An improved communication system

Abstract

The present invention relates to a communication system (100) comprising a transceiver (108) disposed within an enclosure (104), such as a manhole or inspection chamber. An antenna (106), operatively connected to the transceiver (108), is mounted on or integrated into a closure (102) of the enclosure (104). The system (100) further includes one or more data cables (112, 114), disposed within a fluid pipe (110), that are configured to transmit data. The fluid pipe (110) is located within or accessible through the enclosure (104). The data cables (112, 114) are operatively connected to the transceiver (109) to provide backhaul connectivity to a core network, enabling communication between the transceiver (108) and the network.

Description

[0001] An Improved Communication System

[0002] Technical Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to the field of communication systems. More specifically, the invention pertains to communication systems involving a transceiver enclosed within an enclosure and an antenna integrated into or mounted on a closure of the enclosure, or alternatively, mounted on buildings or street furniture. The present invention further relates to a closure for the enclosure and a fluid distribution system comprising the communication system.

[0004] Background to the Invention

[0005] Advancements in mobile data technology have consistently led to increased bandwidth, despite the inherent limitations of the finite radio frequency spectrum. Successive generations of mobile communication standards have adopted increasingly complex modulation schemes, such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which allows for enhanced bandwidth utilization within a given frequency spectrum. However, the trade-off associated with higher-order QAM is the need for increased transmission and reception power.

[0006] While higher power transmission is theoretically advantageous, in practice, the signal strength of mobile devices is constrained by health and safety regulations as well as the necessity to preserve battery life. Furthermore, the signal strength decays according to the inverse square law as the distance from the transmitter increases, making it progressively less effective over longer distances. To address these limitations, increasing the number of base stations has become a common solution. These base stations, including but not limited to microcells / picocells / femtocells, are deployed in dense environments and can be mounted on existing infrastructure such as building facades, street furniture, bus shelters, and street signs.

[0007] However, each of these base stations requires a high-bandwidth data backhaul to ensure efficient communication with the core network. Additionally, there is a requirement for reliable power supply to ensure the uninterrupted operation of these base stations. Many of these currently deployed base stations require extensive structural modifications to the dedicated mounting area to support the necessary components. Due to their exposed positioning, these installations are vulnerable to environmental damage and vandalism, which can compromise their functionality. The installation of base stations may necessitate significant civil or construction work to connect them to essential infrastructure like high-bandwidth backhaul networks and reliable power supplies. Moreover, these construction activities can be intrusive, particularly in urban areas, potentially leading to temporary road closures, noise, or other disturbances. These challenges pose significant barriers to achieving widespread, robust deployment in dense urban environments, where protection and integration with existing infrastructure are critical for long-term sustainability.

[0008] Thus, there exists a need for an improved communication system that can deploy additional base stations within existing infrastructure while minimizing the need for extensive modifications, particularly in urban environments where space and infrastructure constraints are critical.

[0009] It is an object of the present invention to provide methods and apparatus which at least partially overcomes or alleviates at least some of the above problems.

[0010] Summary of the Invention

[0011] According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a communication system. The communication system may comprise a transceiver. The transceiver may be disposed within an enclosure. The communication system may comprise an antenna. The antenna may be operatively connected to the transceiver. The antenna may be mounted on or integrated into a closure of the enclosure. The communication system may comprise one or more data cables. The one or more data cables may be being disposed within a fluid pipe. The one or more data cables may be configured to transmit data. The fluid pipe may be located within or may be accessible through the enclosure. The one or more data cables may be operatively connected to the transceiver to provide backhaul connectivity to a core network. The transceiver may be configured to transmit and receive signals via the antenna.

[0012] The enclosure may comprise a manhole or an inspection chamber. The closure of the enclosure may comprise a manhole cover or an inspection chamber cover. In the context of the present application, the term ‘fluid’ may refer to any material, liquid or gaseous, including and fuels such as oil or gas or associated distillates, additionally in industrial uses which may include mining and similar, the invention may more specifically refer to a primarily water-based fluid, such as potable water, pre-treatment water, wastewater or water-based slurries.

[0013] Similarly, in the context of the present application, the term ‘pipe’ may refer to any fluid conduit used to convey a fluid (gas, liquid or a mixture including a slurry) between two points, spaced apart at or below local ground level. In particular, the ‘pipe’ may traverse at a relatively regular displacement from local ground level, without requiring the ‘pipe’ to be horizontal.

[0014] Each of the one or more data cables may comprise multiple optical fibres (e.g., a bundle of optical fibres). In some embodiments, each optical fibre may be a single mode optical fibre. In other embodiments, optical fibres may be a multi-mode optical fibre. In further embodiments, the data cable may comprise a mixture of single mode and multi-mode optical fibres. In other embodiments, the data cables may comprise ethemet cables.

[0015] The one or more data cables may be provided with an outer sheath. The outer sheath may provide protection for the fibre within the cable. The outer sheath may additionally help hold the cable structure together and / or provide axial strength and / or stability. The outer sheath may be formed from a polymer. Suitable polymers include but are not limited to polyethylene and the like.

[0016] In some embodiments, the one or more data cable may be armoured. The armour may be provided as beneath the outer sheath. The armour may comprise a layer of solid material. The armour may comprise one or more layers of wire. The armour may comprise polymer and / or metal. Suitable metals include but are not limited to stainless steel or the like. Suitable polymers include but are not limited to aramid, Kevlar or the like.

[0017] In some embodiments, in addition to the one or more data cables, the communication system may further comprise power supply cables running alongside the one or more data cables. The power supply cables may be configured to provide electric power to the components housed within the enclosure. The power supply cables may comprise Power over Ethernet (PoE) Cables and / or copper power cables. The power cables may form an integral part of the construction of a data cable.

[0018] The power supply cables may comprise one or more power fibres. In such embodiments, the power fibres may comprise optical fibres configured for transmitting light for powering a device (e.g. the transceiver) connected to the cable.

[0019] Each power fibre may comprise a single multi-mode optical fibre. In some embodiments, power fibres may be provided as a bundle of multi-mode optical fibres. Suitable power fibres may have a relatively large aperture or diameter compared to the data fibres. Each power fibre may be of graded index construction wherein the refractive index increases towards the edges of the fibre. In other embodiments, power fibres may be of step index format with a defined refractive index transition.

[0020] Each power fibre or each power fibre bundle may be provided within an optically dense opaque sheath. This inhibits light from within the power fibre leaking into the data fibre bundle.

[0021] Individual power fibres may be provided in interstitial spaces within the regular packing of the data bundles. In such embodiment, power fibres may be provided in inner interstitial spaces, edge interstitial spaces or both inner interstitial spaces and edge interstitial spaces.

[0022] Advantageously, by integrating the transceiver within an enclosure such as a manhole or inspection chamber, the system leverages existing infrastructure to house essential communication components. This approach minimizes the need for new dedicated structures, ensuring that the communication system can be deployed in constrained urban environments where space for new installations is limited. The transceiver is protected from environmental factors such as moisture, temperature extremes, and physical damage, thus enhancing its durability and operational lifespan.

[0023] Furthermore, the antenna operatively connected to the transceiver and mounted on or integrated into the closure of the enclosure allows for effective signal transmission and reception. In addition, backhaul connectivity is achieved through the use of data cables routed within a fluid pipe, which is positioned within or accessible through the enclosure. This configuration provides a secure and protected conduit for data transmission to the core network, shielding the cables from environmental hazards and potential damage. Furthermore, the data cables offer the advantages of high-speed, high-bandwidth, and highly reliable data transmission. The use of such cables enables faster communication rates and increased data throughput, making the system particularly well-suited for managing the growing demands of modern communication networks, where high performance and reliability are critical.

[0024] The antenna may support Wi-Fi communications. For example, the antenna may facilitate communication using IEEE 802.11 family of standards or any future WiFi standards implementations. The antenna may support cellular communications. For example, the antenna may facilitate communication using 4G (LTE), 5G (NR), loT- Specific Standards or future 6G communication standards or any future cellular communications standards. The antenna may comprise a plurality of antennas. The antenna may comprise an omni-directional antenna. For example, the antenna may comprise a dipole antenna. The antenna may comprise a directional antenna. The antenna may comprise a patch antenna. More preferably, the antenna may comprise a microstrip antenna. In some embodiments, the antenna may comprise a stacked patch antenna. The antenna may comprise a monopole antenna. For example, the antenna may comprise a 1 / 4 wave antenna, 5 / 8 wave antenna or co-linear antenna. The antenna may be configured to support MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) technology. For example, the antenna may comprise a 2x2 MIMO array, a 4x4 MIMO array or a Massive MIMO array. The skilled person will recognise that any other suitable type of antenna may be used. The skilled person will recognise that any combination of suitable antennas may be used.

[0025] Microstrip antennas offer several advantages, making them particularly effective when integrated into the closure of the enclosure. These antennas are compact, lightweight, and easy to manufacture using standard printed circuit board (PCB) techniques. Their planar design ensures that they can be mounted flush on surfaces such as manhole covers or inspection chamber lids. Additionally, microstrip antennas can support multiple frequencies, including Wi-Fi as well as 4G and / or 5G, making them versatile for different communication systems. Their ability to form MIMO arrays is particularly beneficial for cellular networks and Wi-Fi, where multiple antennas improve data throughput and reliability. By arranging these antennas in arrays, they can also enable beamforming, directing signals toward specific locations, further enhancing the system’s efficiency and coverage patterns.

[0026] The communication system may further comprise a power generating apparatus. The power generating apparatus may be electrically connected to the transceiver. In some embodiments, the power generating apparatus may be connected to a powersupply controller and the power-supply controller may be connected to the transceiver. The power generating apparatus may be located outside of the enclosure. In some embodiments, the communication system may comprise multiple power generating apparatuses. The multiple power generating apparatuses may be of the same type or of different types.

