Metal composite oxide, composite product, oxygen evolution catalyst, catalyst ink, electrode, and methods for producing metal composite oxide and composite product
A metal composite oxide with iridium, ruthenium, and a third metal, supported on tin oxide or carbon, enhances catalytic activity for oxygen evolution, addressing the limitations of existing catalysts and improving efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing catalyst materials, such as those containing iridium oxide and ruthenium oxide, require further improvement in catalytic activity for oxygen evolution reactions in water electrolysis.
A metal composite oxide comprising iridium, ruthenium, and a third metal selected from Group 2, 13, 14, or transition metals, with a low crystalline or amorphous structure, and a high-entropy compound, supported on a substrate like tin oxide or carbon, to enhance catalytic activity.
The metal composite oxide and composite product significantly improve catalytic activity for oxygen evolution reactions, offering higher efficiency and reduced noble metal content.
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Figure PCTCN2025122106-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025122106-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025122106-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
METAL COMPOSITE OXIDE, COMPOSITE PRODUCT, OXYGEN EVOLUTION CATALYST, CATALYST INK, ELECTRODE, AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING METAL COMPOSITE OXIDE AND COMPOSITE PRODUCTTechnical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to a metal composite oxide, a composite product, an oxygen evolution catalyst, a catalyst ink, an electrode, and methods for producing a metal composite oxide and a composite product. This application claims the benefit of PCT Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 119921, filed September 20, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.Background Art
[0002] Water electrolysis technology has been attracting attention as the technology that can produce hydrogen from water using electricity from renewable energy sources, aiming to solve environmental problems and energy resource problems. When hydrogen is produced from one electrode by water electrolysis, oxygen is produced from the other electrode.
[0003] PTL 1 has described a catalyst composition including tin oxide particles and an iridium oxide-ruthenium layer covering the tin oxide particles as an efficient electrode catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction by water electrolysis.Citation ListPatent Literature
[0004] PTL 1: JP-A-2022-169613Summary of InventionTechnical Problem
[0005] However, further improvement in catalytic activity has been desired in catalyst materials including iridium oxide and ruthenium oxide. An object of the present invention is to provide a metal composite oxide, a composite product, an oxygen evolution catalyst, a catalyst ink, and an electrode that can further improve catalytic activity, and methods for producing a metal composite oxide and a composite product.Solution to Problem
[0006] The present invention includes the following aspects. [1] A metal composite oxide including iridium, ruthenium, and a third metal (M) , in which the third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and transition metals, and the metal composite oxide is a low crystalline oxide or an amorphous oxide. [2] The metal composite oxide according to [1] , in which the third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Sn, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Nd, Er, and W. [3] The metal composite oxide according to [1] or [2] , in which a content of iridium is 15 mass%or less. [4] The metal composite oxide according to any one of [1] to [3] , in which when number of types of the third metal (M) is m (m is a natural number of 2 or more) , a molar ratio of each element is 85 / m mol%to 115 / m mol%with respect to a total of 100 mol%of the third metal (M) . [5] The metal composite oxide according to any one of [1] to [4] , in which the metal composite oxide is a high-entropy compound of a multi-element metal, and the multi-element metal includes iridium, ruthenium, and the third metal (M) . [6] The metal composite oxide according to any one of [1] to [5] , in which a particle diameter of primary particles is 100 nm or less. [7] The metal composite oxide according to any one of [1] to [6] , in which a specific surface area measured by a BET method is 20 m2 / g or more. [8] A composite product including the metal composite oxide according to any one of [1] to [7] and a support, in which the metal composite oxide is supported on the support, and the support is an inorganic substance. [9] The composite product according to [8] , in which the support is at least one selected from the group consisting of tin oxide (SnO2) and carbon.
[0010] An oxygen evolution catalyst including the metal composite oxide according to any one of [1] to [7] .
[0011] The oxygen evolution catalyst according to
[0010] , further including a conductive material.
[0012] An oxygen evolution catalyst including the composite product according to [8] .
[0013] The oxygen evolution catalyst according to
[0012] , further including a conductive material.
[0014] A catalyst ink including the metal composite oxide according to any one of [1] to [7] and a medium.
[0015] The catalyst ink according to
[0014] , further including a conductive material.
[0016] The catalyst ink according to
[0014] or
[0015] , further including a polyelectrolyte.
[0017] A catalyst ink including the compos ite product according to [8] and a medium.
[0018] The catalyst ink according to
[0017] , further including a conductive material.
[0019] The catalyst ink according to
[0017] or
[0018] , further including a polyelectrolyte.
[0020] An electrode including the metal composite oxide according to any one of [1] to [7] on a surface.
[0021] An electrode including the composite product according to [8] on a surface.
[0022] A method for producing a metal composite oxide, the method including: a step of preparing a mixture solution including an iridium compound, a ruthenium compound, a compound of a third metal (M) , and an aqueous medium; a step of adjusting a pH of the mixture solution obtained in the previous step to 8 or more and 10 or less to generate a precipitate; a step of isolating the precipitate from the aqueous medium; and a step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the previous step, in which the third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and transition metals.
