A fusion protein comprising il15 or il15 variant and its use
A fusion protein with IL15 variants and a PD-1 antibody addresses systemic toxicity and enhances anti-tumor efficacy by activating immune cells, overcoming limitations of existing cytokines in immunotherapy.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-29
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-05
AI Technical Summary
Existing cytokines like IL-15 face challenges with systemic toxicity and difficulty in achieving selective activation at specific tumor sites, limiting their clinical use in immunotherapy, while modifications to reduce receptor affinity diminish their anti-tumor efficacy.
A fusion protein comprising IL15 or IL15 variants with specific amino acid substitutions, fused with IL15Rα and a PD-1 antibody, to enhance anti-tumor efficacy by activating tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and NK cells, reducing peripheral toxicity.
The fusion protein allows for continuous administration at higher doses, effectively activating immune cells and reducing systemic toxicity, thereby enhancing anti-tumor effects.
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Figure PCTCN2024115465-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024115465-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024115465-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
A FUSION PROTEIN COMPRISING IL15 OR IL15 VARIANT AND ITS USEFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention generally pertains to the field of immunotherapy, in particular to a fusion protein comprising a wild-type IL15 or an IL15 variant and its use in medicine.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Cytokines are essential in the modulation of the human immune system and are involved in the immunological regulation of cancer, closely intertwined with the initiation and progression of tumors. In immunotherapy, cytokines have the capacity to target immune effector cells within the tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing the suppressive effects on tumor growth. As evidenced by clinical research and animal studies, numerous cytokines have demonstrated significant anti-tumor potential.
[0003] Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine known for its ability to activate CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, fostering their proliferation and activation to kill tumor cells. Upon binding to the IL-15Rα subunit (also known as CD215) on the cell membrane, IL-15 interacts with the IL-15Rβ (also known as CD122) and IL-15Rγ (also known as CD132) on the surface of nearby NK cells or T cells, forming an immunological activation structure that stimulates these cells.
[0004] However, the clinical use of IL-15 as a therapeutic agent is limited due to its propensity for systemic toxicity when administered continuously, and its difficulty to achieve selective activation at specific sites.
[0005] Several patents and patent applications in the prior arts have explored modifications to certain amino acid residues of IL-15 to alter its receptor binding capacity, either reducing or enhancing it. For instance, the patent application CN112513070A discloses IL-15 variants and uses thereof, and specifically discloses an isolated human interleukin 15 (IL-15) variant comprising amino acid substitution at positions a) V49 and I51 or b) V49, I50, and S51 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and further comprising one or more amino acid substitutions at positions N1, N4, S7, K10, K11, Y26, S29, D30, V31, H32, E53, G55, E64, I68, L69, E89, L91, M109, and / or I111 of SEQ ID NO: 1 , wherein the IL-15 variant has decreased or no binding to the human IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ra) and the human IL-2 receptor beta / gamma (IL-2Rβγ) as compared to the wild-type human IL-15 polypeptide or a wild-type IL-15 receptor alpha-IL-15 fusion polypeptide, and wherein the amino acid substitution at position V49 is glycosylated. Another example is the patent US9493533B2, which relates to IL-15 mutants having antagonist activity and provides with an epitope of human IL-15 responsible for high-affinity binding to the IL-15Rα chain. The patent specifically discloses an IL-15 mutein or fragment thereof, said IL-15 mutein or fragment thereof being characterized in that, it has a sequence that is directly derived from human mature wild-type IL-15 by one amino acid substitution of residue 64, 65, 68 or 69, this residue numbering corresponding to the human mature wild-type IL-15, wherein said IL-15 mutein or fragment thereof comprises the mutated 64-69 region, binds to IL-15R alpha and is an IL-15 antagonist or an IL-15 partial antagonist.
[0006] While reducing the affinity of IL-15 mutants to the receptor subunits can mitigate peripheral toxicity, it concurrently diminishes their capacity to activate CD8+ T cells and NK cells.
[0007] The programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, are important targets in tumor immunity and are essential parts of the immune system to prevent excessive autoimmune responses. The activation of the PD-1 / PD-L1 pathway can suppress anti-tumor immune responses and induce apoptosis of tumor-specific T cells, closely linking it to tumor progression. Single- domain antibodies (also known as VHH) offer several advantages, including simple structure, high specificity and affinity for binding antigens, low immunogenicity, superior penetration, and the unique ability to access more hidden targets that cannot be contacted by conventional antibodies in tumor therapy. The patent CN114763384B relates to a single-domain antibody targeting human PD-1 and humanized variants thereof. It also discloses an immune-conjugate with a conjugated part being a cytokine, such as IL-2. However, this patent does not delve into the specific cytokines suitable for conjugation or evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of the immune-conjugate.
[0008] Consequently, there is an unmet need for the development of novel fusion proteins that harmonize reduced systemic toxicity with potent anti-tumor efficacy.
[0009] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] In view of the above, the present invention provides a novel fusion protein comprising IL15 or IL15 variant that has the dual effects of reducing peripheral toxicity and enhancing anti-tumor efficacy. In some embodiments, the invention modifies IL-15 to alter its affinity for different subunits of the receptor and further fuses the IL15 variant to an IL-15Rα, thereby reducing the ability of the novel fusion protein to activate CD8+ T cells and NK cells and reducing peripheral toxicity. The further fusion of the PD-1 antibody enables the novel fusion protein to promote the activation of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and NK cells. CD8+ T cells and NK cells that highly express PD-1 will confer the novel fusion protein the activity that was weakened due to changes in the IL-15 sequence. Overall, through mutations in the IL-15 sequence and the fusion of the PD-1 antibody, the invention provides a novel fusion protein as a drug that can be administered continuously at higher doses and exert a more effective anti-tumor effect.