[0027] Advantageously, in this manner, the system may be configured to draw power from external sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines, rather than relying solely on batteries. This setup offers a more sustainable and reliable power solution, minimizing the need for battery maintenance or replacement, which can be difficult and time-consuming, especially in remote or difficult-to-access areas. Additionally, by integrating a power-supply controller, the system can efficiently manage the power flow, ensuring a consistent supply to the transceiver and seamless switching between one or more power generating apparatuses.

[0028] The power generating apparatus may comprise one or more photovoltaic cells. The one or more photovoltaic cells may be electrically connected to a power-supply controller. The power generating apparatus may comprise a plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged to form a solar panel. The one or more photovoltaic cells may comprise monocrystalline silicon solar cells, poly crystalline silicon solar cells and / or thin- film solar cells.

[0029] The one or more photovoltaic cells may be incorporated into the closure of the enclosure. More specifically, the one or more photovoltaic cells may be attached to, or embedded into the closure of the enclosure. The one or more photovoltaic cells may be attached to, or embedded into, an upper surface of the closure of the enclosure. The upper surface of the closure may comprise a surface of the closure which faces away from an inside of the enclosure when the closure is engaged with the enclosure. For example, the one or more photovoltaic cells may be attached to, or embedded into, a top surface of the manhole cover. The one or more photovoltaic cells may be located on the same side of the closure as the top of the antenna.

[0030] Advantageously, embedding or attaching the cells directly to the closure enables a compact, integrated design that does not require additional space or external structures for mounting solar panels. Incorporating the photovoltaic cells into the manhole cover or other enclosures allows for unobtrusive energy harvesting. Unlike standalone solar panels that require additional mounting and space, embedding the cells into an existing infrastructure element ensures a low-profile solution that doesn’t interfere with the urban landscape. Additionally, integrating the cells into the upper surface helps create a self-sufficient power system for remote locations, eliminating the need for external power sources or frequent battery replacements.

[0031] The one or more photovoltaic cells may be arranged such that they fully surround the antenna. In some embodiments, the antenna may be located in a centre of the closure. In some embodiments, the one or more photovoltaic cells may form a ring or circular pattern fully surrounding the antenna. In another configuration, the one or more photovoltaic cells may be arranged in a concentric pattern around the antenna. In some embodiments, the closure may comprise multiple antennae and the photovoltaic cells may may arranged such that they fully surround each of the antennae. The above configurations ensures that the cells have maximum exposure to sunlight from all angles throughout the day, regardless of the sun's position in the sky, optimizing energy capture.

[0032] In other embodiments, the one or more photovoltaic cells may not fully surround the antenna. The one or more photovoltaic cells may be arranged in a non-continuous pattern around the antenna, such that they do not fully surround it. For example, the photovoltaic cells may be positioned only on specific portions of the closure, such as a side or portion that is most exposed to direct sunlight. In some embodiments, the communication system may comprise a single power-supply controller connected to a plurality of closures. Each closure may comprise one or more photovoltaic cells and optionally one or more antennas. In some embodiments, the communication system may comprise a single transceiver connected to a plurality of closures. Each closure may comprise one or more antennas and optionally one or more photovoltaic cells. The transceiver and / or power-supply controller may be connected to the plurality of closures via one or more cables. The one or more cables may be preferably provided in a dedicated conduit, which may be provided in a micro-trench, between the enclosure (containing the transceiver and / or the power-supply controller) and the plurality of other enclosures or remote locations.

[0033] The one or more photovoltaic cells may be connected to a building or street furniture. The one or more photovoltaic cells may be connected to a panel and the panel may be mounted to the building or the street furniture.

[0034] In some embodiments, a first set of photovoltaic cells may be connected to a first building, or a first piece of street furniture and a second set of photovoltaic cells may be connected to a second building or a second piece of street furniture. The skilled person will recognise that any number of photovoltaic cells may be connected to any number of buildings or pieces of street furniture as needed.

[0035] In such cases, the one or more photovoltaic cells or each set of photovoltaic cells may be connected to the power- supply controller via one or more cables. Each of the one or more cables may be preferably provided in a dedicated conduit, which may be provided in a micro-trench, between the enclosure (containing the power-supply controller and the transceiver) and the one or more buildings and / or street furniture.

[0036] The street furniture may comprise: a lamp post, a bus shelter, a traffic sign, a traffic light, a bench, a parking meter, a tree, a public rubbish bin or an advertising display. The building may comprise any type of building including residential buildings and / or commercial buildings.

[0037] Advantageously, connecting the one or more photovoltaic cells to a building or street furniture allows for the use of existing infrastructure without the need for significant structural modifications. Additionally, elevated solar panels, such as those mounted on buildings and / or street furniture may provide better access to unobstructed sunlight, enhancing their energy generation potential throughout the day.

[0038] The one or more photovoltaic cells may form a solar panel. The solar panel may be mounted to the building and / or the street furniture. The position and / or orientation of the solar panel relative to the building or the street furniture may be controllably adjustable using an actuation mechanism. A skilled person will recognise that any suitable actuation mechanism may be used.

[0039] The actuation mechanism may further comprise a sun-tracking mechanism. The sun tracking mechanism may allow the solar panel to adjust its angle throughout the day to continuously face the sun. Advantageously, this mechanism may maximize solar energy capture and improve the overall efficiency of power generation.

[0040] The power generating apparatus may comprise a fluid-driven device.

[0041] The fluid-driven device may comprise a rotor disposed within the fluid pipe. The fluid-driven device may comprise a generator operatively connected to the rotor. The flow of fluid through the pipe may be configured to drive the rotor thus generating electrical power.

[0042] The generator may comprise a rotator element and a stator element, wherein relative movement between the rotator element and stator element against electromagnetic resistance generates an output electrical current. The rotor disposed within the fluid pipe may be configured to drive the rotator element of the generator.

[0043] A flow rotor of any type configured to rotate according to fluid flow in the fluid pipe may be used. For example, the flow rotor may comprise a Savonius type rotor, a Darrieus type rotor, an Archimedes screw rotor, or an articulated Archimedes screw rotor with at least two Archimedes screw portions articulated relative to one another. The flow rotor (regardless of the flow rotor type used) may have any number of rotor elements or blades.

[0044] The flow rotor may be mounted for rotation about an axis which is parallel to the direction of fluid flow in the fluid pipe or transverse to the direction of fluid flow in the fluid pipe. If the flow rotor may be mounted for rotation about an axis which is transverse to the direction of fluid flow the rotation axis may be substantially horizontal or substantially vertical.

[0045] The generator of the fluid-driven device may be connected to the power- supply controller.

[0046] The power-generating device being a rotor disposed within the fluid pipe offers several key advantages in terms of efficiency and integration. By harnessing the flow of fluid through the pipe, the rotor can convert kinetic energy into electrical power without requiring an external power source or significant structural modifications. Additionally, the fluid-driven rotor is installed within the pipe, making it a compact and protected solution that is less susceptible to environmental damage. The fluid pipe housing the fluid-driven rotor may be designed to be readily accessible through the enclosure, thereby facilitating efficient connection of the power-generating device to any instruments or components within the enclosure that require electrical power.

[0047] The fluid driven device may comprise a wind turbine connected to the building or the street furniture. The wind turbine may be mounted to the building or street furniture. The fluid driven device may comprise a plurality of wind turbines. Each wind turbine of the plurality of wind turbines may be connected to a separate building or piece of street furniture. For example, the fluid driven device may comprise a first wind turbine connected to a first building and a second wind turbine connected to a first piece of street furniture.

[0048] In the above cases, the fluid driven device or each of the plurality of fluid driven devices may be connected to the power-supply controller via a cable. The cable is preferably provided in a dedicated conduit, which may be or may be provided in a micro-trench, between the enclosure (containing the power-supply controller and the transceiver) and the building and / or street furniture.

[0049] In some embodiments the power generating apparatus may comprise a piezoelectric device. The piezoelectric device may be incorporated into the closure of the enclosure. The piezoelectric device may be configured to generate electricity in response to mechanical pressure exerted on the closure. The piezoelectric device may comprise a piezoelectric generator. Advantageously, this setup enables the system to generate electricity from mechanical pressure, such as footsteps or vehicular traffic passing over the closure. The ability to harness energy from everyday mechanical activities creates a self-sustaining power source, ideal for locations with high foot traffic or roadways.

[0050] In some embodiments the power generating apparatus may comprise a thermal energy conversion device. The thermal energy conversion device may be configured to generate electricity using a temperature differential between the fluid within the fluid pipe and external environment. The thermal energy conversion device may be located within the enclosure.

[0051] In some embodiments the Peltier-Seebeck effect can be harnessed by the thermal energy conversion device to generate electricity from the temperature differential between the fluid within the fluid pipe and the external environment. Specifically, when the fluid inside the pipe is at a different temperature compared to the surrounding environment (such as cooler water inside the pipe and warmer air outside the enclosure), this temperature difference may be exploited to drive thermoelectric generation.

[0052] The communication system may further comprise a battery or energy storage unit. The battery or the energy storage unit may be located within the enclosure. The battery or energy storage unit may be configured to store energy generated by the power generating apparatus. If a plurality of power generating apparatuses are present in the system, the battery or energy storage unit may be configured to store energy generated by each of the power generating apparatuses. The battery may be connected to the power supply controller and the power supply controller may in turn be connected to the one or more power generating apparatuses.

