the transceiver (106) and store information obtained by processing the second information / signal in the memory (104).

[0082] A memory (104) may be operatively connected to the processor (102). The memory (104) may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory (104) may store software code (105) that, when executed by the processor (102), implements instructions that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the software code (105) may, when executed by the processor (102), implement instructions that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more wireless interface protocol layers.

[0083] Here, the processor (102) and memory (104) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108). Each transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present specification, the first wireless device (100) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0084] The second wireless device (200) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (206), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (201), and / or one or more antennas (208).

[0085] The processing chip (201) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (202), and at least one memory, such as a memory (204). FIG. 2 illustrates an example in which the memory (204) is included in the processing chip (201). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (204) may be located external to the processing chip (201).

[0086] The processor (202) may control the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information / signal and transmit a wireless signal including the third information / signal via the transceiver (206). The processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information / signal via the transceiver (206) and store information obtained by processing the fourth information / signal in the memory (204).

[0087] A memory (204) may be operatively connected to the processor (202). The memory (204) may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory (204) may store software code (205) that, when executed by the processor (202), implements instructions that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the software code (205) may, when executed by the processor (202), implement instructions that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more air interface protocol layers.

[0088] Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208). Each transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with the RF unit. In the present specification, the second wireless device (200) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0089] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a physical (PHY) layer, a media access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and / or one or more service data units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) may receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein.

[0090] One or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, and / or microcomputers. One or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, and / or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), and / or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be implemented using firmware and / or software, and the firmware and / or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, and functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be included in one or more processors (102, 202) or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and driven by one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of codes, instructions and / or sets of instructions.

[0091] One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be configured as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer-readable storage media, and / or combinations thereof. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and / or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0092] One or more transceivers (106, 206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed herein to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed herein from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, wireless signals, etc., to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, wireless signals, etc. from one or more other devices.

[0093] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be connected to one or more antennas (108, 208). The one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein via the one or more antennas (108, 208). In the present specification, the one or more antennas (108, 208) may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0094] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). For this purpose, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or a filter. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may up-convert an OFDM baseband signal to an OFDM signal via an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202) and transmit the up-converted OFDM signal at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive an OFDM signal at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signal to an OFDM baseband signal via an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202).

[0095] In the implementation of the present specification, a UE can operate as a transmitter in the uplink (UL) and as a receiver in the downlink (DL). In the implementation of the present specification, a base station can operate as a receiver in the UL and as a transmitter in the DL. For the sake of convenience of description, it is mainly assumed below that the first wireless device (100) operates as a UE and the second wireless device (200) operates as a base station. For example, a processor (102) connected to, mounted on, or released in the first wireless device (100) can be configured to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (106) to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification. A processor (202) connected to, mounted on, or released in the second wireless device (200) can be configured to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (206) to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification.

[0096] In this specification, a base station may be referred to as a Node B, an eNode B (eNB), or a gNB.

[0097] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0098] Wireless devices can be implemented in various forms depending on the use case / service (see Figure 1).

[0099] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless devices (100, 200) may correspond to the wireless devices (100, 200) of FIG. 2 and may be configured by various components, devices / parts, and / or modules. For example, each wireless device (100, 200) may include a communication device (110), a control device (120), a memory device (130), and additional components (140). The communication device (110) may include a communication circuit (112) and a transceiver (114). For example, the communication circuit (112) may include one or more processors (102, 202) of FIG. 2 and / or one or more memories (104, 204) of FIG. 2. For example, the transceiver (114) may include one or more transceivers (106, 206) of FIG. 2 and / or one or more antennas (108, 208) of FIG. 2. The control device (120) is electrically connected to the communication device (110), the memory device (130), and the additional components (140), and controls the overall operation of each wireless device (100, 200). For example, the control device (120) may control the electrical / mechanical operation of each wireless device (100, 200) based on programs / codes / commands / information stored in the memory device (130). The control device (120) can transmit information stored in the memory device (130) to the outside (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication device (110) through a wireless / wired interface, or can store information received from the outside (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication device (110) through a wireless / wired interface in the memory device (130).

[0100] The additional component (140) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of wireless device (100, 200). For example, the additional component (140) may include at least one of a power unit / battery, an input / output (I / O) device (e.g., an audio I / O port, a video I / O port), a driving device, and a computing device. The wireless device (100, 200) may be implemented in the form of, but is not limited to, a robot (100a in FIG. 1), a vehicle (100b-1 and 100b-2 in FIG. 1), an XR device (100c in FIG. 1), a portable device (100d in FIG. 1), a home appliance (100e in FIG. 1), an IoT device (100f in FIG. 1), a digital broadcasting terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a climate / environmental device, an AI server / device (400 in FIG. 1), a base station (200 in FIG. 1), or a network node. The wireless device (100, 200) may be used in a mobile or fixed location depending on the use case / service.

[0101] In FIG. 3, the various components, devices / parts and / or modules of the wireless devices (100, 200) may be connected to each other via a wired interface, or at least some of them may be connected wirelessly via a communication device (110). For example, in each wireless device (100, 200), the control device (120) and the communication device (110) may be connected via a wire, and the control device (120) and the first device (e.g., 130 and 140) may be connected wirelessly via the communication device (110). Each component, device / part and / or module within the wireless devices (100, 200) may further include one or more elements. For example, the control device (120) may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control device (120) may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphics processing unit and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory device (130) may be configured by RAM, DRAM, ROM, flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and / or a combination thereof.

[0102] <NR에서의 동작 대역>

[0103] The operating band in NR is as follows.

[0104] The operating bands in Table 3 below are refarmed operating bands from the LTE / LTE-A operating bands. These are called FR1 bands.

[0105] NR operating band Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex Mode F UL_low - F UL_high F DL_low - F DL_highn11920 MHz - 1980 MHz2110 MHz - 2170 MHzFDDn21850 MHz - 1910 MHz1930 MHz - 1990 MHzFDDn31710 MHz - 1785 MHz1805 MHz - 1880 MHzFDDn5824 MHz - 849 MHz869 MHz - 894 MHzFDDn72500 MHz - 2570 MHz2620 MHz - 2690 MHzFDDn8880 MHz - 915 MHz925 MHz - 960 MHzFDDn12699 MHz - 716 MHz729 MHz - 746 MHzFDDn20832 MHz - 862 MHz791 MHz - 821 MHzFDDn251850 MHz - 1915 MHz1930 MHz - 1995 MHzFDDn28703 MHz - 748 MHz758 MHz - 803 MHzFDDn342010 MHz - 2025 MHz2010 MHz - 2025 MHzTDDn382570 MHz - 2620 MHz2570 MHz - 2620 MHzTDDn391880 MHz - 1920 MHz1880 MHz - 1920 MHzTDDn402300 MHz - 2400 MHz2300 MHz - 2400 MHzTDDn412496 MHz - 2690 MHz2496 MHz - 2690 MHzTDDn501432 MHz - 1517 MHz1432 MHz - 1517 MHzTDD1n511427 MHz - 1432 MHz1427 MHz - 1432 MHzTDDn661710 MHz - 1780 MHz2110 MHz - 2200 MHzFDDn701695 MHz - 1710 MHz1995 MHz - 2020 MHzFDDn71663 MHz - 698 MHz617 MHz - 652 MHzFDDn741427 MHz - 1470 MHz1475 MHz - 1518 MHzFDDn75N / A1432 MHz - 1517 MHzSDLn76N / A1427 MHz - 1432 MHzSDLn773300 MHz - 4200 MHz3300 MHz - 4200MHzTDDn783300 MHz - 3800 MHz3300 MHz - 3800 MHzTDDn794400 MHz - 5000 MHz4400 MHz - 5000 MHzTDDn801710 MHz - 1785 MHzN / ASULn81880 MHz - 915 MHzN / ASULn82832 MHz - 862 MHzN / ASULn83703 MHz - 748 MHzN / ASULn841920 MHz - 1980 MHzN / ASULn861710 MHz - 1780 MHzN / ASUL