[0011] Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention provides a fusion protein comprising the following structural units: (i) a wild-type IL15 or an IL15 variant; (ii) a single-domain antibody targeting PD-1; and (iii) an Fc fragment; wherein the IL15 variant comprises one or more amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding to S7, E64, and L69 of the wild-type IL15, wherein the wild-type IL15 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0012] In a particular aspect, the fusion protein further comprises the structural unit: (iv) an IL15Rα.
[0013] In another aspect, the invention provides a homodimeric protein comprising the fusion protein.
[0014] In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein.
[0015] In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein or the homodimeric protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0016] In another aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising the fusion protein, the homodimeric protein, or the pharmaceutical composition.
[0017] In another aspect, the invention provides a use of the fusion protein or the homodimeric protein in the manufacturing of a medicament for preventing and treating tumors.
[0018] Also provided is a method of preventing and treating tumors comprising administering the fusion protein, the homodimeric protein, or the pharmaceutical composition.
[0019] In another aspect, the invention provides an IL15 variant comprising one or more amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding to S7, E64, and L69 of a wild-type IL15, wherein the wild-type IL15 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] Figure 1 illustrates the binding capability of the fusion proteins with CD215 via ELISA.
[0021] Figure 2 illustrates the binding capability of the fusion proteins with CD122 via ELISA.
[0022] Figure 3 illustrates the binding capability of the fusion proteins with IL-2RB&IL-2RG via ELISA.
[0023] Figure 4 illustrates the impact of the fusion proteins on M-07e cell proliferation via CTG assay.
[0024] Figure 5 illustrates the effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD4+ T cells via flow cytometry.
[0025] Figure 6 illustrates the effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD4+ T cells via flow cytometry.
[0026] Figure 7 illustrates the effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD8+ T cells via flow cytometry.
[0027] Figure 8 illustrates the effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD8+ T cells via flow cytometry.
[0028] Figure 9 illustrates the effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD56dim CD16+ NK cells via flow cytometry.
[0029] Figure 10 illustrates the effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD56dim CD16+ NK cells via flow cytometry.
[0030] Figure 11 illustrates the effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD56bright CD16-NK cells via flow cytometry.
[0031] Figure 12 illustrates the effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD56bright CD16-NK cells via flow cytometry.
[0032] Figure 13 illustrates the NK-mediated cytotoxicity effect of the fusion proteins via LDH release experiment.
[0033] Figure 14 illustrates the antitumor effects of the fusion proteins in mouse model.
[0034] Figure 15 illustrates the body weight change of the mice.
[0035] Figure 16 illustrates the blocking effect of the fusion proteins on the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 via flow cytometry.
[0036] Figure 17 illustrates the structural schematic diagram of the exemplary fusion protein of the present invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0037] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains.
[0038] DEFINITIONS
[0039] As used herein, the term “fusion protein” refers to a protein product obtained by expressing a gene recombination that connects the coding regions of two or more genes through genetic recombination methods, chemical methods, or other appropriate methods under the control of the same regulatory sequence. In the fusion protein of the present invention, the coding regions of two or more genes may be fused at one or several positions by a sequence encoding a linker peptide. In a preferred embodiment, the structure of the fusion protein of the present invention is as follows: it is a homodimer containing two monomers, each monomer comprising a single-domain antibody targeting PD-1, an Fc fragment, an IL15Rα, a wild-type IL15 or an IL15 variant; wherein the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 is directly fused to the Fc fragment, the Fc fragment is fused to the IL15Rα via a linker peptide, and the IL15Rα is fused to the wild-type IL15 or the IL15 variant via a linker peptide. In a specific embodiment, the structure of the fusion protein of the present invention is shown in Figure 17. In a specific embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the fusion protein is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, 8 or 9.
[0040] The term "IL-15" or "IL15" as used herein refers to interleukin-15, a pleiotropic cytokine that activates T cells, B cells, and NK cells, and mediates the proliferation of these cells.
[0041] The term "wild-type IL-15" or "WT IL-15" as used herein refers to naturally occurring human IL-15, non-human mammalian IL-15, or non-mammalian IL-15; it can also refer to the IL-15 polypeptide that is commonly used in the field, with "wild-type" also denoted as WT or wt. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid sequence of "wild-type IL-15" or "WT IL-15" is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0042] The term "IL-15 mutant" or "IL-15 variant" as used herein refers to a mutant molecule obtained by one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, or deletions, which results in increased or decreased affinity between IL-15 and its receptors, or increased or decreased activity in stimulating the proliferation of specific cell lines, T cells, or NK cells, or cytokine release. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the IL-15 variant is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5.