[0053] Incorporating a battery or energy storage unit into the communication system offers significant advantages. The battery serves as a backup power source, ensuring continuous operation of the system even when the power-generating apparatuses (such as photovoltaic cells or fluid-driven devices) are not actively producing energy, such as during low sunlight, evening time, low fluid flow, or maintenance periods. This feature enhances the system's reliability by providing a stable power supply for the transceiver and optionally other components within the enclosure. The transceiver may form a part of a base station. As such, the communication system may additionally comprise all of the components typically found in a base station. For example the base station may further comprise a processor, a computer— readable storage media, an inter-base station interface and a core-network interface. The base station may facilitate cellular communications between any number of devices (e.g., user equipment). The user equipment may comprise any suitable computing or electronic device, such as a mobile communication device, modem, cellular phone, gaming device, navigation device, media device, laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet computer, smart appliance, vehicle-based communication system, or an Intemet- of-Things (loT) device such as a sensor or an actuator.

[0054] The base station (e.g., an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Node B, E-UTRAN Node B, evolved Node B, eNodeB, eNB, Next Generation Node B, gNode B, gNB, ng-eNB, or the like) may be implemented in a macrocell, microcell, small cell, picocell, femtocell, metro-zone-cell, distributed base station, and the like, or any combination or future evolution thereof.

[0055] Providing a small cell base station in the enclosure provides several advantages. Small cells are designed to enhance coverage and capacity in areas where macrocells are insufficient, especially in dense urban environments where the ‘canyon’ effect and reflective glass coatings on buildings can create voids in radio coverage. They allow for localized cellular communication, improving signal strength and data speeds in high- traffic areas.

[0056] In some embodiments, the transceiver may form a part of a wireless access point. The wireless access point may facilitate any form of wireless communication between any number of devices (e.g., user equipment). The wireless communication may comprise Wi-Fi. The skilled person will recognise that any type of wireless access point may be used. These could include enterprise access points, public hotspots or outdoor access points.

[0057] Integrating the transceiver as part of a wireless access point notably enhances communications and data transfer in urban areas. Urban environments are characterized by high user density, numerous physical obstructions like buildings, and significant signal interference. By deploying wireless access points with integrated transceivers throughout these areas, the system can provide localized, robust wireless coverage, effectively mitigating common urban communication challenges.

[0058] In some embodiments, the communication system may comprise a plurality of base stations and / or wireless access points. In some embodiments the plurality of base stations and / or wireless access points may be located within the same enclosure. In some embodiments, some or all of the plurality of base stations and / or wireless access points may be located within different enclosures. The plurality of base stations and / or wireless access points may each be connected to an antenna mounted on or integrated into a closure of the enclosure. Alternatively, the plurality of base stations and / or wireless access points may each be connected to an antenna mounted on a building or a piece of street furniture.

[0059] In one embodiment, the communication system may comprise the base station disposed within the enclosure. The communication system may further comprise the wireless access point disposed within the enclosure. The communication system may further comprise a first antenna mounted on, or integrated into, the closure of the enclosure. The communication system may further comprise a second antenna mounted on, or integrated into, the closure of the enclosure. The communication system may further comprise a plurality of data cables, the plurality of data cables being disposed within a fluid pipe and configured to transmit data. The fluid pipe may be located within or may be accessible through the enclosure. The plurality of data cables may be operatively connected to the base station to provide backhaul connectivity to a first core network. The plurality of data cables may be operatively connected to the wireless access point to provide backhaul connectivity to a second core network. The base station may be configured to transmit and receive signals via the first antenna. The access point may be configured to transmit and receive signals via the second antenna.

[0060] In one embodiment, the antenna may comprise a plurality of microstrip antennas. The antenna may be positioned at the centre of the closure of the enclosure. The antenna may be arranged on an upper surface of the closure of the enclosure. The upper surface of the closure may comprise a surface of the closure which faces away from an inside of the enclosure when the closure is engaged with the enclosure. At least an upper surface of the closure of the enclosure may comprise a layer of protective material. The protective material may comprise a polymer or other resilient and optically transparent material such as hardened glass. The layer of protective polymer may cover the antenna. The protective polymer may be scratchproof. The protective polymer may be optically transparent. The protective polymer may be transparent to radio frequency (RF) signals. The protective polymer may be waterproof or water-resistant.

[0061] In some embodiments, the layer of protective polymer may be configured to cover the one or more photovoltaic cells. The layer of protective polymer may further comprise one or more surface formations. The one or more surface formations may be configured to enhance light absorption by the one or more photovoltaic cells.

[0062] The one or more surface formations may comprise a textured pattern or one or more microstructures in the layer of the protective polymer. The one or more surface formations may be specifically designed to enhance light absorption. The layer of protective polymer may further comprise an anti-reflective coating.

[0063] Covering at least the upper surface of the closure with a protective polymer layer offers several advantages. The scratch-proof property ensures that the antenna and the one or more photovoltaic cells are protected from physical abrasions and impacts, maintaining their structural integrity and performance over time. The polymer's optical transparency is crucial when covering photovoltaic cells, as it allows maximum light absorption. Additionally, the polymer being transparent to radio frequency (RF) signals means it does not interfere with the antenna's ability to transmit and receive signals, ensuring optimal communication functionality.

[0064] The closure of the enclosure may comprise a self-cleaning system. The selfcleaning system may comprise one or more tubes arranged around the periphery of the closure of the enclosure. Each tube may have one or more openings. These openings are preferably arranged on a single side of each tube, such that they are oriented toward the centre of the closure. More specifically, the openings may be positioned along the inner-facing side of each tube. In one embodiment, the one or more tubes may be configured to retain fluid. For example, the one or more tubes may be configured to retain surface water and / or rainwater as the surface water and / or rainwater pools or collects on the upper surface of the closure of the enclosure. Upon application of external pressure to the one or more tubes, the one or more tubes may be configured to expel the fluid through the one or more openings onto a surface of the closure. The one or more tubes may comprise one or more elastomeric tubes. The one or more tubes may be compressible. The one or more tubes may be hollow. The one or more tubes may be arranged in an annular configuration around the periphery of the closure.

[0065] In this embodiment the self-cleaning system may utilize surface water (e.g., rainwater), which is automatically collected and stored in the one or more elastomeric tubes. The pressure exerted on the elastomeric tubes by external forces (such as traffic movement or footfall on the closure) may cause the surface water to be squeezed out through the openings in the tubes. This pressure-activated mechanism may allow the fluid to be ejected onto the surface of the closure, effectively removing debris, dust, or other environmental contaminants. This approach offers a low-maintenance, energyefficient solution.

[0066] In another embodiment, the self-cleaning system may further comprise a fluid tank in fluid communication with the one or more tubes. The self-cleaning system may comprise a pump operatively connected to the fluid tank. The pump may be configured to force the fluid from the fluid tank into the one or more tubes and through the one or more openings onto a surface of the closure.

[0067] The fluid may comprise water or air. The one or more tubes may comprise one or more elastomeric tubes. The one or more tubes may be hollow. The one or more tubes may be configured to store fluid. The one or more tubes may be arranged in an annular configuration around the periphery of the closure. The self-cleaning system may comprise an automated activation system. The automated activation system may comprise one or more sensors. The one or more sensors may be configured to detect certain environmental conditions like accumulation of debris, dust, or precipitation. The automated activation system may be configured to cause the pump to force the fluid from the fluid tank into the one or more tubes and through the one or more openings onto a surface of the closure in response to the sensors detecting the certain environmental conditions.

[0068] The inclusion of a self-cleaning system within the closure of the enclosure provides substantial benefits by ensuring that critical components, such as antennas and photovoltaic cells, remain free from debris, dust, and precipitation that could impair their functionality and performance. Furthermore, the incorporation of an automated activation system equipped with sensors significantly enhances the effectiveness of the self-cleaning mechanism. These sensors ensure that the cleaning process is initiated only when necessary.

[0069] The transceiver may be configured to support mesh networking. The transceiver may be configured to enable communication with base stations, wireless access points and / or other communication nodes. The base stations, wireless access points and / or other communication nodes may form a prat of the communication system as explained previously.

[0070] Configuring the transceiver to support mesh networking offers significant advantages in terms of network resilience, coverage, and scalability. Mesh networking allows communication to be distributed across multiple nodes, such as base stations, wireless access points, and other communication nodes, enabling them to relay data between one another. This structure enhances network redundancy, as data can be rerouted dynamically if a particular node fails or experiences congestion, ensuring uninterrupted communication.

[0071] The closure of the enclosure may comprise one or more first electrical contacts. The one or more first electrical contacts may be operatively connected to the antenna. The enclosure may comprise one or more second electrical contacts. The one or more second electrical contacts may be operatively connected to the transceiver. The one or more first and second electrical contacts may form an electrical connection when the closure is engaged with the enclosure, enabling the transfer of data and / or power between the transceiver and the antenna.

[0072] Integrating the electrical contacts directly onto both the closure and the enclosure offers significant advantages in terms of convenience, efficiency, and reliability. This design allows the closure (such as a manhole cover) to be removed or replaced without the need to manually disconnect any cables or connectors. The automatic engagement and disengagement of the electrical contacts streamline maintenance and access procedures, reducing the time and effort required for servicing the system. This also minimizes the risk of accidental damage to cables or connectors that can occur during manual disconnection, thereby enhancing the overall durability of the system. Additionally, having dedicated physical contacts for power and data transfer ensures a more reliable connection than wireless techniques.

[0073] In an alternative embodiment, the transfer of data and / or power between the closure and the enclosure may be achieved wirelessly. This may eliminate the need for physical electrical contacts. Wireless data transfer can be facilitated by various technologies, such as radio frequency (RF) communication, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or nearfield communication (NFC), depending on the required data transmission range and bandwidth. Wireless data and / or power transfer systems may be less susceptible to damage caused by relative movement between the closure and the enclosure. In traditional systems with physical contacts, minor shifts or vibrations between these components can degrade the connection over time, leading to reduced performance or eventual failure.