[0106] The table below shows the NR operating band defined at high frequencies. This is called the FR2 band.

[0107] NR operating band Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex mode F UL_low - F UL_high F DL_low - F DL_high n25726500 MHz - 29500 MHz26500 MHz - 29500 MHzTDDn25824250 MHz - 27500 MHz24250 MHz - 27500 MHzTDDn25937000 MHz - 40000 MHz37000 MHz - 40000 MHzTDDn26037000 MHz - 40000 MHz37000 MHz - 40000 MHzFDDn26127500 MHz - 28350 MHz27500 MHz - 28350 MHzFDD

[0108] <6G System General>

[0109] The 6G (wireless communication) system aims to achieve (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) low energy consumption for battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and the 6G system can satisfy the requirements as shown in Table 5 below. In other words, Table 5 is an example of the requirements of a 6G system.

[0110] Per device peak data rate1 TbpsE2E latency1 msMaximum spectral efficiency100bps / HzMobility supportUp to 1000km / hrSatellite integrationFullyAIFullyAutonomous vehicleFullyXRFullyHaptic CommunicationFully

[0111] 6G systems can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0112] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0113] 6G systems are expected to have 50 times the simultaneous wireless connectivity of 5G systems. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, will become even more crucial in 6G communications by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms. 6G systems will have significantly higher volumetric spectral efficiency, compared to the commonly used area spectral efficiency. 6G systems can offer extremely long battery life and advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting, eliminating the need for separate charging for mobile devices in 6G systems. New network characteristics in 6G may include:

[0114] - Satellite integrated network: 6G is expected to integrate with satellites to provide a global mobile network. The integration of terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communications system is crucial for 6G.

[0115] Connected Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary, upgrading the wireless evolution from "connected objects" to "connected intelligence." AI can be applied at every stage of the communication process (or at every signal processing step, as described below).

[0116] - Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0117] - Ubiquitous super 3D connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

[0118] Some general requirements for the new network characteristics of 6G, such as the above, may be as follows:

[0119] - Small cell networks: The concept of small cell networks was introduced to improve received signal quality in cellular systems by increasing throughput, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are essential for 5G and beyond-5G (5GB) communication systems. Accordingly, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0120] Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another key feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks comprised of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0121] High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be potential solutions to this problem.

[0122] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communications is a key feature of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0123] - Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two critical features that form the foundation of the design process for 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Furthermore, billions of devices can be shared on a shared physical infrastructure.

[0124] <Key implementation technologies for 6G systems>

[0125] Artificial Intelligence

[0126] The most crucial and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. 4G systems did not involve AI. 5G systems will support partial or very limited AI. However, 6G systems will fully support AI for automation. Advances in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communications in 6G. Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analyses to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays.

[0127] Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0128] Recent attempts to integrate AI into wireless communication systems have focused on the application layer, network layer, and especially deep learning in wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is increasingly evolving to the MAC layer and physical layer, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-driven signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks, in the fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

[0129] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, as well as for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of the downlink (DL). Furthermore, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

[0130] Machine learning refers to a series of operations that train machines to perform tasks that humans can or cannot perform. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be broadly categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0131] Neural network training aims to minimize output errors. It involves repeatedly inputting training data into a neural network, calculating the neural network output and target error for the training data, and backpropagating the neural network error from the output layer to the input layer to update the weights of each node in the neural network to reduce the error.

[0132] Supervised learning uses labeled training data, while unsupervised learning may not have labeled training data. For example, in the case of supervised learning for data classification, the training data may be data in which each training data category is labeled. Labeled training data is input to a neural network, and the error can be calculated by comparing the output (categories) of the neural network with the training data labels. The calculated error is backpropagated through the neural network in the backward direction (i.e., from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated through backpropagation. The amount of change in the connection weights of each updated node can be determined by the learning rate. The neural network's calculation of the input data and the backpropagation of the error can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate can be applied differently depending on the number of iterations of the neural network's learning cycle. For example, in the early stages of training a neural network, a high learning rate can be used to quickly allow the network to reach a certain level of performance, thereby improving efficiency. In the later stages of training, a low learning rate can be used to improve accuracy.

[0133] Learning methods may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, if the goal is to accurately predict data transmitted by a transmitter in a communication system, supervised learning is preferable to unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

[0134] The learning model corresponds to the human brain, and the most basic linear model can be thought of, but the machine learning paradigm that uses highly complex neural network structures, such as artificial neural networks, as learning models is called deep learning.

[0135] The neural network cores used in learning methods are mainly divided into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNN), and spiking neural networks (SNN).

[0136] Terahertz Communication

[0137] Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0138] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0139] Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) the widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates and (ii) the high path loss that occurs at high frequencies (requiring highly directional antennas). The narrow beamwidths generated by highly directional antennas reduce interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a significantly larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies to overcome range limitations.

[0140] Large-scale MIMO

[0141] One of the key technologies for improving spectral efficiency is the application of MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, spectral efficiency also improves. Therefore, massive MIMO technology will be crucial in 6G systems. Because MIMO technology utilizes multiple paths, multiplexing technology must be considered to ensure that data signals can be transmitted along more than one path, as well as beam generation and operation technologies suitable for the THz band.

[0142] Hologram Beam Forming (HBF)

[0143] Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit a wireless signal in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers several advantages, including high signal-to-noise ratio, interference avoidance and rejection, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a novel beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a highly effective approach for efficient and flexible signal transmission and reception in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0144] Optical wireless technology

[0145] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) light to transmit signals. OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390–750 nm) is commonly referred to as visible light communication (VLC). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be utilized to implement VLC. VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and vehicular networks.