[0043] The terms "IL-15Rα" and "CD215" "CD215 protein" as used herein are interchangeable and can refer to IL-15Rα or its functional fragments from any species, such as human IL-15Rα or non-human mammalian IL-15Rα or non-mammalian IL-15Rα. Examples of non-human mammals include pigs, rabbits, monkeys, chimpanzees, rodents, etc., and non-mammalian examples include chickens, etc. The human IL-15Rα is preferred. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid sequence of IL-15Rα is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0044] As used herein, the term “Fc” refers to a molecule or sequence comprising the sequence of a non-antigen-binding fragment of a whole antibody, whether in monomeric or multimeric form. The original immunoglobulin source of the native Fc is preferably of human origin and may be any of the immunoglobulins (e.g., IgGl, IgG2) . Native Fc is made up of monomeric polypeptides that may be linked into dimeric or multimeric forms by covalent (i.e., disulfide bonds) and non-covalent association. As used herein, the terms “Fc domain” or “Fc region” are meant to refer to the immunoglobulin heavy chain “fragment crystallizable” region. Generally, an Fc domain is capable of interacting with a second Fc domain to form a dimeric complex. The Fc domain may be capable of binding cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and / or proteins of the complement system or may be modified to reduce or augment these binding activities. The Fc fragment can originate from different species, with a preference for human immunoglobulins. Based on the amino acid sequence of the constant region of the heavy chain, immunoglobulins can be categorized into different classes, primarily consisting of five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Some of these can be further subdivided into subclasses (isotypes) , such as IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3, IgG-4. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the Fc region of the immunoglobulin is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0045] The term "linker peptide" as used herein refers to a peptide used in this invention to connect the structural units of the fusion protein, for example, between said IL15Rα and said wild-type IL15 or IL15 variant, or between said Fc fragment and said IL15Rα, to ensure the correct folding and stability of the protein. The "linker peptide" of the present invention is preferably (GGGGS) n, where n can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more, with a preference for n being 2-4. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the linker peptide is shown in SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0046] The term "PD-L1" as used herein refers to Programmed Death-Ligand 1, also known as CD279, which is an important immune checkpoint molecule, and the PD-L1 referred to herein is preferably human PD-L1.
[0047] The terms "single-domain antibody, " "VHH, " and "nanobody" have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably, referring to a single-domain antibody composed solely of the variable domain of the heavy chain of an antibody, which is the smallest antigen-binding fragment with complete functionality. Typically, an antibody that naturally lacks the light chain and the constant domain of the heavy chain (CH1) is first obtained, and then the variable domain of the heavy chain is cloned to construct a single-domain antibody (VHH) composed solely of one heavy chain variable domain. In a preferred embodiment, the invention adopts the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 disclosed in CN114763384B. The single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 of the present invention comprises a CDR1 shown in SEQ ID NO: 16, a CDR2 shown in SEQ ID NO: 17, and a CDR3 shown in SEQ ID NO: 18; preferably, the amino acid sequence of the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0048] The term "pharmaceutical composition" as used herein refers to a preparation of a composition that includes at least one compound or composition suitable for administration to a subject, in addition to any other (and optionally more than one other) component (such as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, stabilizers, diluents, dispersants, suspending agents, thickeners, and / or excipients) . The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are in a form that allows for administration and subsequent provision of the active ingredient's intended biological activity and / or therapeutic effect. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein preferably do not contain additional components that have unacceptable toxicity to the subject to whom the preparation is to be administered.
[0049] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to a carrier or diluent that does not cause significant irritation to the subject and does not eliminate the biological activity and properties of the administered compound or composition and / or any other therapeutic agent in the composition. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can enhance or stabilize the composition or can be used to facilitate the preparation of the composition. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may include solvents, dispersing media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives (such as antibacterial agents, antifungal agents) , isotonic agents, absorption delay agents, salts, preservatives, pharmaceutical stabilizers, binders, excipients, disintegrants, lubricants, sweeteners, flavorings, dyes, and combinations thereof. Any conventional carrier is considered for use in therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions unless it is incompatible with the active ingredient. The carrier can be selected to minimize adverse side effects in the subject and / or to minimize the degradation of the active ingredient. Adjuvants may also be included in any of these preparations. As used herein, the term "excipient" refers to an inert substance added to the pharmaceutical composition to further facilitate the administration of the active ingredient. Preparations for extracorporeal administration may include excipients such as sterile water or saline, polyalkylene glycols (such as polyethylene glycol) , vegetable oils, or hydrogenated naphthalene. Other exemplary excipients include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various types of sugars and starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particle, and surfactants, including, for example, polysorbate 20.
[0050] As used herein, the term “treating” or "treatment" refers to any improvement in any consequence of a disease, condition, or disorder, such as prolonged survival, reduced morbidity, and / or reduced side effects caused by alternative forms of treatment. In some embodiments, treatment includes delaying or improving a disease, condition, or disorder (i.e., slowing or preventing or reducing the progression of the disease or at least one of its clinical symptoms) . In some embodiments, treatment includes delaying, mitigating, or improving at least one physical parameter of the disease, condition, or disorder, including those that the patient may not discern. In some embodiments, treatment includes modulating the disease, condition, or disorder physically (e.g., stabilization of discernible symptoms) , physiologically (e.g., stabilization of physical parameters) , or both. In some embodiments, treatment includes administering the compound or composition to the subject (e.g., patient) to obtain the therapeutic benefits enumerated herein. Treatment can be a cure, healing, alleviation, delay, prevention, relief, alteration, remedy, improvement, mitigation, enhancement, or effect on the disease, condition, or disorder (e.g., cancer) , symptoms of the disease, condition, or disorder (e.g., cancer) , or the propensity for the disease, condition, or disorder (e.g., cancer) . In some embodiments, in addition to treating subjects with the disease, condition, or disorder, the compositions disclosed herein can be provided prophylactically to prevent or reduce the likelihood of developing the disease, condition, or disorder. In some preferred embodiments, the fusion protein of the present invention inhibits or delays tumor growth.