[0074] The one or more first electrical contacts may be located on a lower face of the closure. The lower face of the closure may be located on an opposite side to the upper face of the closure. The one or more first electrical contacts may be distributed around the periphery of the closure. The one or more first electrical contacts may be connected to the antenna via one or more cables. The one or more second electrical contacts may be located on an upper part of the enclosure. The one or more second electrical contacts may be located on a portion of the enclosure which is configured to come in contact with the closure when the closure is engaged with the enclosure. The one or more second electrical contacts may be connected to the transceiver via one or more cables.

[0075] In some embodiments, the one or more first electrical contacts may be operatively connected to the one or more photovoltaic cells incorporated into the closure of the enclosure. In some embodiments, the one or more second electrical contacts may be operatively connected to the power- supply controller. In this manner, the one or more first electrical contacts and the one or more second electrical contacts may enable the transfer of power between the one or more photovoltaic cells and the power-supply controller.

[0076] In one embodiment, the first electrical contacts and the second electrical contacts may comprise a first subset of contacts for transmitting power between the one or more photovoltaic cells and the power-supply controller and a second subset of electrical contacts for transmitting data between the antenna and the transceiver. In this manner, separate contacts may be used for transmitting power and data respectively.

[0077] Using separate electrical contacts for data transmission and power transmission offers several key advantages. First, it helps to reduce interference between power and data signals, ensuring more reliable and efficient data transfer. By isolating the pathways for power and data, the risk of signal degradation due to electrical noise from power transmission is minimized, leading to improved communication performance.

[0078] In one embodiment, the one or more first electrical contacts on the closure and the one or more second electrical contacts on the enclosure may be arranged in a symmetrical pattern. In this manner the respective electrical contacts may always be aligned when the closure is engaged with the enclosure.

[0079] Advantagousy, the symmetrical pattern of the electrical contacts ensures that the contacts will always be properly aligned, regardless of the orientation in which the closure is engaged with the enclosure. This eliminates the need for precise positioning during installation or maintenance, simplifying the process and reducing the likelihood of misalignment, which could lead to poor electrical connection or connection failure.

[0080] The closure and the enclosure may further comprise an alignment mechanism. The alignment mechanism may be configured to ensure that the one or more first and second electrical contacts are aligned correctly when the closure is engaged with the enclosure.

[0081] The alignment mechanism may comprise one or more complimentary mating features. The one or more complementary mating features may be positioned on both the closure and the enclosure to ensure precise alignment of the first and second electrical contacts when the closure is engaged with the enclosure. These complementary mating features may include, but are not limited to, pins and corresponding recesses and / or protrusions and grooves. For example, one or more guide pins may be positioned on the inner periphery of the closure, while corresponding guide holes or recesses may be positioned on the upper surface of the enclosure. Alternatively, the mating features may include tapered edges or interlocking notches around the circumference of the closure and enclosure, allowing for gradual, guided engagement to achieve proper alignment of the electrical contacts. These mating features may be evenly spaced around the closure and enclosure, ensuring uniform engagement and correct orientation when the two components are brought together.

[0082] Additionally or alternatively, the alignment mechanism may comprise one or more magnets positioned on both the closure and the enclosure to facilitate precise alignment of the first and second electrical contacts when the closure is engaged with the enclosure. These magnets may be arranged in opposing configurations, such that the magnetic attraction between the closure and the enclosure draws the components into proper alignment.

[0083] According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an alternative communication system. The communication system may comprise a transceiver disposed within an enclosure. The communication system may comprise an antenna operatively connected to the transceiver. The antenna may be mounted on a building or a piece of street furniture. The communication system may comprise one or more data cables. The one or more data cables may be disposed within a fluid pipe and configured to transmit data. The fluid pipe may be located within or may be accessible through the enclosure. The one or more data cables may be operatively connected to the transceiver to provide backhaul connectivity to a core network. The transceiver may be configured to transmit and receive signals via the antenna.

[0084] Mounting the antenna on a building or a piece of street furniture offers several advantages in terms of coverage. Elevated structures such as buildings and street furniture allow for improved line-of-sight communication between the antenna and user devices, resulting in enhanced signal strength and greater coverage area.

[0085] The communication system may further comprise a second antenna operatively connected to the transceiver and mounted on or integrated into a closure of the enclosure. The transceiver may be configured to transmit and receive signals via the antenna and / or the second antenna.

[0086] The configuration of having two antennas — one integrated into the closure of the enclosure and another mounted on a building or street furniture — offers significant advantages for network robustness, coverage, and signal redundancy. By incorporating both antennas, the system can facilitate multi-point communication, allowing for better distribution of network traffic and improved network reliability. The antenna in the closure may handle localized or near-field communication, while the external antenna mounted on the building or street furniture can provide wider-area coverage. Two similar antennae may be integrated into an enclosure to provide space diversity to minimise nulls in coverage when a receiving device moves.

[0087] Additionally, having two antennas enhances the system’s ability to support multiple communication channels simultaneously, which can be particularly useful in MIMO systems that require several antennas to transmit and receive multiple data streams. This dual-antenna setup can improve overall data throughput, reduce latency, and help mitigate the effects of signal interference or multipath fading, especially in dense urban environments. The presence of at least two antennas also allows for network redundancy.

[0088] According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a closure for an enclosure. The closure may comprise an antenna mounted on or integrated into the closure. The closure may comprise one or more photovoltaic cells disposed on an upper surface of the closure. The antenna may be configured to transmit and / or receive signals. The one or more photovoltaic cells may be configured to generate electrical energy for use by components within the enclosure.

[0089] The closure for the enclosure may further comprise a layer of protective material. The layer of protective material may comprise a layer of protective polymer. The layer of protective polymer may cover the antenna. The protective polymer may be scratch-proof. The protective polymer may be optically transparent. The protective polymer may be transparent to radio frequency (RF) signals. The protective polymer may be waterproof or water-resistant. In some embodiments, the layer of protective polymer may be configured to cover the one or more photovoltaic cells. The layer of protective polymer may further comprise one or more surface formations. The one or more surface formations may be configured to enhance light absorption by the one or more photovoltaic cells.

[0090] The closure may comprise a manhole cover or an inspection chamber cover.

[0091] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a fluid distribution system. The fluid distribution system may comprise one or more fluid system sensors at one or more points within the fluid distribution system. The fluid distribution system may comprise a system controller. The one or more fluid system sensors may be connected to the system controller via either of the communication systems described herein.

[0092] The one or more fluid system sensors may comprise flow sensors, contaminant sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, strain sensors, water chemistry sensors, chlorine sensors, water quality sensors, turbidity sensors, pH sensors or the like. Each sensor may comprise a connection to the communication system.

[0093] The water distribution system may comprise a system controller configured to receive data from each system sensor via the communication system. The system controller may be configured to process system sensor data to determine system status. The system controller may be configured to output indications of the system status to a user interface. The system controller may be configured to output control signals in response to the determined system state. The system controller may be configured to output control signals in response to the user interface.

[0094] The skilled person will appreciate that except where mutually exclusive, a feature described in relation to any one of the aspects, methods, examples or embodiments described herein may be applied to any other method, aspect, example, embodiment or feature. Further, the description of any aspect, method, example or feature may form part of or the entirety of an embodiment of the invention as defined by the claims. Any of the examples described herein may be an example which embodies the invention defined by the claims and thus an embodiment of the invention.

[0095] Detailed Description of the Invention In order that the invention may be more clearly understood one or more embodiments thereof will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:

[0096] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-section side view of a manhole comprising a first example of a communication system according to the present invention.

[0097] Figure 2 is (a) a schematic plan view of a first embodiment of a manhole cover according to the present invention; (b) a schematic cross-section side view of the first embodiment of the manhole cover and (c) a schematic cross-section side view of the first embodiment of the manhole cover showing a radiation pattern of an antenna embedded within the manhole cover.

[0098] Figure 3 is a schematic plan view of a second embodiment of a manhole cover according to the present invention.

[0099] Figure 4 shows schematic views of an example micro-strip flat radio antenna having a circular energy polarisation.

[0100] Figure 5 is a schematic cross-section side view of an urban environment comprising a second example of a communication system according to the present invention.

[0101] Figure 6 shows schematic views of an example micro-strip flat radio antenna having a linear energy polarisation.

[0102] Figure 7 shows schematic plan view of an example array of stacked patch antennae and radiation patterns of the stacked patch antennae.

[0103] Figure 8 shows a schematic plan view of a panel comprising the stacked patch antennae shown in Figure 7 as well as radiation patterns of the stacked patch antennae.

[0104] Figure 9 shows a schematic plan view of a panel comprising an alternative antennae arrangement as well as radiation patterns of the alternative antennae arrangement. Figure 10 shows a schematic plan view of a panel comprising a two antennas configured for cellular communications and two antennas configured for wireless local area network communications.

[0105] Figure 11 shows schematic views of a street furniture comprising at least one panel shown in Figure 9 and the radiation patterns of the alternative antennae arrangement.

[0106] Figure 12 shows schematic views of a street furniture comprising at least one panel shown in Figure 8 and the radiation patterns of the stacked patch antennae.

[0107] Figure 13 shows a schematic side plan view of an urban environment comprising a third example of a communication system according to the present invention.

[0108] Figure 14 shows a schematic view of a network comprising a communication system according to the present invention.

[0109] Turning now to Figure 1, there is shown a schematic cross-section side view of an enclosure 104 comprising a first example of a communication system 100 according to the present invention.