[0146] VLC offers the following advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is unlicensed and can provide a wide bandwidth (up to THz). Second, VLC causes minimal significant interference with other electromagnetic devices. Therefore, VLC can be applied to sensitive electromagnetic interference applications such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers advantages in communication security and privacy. Visible light, the transmission medium of VLC-based networks, cannot penetrate walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, VLC's transmission range can be limited to indoor areas, protecting users' privacy and sensitive information. Fourth, VLC can utilize lighting sources as base stations, eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

[0147] Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space, such as air, outer space, or a vacuum, to wirelessly transmit data for communication or computer networking. FSO can be used as a point-to-point optical wireless communication (OWC) system on the ground. FSO can operate in the near-infrared frequency range (750-1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used to implement FSO, and it offers high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit / s), potentially offering a solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

[0148] These OWC technologies are designed for 6G communications, in addition to RF-based communications for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul / fronthaul networks. OWC technologies have already been used since 4G communication systems, but they will be used more widely to meet the demands of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and optical band-based FSO communication are already well-known. Communications based on optical wireless technology can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communications.

[0149] LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) can also be used for ultra-high-resolution 3D mapping in 6G communications based on its wide bandwidth. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that illuminates a target using near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light, detecting the reflected light with a light sensor to measure distance. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

[0150] FSO Backhaul Network

[0151] The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber-optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber-optic system. Therefore, FSO can be a promising technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems, in conjunction with fiber-optic networks. Using FSO, ultra-long-distance communications are possible, even over distances exceeding 10,000 km. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connectivity for remote and non-remote areas, such as the ocean, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station (BS) connections.

[0152] Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)

[0153] 6G systems integrate terrestrial and airborne networks to support vertically expanded user communications. 3D BSs will be provided via low-Earth orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding a new dimension in altitude and associated degrees of freedom significantly differentiates 3D connectivity from existing 2D networks. NR considers Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) as one approach to achieving this. NTNs are networks or network segments that utilize RF resources onboard satellites (or UAS platforms). Common NTN scenarios, which provide access to user equipment, include transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of NTNs.

[0154] - One or more sat-gateways connecting the NTN to the public data network.

[0155] - GEO satellites are served by one or more satellite gateways deployed across the satellite's target coverage area (e.g., regional or continental coverage). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one sat-gateway.

[0156] Non-GEO satellites that provide continuous service from one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between consecutively serving satellite gateways with sufficient time duration to allow for mobile anchoring and handover.

[0157] - Feeder link or wireless link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0158] - Service link or wireless link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0159] A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of implementing transparent or regenerative (including onboard processing) payloads. The satellite (or UAS platform) typically generates multiple beams for a designated service area, depending on its field of view. The beam's footprint is typically elliptical. The satellite's (or UAS platform's) field of view varies depending on the onboard antenna diagram and minimum elevation angle.

[0160] - Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

[0161] - Replay payload: radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. This is essentially equivalent to embedding all or part of a base station function (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0162] - Optionally, for satellite constellations, inter-satellite link (ISL) is available. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISL can operate in RF or wideband.

[0163] - User equipment is serviced by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the target service area.

[0164] Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional or local services.

[0165] Typically, LEO and MEO constellations are used to provide services in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can even provide global coverage, including polar regions. This requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient beam generation, and inter-satellite links.

[0166] Quantum Communication

[0167] Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that applies quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communication, overcoming limitations of existing information and communication technologies, such as security and ultra-high-speed computation. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, transmit, process, and store information that cannot be expressed in the binary bits of 0 and 1 used in existing communication technologies, or that are difficult to express. Unlike existing communication technologies that use wavelength or amplitude to transmit information between a transmitter and a receiver, quantum communication utilizes photons, the smallest unit of light, to transmit information between the transmitter and receiver. In particular, quantum communication can utilize quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility regarding the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), enabling communication with perfect security. Furthermore, under certain conditions, quantum communication may also enable ultra-high-speed communication by exploiting quantum entanglement.

[0168] Cell-free Communication

[0169] Tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial for 6G systems. As a result, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without requiring any manual configuration on their devices. The best network is automatically selected from available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communications. Currently, user movement from one cell to another in dense networks results in excessive handovers, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and the ping-pong effect. 6G cell-free communications will overcome all of these challenges and provide improved QoS.

[0170] Cell-free communication is defined as "a system in which multiple geographically distributed antennas (APs) cooperatively serve a small number of terminals using the same time / frequency resources, assisted by a fronthaul network and CPU." A single terminal is served by a collection of APs, called an AP cluster. There are several methods for forming AP clusters. Among them, a cluster composed of APs that can significantly improve terminal reception performance is called terminal-centric clustering, and this method dynamically updates the cluster configuration as the terminal moves. By introducing this terminal-centric AP clustering technique, the terminal is always located at the center of the AP cluster, thereby avoiding inter-cluster interference that can occur when the terminal is located at the edge of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies and heterogeneous radios in the devices.

[0171] Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

[0172] WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery-powered wireless systems. Therefore, battery-less devices will be supported by 6G communications.

[0173] Integration of Wireless Communication and Sensing

[0174] Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously sensing dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communications to support autonomous systems.

[0175] Integrated Access and Backhaul Network

[0176] In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected to backhaul connections, such as fiber optics and FSO networks. To accommodate the massive number of access networks, there will be tight integration between access and backhaul networks.

[0177] Big Data Analysis

[0178] Big data analytics is a complex process for analyzing diverse, large-scale data sets, or "big data." This process uncovers hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer trends, ensuring complete data management. Big data is collected from various sources, such as video, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used to process massive amounts of data in 6G systems.

[0179] Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

[0180] Many studies have been conducted that consider the wireless environment as an optimization target variable along with the transmitter and receiver. The wireless environment created using this approach is called a Smart Radio Environment (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environment (IRE) to emphasize its fundamental difference from past design and optimization standards. Various terms have been proposed for reconfigurable intelligent antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna) technologies that enable SRE, including Reconfigurable Metasurfaces, Smart Large Intelligent Surfaces (SLIS), Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS).

[0181] THz band signals have strong linearity, which can create many shadow areas due to obstacles. RIS technology, which expands communication coverage, enhances communication stability, and enables additional value-added services by installing RIS near these shadow areas, is becoming increasingly important. RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS may appear to be an extension of massive MIMO, it differs from massive MIMO in its array structure and operating mechanism. Furthermore, RIS operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, meaning it passively reflects signals without using active RF chains, which offers the advantage of low power consumption. Furthermore, because each passive reflector in RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incoming signal, this can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift via the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

[0182] In addition to reflecting wireless signals, RISs also exist that can control transmission and refraction characteristics. These RISs are primarily used for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) applications. Recently, STAR-RIS (Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection RIS), which provides both reflection and transmission, has also been actively researched.