[0023] A method for producing a composite product, the method including: a step of dispersing an inorganic substance as a support into an aqueous medium to prepare a first aqueous dispersion product including the inorganic substance; a step of dissolving an iridium compound, a ruthenium compound, and a compound of a third metal (M) into the first aqueous dispersion product to prepare a second aqueous dispersion product; a step of adjusting a pH of the second aqueous dispersion product obtained in the previous step to 8 or more and 10 or less to generate a precipitate; a step of isolating the precipitate from the aqueous medium; and a step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the previous step, in which the third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and transition metals.Advantageous Effects of Invention
[0007] The present invention can provide a metal composite oxide, a composite product, an oxygen evolution catalyst, a catalyst ink, and an electrode that can further improve catalytic activity, and methods for producing a metal composite oxide and a composite product.Brief Description of Drawings
[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates an XRD spectrum of particles obtained in Example 2. FIG. 2 illustrates an XRD spectrum of particles obtained in Example 4. FIG. 3 is an image of the particles obtained in Example 2 obtained by a transmission electron microscope. FIG. 4 illustrates images of the particles in Example 2 (Ru, Sn, and Cr) obtained by elemental mapping using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The magnification rates are 50K and 250K. FIG. 5 illustrates images of the particles in Example 2 (Ir, O, Ni, and Fe) obtained by the elemental mapping using the scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The magnification rates are 50K and 250K. FIG. 6 illustrates images of the particles in Example 3 (Sn and Mn) obtained by the elemental mapping using the scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The magnification rates are 50K and 250K. FIG. 7 illustrates images of the particles in Example 3 (Ru, Ir, Cr, and Ni) obtained by the elemental mapping using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The magnification rates are 50K and 250K. FIG. 8 illustrates a high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) image with a transmission electron microscope (STEM) of the particles in Example 3. FIG. 9 illustrates images of the particles in Example 3 (C, O, Ru, and Sn) obtained by the elemental mapping using transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) . FIG. 10 illustrates images of the particles in Example 3 (Cr, Mn, Ni, Ir, and Sn + O) obtained by the elemental mapping using the transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) . FIG. 11 is a diagram of spectra of soft X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (XAFS) (the oxygen K-edge) of the particles in Example 3: (a) illustrates MnO2 and Example 3; (b) illustrates NiO and Example 3; (c) illustrates RuO2 and Example 3; (d) illustrates Cr2O3 and Example 3; and (e) illustrates IrO2 Example 3. FIG. 12 is a diagram of measurement results with a scanning transmission X-ray micros cope (STXM) of the particles in Example 3: (a) illustrates measured particles; (b) illustrates a clustering result; and (c) illustrates an XAFS spectrum for each cluster.Description of Embodiments
[0009] (Metal Composite Oxide) The metal composite oxide according to one embodiment of the present invention includes iridium, ruthenium, and a third metal (M) . The third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and transition metals. The metal composite oxide is a low crystalline oxide or an amorphous oxide. Iridium, ruthenium, and the third metal (M) included in the metal composite oxide are sometimes referred to as a "multi-element metal. "
[0010] The transition metals are a general term for elements existing between Group 3 elements and Group 11 elements in the periodic table. The multi-element metal is preferably uniformly distributed in the metal composite oxide. The distribution of the multi-element metal can be confirmed, for example, using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) . In elemental mapping by EDS, the multi-element metal can be considered to be uniformly distributed when each metal constituting the metal composite oxide is uniformly distributed and no agglomeration is observed. As a method for evaluating the crystallinity of the metal composite oxide, for example, the metal composite oxide can be evaluated using an X-ray diffraction method (apowder X-ray diffraction method, XRD) . In the metal composite oxide, when any metal oxide is contained, but no peaks derived from the metal oxide are observed in an XRD spectrum, the metal oxide can be determined to be amorphous (non-crystalline) . In the metal composite oxide, when the intensity of the peak is excessively small for the content of any metal oxide, or when the peak is broad, the metal oxide can be determined to be low crystalline.
[0011] In the metal composite oxide, the content of iridium is preferably 30 mass%or less. The content of iridium is more preferably 20 mass%or less. The content of iridium is further preferably 15 mass%or less.
[0012] [Composition Ratio of Composite Oxide] In the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment, the composition ratio (mass ratio) of the elements of iridium (Ir) , ruthenium (Ru) , the third metal (M) , and oxygen (O) is preferably, for example, in the following ranges with respect to a total of 100 mass%of iridium (Ir) , ruthenium (Ru) , the third metal (M) , and oxygen (O) . Iridium (Ir) : From the viewpoint of exhibiting excellent catalytic performance, 1 mass%or more is preferable and 2 mass%or more is more preferable. From the viewpoint of cost reduction, 30 mass%or less is preferable, 20 mass%or less is more preferable, and 15 mass%or less is most preferable. Ruthenium (Ru) : From the viewpoint of exhibiting excellent catalytic performance, 5 mass%or more is preferable and 10 mass%or more is more preferable. From the viewpoint of cost reduction, 40 mass%or less is preferable and 30 mass%or less is more preferable. Total of the third metal (M) : Regardless of the number of types of the third metal (M) , 40 mass%or more is preferable and 50 mass%or more is more preferable from the viewpoint of a reduction in noble metals such as iridium and ruthenium. From the viewpoint of activity improvement, 70 mass%or less is preferable and 60 mass%or less is more preferable. Oxygen (O) : From the viewpoint of constituting an oxide, 10 mass%or more is preferable and 15 mass%or more is more preferable. From the viewpoint of performance improvement, 40 mass%or less is preferable and 30 mass%or less is more preferable.
[0013] When the number of types of the third metal (M) is m (m is a natural number of 2 or more) , the molar ratio of each element of the third metal (M) is preferably 85 / m mol%to 115 / m mol%, more preferably 90 / m mol%to 110 / m mol%, and further preferably 95 / m mol%to 105 / m mol%with respect to a total of 100 mol%of the third metal (M) . When the number of types of the third metal (M) is m, in the metal composite oxide, the content (mol) of iridium (Ir) is almost equal to the range of the content (mol) of each element in a total of 100 mol of the third metal (M) with respect to a total of 100 mol of the third metal (M) , and is preferably 85 / m mol to 115 / m mol, more preferably 90 / m mol to 110 / m mol, and further preferably 95 / m mol to 105 / m mol. In other words, when the number of types of the third metal (M) is m, the molar ratio of iridium (Ir) to each of the metals M1, M2, ···, Mm of the third metal (M) is preferably Ir:M1: M2: ···: Mm = 0.85 to 1.15: 0.85 to 1.15: 0.85 to 1.15: ···: 0.85 to 1.15, more preferably Ir: M1: M2: ···: Mm = 0.90 to 1.10: 0.90 to 1.10: 0.90 to 1.10: ···: 0.90 to 1.10, and further preferably Ir: M1: M2: ···: Mm = 0.95 to 1.05: 0.95 to 1.05: 0.95 to 1.05: ···: 0.95 to 1.05.
[0014] The composition ratio of each metal component of the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment can be measured, for example, by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, in the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment, the third metal (M) is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B (boron) , Al (aluminum) , Sn (tin) , Cr (chromium) , Mn (manganese) , Fe (iron) , Co (cobalt) , Ni (nickel) , Cu (copper) , Nd (neodymium) , Er (erbium) , and W (tungsten) . In the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment, a fourth metal other than the multi-element metal of iridium (Ir) , ruthenium (Ru) , and the third metal (M) may be included. Zinc (Zn) is exemplified as the fourth metal, for example. The content of the fourth metal may be 0.1 mass%or more or 0.5 mass%or more and may be 5 mass%or less, 3 mass%or less, or 1 mass%or less with respect to a total of 100 mass%of iridium (Ir) , ruthenium (Ru) , and the third metal (M) .