[0110] Although depicted specifically as a manhole, the skilled person will recognise that the enclosure 104 may comprise any type of subterranean enclosure. For example, the enclosure 104 may comprise a utility vault, an underground inspection chamber or similar.

[0111] The communication system 100 comprises a transceiver 108, an antenna 106 and a first cable 112 and a second cable 114.

[0112] The transceiver 108 is disposed within the enclosure 104. The transceiver 108 may form a part of a cellular base station 109. The cellular base station 109 (e.g., an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Node B, E-UTRAN Node B, evolved Node B, eNodeB, eNB, Next Generation Node B, gNode B, gNB, ng-eNB, or the like) may be implemented in a macrocell, microcell, small cell, picocell, distributed base station, and the like, or any combination or future evolution thereof. In one preferred embodiment, the cellular base station 109 specifically comprises a small cell base station. For example, the cellular base station 109 may specifically comprise a picocell. Although not explicitly shown in Figure 1, all components typically associated with a cellular base station 109 (in addition to the transceiver 108) may form a part of the cellular base station 109. For example, the cellular base station may comprise a processor, a computer-readable storage media, an inter-base station interface and a core-network interface.

[0113] Alternatively, the transceiver 108 may form a part of a wireless access point (not shown). The wireless access point may facilitate any form of wireless communication between any number of devices (e.g., user equipment). The wireless communication may comprise WiFi. The skilled person will recognise that any type of wireless access point may be used. These could include enterprise access points, public hotspots or outdoor access points. All components typically associated with a wireless access point (in addition to the transceiver 108) may form a part of the wireless access point.

[0114] In one embodiment (not shown), the communication system 100 may comprise a cellular base station 109 comprising a first transceiver 108 and a wireless access point comprising a second transceiver. Both the cellular base station and the wireless access point may be disposed within the enclosure 104. The skilled person will recognise that any number (and any type) of cellular base stations and / or wireless access points may be disposed in the enclosure 104 as required.

[0115] The transceiver 108 is operatively connected to the antenna 106 via a first connection 138. The first connection 138 may enable data transfer between the transceiver 108 and the antenna 106. In this manner, the transceiver is configured to transmit and receive radio frequency (RF) signals via the antenna 106 in a known manner. In this figure, for the sake of simplicity, the first connection 138 is depicted as a wired connection between the transceiver 108 and the antenna 106. However, the first connection 138 may be implemented in an alternative manner, as will be explained with reference to Figure 2b. The antenna 106 is integrated into a closure 102 for the enclosure 104. In this embodiment, the closure 102 comprises a manhole cover. The skilled person will understand that the closure 102 may comprise any type of closure. For example, in other embodiments, the closure 102 may comprise an inspection chamber cover or similar. The closure 102 is configured to engage with the enclosure 104, thereby providing a lid for the enclosure 104. The closure 102 is configured to cover the opening of the enclosure 104 when the closure 102 is engaged with the enclosure 104. The structure of the closure 102 will be described in more detail with reference to Figures 2a- 2c and 3.

[0116] The antenna 106 may support Wi-Fi communications. For example, the antenna may facilitate communication using IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna 106 may support cellular communications. For example, the antenna may facilitate communication using 4G (LTE), 5G (NR), loT-Specific Standards or future 6G communication standards. The structure and position of the antenna 106 on the closure 102 will be described in more detail with reference to Figures 2a, 3 and 4.

[0117] The first cable 112 and the second cable 114 comprise one or more data cables configured to transmit data. The one or more data cables are operatively connected to the base station 109 or the wireless access point and are configured to provide backhaul connectivity from the base station 109 or the wireless access point to a core network (not shown).

[0118] Each of the one or more data cables comprises multiple optical fibres (i.e., a bundle of optical fibres). In some embodiments, each optical fibre may be a single mode optical fibre. In other embodiments, optical fibres may be a multi-mode optical fibre. In further embodiments, the data cable may comprise a mixture of single mode and multi-mode optical fibres.

[0119] The one or more data cables may be provided with an outer sheath for providing protection for the fibre within the first cable 112 and / or the second fibre 114. The outer sheath may additionally help hold the cable structure together and / or provide axial strength and / or stability. In some embodiments, the first cable 112 and / or the second cable 114 may be armoured. The armour may be provided beneath the outer sheath. The armour may comprise one or more layers of wire. An example of the armoured cable is provided in applicant’s earlier international application no. PCT / GB2024 / 051664.

[0120] In this embodiment, the first cable 112 and the second cable 114 also include power supply cables like Power over Ethernet (PoE) Cables, copper power cables and / or a special purpose power fibres for delivery of power over fibre (PoF). Each power fibre may comprise a single multi-mode optical fibre. In some embodiments, power fibres may be provided as a bundle of multi-mode optical fibres. The power supply cables are be configured to provide electric power to the components housed within the enclosure as will be described in the proceeding disclosure. An example of a suitable cable which comprises both dedicated data fibres and power fibres is described in applicant’s earlier international application no. PCT / GB2024 / 051667.

[0121] The first cable 112 and the second cable 114 are disposed within a fluid pipe 110. The fluid pipe 110 is accessible through the enclosure 104. More specifically, the fluid pipe 110 is located directly below the enclosure 104. In some embodiments (not shown) the fluid pipe 110 may be at least partially located within the enclosure 104.

[0122] In the context of the present application, the term ‘fluid’ may refer to any material, liquid or gaseous, including and fuels such as oil or gas or associated distillates, additionally in industrial uses which may include mining and similar, the invention may more specifically refer to a primarily water-based fluid, such as potable water, pre-treatment water, foul water, wastewater or water-based slurries.

[0123] Similarly, in the context of the present application, the fluid pipe 110 may comprise any fluid conduit used to convey a fluid (gas, liquid or a mixture including a slurry) between two points, spaced apart at or below local ground level. In particular, the ‘pipe’ may traverse at a relatively regular displacement from local ground level, without requiring the ‘pipe’ to be horizontal. In some embodiments, the fluid pipe 110 may comprise a disused fluid pipe or conduit. More specifically, the fluid pipe 110 may not necessarily comprise any fluid.

[0124] The communication system 100 may further comprise a junction box 132, a first cable fitting 168 and a second cable fitting 130. The first cable 112 is configured to exit the fluid pipe 110 through the first cable fitting 168 and the second cable 114 is configured to re-enter the fluid pipe 110 through the second cable fitting 130. The special-purpose cable fittings — the first cable fitting 168 and the second cable fitting 130 — are designed to ensure the safe entry and exit of cables into and out of the fluid pipe 110. These fittings provide sealing and protection at the points where the cables pass through the pipe, ensuring that the structural integrity of the pipe is maintained and preventing the ingress of fluid or debris into the fluid pipe 110.

[0125] The first cable fitting 168 (and thus the first cable 112) is connected to the junction box 132 via a third cable 164. The second cable fitting 130 (and thus the second cable 114) is connected to the junction box 132 via a fourth cable 166.

[0126] The junction box 132 functions as a fibre and power splice and separation unit, facilitating the distribution and management of both optical fibres and power lines within the first cable 112 and the second cable 114. Inside the junction box 132, individual fibres from a larger fibre-optic bundle (located within the first cable 112 and the second cable 114) are split out for local use, such as providing connectivity to components like the base station 109 or a wireless access point within the enclosure 104. This allows for the efficient handling of data transmission by routing the necessary fibres to the local devices, while the remaining fibres in the bundle continue on their path through the fluid pipe 110 for on-bound data transmission.

[0127] Similarly, the junction box 132 is configured to separate power cables (e.g., power fibres) from the bundle for local power use, supplying energy to components housed within the enclosure 104. After the required amount of power is split for local use, the remaining power cables are re-inserted into the fluid pipe 110 (through the second cable fitting 130 for on-bound power transmission to downstream devices or systems. By incorporating both fibre-optic and power separation capabilities, the junction box 132 ensures seamless, reliable integration of local data and power needs without disrupting the overall transmission pathways.

[0128] The junction box 132 is connected to the base station 109 (or in some embodiments, a wireless access point) via a cable 160, which, in certain embodiments, comprises two separate cables — one for power transmission and the other for data transmission. This setup ensures that the base station 109 or wireless access point is effectively supplied with both data backhaul and power for its operation.

[0129] Specifically, the base station 109 or the wireless access point receives data backhaul through the first cable 112 and / or the second cable 114, which are routed through the fluid pipe 110. These cables 112, 114 provide a direct connection to the core network (not shown), ensuring that the base station 109 or wireless access point can transmit and receive data efficiently, enabling high-speed communications.

[0130] Simultaneously, power is supplied through power cables embedded within the first cable 112 and / or the second cable 114. The power cables ensure that the base station 109 or access point is continuously powered, allowing for uninterrupted operation. By separating the data and power cables, this configuration ensures reliable data transmission and power delivery without interference, enhancing the overall performance and robustness of the communication system.

[0131] The communication system 100 further comprises power generating apparatuses.

[0132] One of the power generating apparatuses comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells 116 arranged to form a solar panel. The photovoltaic cells may comprise monocrystalline silicon solar cells, poly crystalline silicon solar cells and / or thin- film solar cells. The photovoltaic cells 116 are incorporated into the closure 102 of the enclosure 104. More specifically, the photovoltaic cells are attached to an upper surface of the closure 102 of the enclosure 104. The photovoltaic cells are located on the same side of the closure 102 as the antenna 106. The exact arrangement of the photovoltaic cells will be described in more detail with reference to Figures 2a and 3.