[0051] As used herein, the terms "prevention" or "preventing" of a disease, condition, or disorder refer to prophylactic treatment of the disease, condition, or disorder; or delaying the onset or progression of the disease, condition, or disorder.
[0052] In one aspect, the invention provides a fusion protein comprising the following structural units:
[0053] (i) a wild-type IL15 or an IL15 variant;
[0054] (ii) a single-domain antibody targeting PD-1; and
[0055] (iii) an Fc fragment;
[0056] wherein the IL15 variant comprises one or more amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding to S7, E64, and L69 of the wild-type IL15,
[0057] wherein the wild-type IL15 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0058] In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises the structural unit: (iv) an IL15Rα.
[0059] In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid substitutions are selected from the group consisting of S7T, E64Q and L69Q. In some preferred embodiments, the IL15 variant comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions S7T and E64Q, or an amino acid substitution L69G. In some preferred embodiments, the IL15 variant comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5.
[0060] In some embodiments, the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 comprises CDR1 as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, CDR2 as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, and CDR3 as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In some preferred embodiments, the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0061] In some embodiments, the Fc fragment is an Fc fragment of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. In some preferred embodiments, the Fc fragment is an Fc fragment of IgG4. In some preferred embodiments, the Fc fragment comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0062] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the structural units from N-to C-terminal: the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1, the Fc fragment, the IL15Rα, and the wild-type IL15 or the IL15 variant. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the structural units from N-to C-terminal: the IL15Rα, the wild-type IL15 or the IL15 variant, the Fc fragment, and the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1.
[0063] In some embodiments, the structural units are fused directly or via a linker peptide. In some preferred embodiments, the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 is directly fused to the Fc fragment. In some preferred embodiments, the IL15Rα is fused to the wild-type IL15 or the IL15 variant via a linker peptide. In some preferred embodiments, the linker peptide comprises a multiple of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some preferred embodiments, the linker peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0064] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, 8 or 9.
[0065] In another aspect, the invention provides a homodimeric protein comprising the fusion protein.
[0066] In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein.
[0067] In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein o or the homodimeric protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0068] In another aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising the fusion protein, the homodimeric protein, or the pharmaceutical composition.
[0069] In another aspect, the invention provides a use of the fusion protein or the homodimeric protein in the manufacturing of a medicament for preventing and treating tumors.
[0070] In some embodiments, the tumor is selected from head and neck cancer, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, anal cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, brain tumors, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, and bladder cancer.
[0071] In another aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing and treating tumors comprising administering the fusion protein, the homodimeric protein o, or the pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof.
[0072] In some embodiments, the tumor is selected from head and neck cancer, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, anal cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, brain tumors, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, and bladder cancer.
[0073] In some embodiments, the fusion protein is administered at a dosage between 0.1 and 5 mg / kg; preferably at a dosage between 0.5 and 2.5 mg / kg; more preferably at a dosage of 1.5mg / kg.
[0074] In another aspect, the invention provides an IL15 variant comprising one or more amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding to S7, E64, and L69 of a wild-type IL15, wherein the wild-type IL15 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0075] In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid substitutions are selected from the group consisting of S7T, E64Q and L69Q. In some preferred embodiments, the IL15 variant comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions S7T and E64Q, or an amino acid substitution L69G. In some preferred embodiments, the IL15 variant comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5.
[0076] EXAMPLES
[0077] The following provides illustrative examples of the present invention, which should not be interpreted as restrictive but rather as a more detailed depiction of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the invention.
[0078] The terminology employed within the context of this invention is strictly for the purpose of delineating these particular embodiments and does not set boundaries on the scope of the invention. Additionally, the numerical ranges cited are to be comprehended as encompassing every intermediate value within the span of the upper and lower bounds. The invention encompasses intermediate values within any stated figures or ranges, as well as every subset of values between any other stated figures or within the indicated ranges. These subsets may independently include or exclude the extremes of the range. Although any methods and materials that are analogous or equivalent to those detailed herein may be utilized in the demonstrations or experiments of this invention, the preferred materials and methodologies are delineated below.
[0079] METHODS
[0080] 1. Preparation of fusion proteins
[0081] All expression constructs were sequence verified before going into transient transfection in CHO cells. Cells were obtained the supernatant was removed by centrifugation. Cells are added with about 0.5ml of electroporation solution and a proper amount of plasmid is added after the mixture is evenly mixed. After the cell plasmid suspension is fully mixed, 1ml of the cell plasmid suspension is added into a 1ml electric shock tube, and the electric shock tube is placed into an electric shock instrument for electric shock. After that electric shock, the cell in the electric shock tube were divided into shake flasks containing 20 ml of culture medium prepare in advance, and incubated statically for 40 min and then fed with sodium butyrate for 4 days after 24 hours. Secreted recombinant proteins in the conditioned medium were harvested after day 4 or 5 after transfection by centrifugation. Target fusion proteins were captured using Protein A affinity chromatography. Followed by size exclusion chromatography on a HiLoad 16 / 600 Superdex 200 prep grade (GE Life Sciences, Catalog No. 28989335) .