[0183] Metaverse

[0184] The metaverse is a portmanteau of "meta," meaning "virtual" or "transcendent," and "universe," meaning "cosmos." Generally, the metaverse is used to refer to a "three-dimensional virtual space where social and economic activities similar to those in the real world are facilitated."

[0185] Extended Reality (XR), a key technology enabling the metaverse, can expand real-world experiences and deliver exceptional immersion by merging the virtual and real. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks enable users to experience even more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).

[0186] Autonomous Driving (Self-driving)

[0187] For fully autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to inform each other of dangerous situations, and vehicles must communicate with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to confirm information such as parking location and signal change times. V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything), a key element in building autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that allows cars to communicate and share with various elements on the road for autonomous driving, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communication.

[0188] To maximize autonomous driving performance and ensure high safety, fast transmission speeds and low-latency technologies are essential. Furthermore, as autonomous driving moves beyond simply providing warnings or guidance messages to drivers, actively intervening in driving and directly controlling the vehicle in dangerous situations requires a vast amount of information to be transmitted and received, 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

[0189] Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

[0190] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, will be a key element in 6G wireless communications. In most cases, high-speed wireless connections will be provided using UAV technology. BS entities are installed on UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs offer specific capabilities not found in fixed BS infrastructure, such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, deploying terrestrial communication infrastructure is not economically feasible, and sometimes, volatile environments make it impossible to provide services. UAVs can easily handle these situations. UAVs will become a new paradigm in wireless communications. This technology facilitates three fundamental requirements for wireless networks: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also support various purposes, such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

[0191] Blockchain

[0192] Blockchain will become a crucial technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchains are managed by a peer-to-peer network and can exist without being managed by a central authority or server. Data on a blockchain is collected and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using cryptography. Blockchains inherently complement large-scale IoT with enhanced interoperability, security, privacy, reliability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology offers several features, such as interoperability between devices, traceability of large amounts of data, autonomous interaction with other IoT systems, and the massive connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

[0193] <Random Access Channel (RACH) 절차>

[0194] FIGS. 6A to 6E illustrate examples of RACH procedures applicable to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0195] Referring to FIGS. 6A to 6E, a RACH procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is described. The embodiments of FIGS. 6A to 6E may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0196] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, when RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and / or Rx RF performance requirements) are described, the UE can satisfy these RF requirements. For example, the UE can be tested to satisfy the RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and / or Rx RF performance requirements) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a UE that satisfies these RF requirements can perform a RACH procedure. When the UE transmits a message, data, signaling, etc. to the gNB, the UE satisfies the Tx RF performance requirements described in the first embodiment of the present specification. When the UE receives a message, data, signaling, etc. from the gNB, the UE satisfies the Rx RF performance requirement described in the first embodiment of the present specification.

[0197] To connect a UE to a 5G network, the UE and the 5G network must be synchronized in both uplink and downlink. Downlink synchronization occurs when the UE successfully decodes the SSB transmitted by the gNB. To establish uplink synchronization and RRC connection, the UE must perform a RACH random access procedure.

[0198] Two types of random access procedures are supported: a four-step Random Access (RA) type using MSG1 and a two-step RA type using MSGA.

[0199] Two types of RA procedures can support Contention Based Random Access (CBRA) and Contention Free Random Access (CFRA), as shown in Figures 6a through 6e below, respectively. The UE can select the random access type when initiating a random access procedure depending on network settings.

[0200] Referring to FIGS. 6a and 6c, a four-step RA type using MSG1 is described.

[0201] MSG1 of the 4-step RA type includes a preamble of the PRACH. The UE transmits MSG1. After transmitting MSG1, the UE monitors the network for a response within a set period of time.

[0202] For the CBRA example of FIG. 6a, when the UE receives a random access response (MSG2) from the gNB, the UE can transmit MSG3 using the UL grant scheduled by the response message. The UE can then monitor contention resolution. If contention resolution is not successful after (re)transmitting MSG3, the UE performs MSG1 transmission again.

[0203] For the CFRA example in Figure 6c, a dedicated preamble for MSG1 transmission is allocated by the network. The gNB transmits the RA preamble allocation to the UE. The UE transmits MSG1, which includes a random access preamble, to the gNB. Upon receiving a random access response from the network, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

[0204] Referring to Figures 6b, 6d, and 6e, a two-step RA type is described. The MSGA of the two-step RA type includes a random access preamble of the PRACH and a PUSCH payload. After the UE transmits the MSGA, the UE monitors the network's response within a configured window.

[0205] For CBRA according to the example of Fig. 6b, if the UE successfully resolves the contention after receiving a network response (e.g., MSGB), the UE terminates the random access procedure. If a fallback indication is received within the MSGB, the UE performs MSG3 transmission using the UL grant reserved in the fallback indication, as shown in Fig. 6e, and monitors contention resolution. If the contention resolution is not successful after the MSG3 (re)transmission, the UE performs MSGA transmission again.

[0206] For CFRA according to the example of FIG. 6d, the UE can receive an RA preamble allocation and a PUSCH allocation from the gNB. Then, dedicated preamble and PUSCH resources can be configured for MSGA transmission. The UE transmits the MSGA. When the UE receives a network response, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

[0207] If the random access procedure of type 2 RA is not completed after several MSGA transmissions, the UE may be configured to transition to CBRA of type 4 RA.

[0208] Some examples of procedures and technical specifications related to the disclosure of this specification are provided below. Reference may also be made to standard documents for the various examples below.

[0209] The disclosure of this specification describes an example of a method for managing radio links for air mobility services. For example, a method including terminal operation and / or network operation for managing radio links for air mobility services is described.

[0210] In this specification, examples of air mobility are described based on advanced air mobility (AAM), such as future air mobility. However, these are merely examples, and the scope of the disclosure in this specification is not limited by the terms AAM and / or future air mobility. For example, the contents described in the disclosure in this specification can be applied to communication between a terminal (e.g., UE) moving in the air and a network. Furthermore, AAM can also be used as a term synonymous with air mobility. For example, an AAM UE in this disclosure can also be referred to as a UE related to air mobility. In other words, the term AAM in the disclosure in this specification can be replaced with air mobility. Furthermore, the term AAM is merely an example, and the description related to AAM in this specification can be applied to communication between a terminal capable of moving in the air and a network.

[0211] Communications for air mobility, such as AAM, are being discussed.

[0212] AAM communications can be divided into AAM aircraft communications (e.g., communications between the AAM aircraft and the network) and communications for passengers within the AAM (e.g., communications between passenger terminals within the AAM aircraft and the network).

[0213] The disclosure herein describes the operation of a terminal and / or a network based on AAM aircraft communications (e.g., communications between an AAM aircraft and a network). However, these are merely examples, and the descriptions based on various examples in the disclosure herein may also apply to passengers within an AAM.

[0214] Referring to FIG. 7, an example of a scenario in which an AAM UE communicates with a ground base station is described.