[0133] Advantageously, embedding or attaching the cells 116 directly to the closure 102 enables a compact, integrated design that does not require additional space or external structures for mounting solar panels. Incorporating the photovoltaic cells into the closure 102 of the enclosure 104 allows for unobtrusive energy harvesting. Additionally, integrating the cells into the upper surface helps create a self-sufficient power system for remote locations, eliminating the need for external power sources or frequent battery replacements. The photovoltaic cells 116 are connected to a power supply controller 124 via a sixth cable 120. In turn, the power supply controller 124 is connected to the base station 109 (or a wireless access point) via a seventh cable 162. The power supply controller 124 is further connected to a battery 122.

[0134] The power supply controller 124 is configured to manage the local power generation from the power generating apparatuses, such as the photovoltaic cells 116 embedded in the closure 102. The controller collects the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic cells (and other power generating apparatus that will be described in more detail in the subsequent disclosure) and may, optionally, route it to a battery 122 for storage. This enables the system 100 to maintain power autonomy, particularly during periods of low sunlight, such as at night or in overcast conditions, ensuring continuous operation of the communication system 100. The stored power can be used to provide a reliable power supply to the base station 109, the wireless access point, or any other components housed within the enclosure 104.

[0135] Another one of the power generating apparatuses comprises a fluid-driven device. In this embodiment, the fluid-driven device companies a generator (not shown) connected to a rotor 142 disposed within the fluid pipe 110. The flow of fluid through the pipe 110 is configured to drive the rotor 142 thus generating electrical power. In this embodiment the rotor 142 comprises an Archimedes screw rotor, but other rotors such as a Savonius type rotor, a Darrieus type rotor may be used.

[0136] The generator may comprise a rotator element and a stator element, wherein relative movement between the rotator element and stator element against electromagnetic resistance generates an output electrical current. The rotor 142 disposed within the fluid pipe 110 is configured to drive the rotator element of the generator.

[0137] The rotor 142 is provided with a live insert remove apparatus 126 for easy maintenance of the rotor 142. The live insert remove apparatus 126 is configured to facilitate the maintenance and servicing of the rotor 142, without the need to completely shut down the system or interrupt the flow of fluid through the pipe 110. This apparatus allows for the safe and controlled removal or insertion of the rotor 142 while the fluid infrastructure network remains operational, minimizing downtime. Additionally, the generator is connected to the power supply controller 124 via an eighth cable 164.

[0138] The power-generating device being a rotor 142 disposed within the fluid pipe offers several key advantages in terms of efficiency and integration. By harnessing the flow of fluid through the pipe, the rotor 142 can convert kinetic energy into electrical power without requiring an external power source or significant structural modifications. Additionally, the fluid-driven rotor 142 is installed within the pipe 110, making it a compact and protected solution that is less susceptible to environmental damage. The fluid pipe 110 housing the fluid-driven rotor 142 is designed to be readily accessible through the enclosure 104, thereby facilitating efficient connection of the power-generating device 142 to any instruments or components within the enclosure 104 that require electrical power (e.g., the base station 109).

[0139] Although not explicitly shown, other power-generating devices may be used. For example, in some embodiments the power generating apparatus may comprise a piezoelectric device. The piezoelectric device may be incorporated into the closure 102 of the enclosure 104. The piezoelectric device may be configured to generate electricity in response to mechanical pressure exerted on the closure 102. The piezoelectric device 102 may comprise a piezoelectric generator. Advantageously, this setup enables the system 100 to generate electricity from mechanical pressure, such as footsteps or vehicular traffic passing over the closure 102.

[0140] In some embodiments (not explicitly shown) the power generating apparatus may comprise a thermal energy conversion device. The thermal energy conversion device may be configured to generate electricity using a temperature differential between the fluid within the fluid pipe 110 and external environment. The thermal energy conversion device may be located within the enclosure 104. Such a technique may be particularly suitable for hot climates, with heat flows from above ground and in-pipe locations being conducted efficiently to a thermal generator cell via heat-pipes.

[0141] The communication system 100 may further comprise additional remote antennas, base stations, wireless access points and / or power generating apparatuses. Any power generated from remote power generating apparatuses is transmitted to the power supply controller 124 via a ninth cable 136. Any data may be transmitted between one or more remote antennas, base stations and / or wireless access points and the junction box 132 via a tenth cable 140. In this manner, the base station may be able to communicate with one or more remote antennas, base stations and / or wireless access points. Moreover, it enables the communication system 100 (and specifically the base station 109) to harness energy from geographically distributed remote power generating apparatuses, providing enhanced energy resilience and distribution across the network.

[0142] The ninth cable 136 and the tenth cable 140 are provided in a dedicated conduit, which is provided in a micro-trench 134. The micro trench 134 is drilled between the enclosurel04 and dedicated locations near the remote antennas, base stations, wireless access points and / or power generating apparatuses.

[0143] The micro-trench 134 comprises a narrow, shallow slot / trench, created using standard rotary disc techniques, allowing for the installation of the conduit with minimal disruption to existing infrastructure. These trenches 134 can be easily provided to pavement edges or to immediately adjacent shallow points on the road surface, reducing the need for extensive excavation and significantly lowering installation costs and time. Directional drilling and thrust-boring are alternatively used techniques.

[0144] This method ensures that the cables 136, 140 are safely enclosed and protected from external environmental factors while maintaining direct connectivity between the enclosure 104 and the remote antennas, base stations, wireless access points, and / or power generating apparatuses. The location and function of some example remote antennas, base stations, wireless access points, and / or power generating apparatuses will be described with reference to Figures 5 and 13.

[0145] The communication system 100 provides a significantly enhanced solution for deploying communication nodes, such as base stations 109 and wireless access points, within existing infrastructure, particularly in urban environments where space is constrained and extensive modifications are impractical. By integrating an antenna 109 into structures the closure 102 (e.g., manhole cover), the system 100 enables seamless network deployment with minimal disruption to the surrounding environment. This allows for efficient expansion of communication networks without the need for costly or disruptive infrastructure changes. The system supports general connectivity, including mobile networks, Wi-Fi, and other communication technologies, making it ideal for areas with high demand for both data transfer and reliable communication.

[0146] Turning now to Figure 2a and 2b. Figure 2a shows a schematic plan view of a first embodiment of the closure 102 in form of a manhole cover. Figure 2b shows a schematic cross-section side view of the first embodiment of the closure 102.

[0147] The closure 102 comprises a body 118, the antenna 106, the plurality of photovoltaic cells 116, a self-cleaning system 202 and a layer of protective material in a form of a layer of protective polymer 204.

[0148] The antenna 106 in this embodiment comprises an antenna that is especially suited for cellular communications. For example, the antenna 106 comprises a patch antenna and specifically a microstrip antenna. The microstrip antenna 106 is suited for communication using 4G (LTE), 5G (NR) or future 6G communication standards. In other embodiments the antenna 106 may comprise an antenna that is especially suited for WiFi communications.

[0149] Microstrip antennas offer several advantages, making them particularly effective when integrated into the closure 102 of the enclosure 104. These antennas are compact, lightweight, and easy to manufacture using standard printed circuit board (PCB) techniques. Their planar design ensures that they can be easily mounted flush on surfaces such as manhole covers or inspection chamber lids. The body 118 of the closure 102 is configured with a shape that substantially resembles a circular trough, characterized by a circular base and raised peripheral walls extending vertically from the base. The raised walls form a continuous boundary around the circumference of the body, creating a concave profile with a U-shaped cross-section when viewed in a radial direction. The skilled person will understand that the closure 102 may be formed from a shape other than circular, e.g. square or rectangular.

[0150] The body 118 of the closure 102 may be constructed from various materials selected based on the specific application and environmental requirements. For implementations involving roadways where the closure 102 must withstand heavy vehicular loads and endure harsh conditions, the body 118 may be formed from metallic materials such as cast iron, ductile iron, or steel to provide enhanced structural strength and durability. Alternatively, for applications in walkways or non-traffic areas — for example, deployments on pavements or pedestrian zones — the body 118 may be optimally fabricated from lighter-duty polymeric materials, including but not limited to high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene, or fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP).

[0151] The body 118 comprises a lower surface and an upper surface. The upper surface of the body 118 comprises a surface of the body 118 which faces away from an inside of the enclosure 104 when the closure 102 is engaged with the enclosure 104. The lower surface of the body 118 is located opposite to the upper surface of the body 118 and is configured to face the inside of the enclosure 104 when the closure 102 is engaged with the enclosure 104.

[0152] The antenna 116 is attached to the centre of the upper surface of the body 118 of the closure 102. The photovoltaic cells 116 are also attached to the upper surface of the closure 102 of the enclosure. The photovoltaic cells 116 are arranged such that they fully surround the antenna 116. The photovoltaic cells 116 are level with the antenna 116.

[0153] The layer of protective polymer 204 covers the upper surface of the closure 102. In this manner, the layer of protective polymer 204 covers both the antenna 116 and the photovoltaic cells 116.

[0154] The protective polymer 204 is scratch-proof, optically transparent and transparent to radio frequency (RF) signals. The surface 204 may be formed from any other resilient and optically / radio transparent material, e.g. hardened glass. Additionally, the protective polymer is waterproof. In some embodiments (not shown), the layer of protective polymer 204 may further comprise one or more surface formations. The one or more surface formations may be configured to enhance light absorption by the photovoltaic cells 116.

[0155] The one or more surface formations may comprise a textured pattern or one or more microstructures in the layer of the protective polymer 204. The one or more surface formations may be specifically designed to enhance light absorption. The layer of protective polymer 204 may further comprise an anti-reflective coating.

[0156] Applying a protective polymer layer 204 over the upper surface of the body 118 of the closure 102 provides multiple benefits. The polymer's scratch-resistant properties ensure long-term protection for the antenna 106 and photovoltaic cells 116, safeguarding them from physical damage and preserving their structural integrity and operational performance. Its optical transparency is critical when covering photovoltaic cells, allowing for optimal light transmission and maximum energy absorption. Furthermore, the polymer's radio frequency (RF) transparency ensures that the antenna 106 can effectively transmit and receive signals without interference, thereby maintaining efficient communication performance.