[0015] The metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment can be represented, for example, by the following general formula (A) . MxRuyIrzOw (A) In the formula (A) , M is the third metal (M) and x, y, z, and w are the atomic number ratio (molar ratio) of each element in the metal composite oxide. When the number of elemental types of the third metal (M) is m, the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment can be represented, for example, by the following general formula (A-1) . [M1x1M2x2M3x3···Mmxm] RuyIrzOw (A-1) In the formula (A-1) , M1, M2, M3, ···Mm belong to the third metal (M) . x1, x2, x3 ···xm, y, z, and w are the atomic number ratio (molar ratio) of each element in the metal composite oxide. m is an integer of 1 or equal to or more than 2, and preferably an integer of 2 or equal to or more than 3.
[0016] For example, when x1 + x2 + x3 ···+ xm = 100, all of x1, x2, x3 ···, and xm are preferably in the following ranges. The range may be 80 / m or more or may be 90 / m or more. The range may be 120 / m or less or may be 110 / m or less. The x / z value is preferably 0.80 to 1.20 and more preferably 0.90 to 1.10.
[0017] [Metal Composite Oxide Particles] The metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment may be a particulate structure (metal composite oxide particles) . In the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment, the particle diameter of the primary particles is preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less, and further preferably 50 nm or less. The lower limit of the particle diameter of the primary particles is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 1 nm or more. The method for measuring the particle diameter of the primary particles will be described below.
[0018] <Method for Measuring Particle Diameter of Primary Particles> The particle diameter of the primary particles is the average particle diameter of the primary particles. A photograph of powder of the metal composite oxide is taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM) . The major axis (the Feret diameter of the observed longest part) and the minor axis (the short Feret diameter in a direction perpendicular to the Feret diameter of the longest part) of minimum unit particles (that is, primary particles) constituting aggregates on a two-dimensional image are measured, and an average value thereof is defined as the particle diameter of the primary particles. The average value was an average value of the particle diameters of 50 randomly selected primary particles.
[0019] The metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment may have a plurality of primary particles agglomerated to form secondary particles. A median diameter D50 determined by dynamic light scattering is usually observed together with aggregates such as secondary particles. The median diameter D50 of the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment obtained by the dynamic light scattering method is preferably 800 nm or less, more preferably 500 nm or less, and further preferably 300 nm or less. The metal composite oxide having a median diameter D50 of equal to or less than the upper limit value can exhibit more effective catalytic efficiency.
[0020] As one example, the median diameter D50 of the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment determined by the dynamic light scattering method may be 50 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 150 nm or more, or 200 nm or more.
[0021] As one example of the numerical value range of the value of the median diameter D50 of the metal composite oxide according to the preset embodiment determined by the dynamic light scattering method, the range may be 50 nm or more and 800 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 500 nm or less, 100 nm or more and 500 nm or less, and 150 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
[0022] The median diameter D50 of the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment calculated by the dynamic light scattering method can be obtained as a particle diameter at which the ratio of a volume integration percent is 50%in the particle size distribution measured in a wet manner using a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution analyzer (for example, Nanotrac Wave II manufactured by Microtrac Bell Corp. ) with acetone as a medium.
[0023] The specific surface area of the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment measured by a BET method is preferably 20 m2 / g or more, more preferably 30 m2 / g or more, and further preferably 50 m2 / g or more. The metal composite oxide having a specific surface area of equal to or more than the lower limit can improve catalytic efficiency more effectively due to an increase in catalytically active sites and easier mass trans fer in the reaction system because of the large specific surface area.
[0024] The specific surface area of the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment measured by the BET method may be, as an example, 100 m2 / g or less, 70 m2 / g or less, 50 m2 / g or less, or 40 m2 / g or less.
[0025] As the above specific surface area, measurement is performed with a specific surface area meter (for example, BELSORP-mini, manufactured by MicrotracBEL Corp. ) and the surface area per gram of a sample measured from the amount of adsorbed nitrogen gas by the BET method (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method) is calculated as the specific surface area (m2 / g) .
[0026] [Structure of Metal Composite Oxide] The metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment is a metal composite oxide including iridium, ruthenium, and the third metal (M) . The metal composite oxide is a low crystalline oxide or an amorphous oxide. The metal composite oxide is preferably a first high- entropy oxide of the multi-element metal (referred to as a first multi-element metal) including iridium, ruthenium, and the third metal (M) . Alternatively, the metal composite oxide may be a second high-entropy oxide of a second multi-element metal including iridium and the third metal (M) . The metal composite oxide may include a component other than the first and second high-entropy oxides, and may include, for example, RuO2.
[0027] The term "high-entropy oxide" in the present invention means an oxide that is a metal multi-element oxide formed of three or more components and is basically a single-phase irregular solid solution oxide, and an oxide of which mixed state is stabilized due to a negative increase (that is, an increase in the absolute value of -TΔS) in the mixing entropy term (-TΔS) in the Gibbs free energy formula. The stable phase formed in an equilibrium state is given when Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is minimum. Thermodynamically, ΔG is given by ΔG = ΔH -TΔS. As entropy (ΔS) increases, ΔG decreases. Also, as temperature T increases, the entropy term increases negatively and ΔG decreases more. In the high-entropy oxide, the entropy is the highest for oxides having an isoatomic composition. However, the high-entropy oxide may be formed without having the isoatomic composition. Entropy increases with an increase in the number of the components, and thus four or more component systems are preferable and five or more component systems are more preferable. Therefore, the oxide obtained when the mixed state is stabilized due to a negative increase in the mixing entropy term is determined to be the high-entropy oxide. For example, the high-entropy oxide is a solid solution oxide having a single structure formed of a random mixture of each element stabilized by the contribution of the mixing entropy term, even when each metal element alone has a different crystal structure.
[0028] In the present invention, the phrase "the metal composite oxide is the high-entropy oxide of the multi-element metal" means that, for example, 100 mass%of the components in the metal composite oxide is not required to be the high-entropy oxide and, for example, more than 50 mass%of the metal composite oxide may be the high-entropy oxide. In the present embodiment, for example, even a metal composite oxide including a RuO2 component in addition to the components of the first and second high-entropy oxides is called the high-entropy oxide (athird high-entropy oxide) , as in examples described in the formula (a) or (b) below.
[0029] For example, the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment may have a structure as described in the formula (a) or the formula (b) below. RuO2 / Ir-M-Ox (a) RuO2 / Ir-Ru-M-Ox (b) In the formulas (a) and (b) , "Ir-M-Ox" is the oxide of Ir and the third metal (M) and "Ir-Ru-M-Ox" is the oxide of Ir, Ru, and the third metal (M) .
[0030] "Ir-M-Ox" in the formulas (a) and (b) is preferably the high-entropy oxide (the second high-entropy oxide) of Ir and the third metal (M) , and "Ir-Ru-M-Ox" is preferably the high-entropy oxide (the first high-entropy oxide) of Ir, Ru, and the third metal (M) .