[0215] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0216] FIG. 7 is an example of a scenario in which communication is performed between an AAM UE and a ground base station to which the disclosure of the present specification is applied.

[0217] Referring to FIG. 7, an example of an AAM service is illustrated. In FIG. 7, one or more base stations (e.g., gNBs) and one or more AAM UEs are illustrated.

[0218] As illustrated in Figure 7, a scenario related to communications for air mobility can be assumed. For example, an AAM UE may be located 400 to 500 meters above the ground. The AAM UE can travel at speeds of up to 200 km / h and communicate with a ground base station.

[0219] AAM UEs may have fixed routes. Alternatively, they may move without any restrictions on their established routes. Communications for air mobility are being discussed, aiming for fully automated traffic management and / or pilot operations.

[0220] It is necessary to ensure reliability of the AAM aircraft (hereinafter referred to as AAM terminal) and the airborne communication network based on the ground network.

[0221] However, the prior art has a problem in that there is no method for effectively and / or accurately supporting communication between terminals and networks based on air mobility. Various examples disclosed in this specification describe methods for effectively and / or accurately supporting communication between terminals and networks based on air mobility.

[0222] For AAM terminals (e.g., AAM UEs), the goal of URLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications) may be more important than the goal of eMBB (enhanced Mobile BroadBand).

[0223] As shown in Figure 7, since the AAM terminal moves at a speed of 200 km / h, radio link maintenance is crucial. For example, signal delay must be low and / or restrictions on data transmission and reception must be minimal.

[0224] However, conventional technology suffers from the problem of reduced reliability of communication network links. Furthermore, low latency in transmission and / or reception over communication network links is not guaranteed.

[0225] In AAM-based communications, we describe examples of ways to improve the reliability of communication network links. For example, we describe examples of methods for improving radio link reliability.

[0226] To improve radio link reliability, radio link failure should not occur while the AAM terminal moves at high speed.

[0227] For example, a terminal may measure the signal strength and / or quality of a radio link. The terminal may measure the signal strength / quality of a radio link when the signal strength / quality of the radio link exceeds a certain threshold (e.g., Q out) may be lower. In this case, the terminal can determine OOS (Out of Sync). For example, in this case, an OOS (Out of Sync) indication may occur in the low layer of the terminal. If OOS indications occur consecutively (e.g., N310) and a certain period of time (e.g., T310) has passed, the terminal can declare a radio link failure. For example, N310 may be a parameter related to a counter. N310 may mean, for example, the Maximum number of consecutive "out-of-sync" indications for special cell (SpCell) (e.g., Primary cell (PCell) and / or Primary and secondary cell (PSCell)) received from lower layers. If the number of times the terminal has received "out-of-sync" from the lower layer of the terminal becomes N310, the terminal can start a timer T310. When timer T310 expires, the terminal can declare a radio link failure. Afterwards, the terminal can send a request message to the network for an RRC connection reset. If the terminal declares a radio link failure, the connection with the network may be temporarily lost. For AAM terminals moving at high speeds, radio link failures can occur frequently.

[0228] To prevent this, additional pre-OOS conditions can be set for AAM terminals. An example of a pre-OOS condition is described with reference to the example in Fig. 8.

[0229] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0230] FIG. 8 is an example of a pre-OOS condition according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0231] Referring to the example of Figure 8, it can be observed that the link quality level decreases as the AAM UE moves further away from the base station (e.g., gNB). In the example of Figure 8, in addition to the existing OOS condition, a pre-OOS condition is additionally illustrated.

[0232] For example, a network (e.g., a base station) can additionally set pre-OOS conditions for AAM terminals as shown in FIG. 8.

[0233] The link quality level of an AAM UE may be reduced so that a pre-OOS condition may be satisfied before the existing OOS condition is satisfied. For example, a pre-OOS condition may be added that is satisfied before the link quality level enters the existing OOS condition. Before a radio link failure state occurs, the UE may notify the network of its radio link status based on the pre-OOS condition. Accordingly, the AAM UE and / or the network may prepare for radio link changes (e.g., candidate beam search, HO preparing, etc.). In addition, the AAM UE may initiate radio link measurements for the existing OOS condition to prevent radio link failure from occurring. For example, after the pre-OOS condition is satisfied, the AAM UE may perform radio link measurements for the existing OOS condition.

[0234] Note that the term "pre-OOS" is merely an example, and the scope of the disclosure herein is not limited thereto. For example, pre-OOS may refer to additional conditions that the UE compares with radio link quality in addition to existing OOS conditions. For example, pre-OOS may be referred to as a second OOS, and the existing OOS may be referred to as a first OOS. In another example, pre-OOS may be referred to as an additional OOS. In another example, pre-OOS may be referred to as an OOS for radio link warning. In another example, pre-OOS may be referred to as an OOS for air mobility.

[0235] In some implementations, the network may allocate measurements for Pre-OOS to a portion of the measurement interval for existing OOS.

[0236] An example of behavior for a Pre-OOS condition is as follows:

[0237] For example, a terminal may transmit capability information related to AAM to the network. For example, the capability information related to AAM may include information related to the terminal supporting AAM-based communication and / or information that the terminal is an AAM UE.

[0238] For example, the network may send Q out (e.g. thresholds related to existing OOS), Q pre-out (e.g., thresholds related to pre-OOS), and / or N pre-out (e.g., the number of times related to radio link warning) can be transmitted.

[0239] For another example, Q out (e.g. thresholds related to existing OOS), Q pre-out (e.g., thresholds related to pre-OOS), and / or N pre-out(e.g., number of times related to radio link warning) may be preset in the terminal.

[0240] The network can transmit a reference signal (RS) for Pre-OOS (e.g., Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel (SS / PBCH) block or SS block), Channel-State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), etc.). A UE (e.g., AAM UE) can measure the reference signal. The UE can measure the reference signal and determine whether the strength and / or quality of the RS is below a certain threshold (e.g., Q pre-out ) can be determined whether the intensity and / or quality for RS is lower than a certain threshold (e.g., Q pre-out ) lower than the L1 indication (e.g., pre-OOS indication) may occur in the low layer of the terminal.

[0241] For reference, SSB is the Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel (SS / PBCH) block or SS block. CSI-RS is the Channel-State Information Reference Signal.

[0242] The terminal can perform layer 1 measurements on the reference signal for Pre-OOS. The terminal can measure the layer 1 measurement results (e.g., Q RS ), based on the number of times set in the network (e.g., N pre-out ) can determine whether pre-OOS occurs. For example, the layer 1 measurement results (e.g., Q RS), based on the number of times set in the network (e.g., N pre-out ) when pre-OOS occurs, the terminal can transmit information (or indication) related to the radio link warning to the network.

[0243] For example, a terminal may perform layer 1 measurements on a reference signal for Pre-OOS based on an evaluation period such as the example in Table 6 below.