[0157] The self-cleaning system 202 comprises an elastomeric tube arranged around the periphery of the closure 102 of the enclosure 104. The tube comprises a plurality of openings positioned along the inner-facing side of the tube. The self-cleaning system 202 further comprises a fluid tank (not shown) in fluid communication with the tube. The self-cleaning system 202 comprises a pump (not shown) operatively connected to the fluid tank. The pump is configured to force the fluid from the fluid tank into the elastomeric tube and through the one or more openings onto a surface of the closure 102 thereby cleaning it.

[0158] In some embodiments (not shown) the self-cleaning system may comprise an automated activation system. The automated activation system may comprise one or more sensors configured to detect certain environmental conditions like accumulation of debris, dust, or precipitation. The automated activation system may be configured to activate the pump in response to the sensors detecting the certain environmental conditions.

[0159] In some embodiments (not shown), the self-cleaning system 202 may operate passively by relying solely on surface water, such as rainwater, without the need for a fluid tank or pump. In this configuration, the elastomeric tube arranged around the periphery of the closure 102 is designed to collect and store surface water. External forces, such as traffic movement or footfall on the closure 102, apply pressure to the elastomeric tube, causing the stored water to be released through the openings along the inner-facing side of the tube. As the water is expelled, it is directed onto the surface of the closure 102, effectively removing accumulated dust, debris, or other environmental contaminants. This embodiment eliminates the need for external power or automated activation systems, offering a more energy-efficient, low-maintenance solution.

[0160] An alternative implementation of the first connection 138 between the transceiver 108 (or a base station 109 or a wireless access point comprising the transceiver 108) will now be described with reference to Figure 2b.

[0161] The first connection 138 comprises first electrical contacts 208 connected to the antenna 106 via a cable 206. The enclosure 104 comprises second electrical contacts 210 connected to the transceiver 108 (or the base station comprising the transceiver 108) via a cable 212. These contacts 208, 210 establish an electrical connection when the closure 102 is engaged with the enclosure 104, facilitating the transfer of data between the antenna 106 and the transceiver 108.

[0162] The first electrical contacts 208 are positioned on the lower surface of the closure 102. The second electrical contacts 210 are located on an upper portion of the enclosure 104. The second electrical contacts 210 are configured to come in contact with the first electrical contacts 208.

[0163] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic cells 116 incorporated into the closure 102 can transmit power to the power-supply controller 124 through one or more electrical contacts (not shown) which operate in substantially the same manner as contacts 208, 210. In this manner, subset of electrical contacts may handle power transmission, while another subset 208, 210 manages data transmission.

[0164] In one embodiment, the one or more first electrical contacts 208 on the closure 102 and the one or more second electrical contacts 210 on the enclosure 104 may be arranged in a symmetrical pattern around the periphery of the closure 102 and the enclosure 104 respectively. In this manner the respective electrical contacts may always be aligned when the closure 102 is engaged with the enclosure 104.

[0165] Advantagousy, the symmetrical pattern of the electrical contacts 208, 210 ensures that the contacts will always be properly aligned, regardless of the orientation in which the closure is engaged with the enclosure. This eliminates the need for precise positioning during installation or maintenance, simplifying the process and reducing the likelihood of misalignment, which could lead to poor electrical connection or connection failure.

[0166] The closure and the enclosure may further comprise an alignment mechanism (not shown). The alignment mechanism may be configured to ensure that the one or more first 208 and second 210 electrical contacts are aligned correctly when the closure 102 is engaged with the enclosure 104.

[0167] The alignment mechanism may comprise one or more complimentary mating features. The one or more complementary mating features may be positioned on both the closure 102 and the enclosure 104 to ensure precise alignment of the first 208 and second 210 electrical contacts when the closure 102 is engaged with the enclosure 104.

[0168] Additionally or alternatively, the alignment mechanism may comprise one or more magnets positioned on both the closure 102 and the enclosure 104 to facilitate precise alignment of the first 208 and second 210 electrical contacts when the closure 102 is engaged with the enclosure 104. These magnets may be arranged in opposing configurations, such that the magnetic attraction between the closure 102 and the enclosure 104 draws the components into proper alignment.

[0169] Turning now to Figure 2c there is shown a schematic cross-section side view of the first embodiment of the closure 102 showing a radiation pattern 220 of the antenna 106.

[0170] The radiation pattern 220, as depicted in Figure 2c, represents the omnidirectional coverage of the antenna 106. An omni-directional antenna radiates signals uniformly in all horizontal directions, forming a 360-degree radiation pattern in the azimuth plane.

[0171] The omni-directional radiation pattern of the antenna 106 is particularly advantageous for integration into manhole covers. Given that manhole covers are typically positioned at ground level, the antenna's ability to radiate signals evenly in all horizontal directions ensures that communication can be maintained with surrounding devices, regardless of their position relative to the antenna. Turning now to Figure 3 there is shown a schematic plan view of a second closure 300 in accordance with the present invention.

[0172] The structure of the second closure 300 is substantially identical to the structure of the closure 102. As such, only the differences between these closures will now be described.

[0173] Instead of having a single antenna 106 positioned in the centre of the closure 102, the second closure 300 comprises a first antenna 106a, a second antenna 106b, a third antenna 304a and a fourth antenna 304b.

[0174] The first antenna 106a, the second antenna 106b, the third antenna 304a, and the fourth antenna 304b, arranged symmetrically around the periphery of the closure. The first antenna 106a and the second antenna 106b are configured for cellular transmission and reception, making them suitable for facilitating cellular communications such as 4G, 5G, or other mobile network standards. These antennas are operatively connected to a base station 109, located within the enclosure 104.

[0175] In contrast, the third antenna 304a and the fourth antenna 304b are designed to support WiFi communications and are operatively connected to a wireless access point, also positioned within the enclosure 104. These Wi-Fi antennas provide wireless local area network (WLAN) coverage, enabling high-speed, short-range data transmission for devices within the vicinity of the closure 102.

[0176] The spatial separation of all four antennas 106a, 106b, 304a, 304b around the outer periphery of the circular closure 300 not only ensures optimal signal coverage for both cellular and Wi-Fi networks but also leverages space diversity. This deployment improves signal quality by mitigating the effects of multipath interference.

[0177] Turning now to Figure 4 there are shown schematic views 400, 402, 440 of an example micro-strip flat radio antenna 106 having a circular energy polarisation. The antennas 106a, 106b, 304a, 304b may comprise a substantially similar structure.

[0178] In a side schematic view 400, the antenna 106 comprises a conductive material radiating element 408, a rear ground plane 412 and an insulation element 410. The radiating element 408 is configured for circular polarisation energy transmission. The insulation element 410 separates the radiating element 408 from the rear ground plane 412. The rear ground plate 412 is constructed from continuous conductive material. The ground plane 412 ensures proper grounding and supports the overall structure, which can be fabricated using a printed circuit board (PCB) of appropriate dimensions to suit the design requirements. The use of a PCB enables efficient and cost-effective manufacturing, providing precise control over the antenna's 106 operational characteristics.

[0179] The plan view 402 shows the radiating element 408, while the ground plane 412 is concealed beneath the insulation layer 410. The view 440 provides a schematic representation of the radiation pattern 406 in the elevation plane, demonstrating the circular polarisation characteristics of the antenna 106.

[0180] Turning now to Figure 5 there is shown a schematic cross-section side view of an urban environment 500 comprising an example of a second communication system 501 according to the present invention.

[0181] The urban environment 500 comprises a road 508, a pavement 510, a piece of street furniture 512, a building 514, the enclosure 104 with the associated closure 102, the fluid pipe 110 and a chamber 502 with an associated second closure 506. The piece of street furniture 512, the building 514 are positioned on the pavement 510. The chamber 502 is embedded within the pavement 510. In some embodiments, the chamber 502 may comprise an inspection chamber. The enclosure 104 is embedded within the road 508. The fluid pipe 110 runs underneath the road 508 and is accessible through the enclosure 104.

[0182] In this Figure the piece of street furniture is schematically represented as a pole which may form a part of a lamp post, a traffic sign or similar. However, the skilled person will understand that the street furniture may equally comprise: a bus shelter, a traffic light, a bench, a parking meter, a tree, a public rubbish bin or an advertising display. The building may comprise any type of building including residential buildings and / or commercial buildings.

[0183] The micro-trench (or thrust-bored / directionally drilled hole) 134 extends between a side of the enclosure 104, the chamber 502, a base of the piece of street furniture 512 and a base of the building 514. The second communication system 501 comprises the communication system 100 located within the enclosure 104, the fluid pipe 110 and the closure 102. The communication system 100 is identical to the communication system described with reference to Figure 1.

[0184] The second communication system 501 further comprises a second base station 504 disposed within the chamber 502. The skilled person will recognise that device 504 may alternatively comprise a second wireless access point. For the sake of simplicity, the device 504 will henceforth be referred to as a base station. The second base station 504 is connected to a fifth antenna 503. The fifth antenna 503 is connected to (or disposed within) the second closure 506. In this manner the second base station 504 is configured to transmit and receive signals using the fifth antenna 503. The fifth antenna 503 may comprise a flat microstrip antenna (such as the antenna 106 shown in Figure 4).

[0185] The base station 504 is connected to the junction box 132 (and thus to the core network via the first cable 112 and / or the second cable 114) using the tenth cable 140. The tenth cable 140 is disposed within (or routed through) the micro-trench 134.