[0031] The existence form of the RuO2 component and the "Ir-M- Ox" or "Ir-Ru-M-Ox" component described in the formulas (a) and (b) are not particularly limited. Examples of the existence form include a randomly dispersed structure, a homogeneously dispersed structure, a core-shell structure, an island-sea structure, or a mixed structure of these structures. In these structures, it is preferably a homogeneously dispersed structure.
[0032] The fact that the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment is the high-entropy oxide of the multi-element metal can be confirmed by measurement by an X-ray diffraction method (apowder X-ray diffraction method, XRD) , elemental mapping by s canning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) , elemental mapping by transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) , soft X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (XAFS) , or a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM) .
[0033] [Method for Producing Metal Composite Oxide] The method for producing the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment is a method for suitably producing the above metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment and includes the following steps. (I) A step of preparing a mixture solution including an iridium compound, a ruthenium compound, a compound of a third metal (M) , and an aqueous medium. (II) A step of adjusting the pH of the mixture solution obtained in the previousstep to 8 or more and 10 or less to generate a precipitate. (III) A step of isolating the precipitate from the aqueous medium. (IV) A step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the previous step.
[0034] Examples of the iridium compound include iridium salts and iridium-containing acids. The oxidation state of iridium is +III or +IV. Examples of the iridium salts include halides, chloro-complexes, nitrates, or acetates. Examples of the iridium-containing acids include H2IrCl6. Examples of the ruthenium compound include ruthenium salts. The oxidation state of ruthenium is +I I I or +IV. Examples of the ruthenium salts include halides, chloro-complexes, nitrates, or acetates. Examples of the compound of the third metal (M) include salts of the third metal (M) . Examples of the salts of the third metal (M) include halides, chloro-complexes, nitrates, or acetates. When the third metal (M) is Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Nd, Er, or W, specific examples of their compounds include CrCl3, MnCl2·4H2O, FeCl3, Co (CH3COO) 2·4H2O, Ni (CH3COO) 2·4H2O, Nd (NO3) 3·6H2O, NbCl5, and ErCl3·6H2O, WCl6. The total concentration of the iridium compound, the ruthenium compound, and the compound of the third metal (M) in the mixture solution is, as the total, preferably 1 mmol / L to 100 mmol / L, and more preferably 10 mmol / L to 30 mmol / L with respect to the aqueous medium. The metal equivalent molar ratio (the iridium compound: the ruthenium compound: the third metal (M) ) of the preparation amounts of the iridium compound, the ruthenium compound, and the compound of the third metal (M) is preferably 1: 1: 0.1 to 1: 10: 10, and more preferably 1: 2: 0.2 to 1: 1: 5.5.
[0035] The aqueous medium may dissolve the above iridium compound, the ruthenium compound, and the compound of the third metal (M) . Examples of the aqueous medium include water and aqueous media including organic solvents. Examples of the organic solvents include alcohols such as methanol, benzene, dichloromethane, acetone, and chloroform.
[0036] The temperature of the mixture solution may be as high as possible to dissolve the metal compounds. For example, the temperature may be 10℃ to 100℃ or 20℃ to 80℃. The mixture solution may be stirred, if necessary. In this step, the treatment time may be, for example, 5 minutes or more, or 10 minutes or more in order to sufficiently dissolve the metal compounds.
[0037] The pH of the mixture solution is adjusted to be 8 or more and 10 or less in order to allow precipitation. From the viewpoint of ensuring a minimum production amount of the precipitate, the pH is preferably 8 or more. From the viewpoint of reducing byproducts, the pH is preferably 10 or less. It is also preferable to adjust the pH of the mixture solution using potassium hydroxide.
[0038] After the precipitate is formed from the above mixture, the precipitate is isolated by performing treatment such as washing, centrifugation, drying, and calcination, if necessary, thereby easily obtaining the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment.
[0039] In the step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the above step, the calcination temperature is, for example, preferably 300℃ or higher, more preferably 340℃ or higher, and further preferably 370℃ or higher. The atmosphere for the calcination may be atmospheric pressure in air. When the calcination temperature is 300℃ or higher in the method of production according to the present embodiment, the high-entropy oxide can be formed more easily. When the calcination temperature is 500℃ or lower, recrystallization of the metal composite oxide can be reduced. The calcination time may be 30 minutes or more, 1 hour or more, or 10 hours or less.
[0040] (Composite Product) The composite product according to one embodiment of present invention includes the metal composite oxide and a support. The metal composite oxide is supported on the support. The support is an inorganic substance. Examples of the inorganic substance include tin oxide (SnO2) , transition metal oxides, and carbon. The ratio of the support in the composite product according to the present embodiment is preferably 10 mass%to 90 mass%.
[0041] <Tin Oxide (SnO2) > Examples of the tin oxide include non-doped tin oxide particles and tin oxide particles doped with metal dopants. The non-doped tin oxide particles and the tin oxide particles doped with metal dopants can be aided, for example, by the non-doped tin oxide particles and the tin oxide particles doped with metal dopants described in PTL 1 above. As the tin oxide, the non-doped tin oxide particles are preferable, titanium-doped tin oxide particles are more preferable, and niobium-doped tin oxide particles are further preferable.
[0042] [Carbon] Examples of the carbon (carbon material) include graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, carbon microbeads, or a combination of these materials. Examples of the shape of the carbon include a mesh shape, a foam shape, a porous shape, or a combination of these shapes. As the carbon (carbon material) , the carbon nanotubes are preferable, the carbon microbeads are more preferable, and graphite is further preferable.
[0043] <Transition Metal Oxide> Examples of the transition metal oxide include titanium oxide (for example, TiO2) , zirconium oxide (for example, ZrO2) , niobium oxide (for example, Nb2O5) , tantalum oxide (for example, Ta2O5) , or cerium oxide. As the shape of the transition metal oxide, a powder-like shape or a particle-like shape can be exemplified. The transition metal oxide may be doped with suitable elements. As the transition metal oxide, tantalum oxide is preferable, niobium oxide is more preferable, and titanium oxide is further preferable.