[0244] SettingsT Evaluate_pre-out_SSB (ms)no DRXMax(200, Ceil(N sample * P) * T SSB )DRX cycle≤320 msMax(200, Ceil(N sample * P) * Max(T DRX ,T SSB ))DRX cycle>320 msCeil(N sample * P) * T DRX

[0245] T SSB may be the period of SSB set for Radio Link Monitoring (RLM). T DRX can be the DRX cycle length. N sample can be the number of SSB samples for evaluating pre-OOS based on SSB. For example, N sample can be one of 1, 5, 10, 15. P can be a scaling factor depending on the overlap of SMTC and / or measurement gap with layer 1 measurements.

[0246] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0247] FIG. 9 is an example of a procedure related to AAM capability information according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0248] In the example of FIG. 9, the terminal may transmit AAM capability information and receive one or more threshold values ​​from the network.

[0249] In step (S901), the terminal can transmit AAM capability information to a network (e.g., a base station).

[0250] In step (S902), the network may transmit one or more threshold values ​​to the terminal.

[0251] For example, the network may send Q out (e.g. thresholds related to existing OOS), Q pre-out (e.g., thresholds related to pre-OOS), and / or N pre-out (e.g., the number of times related to radio link warning) can be transmitted.

[0252] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0253] FIG. 10 is an example of a procedure based on pre-OOS conditions according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0254] The example in Fig. 10 shows an example of the operation of a terminal related to pre-OOS.

[0255] For reference, before step (S1001) of FIG. 10 is performed, the terminal can perform the operation of FIG. 9.

[0256] In step (S1001), the terminal can receive an RS for pre-OOS. For example, if the base station transmits an RS for pre-OOS, the terminal can receive the RS for pre-OOS.

[0257] In step (S1002), the terminal may perform measurements for pre-OOS. For example, the terminal may measure signal strength and / or quality for the RS for pre-OOS based on the RS for pre-OOS. The signal strength and / or quality for the RS for pre-OOS is Q RS It could be.

[0258] In step (S1003), the terminal can determine whether the signal strength and / or quality for the RS for pre-OOS is below a threshold. For example, the terminal may determine whether Q RS pre-out You can judge whether or not.

[0259] For example, the terminal may send a signal to the RS for pre-OOS if the signal strength and / or quality is below a threshold (e.g., Q RS pre-out ), the terminal can count N. For example, the terminal can increase the N value by 1. In this case, step (S1004) can be performed.

[0260] For example, the terminal may transmit a signal to the RS for pre-OOS if the signal strength and / or quality is above a threshold (e.g., Q RS pre-out If not), the terminal does not count N. The N value is not increased. In this case, in the next RS cycle, step (S1002) can be performed.

[0261] In step (S1004), the terminal can determine whether the number of times the signal strength and / or quality for the RS for pre-OOS is below a threshold is equal to the threshold. For example, the terminal can determine whether N = N pre-out You can decide whether or not to recognize it.

[0262] ​​​If the number of times the signal strength and / or quality for the RS for pre-OOS is below a threshold is equal to the threshold, step (S1005) may be performed. Otherwise, step (S1002) may be performed in the next RS cycle.

[0263] In step (S1005), the terminal can transmit information related to a radio link warning to the network.

[0264] In some implementations, if the network receives information related to a radio link warning from the terminal, the network may also transmit an RS for an existing OOS.

[0265] At step (S1006), the terminal can prepare for a radio link change from the network.

[0266] For example, after a terminal transmits a radio link warning, the terminal may receive an RS for OOS. For example, the terminal may perform measurements based on the RS for OOS and determine whether the OOS condition is satisfied.

[0267] For example, preparing for a radio link change may include the following actions: For example, the terminal may perform measurements on a different beam than the radio link (e.g., beam) through which it is currently receiving signals from the network. The terminal may prepare to change to a beam with better link quality.

[0268] In AAM-based communications, an example is described to support low latency in transmission and / or reception on a communication network link.

[0269] When an AAM terminal performs operations such as radio link management or neighbor cell measurement for mobility, transmission and reception restrictions may occur between the AAM terminal and the serving cell.

[0270] These transmission and reception restrictions may occur frequently, depending on the measurement interval and cycle set for the AAM terminal. Frequent transmission and reception restrictions can be detrimental to AAM terminal communications, which require low latency.

[0271] To address these shortcomings, in some implementations, the network may set the measurement cycle for pre-OOS to be longer than that for existing OOS. Referring to Figure 11, an example of a network setting the measurement cycle for pre-OOS to be longer than that for existing OOS is described.

[0272] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0273] FIG. 11 is an example of a cycle of pre-OOS according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0274] Referring to the example of Fig. 11, an example of an RS period for a conventional OOS is shown at the top of Fig. 11. In the example at the top, the base station can periodically transmit an RS for a conventional OOS.

[0275] Referring to the bottom of the example of Fig. 11, the base station can transmit RS for existing OOS and / or pre-OOS. The period at which RS for existing OOS and / or pre-OOS is transmitted can be twice the period at which RS for existing OOS is transmitted in the example of Fig. 11. In the bottom of the example of Fig. 11, the base station can transmit RS for existing OOS and / or pre-OOS based on a period longer than the RS period for existing OOS, and then transmit RS for existing OOS based on the RS period for existing OOS.

[0276] Note that the RS for pre-OOS may be SSB and / or CSI-RS. In this case, the usage of SSB and / or CSI-RS may be set to pre-OOS. Alternatively, a new RS may be defined for pre-OOS.

[0277] In some implementations, the network may receive capability information related to air mobility from the terminal. In this case, the network may transmit a pre-OOS RS to the terminal. The terminal may perform measurements on the pre-OOS RS. In this case, the terminal may also transmit information related to radio link warnings to the network.

[0278] In some implementations, if the network receives information related to a radio link warning from the terminal, the network may also transmit an RS for an existing OOS.

[0279] In some implementations, as illustrated in the example of Figure 11, the network may set the measurement period for pre-OOS to be longer than that for existing OOS. This may reduce data transmission and reception constraints between the serving cell and the terminal.

[0280] For reference, the measurement period for the existing OOS can be one of {5,10,20,40,80,160} msec, for example. For example, if SSB is used for OOS, the measurement period for the existing OOS is T SSB can be expressed as T SSB may be the cycle of SSB set for RLM. The measurement cycle for pre-OOS may also be set to the cycle of SSB for pre-OOS evaluation.

[0281] For example, the network may set the RS period for pre-OOS to be longer than the RS period for conventional OOS.

[0282] In some implementations, the terminal may perform pre-OOS measurements based on the RS for the existing OOS. In this case, the terminal may change the measurement cycle setting based on the RS cycle for the existing OOS. For example, the terminal may perform pre-OOS measurements based on the RS for the existing OOS at a rate twice or three times the RS cycle for the existing OOS.

[0283] The RS for Pre-OOS (e.g., RS transmitted for pre-OOS judgment) and the RS for OOS (e.g., RS transmitted for OOS judgment) may be the same or different.