[0082] 2. ELISA
[0083] The 96-well microtiter plates were coated with 1 μg / mL human IL-15R alpha protein (HY-P78154, MCE) , 1 μg / mL human IL-2R beta / CD122 Protein (ILB-H82E3, Acrobiosystem) or 1 μg / ml human IL-2 R beta&IL-2 R gamma Heterodimer protein (ILG-H5283, Acrobiosystem) in 1×phosphate buffered saline buffer (PBS, PH 7.0) for overnight at 4℃. The plates were washed thoroughly, blocked with 2%bovine serum albumin buffer and incubated for 1.5 h at 37℃. The plates were washed and incubated with varying dilutions of test article for 2 h at 25℃. Then, the plates were washed and incubated with 1: 10000 diluted HRP goat anti-human IgG Fc (ab97225, Abcam) for 1 h at 25℃. After that, plates were washed and added TMB reagent for incubation within 30 min at room temperature. The stop solution were added to each well and the binding interaction was detected via microplate reader (SpectraMAX M5e) at OD450 nm.
[0084] 3. Activation, proliferation of T / NK cells (via flow cytometry)
[0085] Human PBMCs were thawed in a 37℃ water bath, washed twice with 20 mL RPMI-1640 medium, and centrifuged at 400 g for 5 min. The supernatant was aspirated. The cells were re-suspended with an appropriate volume of complete medium, and the cell concentration was adjusted to 2×106 cells / mL after counting. 100 μL cells were inoculated into 96-well plates per well and incubated with each concentration of test drugs at 37℃ for 72 h. The cells were transferred into 96-well V plate after finishing the incubation. 50 μL accutase was added into each well and the attached cells were digested at 37℃ for 10 min. Digestion was terminated by adding 150 μL staining buffer containing 2%FBS, and the remaining cells were collected. Then the cells were centrifugated at 500 g for 5 min, the supernatant was aspirated and the cells were rinsed with 200 μL DPBS. After removing the supernatant, live / dead dye (LIVE / DEADTM Fixable Green Dead Cell Stain Kit) was added and incubated with the cells at room temperature for 10 min in the dark. The cells were washed with DPBS twice and blocked with Fc blocking solution at room temperature for 10 min. Surface staining antibody mixture was added and incubated with cells at 4℃ for 30 min in the dark. Then, cells were fixed at 4℃ for 30 min and washed with Permeabilization Wash Buffer. The diluted intracellular antibody mixture was added to each well, and incubated at 4℃ for 30 min. The cells were rinsed twice with Permeabilization Wash Buffer, and re-suspended with staining buffer. The cell suspension was applied for the detection of CD69, Ki-67 expression via flow cytometry.
[0086] 4. Cell culture
[0087] NK (isolated from human PBMC) and were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco) with 10%heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (hi-FBS, Corning) and 1%Penicillin / Streptomycin (Gibco) . OVCAR3 were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 20%hi-FBS, 1%Penicillin / Streptomycin and 0.01 mg / mL Insulin. Jurkat-PD1 were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 10%hi-FBS, 1%Penicillin / Streptomycin, 300 ng / mL Hygromycin and 10 μg / mL Blasticidine. M-07e (Cobioer-CBP60791) were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 20%hi-FBS, 10 ng / mL GM-CSF (BioLegend) and 1%Penicillin / Streptomycin.
[0088] 5. NK cell-mediated killing (LDH release)
[0089] The NK-mediated cytotoxicity effect was determined by LDH release experiment. Human PBMCs were thawed in a 37℃ water bath, washed with RPMI-1640 medium, and then re-suspended with MACS buffer. NK Cell Biotin-Antibody Cocktail (Miltenyi, 130-092-657) was added to PBMCs for 5 min at 4℃, and subsequently incubated with NK Cell MicroBead Cocktail (Miltenyi, 130-092-657) for 10 min at 4℃. The column was placed on the magnetic field of a suitable MACS Separator, cell suspension was applied into the column, and flow-through containing unlabeled cells was collected to enrich NK cells. The NK cells were re-suspended in phenol red-free medium, and adjusted density to 6.4 ×106 cells / mL or 3.4 ×106 cells / mL. 50 μL NK cells and 50 μL test drugs were added into the 96-well U-plate with the test drugs for incubation at 37℃ for 1 h. 100 μL OVCAR3 (2×104 cells / well) cells were added to the pre-activated NK cells according to the E / T ratio (NK: OVCAR3=16: 1) and incubated in a 37℃incubator for 24 h regarding OVCAR3. After Incubation, the plate was centrifuged at 450 g for 5 min then 100 μL cell supernatant was carefully transferred to a new 96-well flat bottom plate for LDH release assay. 100 μL reaction solution was added and incubated at room temperature for 30 min in the dark. The absorbance of the samples measured at 492 nm using a microplate reader. A reference wavelength of 620 nm was used.
[0090] 6. M-07e proliferation assay (via CTG)
[0091] Prior to use, M-07e cells (Cobioer, CBP60791) were harvested in logarithmic phase and washed 3 times in RPMI-1640 without supplements. Cells were re-suspended in assay medium (RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10%hi-FBS only) and placed at rest for 4 h in a humidified chamber at 37℃ and 5%CO2. After 4 h, the cell density was adjusted to 1.1×105 cells / mL for plating, rested M-07e cells were added to each well at 1×104 cells / well for a volume of 90 μL. Varying dilutions of recombinant human IL-2 (R&D) , recombinant human IL-15 (Acro Biosystems) , and test article were added to each well for a volume of 10 μL of a 96-well cell culture cluster plate, and the plates were incubated for 72 h at 37℃ and 5%CO2. After 72 h, CellTiter-Glo reagent (CellTiter-Glo kit, Promega) was added as per manufacturer’s instructions, and the plates were placed on the oscillator and incubated for 10 minutes. Finally, EnVision multilabel reader (EnVision 2105, PerkinElmer) was used to detect and read values.