[0044] [Method for Producing Composite Product] The method for producing the composite product according to the present embodiment includes, for example, the following steps. (I) A step of dispersing an inorganic substance serving as the support in an aqueous medium to prepare a dispersion liquid (afirst aqueous dispersion product) . (II) A step of preparing a mixed dispersion liquid (a second aqueous dispersion product) by adding and dissolving an iridium compound, a ruthenium compound, and a compound of the third metal (M) to the obtained dispersion liquid. (III) A step of adjusting the pH of the mixture solution obtained in the previous step to 8 or more and 10 or less to generate a precipitate. (IV) A step of isolating the precipitate from the aqueous medium. (V) A step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the previous step (acalculation step) . In the step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the above step, the calcination temperature is, for example, preferably 300℃ or higher, more preferably 340℃ or higher, and further preferably 370℃ or higher. The atmosphere for the calcination may be atmospheric pressure in air. When the calcination temperature is 300℃ or higher in the method of production according to the present embodiment, the composite product supporting the high-entropy oxide can be formed more easily. When the calcination temperature is 500℃ or lower, recrystallization of the supported metal composite oxide (the high-entropy oxide) can be reduced. The calcination time may be 30 minutes or more, 1 hour or more, or 10 hours or less.
[0045] The method for producing the composite product according to the present embodiment may include, for example, the following steps. (I) A step of dispersing an inorganic substance as the support in an aqueous medium to prepare a dispersion liquid (afirst aqueous dispersion product) . (ii) A step of mixing an iridium compound, a ruthenium compound, a compound of the third metal (M) , and an aqueous medium to prepare an aqueous medium. (iii) A step of mixing the dispersion liquid and the aqueous medium to prepare a mixture solution (asecond aqueous dispersion product) . (iv) A step of adjusting the pH of the mixture solution obtained in the previous step to 8 or more and 10 or less to generate a precipitate (v) A step of isolating the precipitate from the aqueous medium. (vi) A step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the previous step (acalcination step) . In the step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the above step, the calcination temperature is, for example, preferably 300℃ or higher, more preferably 340℃ or higher, and further preferably 370℃ or higher. The atmosphere for the calcination may be atmospheric pressure in air. When the calcination temperature is 300℃ or higher in the method of production according to the present embodiment, the composite product supporting the high-entropy oxide can be formed more easily. When the calcination temperature is 500℃ or lower, recrystallization of the supported metal composite oxide (the high-entropy oxide) can be reduced. The calcination time may be 30 minutes or more, 1 hour or more, or 10 hours or less.
[0046] The order of mixing the dispersion liquid and the aqueous medium is not particularly limited. The procedure of pouring the aqueous medium into the dispersion liquid is preferable because the mixing speed is controlled and heating is performed.
[0047] The iridium compound, the ruthenium compound, and the compound of the third metal (M) are the same as those used in the method for producing the metal composite oxide. The conditions in the step of producing a precipitate, the conditions in the step of the isolation, and the conditions in the step of the calcination are the same as those in the method for producing the metal composite oxide described above.
[0048] (Oxygen Evolution Catalyst according to First Embodiment) The metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment can be suitably used as a catalyst for an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (herein also referred to as "oxygen evolution catalyst" ) . Also, the metal composite oxide can be used as the oxygen evolution catalyst used together with a conductive material. By using the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment in combination with the conductive material, the catalytic activity of the oxygen evolution catalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is higher.
[0049] The other components of the oxygen evolution catalyst according to the present embodiment include the same components as the components of the metal composite oxide described above except that the oxygen evolution catalyst further includes the conductive material.
[0050] [Conductive Material] The conductive material may be a publicly known conductive material. Examples of the conductive material include carbon and a metal that have high conductivity. The oxygen evolution catalyst may contain only one type or two or more types of the conductive material.
[0051] Examples of the conductive material include carbon black such as acetylene black, Cabot carbon black, and Ketjen black, graphite, carbon fibers, and metal powders.
[0052] Examples of the metal that is the conductive material include gold, silver, copper, aluminum, rhodium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, nickel, cobalt, and iridium. The metal serving as the conductive material, which is different from iridium, ruthenium, and the third metal (M) in the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment, is merely mixed with the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment in the oxygen evolution catalyst.
[0053] The oxygen evolution catalyst according to the first embodiment may contain only one type or two or more types of the metals serving as the conductive material.
[0054] As the conductive material, for example, the oxygen evolution catalyst according to the first embodiment may contain the carbon and no metal, may contain the metal and no carbon, or may contain both the metal and the carbon.
[0055] The content of the conductive material in the oxygen evolution catalyst according to the first embodiment is preferably 0.1 part by mass to 100 parts by mass and more preferably 0.5 part by mass to 50 parts by mass with respect to a content of 100 parts by mass of the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment.
[0056] In the oxygen evolution catalyst according to the first embodiment, the ratio of the total content of the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment and the conductive material to the whole mass (100 mass%) of the oxygen evolution catalyst is preferably 80 mass%or more, more preferably 90 mass%or more, and further preferably 95 mass%or more, and may be, for example, any of 97 mass%or more and 99 mass%or more, or 100 mass%. When the ratio is equal to or more than the lower limit value, the catalytic activity of the oxygen evolution catalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is higher. The ratio may be 100 mass%or less.
[0057] (Oxygen Evolution Catalyst according to Second Embodiment) The composite product according to the present embodiment can be suitably used as a catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (herein also referred to as "oxygen evolution catalyst" ) . Also, the composite product according to the preset embodiment can be used as the oxygen evolution catalyst used together with a conductive material. By using the composite product according to the present embodiment in combination with the conductive material, the catalytic activity of the oxygen evolution catalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is higher.
[0058] The other components of the oxygen evolution catalyst according to the present embodiment are the same as the components of the composite product according to the present embodiment except that the oxygen evolution catalyst further contains the conductive material. Description of the other components is omitted here.
[0059] As the conductive material, the conductive material of the oxygen evolution catalyst according to the first embodiment may be used.
[0060] The content of the conductive material in the oxygen evolution catalyst according to the second embodiment is preferably 0.1 part by mass to 100 parts by mass and more preferably 0.5 part by mass to 50 parts by mass with respect to a content of 100 parts by mass of the composite product according to the present embodiment.
[0061] In the oxygen evolution catalyst according to the second embodiment, the ratio of the total content of the composite product according to the present embodiment and the conductive material to the whole mass (100 mass%) of the oxygen evolution catalyst is preferably 80 mass%or more, more preferably 90 mass%or more, and further preferably 95 mass%or more, and may be, for example, any of 97 mass%or more and 99 mass%or more, or 100 mass%. When the ratio is equal to or more than the lower limit value, the catalytic activity of the oxygen evolution catalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is higher. The ratio may be 100 mass%or less.
[0062] (Catalyst Ink) The catalyst ink according to one embodiment of the present invention includes the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment or the composite product according to the present embodiment and a medium. The catalyst ink according to the present embodiment can include the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment or the composite product according to the present embodiment, a polyelectrolyte, and a medium.
[0063] The catalyst ink according to the present embodiment may further include a conductive material. The types and contents of conductive materials include those exemplified above.