[0284] In some implementations, the AAM terminal may perform measurements for pre-OOS based on a longer period than the period associated with existing OOS measurements. By performing measurements for pre-OOS using a longer period than the period associated with existing OOS measurements, data transmission and reception constraints between the serving cell and the terminal may be alleviated. After the AAM terminal performs measurements for pre-OOS, the AAM terminal may report (or transmit) information (or indication) related to a radio link warning to the network. After the AAM terminal transmits information (or indication) related to a radio link warning, the AAM terminal may use the measurement period for existing OOS. For example, after the pre-OOS condition is satisfied, the AAM terminal may perform measurements based on the measurement period for existing OOS to determine whether the OOS condition is satisfied.

[0285] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0286] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a relaxed measurement for pre-OOS conditions, according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0287] The example in Figure 12 illustrates an example of terminal operation related to relaxed measurements for pre-OOS conditions. The example in Figure 12 is an example of relaxed measurements for low latency.

[0288] For reference, before step (S1201) of FIG. 12 is performed, the terminal may also perform the operation of FIG. 9.

[0289] In step (S1201), the terminal can receive an RS for pre-OOS. For example, if the base station transmits an RS for pre-OOS, the terminal can receive the RS for pre-OOS.

[0290] In step (S1202), the terminal may perform measurements for pre-OOS. For example, the signal strength and / or quality of the RS for pre-OOS may be measured based on a long period. For example, if the period of the RS for pre-OOS is longer than the period of the RS for the existing OOS, the long period may refer to the period of the RS for pre-OOS. In another example, the measurement period for pre-OOS may be longer than the measurement period for the existing OOS. In this case, the long period may refer to the measurement period for pre-OOS.

[0291] Signal strength and / or quality for RS for pre-OOS is Q RS It could be.

[0292] In step (S1203), the terminal can determine whether the signal strength and / or quality for the RS for pre-OOS is below a threshold. For example, the terminal may determine whether Q RS pre-out You can judge whether or not.

[0293] For example, the terminal may send a signal to the RS for pre-OOS if the signal strength and / or quality is below a threshold (e.g., Q RS pre-out ), the terminal can count N. For example, the terminal can increase the N value by 1. In this case, step (S1004) can be performed.

[0294] For example, the terminal may transmit a signal to the RS for pre-OOS if the signal strength and / or quality is above a threshold (e.g., Q RS pre-out If not), the terminal does not count N. The N value is not increased. In this case, step (S1002) may be performed.

[0295] In step (S1204), the terminal can determine whether the number of times the signal strength and / or quality for the RS for pre-OOS is below a threshold is equal to the threshold. For example, the terminal can determine whether N = N pre-out You can decide whether or not to recognize it.

[0296] If the number of times the signal strength and / or quality for the RS for pre-OOS is below a threshold is equal to the threshold, step (S1005) may be performed. Otherwise, step (S1002) may be performed.

[0297] In step (S1205), the terminal can transmit information related to a radio link warning to the network.

[0298] In step (S1206), the terminal can perform measurements for existing OOS based on a general cycle.

[0299] ​​​For example, the cycle of RS for pre-OOS may be different from the cycle of RS for existing OOS.

[0300] For another example, the RS period for pre-OOS and the RS period for existing OOS may be the same, and the measurement period for which the terminal measures the RS for pre-OOS may be longer than the measurement period for the RS for existing OOS. In this case, the terminal may perform measurements based on a general period (e.g., the measurement period for the RS for OOS) in step (S1206).

[0301] For reference, various examples of the disclosure of this specification can be applied to the following in addition to measurements for OOS for maintaining radio link management. For example, various examples of the disclosure of this specification can also be applied to L3 measurement for handover (e.g., SSB / CSI-RS based L3 measurement during SSB-based Measurement Timing configuration (SMTC) and / or measurement gap (MG)). For example, SMTC for L3 measurement can be set at a certain period. In this case, the UE can measure L1 measurement or L3 measurement for the serving cell or neighboring cell at a period longer than the SMTC and / or MG. For example, the period of SMTC can be changed and / or the period of MG can be changed, or the UE can skip some SMTC and / or MG. If the L1 measurement result or the L3 measurement result is lower than a certain threshold transmitted by the network, the UE can perform the following actions. For example, the UE can perform the measurement based on the existing period for L3 measurement. Accordingly, data transmission and reception restrictions between the terminal and the serving cell can be eased.

[0302] For reference, the various examples of the disclosure in this specification relate to communication reliability and low latency between AAM terminals and terrestrial networks for air mobility, but these are only examples. For example, the various examples of the disclosure in this specification can also be applied to other communication services (e.g., XR, IoT, NTN services, etc.) that require communication reliability and low latency, and relaxation of data transmission and reception constraints.

[0303] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0304] FIG. 13 is an example of a procedure according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0305] Figure 13 is an example of the disclosure of this specification. The scope of the disclosure of this specification is not limited by the procedures illustrated in Figure 13. For example, the operations, contents, etc. described in various examples of the disclosure of this specification may also be applied to the example of Figure 13.

[0306] The UE may perform the random access procedure described in the examples of FIGS. 6A through 6E. For example, the UE may transmit a random access preamble to the base station. The base station may transmit a response message to the UE.

[0307] In the example of Figure 13, the UE may be a UE involved in air mobility. For example, the UE may be an AAM UE.

[0308] In step (S1301), the UE can transmit capability information to the base station.

[0309] For example, the capability information may include capability information related to air mobility.

[0310] In some implementations, the UE may receive from the base station a threshold related to pre-OOS and / or a threshold related to OOS. The UE may also receive a number of times related to pre-OOS (e.g., N pre-out ) can be received from the base station.

[0311] For example, a threshold associated with pre-OOS, a threshold associated with OOS, and / or a count associated with pre-OOS (e.g., N pre-out ) may be preset.

[0312] In step (S1302), the base station can transmit a reference signal.

[0313] For example, the reference signal may be a reference signal related to pre-OOS.

[0314] For example, based on the capability information related to the above air mobility being transmitted, a reference signal related to the above pre-OOS may be received.

[0315] In step (S1303), the UE may determine whether to transmit information related to a radio link warning.

[0316] For example, the UE may determine whether to transmit information related to a radio link warning based on a radio link quality based on a reference signal related to the pre-OOS and a threshold related to the pre-OOS.

[0317] For example, the UE may decide to transmit information related to the radio link warning based on the number of times that the radio link quality based on the reference signal related to pre-OOS is below the threshold related to pre-OOS is greater than or equal to the number of times related to pre-OOS.

[0318] For example, based on a decision to transmit information related to a radio link warning, the UE may transmit information related to the radio link warning to the base station.

[0319] The UE may also receive a reference signal related to OOS. For example, the UE may receive a reference signal related to OOS after transmitting information related to a radio link warning.