[0092] 7. Mice, Cell line and reagents
[0093] 7-9 weeks old C57BL / 6 hPD-1 KI female mice were purchased from Biocytogen Co. Ltd. The mice were kept in individual ventilation cages at constant temperature and humidity (20–26℃, 40–70%relative humidity) . MC38 hPD-L1 cell was maintained in vitro as a monolayer culture in DMEM medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum, 100 U / mL penicillin and 100 μg / mL streptomycin at 37℃ in an atmosphere of 5%CO2 in air. Keytruda (Pembrolizumab, αPD-1 antibody) was purchased from Merck.
[0094] 8. Antitumor Activity of Anti-PD-1 / IL-15 Fusion Protein in a Xenograft Mouse Model
[0095] MC38 hPD-L1 cells were cultured and maintained in DMEM media supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum and penicillin / streptomycin. The cells were trypsinzed, washed with media, counted, and washed with PBS. The cell suspension (3 x 105 cells in PBS) was injected subcutaneously into anesthetized C57BL / 6 hPD-1 KI mice. After 7 days post implantation, mice were randomized with mean tumor volumes calculated at ~65 mm3. A stock solution of fusion proteins, human IgG4 isotype or Keyturda (Pembrolizumab, αPD-1 antibody) was diluted in PBS on the day of dosing and the mice were dosed intraperitoneally twice per week for four weeks. Tumor sizes (length (L) and width (W) ) were measured twice per week using a digital caliper, and the tumor volume was calculated (L x W x W) / 2. At the time of routine monitoring, the mice were checked for any effects of tumor growth and treatments on body weight (body weights were measured three times per week) .
[0096] 9. Sequences used in the invention are shown in Table 1.
[0097] Table 1
[0098] EXAMPLES
[0099] Example 1: The binding capability of the fusion proteins with CD215
[0100] The binding capability of the fusion proteins with CD215 antigen was assessed by ELISA mentioned above. CD215 protein was immobilized at 1 μg / mL on the 96-well microtiter plates, followed by incubation with test substances, including hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0101] The results, as depicted in Figure 1, demonstrate that all the fusion proteins, including hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215, bind to CD215, but the binding capacities of them are further reduced as compared to that of wild-type hIL15 (i.e. hIL15 hFc in Figure 1) .
[0102] Example 2: The binding capability of the fusion proteins with CD122 (i.e. IL-2Rβ)
[0103] The binding capability of the fusion proteins with CD122 antigen was assessed by ELISA mentioned above. CD122 protein was coated at 1 μg / mL on the 96-well microtiter plates, followed by incubation with test substances, including hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0104] The results, as shown in Figure 2, indicate that compared to the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the binding capacities of both fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) to CD122 are reduced.
[0105] Example 3: The binding capability of the fusion proteins with IL-2RB&IL-2RG (i.e. IL-2 R beta&IL-2 R gamma heterodimer protein)
[0106] The binding capability of the fusion proteins with IL-2RB&IL-2RG antigen was assessed by ELISA mentioned above. IL-2RB&IL-2RG protein was immobilized at 1 μg / mL on the 96-well microtiter plates, followed by incubation with test substances, including hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0107] The results, as shown in Figure 3, indicate that compared to the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the binding capacities of both fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) to IL-2RB&IL-2RG are reduced.
[0108] Example 4: The impact of the fusion proteins on M-07e cell proliferation
[0109] M-07e cells are frequently utilized as test cells to assess the impact of IL-15 on cellular proliferation activity. The proliferation rate of M-07e cells was evaluated by CTG assay mentioned above. M-07e cells were starved of cytokines for 4 hours respectively, and then incubated with the test substances of different concentrations for 3 days, and the proliferation values were measured by detecting the luminescence intensity. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0110] The results, as depicted in Figure 4, show that the hPD1 antibody alone exhibits no proliferative activity on M-07e cells. The fusion proteins, including hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215, and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215, have diminished proliferative activity on M-07e cells as compared to IL-15 hFc. The latter two mutated fusion proteins have further reduced proliferative activity on M-07e cells relative to the hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215.
[0111] Example 5: The effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD4+ T cells
[0112] The effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD4+ T cells was assessed by flow cytometry mentioned above. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations of test substances for 72 hours. The activation ratio of CD4+ T cells stimulated by different test substances was detected using CD69 as a marker of cellular activation. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0113] The results, as shown in Figure 5, indicate that compared to IL-15 hFc and the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) exhibit a reduced activation effect on CD4+T cells.
[0114] Example 6: The effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD4+ T cells
[0115] The effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD4+ T cells was assessed by flow cytometry mentioned above. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations of the test substances for 72 hours. The proliferation ratio of CD4+ T cells stimulated by different test substances was detected using Ki-67 as a marker of cell proliferation. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0116] The results, as illustrated in Figure 6, demonstrate that compared to IL-15 hFc and the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) exhibit a diminished capacity to promote the proliferation of CD4+ T cells.