[0064] The catalyst ink can be applied to, for example, a substrate for a working electrode to form a catalyst layer.
[0065] As the polyelectrolyte, polyelectrolytes generally used in formation of a catalyst layer can be used. Specific examples thereof include a perfluorocarbon polymer having a sulfonic acid group (for example, Nafion (registered trademark) ) , a hydrocarbon-based polymer compound having a sulfonic acid group, a polymer compound doped with an inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid, organic / inorganic hybrid polymers partially substituted with proton-conducting functional groups, and a proton conductor in which a polymer matrix is impregnated with a phosphoric acid solution or a sulfuric acid solution.
[0066] The medium may be a medium that is capable of dispersing the metal composite oxide according to the present embodiment or the composite product according to the present embodiment and being applied to the substrate for a working electrode to form a catalyst layer. Preferred examples of the medium include alcohols such as 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 1-heptanol, and 2-heptanol.
[0067] (Electrode) The electrode according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided with the metal composite oxide or the composite product on the surface. For example, the electrode including the composite product on the surface can be prepared by applying a catalyst ink in a state of the dispersion liquid obtained above to an electrode surface, naturally drying the catalyst ink, thereafter transferring the electrode to a vacuum dryer, and drying at 30℃ to 90℃ for 2 hours or more. The oxygen evolution activity of the prepared electrode can be evaluated using a three-electrode method. As the evaluation conditions, for example, the LSV method is used with a scan voltage range of -0.3 V to 0 V and a scan speed of 5 mV / S. [Examples]
[0068] Next, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following Examples.
[0069] (Evaluation) [Measurement of Compositional Ratios by XRF] [XRF Analysis] About 20 mg to 30 mg of a sample was taken on a filter paper and covered with a PP film, and the composition of the sample was analyzed using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer Primus IV (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) . The amount of iridium, the amount of ruthenium, the amount of the third metal (M) , and the amount of oxygen determined by the XRF analysis results were determined as the content of each element with respect to 100 mass%of the sample particles.
[0070] [Measurement of Primary Particle Diameter] The particle diameter of the primary particles of the sample powder was measured using <Method for Measuring Particle Diameter of Primary Particles> described above. In the present examples and comparative examples, the primary particle diameter was measured using a TEM. As the transmission electron microscope, JEM-1400 manufactured by JEOL Ltd. was used.
[0071] [EDS Mapping Measurement] Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping measurement was performed in order to evaluate the compositional distribution of the sample powders obtained in Examples. Apparatus used: JCM-7000 tabletop scanning electron microscope with EDS function manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
[0072] [Measurement of Median Diameter D50] 0.1 g of the sample powder was added to 20 cc of acetone and the resultant mixture was subjected to ultrasonic treatment in an ice bath for 4 hours. Thereafter, the concentration thereof was appropriately adjusted with acetone to a concentration within a measurable range of a dynamic light scattering type particle diameter distribution measuring device (Nanotrac Wave II, manufactured by MicrotracBEL Corp. ) to give a measurement sample. Using this measurement sample, the particle diameter distribution in the range of a particle diameters of 0.0001 μm to 10 μm was measured with the dynamic light scattering type particle diameter distribution measuring device to calculate the median diameter D50, which is a particle diameter of which the ratio of accumulated volume percentage was 50%. However, for those having a median diameter D50 of more than 10 μm (Comparative Example 2) , similarly, a solution was adjusted, and the particle diameter distribution in the range of particle diameters of 0.015 μm to 500 μm was measured with a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (SALD-7000, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) to calculate the median diameter D50.
[0073] [Measurement of BET Specific Surface Area] The sample was measured with a specific surface area meter (BELSORP-mini, manufactured by MicrotracBEL Corp. ) , and the surface area per gram of the sample measured based on the amount of the adsorbed nitrogen gas by the BET method was calculated as the specific surface area.
[0074] [Measurement of Overpotential (Evaluation of Oxygen Evolution Activity) ] The overpotential of the prepared electrodes was measured using a three-electrode method. As the measurement conditions, the LSV method was used, a scan voltage range was determined to be -0.3 V to 0 V, and the measurement was performed at a scan speed of 5 mV / S. Overpotential (mV) at a current density of 10 mA / cm2 was measured.
[0075] [Crystal Structure Analysis of Composite Product: XRD Method] The sample of the collected composite product obtained in each Example was filled in a holder for a measurement sample having a depth of 0.5 mm, set in an X-ray diffraction (XRD) apparatus (Ultima IV, manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, as an optical system, a parallel beam method plus scintillation counter and a rotation stage were used) , and was subjected to measurement under conditions of Cu / Kα rays, 40 kV / 40 mA, a scanning speed (2θ) of 2° / min, a step (2θ) of 0.02°, and a scanning range (2θ) of 10° or more and 70° or less.
[0076] [Measurement of Transmission Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) ] Elemental mapping measurement by STEM-EDS was performed on the sample powders obtained in Examples using an atomic resolution electron microscope (JEM-ARM300F (STEM) and JED-W (EDS) manufactured by JEOL Ltd. ) .
[0077] [Measurement of Soft X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Analysis (XAFS) ] XAFS spectra were measured for the sample powders obtained in Examples using an X-ray absorption spectrometer (Large Synchrotron Radiation Facility: SPring-8) . To measure the oxygen K-edge, an energy range of 520 to 560 eV was measured. The step was 0.1 eV, and the exposure time was 1 sec / eV. Athena2 was used to analyze the obtained spectra.
[0078] [Measurement with Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) ] STXM measurement was performed on the sample powders obtained in Examples using a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (synchrotron radiation experimental facility: Photon Factory BL-19A / B) . X-rays as a probe were focused to 40 nm with a zone plate and measured. An energy range of 520 to 560 eV was measured with a step of 0.2 eV and an exposure time of 20 sec / image. For data analysis, Axis 20003 manufactured by McMaster University and Mantis4 manufactured by 2nd Look Consulting were used.
[0079] (Example 1) 88.9 mg of IrCl3·3H2O (reagent, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. ) , 197.7 mg of RuCl3·3H2O (reagent, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. ) , 62.7 mg of Ni (CH3COO) 2·4H2O (reagent, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. ) , 68.51 mg of CrCl3·6H2O (reagent, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. ) , and 32.2 mg of SnO2 (reagent, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. ) were added to 70 ml of pure water to be dissolved and dispersed, and the temperatures was kept at 80℃ for 10 minutes with stirring. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 8 by gradually adding an aqueous solution of 0.1 mol / L KOH (reagent, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. ) (concentration 0.1 mol / L) to the above solution. The temperature was kept at 80℃ for 2 hours to collect a precipitate by centrifugation. The precipitate was washed three times with water and further dried at 50℃ for 24 hours. The obtained product was calcined at 400℃ for 1 hour in an air atmosphere to give a composite product (may be called "SnO2 / / Ir-Ru-Ni-Cr-Ox" ) powder in which an Ir, Ru, Ni, and Cr metal complex oxide was supported on SnO2 serving as a support. The batch size when the powder was synthesized were listed in Table 1.