[0320] For example, a base station may transmit a reference signal related to OOS based on a first period. The base station may transmit a reference signal related to pre-OOS based on a second period. Here, the second period may be longer than the first period.

[0321] For example, based on the radio link quality based on the reference signal related to OOS and the threshold related to OOS, the UE may decide whether to transmit a radio link failure.

[0322] In some implementations, the period of the reference signal associated with pre-OOS may be set to be longer than the period of the reference signal associated with OOS. For example, the period of the reference signal associated with pre-OOS may be an integer multiple of the period of the reference signal associated with OOS.

[0323] In some implementations, the measurement period during which the radio link quality based on the reference signal associated with pre-OOS is measured may be set longer than the measurement period during which the radio link quality based on the reference signal associated with OOS is measured.

[0324] This specification may have various effects.

[0325] For example, communication between terminals and networks based on air mobility can be effectively and / or accurately supported. For example, the reliability of communication network links can be improved. For example, low latency in transmission and / or reception on communication network links can be guaranteed.

[0326] The effects that can be achieved through the specific examples of this specification are not limited to the effects listed above. For example, a person with ordinary skill in the relevant technical field may understand or derive various technical effects from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

[0327] For reference, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this specification may be implemented by the devices of FIGS. 1 to 3 described above. For example, the terminal (e.g., UE) may be the first device (100) or the second device (200) of FIG. 2. For example, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this specification may be processed by one or more processors (102 or 202). The operation of the terminal described in this specification may be stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) in the form of instructions / programs (e.g., instructions, executable codes) executable by one or more processors (102 or 202). One or more processors (102 or 202) may control one or more memories (104 or 204) and one or more transceivers (105 or 206), and execute instructions / programs stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) to perform operations of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the disclosure of this specification.

[0328] Additionally, commands for performing operations of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be included in one or more memories (104 or 204). In addition, the commands recorded in the storage medium may be executed by one or more processors (102 or 202) to perform operations of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the disclosure of this specification.

[0329] For reference, the operations of a network node (e.g., AMF, SMF, UPF, PCF, AUSF, etc.) or a base station (e.g., a base station included in a satellite, NG-RAN, gNB, eNB, serving cell, PCell, SCell, neighboring cell, etc.) described in this specification may be implemented by the devices of FIGS. 1 to 3 described below. For example, the network node or the base station may be the first device (100) or the second device (200) of FIG. 2. For example, the operations of the network node or the base station described in this specification may be processed by one or more processors (102 or 202). The operations of the terminal described in this specification may be stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) in the form of instructions / programs (e.g., instructions, executable codes) executable by one or more processors (102 or 202). One or more processors (102 or 202) may control one or more memories (104 or 204) and one or more transceivers (106 or 206), and execute instructions / programs stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) to perform operations of a network node or base station as described in the disclosure of this specification.

[0330] Additionally, the instructions for performing the operations of the network node or base station described in the disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile (or non-transitory) computer-readable storage medium having the instructions recorded thereon. The storage medium may be included in one or more memories (104 or 204). In addition, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may be executed by one or more processors (102 or 202) to perform the operations of the network node or base station described in the disclosure of this specification.

[0331] Although the preferred embodiments have been described above by way of example, the disclosure of this specification is not limited to these specific embodiments, and may be modified, changed, or improved in various forms within the scope of the spirit and claims of this specification.

[0332] In the exemplary system described above, the methods are described based on a flowchart as a series of steps or blocks. However, the order of the steps described is not limited, and some steps may occur in a different order or simultaneously with other steps described above. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the steps depicted in the flowchart are not exclusive, and other steps may be included, or one or more steps in the flowchart may be deleted without affecting the scope of the invention.

[0333] The claims set forth in this specification may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Other implementations are within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A step of transmitting a random access preamble to a base station; A step of receiving a response message from the base station; A step of transmitting capability information related to air mobility to the base station; A step of receiving a reference signal related to pre-Out of Sync (pre-OOS) from the base station; and A method comprising the step of determining whether to transmit information related to a radio link warning based on a radio link quality based on a reference signal related to the pre-OOS and a threshold value related to the pre-OOS.

2. In paragraph 1, A method in which a reference signal related to the pre-OOS is received based on the capability information related to the above air mobility being transmitted.

3. In paragraph 1, A method further comprising the step of receiving a threshold value related to the pre-OOS and / or a threshold value related to the OOS from the base station.

4. In paragraph 1, A method in which information related to the radio link warning is determined to be transmitted based on the number of times that the radio link quality based on the reference signal related to the pre-OOS is less than the threshold related to the pre-OOS is greater than or equal to the number of times related to the pre-OOS.

5. In paragraph 1, A method further comprising the step of transmitting information related to the radio link warning to the base station based on a determination to transmit information related to the radio link warning.

6. In paragraph 5, A step of receiving a reference signal related to OOS; and A method further comprising the step of determining whether to transmit a radio link failure based on a radio link quality based on a reference signal related to the OOS and a threshold related to the OOS.

7. In paragraph 1, A method in which the period of the reference signal related to the above pre-OOS is set longer than the period of the reference signal related to OOS.

8. In paragraph 1, A method in which a measurement period during which wireless link quality is measured based on a reference signal related to the above pre-OOS is set longer than a measurement period during which wireless link quality is measured based on a reference signal related to OOS.

9. As a device, At least one transmitter / receiver; at least one processor; and comprising one or more memories capable of storing instructions and being operable to connect to at least one processor; A device wherein at least one processor is adapted to perform a method according to one of claims 1 to 8.

10. At least one processor; and At least one memory storing instructions and being operably electrically connected to the at least one processor, An operation performed based on the command being executed by the at least one processor: An apparatus comprising a method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

11. A non-transitory computer readable medium (CRM) that records commands, The above instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform a method according to any one of claims 1 to 8. CRM.

12. A step of receiving a random access preamble from a User Equipment (UE); A step of transmitting a response message to the UE; A step of receiving capability information related to air mobility from the UE; and A method comprising the step of transmitting a reference signal related to pre-Out of Sync (pre-OOS) to the UE based on capability information related to the above air mobility.

13. In paragraph 12, A method in which a reference signal related to the above pre-OOS is used by the UE to determine whether to transmit information related to a radio link warning.

14. In paragraph 12, A method further comprising the step of receiving information related to a radio link warning from the UE.

15. In paragraph 14, A method further comprising the step of transmitting a reference signal related to OOS based on the information related to the radio link warning received.

16. In paragraph 15, The reference signal related to the above OOS is transmitted based on the first cycle, The reference signal related to the above pre-OOS is transmitted based on the second period, The method wherein the second cycle is longer than the first cycle.

17. At least one transmitter / receiver; at least one processor; and At least one memory capable of storing instructions and being operable to connect to at least one processor, The at least one processor is adapted to perform a method according to any one of claims 12 to 16,

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