[0117] Example 7: The effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD8+ T cells
[0118] The effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD8+ T cells was assessed by flow cytometry mentioned above. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations of test substances for 72 hours. The activation ratio of CD8+ T cells stimulated by different test substances was detected using CD69 as a marker of cellular activation. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0119] The results, as shown in Figure 7, indicate that compared to IL-15 hFc and the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) exhibit a reduced activation effect on CD8+T cells.
[0120] Example 8: The effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD8+ T cells
[0121] The effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD8+ T cells was assessed by flow cytometry mentioned above. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations of test substances for 72 hours. The proliferation ratio of CD8+ T cells stimulated by different test substances was detected using Ki-67 as a marker of cell proliferation. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0122] The results, as illustrated in Figure 8, demonstrate that compared to IL-15 hFc and the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) exhibit a diminished capacity to promote the proliferation of CD4+ T cells.
[0123] Example 9: The effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD56dim CD16+ NK cells
[0124] The effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD56dim CD16+ NK cells was assessed by flow cytometry mentioned above. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations of test substances for 72 hours. The activation ratio of CD56dim CD16+ NK cells stimulated by different test substances was detected using CD69 as a marker of cellular activation. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0125] The results, as shown in Figure 9, indicate that compared to IL-15 hFc and the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) exhibit a reduced activation effect on CD56dim CD16+ NK cells.
[0126] Example 10: The effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD56dim CD16+ NK cells
[0127] The effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD56dim CD16+ NK cells was assessed by flow cytometry mentioned above. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations of test substances for 72 hours. The proliferation ratio of CD56dim CD16+ NK cells stimulated by different test substances was detected using Ki-67 as a marker of cell proliferation. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0128] The results, as illustrated in Figure 10, demonstrate that compared to IL-15 hFc and the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) exhibit a diminished capacity to promote the proliferation of CD56dim CD16+ NK cells.
[0129] Example 11: The effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD56bright CD16-NK cells
[0130] The effect of the fusion proteins on CD69 marker in CD56bright CD16-NK cells was assessed by flow cytometry mentioned above. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations of test substances for 72 hours. The activation ratio of CD56bright CD16-NK cells stimulated by different test substances was detected using CD69 as a marker of cellular activation. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0131] The results, as shown in Figure 11, indicate that compared to IL-15 hFc and the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) exhibit a reduced activation effect on CD56bright CD16-NK cells.
[0132] Example 12: The effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD56bright CD16-NK cells
[0133] The effect of the fusion proteins on Ki-67 marker in CD56bright CD16-NK cells was assessed by flow cytometry mentioned above. PBMCs were incubated with different concentrations of test substances for 72 hours. The proliferation ratio of CD56bright CD16-NK cells stimulated by different test substances was detected using Ki-67 as a marker of cell proliferation. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0134] The results, as illustrated in Figure 12, demonstrate that compared to IL-15 hFc and the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) exhibit a diminished capacity to promote the proliferation of CD56bright CD16-NK cells.
[0135] Example 13: The NK-mediated cytotoxicity effect of the fusion proteins
[0136] The NK-mediated cytotoxicity effect was determined by LDH release experiment mentioned above. The E / T ratio of NK / OVCAR3 was 16: 1. After 24 hours of co-culture, the supernatant was collected, and the LDH content level in the supernatant was detected to evaluate the NK mediated cytotoxicity effect of test substances. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and IL-15 hFc (SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0137] The results, as depicted in Figure 13, indicate that compared to the fusion protein hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, the two mutated fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) have a reduced capacity to enhance the NK-mediated cytotoxicity, yet they retain the killing capacity.
[0138] Example 14: The antitumor effects of the fusion proteins in mouse model
[0139] The antitumor effects of the fusion proteins was assessed by the antitumor activity determination in a xenograft mouse model mentioned above. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) , hPD1 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 1) and Keytruda (Pembrolizumab, αPD-1 antibody) . The dosage of the aforementioned test substances was 1.5mg / kg.
[0140] From the results of FIG. 14, the fusion proteins exhibited significant antitumor effects compare to the human IgG4 isotype control in the MC38 hPD-L1 tumor model. Additionally, the antitumor effect of the fusion proteins, including anti-hPD1-hIL15-CD215, anti-hPD1-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 and anti-hPD1-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215, was superior to that of the positive control Keytruda at the same dose in this tumor model.
[0141] The body weight change of the mice was regularly monitored as an indirect measure of toxicity. According to the results in FIG. 15, no significant body weight loss was observed in the fusion protein treatment groups. This suggests that the fusion proteins have no obvious toxicity to tumor-bearing mice at the tested dose in this model.