[0080] The composition of the obtained powder and the contents in terms of each metal were determined by the above X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) . The primary particle diameter, the median diameter D50, and the specific surface area of the obtained powder were measured by the above methods. The results are listed in Table 2.
[0081] 4 mg of the obtained powder, 2 mg of Ketjen Black EC300J (manufactured by Lion Specialty Chemicals Corporation) , and 40 μL of 5%Nafion dispersion liquid (Nafion dispersion solution, manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals Corporation) were added to 1 mL of ethanol and the resultant mixture was subjected to treatment with an ultrasonic dispersion machine for 1 hour to prepare an ink dispersion liquid. 20 μL of the obtained ink dispersion liquid was applied to an electrode surface and the liquid on the surface was dried naturally. Thereafter, the electrode was transferred to a vacuum dryer and dried at 60℃ for 6 hours to give an electrode including a composite product on the surface. The overpotential (mV) of the prepared electrode at a current density of 10 mA / cm2 was measured. The overpotential was 231 mV. The result is listed in Table 2.
[0082] (Example 2 to Example 7) In Example 2 to Example 7, the same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 1 except that the used amount of each metal compound was changed to the values shown in Table 1, whereby composite product (may be called "SnO2 / / Ir-Ru-M-Ox" ) powders in which a complex oxide of Ir, Ru, and the third metal (M) was supported on SnO2 serving as a support were obtained. The compositions were calculated similarly to Example 1, and the particle diameter of the primary particles, the median diameter D50, and the specific surface area were also evaluated. The results are listed in Table 2. The same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 1 except that the obtained powder was used, whereby an ink dispersion liquid was prepared, an electrode was prepared, and the oxygen evolution activity (overpotential) of the electrode was evaluated. The result is listed in Table 2. Note that for MnCl2·4H2O, Co (CH3COO) 2·4H2O, and Nd (NO3) 3·6H2O listed in Table 1, those manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. were used.
[0083] The powders obtained in Example 2 and Example 4 were measured by the above crystal structure analysis (XRD) method on the complex product. The results are illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, respectively. The powder obtained in Example 2 was measured with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) . The result is illustrated in FIG. 3. The powder obtained in Example 2 was measured by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) . The result is illustrated in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5. The powder obtained in Example 3 was measured by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) . The result is illustrated in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7.
[0084] (Example 8 to Example 13) In Example 8 to Example 13, the same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 2 except that the used amount of SnO2 was changed to the values shown in Table 3, whereby composite product (may be called "SnO2 / / Ir-Ru-M-Ox" ) powders in which a metal complex oxide of Ir, Ru, and the third metal (M) was supported on SnO2 serving as a support were obtained. The compositions were calculated similarly to Example 1, and the particle diameter of the primary particles, the median diameter D50, and the specific surface area were also evaluated. The results are listed in Table 3 and Table 4. The same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 1 except that the obtained powder was used, whereby an ink dispersion liquid was prepared, an electrode was prepared, and the oxygen evolution activity (overpotential) of the electrode was evaluated. The result is listed in Table 4.
[0085] (Example 14 to Example 16) In Example 14 to Example 16, the same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 2 except that the type and the used amount of the compound of the third metal (M) were changed to those shown in Table 5, whereby composite product (also called "SnO2 / / Ir-Ru-M-Ox" ) powders in which a metal complex oxide of Ir, Ru, and the third metal (M) was supported on SnO2 serving as a support were obtained. The compositions were calculated similarly to Example 1, and the particle diameter of the primary particles, the median diameter D50, and the specific surface area were also evaluated. The results are listed in Table 6. Furthermore, the same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 1, and an ink dispersion liquid was prepared, an electrode was prepared, and the oxygen evolution activity (overpotential) of the electrode was evaluated. The results are listed in Table 6. Note that for ErCl3·6H2O, WCl6, and NbCl5 listed in Table 5, those manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. were used.
[0086] (Comparative Example 1) The same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 1 except that the compound of the third metal (M) was not used, whereby a composite product (may be called "SnO2 / / Ir-Ru-Ox" ) powder in which an Ir and Ru complex oxide was supported on SnO2 serving as a support was obtained. The compositions were calculated similarly to Example 1, and the particle diameter of the primary particles, the median diameter D50, and the specific surface area were also evaluated. The results are listed in Table 1 to Table 4. The same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 1 except that the obtained powder was used, whereby an ink dispersion liquid was prepared, an electrode was prepared, and the oxygen evolution activity (overpotential) of the electrode was evaluated. The result is listed in Table 2.
[0087] (Comparative Example 2) [Commercially available IrOx] IrOx (Ir content is 76 mass%) purchased from Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K. was used as a powder in this Comparative Example. The same procedure was performed as the procedure in Example 1 except that this powder was used, whereby a catalyst ink was prepared, an electrode was prepared, and the oxygen evolution activity of the electrode was evaluated. The result is listed in Table 2. The results of the above measurements are listed in Table 2 and Table 4.
[0088] [Table 1]
[0089] [Table 2]
[0090] [Table 3]
[0091] [Table 4]
[0092] [Table 5]
[0093] [Table 6]
[0094] FIG. 1 illustrates an XRD spectrum of the particles obtained in Example 2. In FIG. 1, peaks derived from SnO2 and peaks derived from RuO2 were observed, but no peaks derived from other metal oxides and the like were observed. Similarly to Example 2, in the XRD spectra of the particles obtained in Examples 5 to 9, peaks derived from SnO2 and peaks derived from RuO2 were observed, but no peaks derived from other metal oxides and the like were observed.
[0095] FIG. 2 illustrates an XRD spectrum of the particles obtained in Example 4. In FIG. 2, peaks derived from SnO2 were observed, but peaks derived from RuO2 were not observed, and peaks derived from other metal oxides and the like were not observed either. Similarly to Example 4, in the particles obtained in Examples 1, 3 to 7, and 10 to 13, peaks derived from SnO2 were observed, but peaks derived from RuO2 or peaks derived from other metal oxides and the like were not observed.
[0096] FIG. 3 illustrates the obtained observed image of the particles obtained in Example 2 using a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-1400, manufactured by JEOL Ltd. ) . The magnification rates are 50K and 250K. From FIG. 3, the particle diameter of the particles obtained in Example 2 was confirmed to be about several nanometers. The particles obtained in Examples 1 and 3 to 13 were also confirmed to have similar degrees of particle diameters from the TEM observation images.