[0142] Example 15: The blocking effect of the fusion proteins on the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1
[0143] Blockade of the PD-1 / PD-L1 binding interaction was assessed by the fluorescence intensity of PE-PD-1 protein (acrobiosystems, PD1-HP2F2) with the binding of PD-L1 on the surface of MDA-MB-231 cells which could be inhibited by test substance. The MDA-MB-231 cells (ATCC, HTB-26) , cultured in vitro as a monolayer, were maintained in a constant temperature incubator set at 37℃ with 5%CO2. Bi-weekly, routine digestion was performed using Accutase cell digestion solution to facilitate passage. Once the cells achieved 80%-90%saturation and met the required quantity, they were collected for plating. The cell suspension was then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature, the supernatant was discarded, and the cells were resuspended in PBS. MDA-MB-231 cells (5×104 / well) was added to a 96-well V-bottom plate, then live-dead staining solution Zombie NIR was added and incubated at room temperature for 10 min in the dark. Anti-human CD16 / CD32 (1: 100) was then added, 100 μL per well, and incubated in the dark at room temperature for 10 min before another centrifugation and supernatant disposal. 2%BSA solution was used to prepare 2× concentrations of test substances (final concentrations: 100, 33.33, 11.11, 3.7, 1.23, 0.41, 0.14, 0.046, 0 nM) and 2× concentrations of PE hPD-1 protein, along with PE hIgG1 Isotype Control solution (4 μL / well) . Equal volumes of 2× concentrations of the test substances, PE hPD-1 protein, and PE hIgG1 Isotype Control solutions were mixed together. Each well then received 100 μL of this prepared mixture, was stirred well, and incubated at 4℃ in the dark for 2 h. After incubation, 200 μL PBS was added to each well for washing, followed by centrifugation and supernatant disposal, and a second wash. The cells were resuspended in 200 μL PBS, 20, 000 cells were collected, and flow cytometry detection was performed. The Flow Jo software was utilized to analyze the results of the flow cytometry, and the MFIPE values for each group of living cells were counted. The inhibition rate was calculated, and the four-parameter curve of drug concentration and inhibition rate was fitted using Graph pad prims software.
[0144] To determine whether the fusion proteins affect the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1, we performed co-incubation assay with different concentrations of test substances, the same amount of PE-labeled human PD-1 Fc fusion protein or IgG4 isotype control and MDA-MB-231 cell suspension. The test substances includes hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hIgG4 isotype (Negative control for Human IgG4 kappa antibody, purchased from SinoBiological, Cat. No. HG4K) and Keytruda (Pembrolizumab, αPD-1 antibody) .
[0145] The results of flow cytometry analysis, as illustrated in Figure 16, showed that compared with negative control hIgG4 isotype group, the blocking effect of fusion proteins (hPD1 antibody-hIL15-CD215, hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 1-CD215, and hPD1 antibody-hIL15 mutant 2-CD215) on PD-1-PD-L1 binding was significantly detected, which was consistent with that of the positive drug Keytruda. No significant difference was observed between each fusion proteins and the positive control Keytruda.
Claims
1.A fusion protein comprising the following structural units:(i) a wild-type IL15 or an IL15 variant;(ii) a single-domain antibody targeting PD-1; and(iii) an Fc fragment;wherein the IL15 variant comprises one or more amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding to S7, E64, and L69 of the wild-type IL15,wherein the wild-type IL15 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.2.The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein further comprises the structural unit: (iv) an IL15Rα.3.The fusion protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more amino acid substitutions are selected from the group consisting of S7T, E64Q and L69Q,preferably, the IL15 variant comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions S7T and E64Q, or an amino acid substitution L69G;more preferably, the IL15 variant comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5.4.The fusion protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 comprises CDR1 as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, CDR2 as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, and CDR3 as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16;preferably, the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.5.The fusion protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the Fc fragment is an Fc fragment of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4;preferably, the Fc fragment is an Fc fragment of IgG4;more preferably, the Fc fragment comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.6.The fusion protein of claim 2, wherein the fusion protein comprises the following structural units from N-to C-terminal:the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1, the Fc fragment, the IL15Rα, and the wild-type IL15 or the IL15 variant; orthe IL15Rα, the wild-type IL15 or the IL15 variant, the Fc fragment, and the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1.7.The fusion protein of claim 6, wherein the structural units are fused directly or via a linker peptide;preferably, the single-domain antibody targeting PD-1 is directly fused to the Fc fragment, the IL15Rα is fused to the wild-type IL15 or the IL15 variant via a linker peptide;more preferably, the linker peptide comprises (GGGGS) n, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;even more preferably, the linker peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.8.The fusion protein of claim 7, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, 8 or 9.9.A homodimeric protein comprising the fusion protein of any one of claims 1-8.10.An isolated nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein of any one of claims 1-8.11.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein of any one of claims 1-8 or the homodimeric protein of claim 9, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.12.A kit comprising the fusion protein of any one of claims 1-8, the homodimeric protein of claim 9, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 11.13.A use of the fusion protein of any one of claims 1-8 or the homodimeric protein of claim 9 in the manufacturing of a medicament for preventing and treating tumors.14.The use of claim 13, wherein the tumor is selected from head and neck cancer, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, anal cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, brain tumors, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, and bladder cancer.15.A method of preventing and treating tumors comprising administering the fusion protein of any one of claims 1-8, the homodimeric protein of claim 9, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 to a subject in need thereof.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the tumor is selected from head and neck cancer, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, anal cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, brain tumors, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, and bladder cancer.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the fusion protein is administered at a dosage between 0.1 and 5 mg / kg; preferably at a dosage between 0.5 and 2.5 mg / kg; more preferably at a dosage of 1.5mg / kg.18.An IL15 variant comprising one or more amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding to S7, E64, and L69 of a wild-type IL15,wherein the wild-type IL15 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.19.The IL15 variant of claim 18, wherein the one or more amino acid substitutions are selected from the group consisting of S7T, E64Q and L69Q,preferably, the IL15 variant comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions S7T and E64Q, or an amino acid substitution L69G;more preferably, the IL15 variant comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5.
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