[0097] FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 illustrate the images of the particles obtained in Example 2 obtained by elemental mapping using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS, JSM-7900F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd. ) . The magnification rates are 50K and 250K. From FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the various metals were confirmed to be uniformly distributed in the particles obtained in Example 2, because the various metals were uniformly scattered and did not agglomerate. It has been found from this that a high entropy oxide is formed.
[0098] FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 illustrate the images of the particles in Example 3 obtained by the elemental mapping using the above scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The magnification rates are 50K and 250K. From FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the various metals were also confirmed to be uniformly distributed in the particles obtained in Example 3, because the various metals were uniformly scattered and did not agglomerate. In Examples 1 and 4 to 13, the various metals were also confirmed to be uniformly distributed from the images obtained by the elemental mapping, because the various metals were uniformly scattered and did not agglomerate. It has been found from this that a high entropy oxide is formed.
[0099] FIG. 8 to FIG. 10 illustrate the images of the particles in Example 3 obtained by the elemental mapping using the above transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) . From FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, the various metals were confirmed to be uniformly distributed in the particles obtained in Example 3, because the various metals were uniformly scattered and did not agglomerate. In Examples 1 and 4 to 16, the various metals were also confirmed to be uniformly distributed from the images obtained by the elemental mapping, because the various metals were uniformly scattered and did not agglomerate. It has been found from this that each particle forms a high-entropy oxide rather than a mixture of metal oxides.
[0100] FIG. 11 is a diagram of spectra of the soft X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (XAFS) (the oxygen K-edge) of the particles in Example 3. As illustrated in FIG. 11 (a) to FIG. 11 (e) , the spectral shape of the particles was different from any of the metal oxides (CrO2, MnO2, NiO, RuO2, and IrO2) . It has been found from this that each particle forms a high-entropy oxide rather than a mixture of metal oxides.
[0101] FIG. 12 is a diagram of measurement results of the scanning transmission X-ray micros cope (STXM) of the particles in Example 3. STXM can acquire XAFS spectra with a spatial resolution of 40 nm, and thus information on each particle can be obtained. The white part in FIG. 12 (a) is measured particles and the black part is an embedding resin. As illustrated in FIG. 12 (b) , the spectra of the resin and the particles are different and can thus be classified. FIG. 12(c) is an example of the spectrum of the particles. Spectra were acquired for each of the particles illustrated in FIG. 12(a) , and it was confirmed that the particles had similar spectra. The spectrum derived from the high-entropy oxide particles was consistent with the soft X-ray XAFS spectrum of the particles in Example 3 in the peak position. It has been found from this that each particle forms a high-entropy oxide rather than a mixture of metal oxides.
[0102] From Table 2 and Table 4, it has been found that the particles in Examples 1 to 16 have significantly lower overpotentials and significantly better catalytic performance than the IrOx of the commercially available product in Comparative Example 2, even though the iridium content is about 1 / 3. Furthermore, it has been found that, although the particles in Examples 1 to 16 have lower iridium content and Ru content as compared with those in the particles in Comparative Example 1, which contain iridium and ruthenium but do not contain the above third metal (M) , these particles have lower overpotentials and better catalytic performances than those in Comparative Example 1. Therefore, it has been found that the addition of the third metal (M) contributes to a reduction in iridium and ruthenium. It is also inferred that the use of the metal composite oxide including the third metal (M) , especially the high-entropy oxide, can maintain catalytic performance over the long term.
Claims
A metal composite oxide comprising iridium, ruthenium, and a third metal (M) , whereinthe third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and transition metals, andthe metal composite oxide is a low crystalline oxide or an amorphous oxide.The metal composite oxide according to claim 1, wherein the third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Sn, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Nd, Er, and W.The metal composite oxide according to claim 1, wherein a content of iridium is 15 mass%or less.The metal composite oxide according to claim 1, wherein when number of types of the third metal (M) is m (m is a natural number of 2 or more) , a molar ratio of each element is 85 / m mol%to 115 / m mol%with respect to a total of 100 mol%of the third metal (M) .The metal composite oxide according to claim 1, wherein the metal composite oxide is a high-entropy compound of a multi-element metal, andthe multi-element metal includes iridium, ruthenium, and the third metal (M) .The metal composite oxide according to claim 1, wherein a particle diameter of primary particles is 100 nm or less.The metal composite oxide according to claim 1, wherein a specific surface area measured by a BET method is 20 m2 / g or more.A composite product comprising the metal composite oxide according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and a support, whereinthe metal composite oxide is supported on the support, andthe support is an inorganic substance.The composite product according to claim 8, wherein the support is at least one selected from the group consisting of tin oxide (SnO2) and carbon.An oxygen evolution catalyst comprising the metal composite oxide according to any one of claims 1 to 7.The oxygen evolution catalyst according to claim 10, further comprising a conductive material.An oxygen evolution catalyst comprising the composite product according to claim 8.The oxygen evolution catalyst according to claim 12, further comprising a conductive material.A catalyst ink comprising the metal composite oxide according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and a medium.The catalyst ink according to claim 14, further comprising a conductive material.The catalyst ink according to claim 14, further comprising a polyelectrolyte.A catalyst ink comprising the composite product according to claims 8 and a medium.The catalyst ink according to claim 17, further comprising a conductive material.The catalyst ink according to claim 17, further comprising a polyelectrolyte.An electrode comprising the metal composite oxide according to any one of claims 1 to 7 on a surface.An electrode comprising the composite product according to claim 8 on a surface.A method for producing a metal composite oxide, the method comprising:a step of preparing a mixture solution including an iridium compound, a ruthenium compound, a compound of a third metal (M) , and an aqueous medium;a step of adjusting a pH of the mixture solution obtained in the previous step to 8 or more and 10 or less to generate a precipitate;a step of isolating the precipitate from the aqueous medium; anda step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the previous step, whereinthe third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and transition metals.A method for producing a composite product, the method comprising:a step of dispersing an inorganic substance as a support into an aqueous medium to prepare a first aqueous dispersion product including the inorganic substance;a step of dissolving an iridium compound, a ruthenium compound, and a compound of a third metal (M) into the first aqueous dispersion product to prepare a second aqueous dispersion product;a step of adjusting a pH of the second aqueous dispersion product obtained in the previous step to 8 or more and 10 or less to generate a precipitate;a step of isolating the precipitate from the aqueous medium; anda step of calcining the precipitate obtained in the previous step, whereinthe third metal (M) is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and transition metals.
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