[0186] The closure 506 further comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells (not shown). The photovoltaic cells are connected to or embedded within the closure 506 (in a similar manner shown in Figure 2a or Figure 3). The photovoltaic cells are connected to the power supply controller 124 via the ninth cable 136. The ninth cable 136 is disposed within (or routed through) the micro-trench 134.

[0187] Integrating the second base station 504 and the additional photovoltaic cells into the communication system 501 offers several significant advantages. The inclusion of the second base station 504, positioned within the chamber 502 and connected to the fifth antenna 503 in the second closure 506, enhances the overall network coverage and capacity by providing an additional point of communication. This facilitates improved signal strength and data throughput in areas that may otherwise experience weak connectivity, particularly in dense urban environments. Integrating additional photovoltaic cells into the second closure 506 of the communication system 501 provides the key benefit of enhancing energy production capacity. These additional photovoltaic cells generate renewable energy that can be stored in a battery or energy storage unit within the system.

[0188] The second communication system 501 further comprises additional power generating apparatuses.

[0189] More specifically, the second communication system 501 comprises a first wind turbine 516 and a second wind turbine 518. The first wind turbine 516 is mounted to the piece of street furniture 512 and the second wind turbine is mounted to the building 514. Both the first wind turbine 516 and the second wind turbine 518 are connected to the power supply controller 124 via the ninth cable 136. The ninth cable 136 is disposed within (or routed through) the micro-trench 134.

[0190] The addition of these wind turbines 516, 518 offers several key benefits. Firstly, they complement the photovoltaic cells by providing a secondary renewable energy source, ensuring continuous power generation even in low-light conditions, such as at night or during cloudy weather. This diversification of energy sources enhances the system’s energy reliability and self-sufficiency, reducing dependency on external power grids. Secondly, the energy generated by the wind turbines 516, 518 can be stored in the system’s battery 122 or energy storage unit, providing a reserve of power that can be utilized during periods of high energy demand or when solar generation is insufficient.

[0191] The communication system 501 further comprises a first group of panels 550 mounted to the piece of street furniture 512 and a second panel 520 mounted to the building 514. The first group of panels 550 may consist of a plurality of panels, each incorporating one or more photovoltaic cells and / or antennas. Similarly, the second panel 520 may comprise one or more photovoltaic cells and / or antennas. The various structural configurations of the panels 550 and 520, along with the specific types of antennas that may be mounted to these respective panels, will be further described with reference to Figures 6 to 12.

[0192] The photovoltaic cells and / or antennas incorporated into the panels 550 and 520 are operatively connected to the junction box 132 for data transmission and to the power supply controller 124 for power management. These connections are established via the tenth cable 140 and ninth cable 136, respectively, which are routed through the microtrench 134 to ensure secure and protected integration into the communication system 501. This design allows for the efficient management of both energy generation and communication signals, leveraging the strategic placement of the panels on the street furniture and building for optimized data transmission and energy harvesting.

[0193] Turning now to Figure 6 there are shown schematic views of an example microstrip flat radio antenna 608 having a linear energy polarisation. This antenna may be incorporated into the panels 550 and 520 as part of the communication system 501, as will be further described in subsequent figures.

[0194] The micro-strip antenna 608 comprises a conductive material radiating element 602, a ground plate 606 and an insulation element 604. The radiating element 602 is vertically polarised. This radiating element is separated from the ground plate 606 by an insulation element 604, which provides dielectric support. The ground plate 606 may be constructed using printed circuit board (PCB) technology, with dimensions determined based on the antenna's 608 operational frequency requirements. The radio input feed point and patch dimensions are similarly selected to match the desired frequency band.

[0195] A plan view 600 shows the central position of the radiating element 602 on the insulation element 604 of the antenna 608.

[0196] An azimuth radiation pattern 612, as shown in an elevation view 609, illustrates the linear polarisation characteristic of the antenna 608, wherein energy is primarily concentrated along a single vertical axis 610.

[0197] Vertically polarized antennas provide a generally optimal transmission and reception signal when mounted vertically and positioned above ground. This makes them ideal for above-ground installations, such panels 550 and 520.

[0198] Turning now to Figure 7 there is shown a schematic plan view 701 of an array 700 of stacked patch antennae and radiation patterns of the array.

[0199] The array 700 comprises a sixth antenna 608a, a seventh antenna 608b, an eighth antenna 608c and a ninth antenna 608d. Each of these antennas 608a, 608b, 608c and 608d comprises a vertically polarised antenna (like the antenna 608 shown in Figure 6).

[0200] The antenna array 700 is configured for cellular communications.

[0201] The sixth antenna 608a, the seventh antenna 608b, the eighth antenna 608c and the ninth antenna 608d are connected to phasing matrix device 702. The phasing matrix device 702 functions as a beamforming apparatus that precisely controls the phase and amplitude of the signals supplied to or received from each individual antenna 608a, 608b, 608c, 608d element within the array.

[0202] This arrangement allows the array 700 to create a formed energy beam characterized by a horizontal coverage fan shape and a narrow vertical beam. By adjusting the relative phases of the signals through the phasing matrix device 702, the array can manipulate the combined radiation pattern of the antennas 608a, 608b, 608c, 608d to achieve beam shaping and beam steering. This formed beam shape provides a defined area coverage with enhanced antenna forward gain, thereby improving radio distance coverage.

[0203] Furthermore, the vertical beamwidth and electrical down-tilt of the antenna array are configurable through antenna design options. This configurability allows for the adjustment of the beam's vertical spread and tilt angle to optimize coverage for specific deployment scenarios, enhancing signal focus toward desired areas while minimizing interference.

[0204] The antenna array 700 may be configured in various ways to support different operational requirements, including optional Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) configurations. MIMO technology enables multiple data streams to be transmitted and received simultaneously, significantly increasing the capacity and efficiency of the communication system 501.

[0205] Figure 7 further shows a schematic representation of the radiation patterns 704, 706 of the array 700 in the azimuth plane and the elevation plane respectively.

[0206] The array 700 may be incorporated into the first group of panels 550 and / or the second panel 520 as will be described with reference to proceeding Figures. Turning now to Figure 8 there is shown a schematic plan view of a panel 800 comprising the stacked patch antennae array 700 shown in Figure 7 as well as radiation patterns 704, 706 of the stacked patch antennae.

[0207] The panel 800 is substantially rectangular in shape. The panel 800 comprises the stacked patch antennae array 700 mounted in the centre of the panel. The panel 800 further comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells 116 surrounding the stacked patch antennae array 700.

[0208] The panel 800 is preferably constructed from a radio transparent polymeric material, which facilitates omni-directional antenna coverage, including rear coverage. This construction allows signals to propagate effectively from both the front and rear of the panel, enhancing the overall communication system's performance. By ensuring that the panel material does not interfere with the radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted or received by the antenna array, the panel enables unobstructed signal propagation in all directions, further optimizing the system's coverage capabilities.

[0209] The panel 800 may be mounted to a building (such as building 514 in Figure 5) or to a piece of street furniture (such as street furniture 512). The ability to mount the panel in various urban structures enables flexible deployment, making it ideal for smart city applications. By leveraging existing structures, the communication system 501 can be deployed with minimal disruption to the surrounding environment while ensuring maximum signal coverage and power generation.

[0210] Turning now to Figure 9 there is shown a schematic plan view of a panel 900 comprising an alternative antenna 902 as well as radiation patterns 904, 906 of the alternative antennae 902.

[0211] The panel 900 is substantially rectangular in shape. The panel 900 comprises an alternative vertically polarised antenna 902 mounted in the centre of the panel. The panel 900 further comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells 116 surrounding the alternative antenna 902.

[0212] The alternative antenna 902, may comprise a variety of antenna types, including but not limited to a dipole, quarter wave, 5 / 8 wave, collinear, or dipole array. The antenna 902 may comprise a vertical polarization and may provide omni-directional coverage in the azimuth plane, making it highly suitable for deployment on street furniture 512 or buildings 514. The panel 900 may be mounted to the building 514. For example, the panel 900 may be the second panel 520 shown in Figure 5.

[0213] The azimuth radiation pattern 904 associated with the antenna 902 demonstrates omni-directional coverage, indicating that the antenna radiates electromagnetic energy uniformly across the 360-degree horizontal plane. The elevation radiation pattern 906 illustrates an efficient narrow beam, optimized for optimal range and signal focus. The vertical beamwidth and electrical down-tilt of the antenna are configurable through antenna design options, allowing for precise control over the vertical distribution of the radiated energy.

[0214] The panel 900 is preferably constructed from a radio-transparent polymeric material, facilitating unobstructed transmission and reception of radio frequency signals. This material selection ensures that the antenna's performance is not impeded by the panel's structure. The integration of the photovoltaic cells 116 with the antenna 902 provides a dual-functionality system that harnesses solar energy while facilitating wireless communication.

[0215] Turning now to Figure 10 there is shown a schematic plan view of a panel 1000 comprising two antennas configured for cellular communications and two antennas configured for wireless local area network communications (e.g., WiFi communication) .

[0216] The two antennae configured for cellular communications comprise two arrays 700 of stacked patch antennae (shown in Figure 7). The two arrays 700 of stacked patch antennae are positioned in the upper-left and upper-right sections of the panel 1000. These cellular antenna arrays 700 are arranged symmetrically on opposite sides of the panel and are spaced apart, providing enhanced coverage for cellular signals. Each array 700 may be connected to one or more base stations (such as base station 109) to facilitate reliable cellular transmission and reception.

[0217] Below the cellular antennas, the two antennae 1002 configured for wireless local area network (WLAN) communications are positioned in the lower- left and lower- right sections of the panel 1000. These antennae 1002 are also symmetrically arranged. These antennae 1002 are connected to one or more wireless access points located in the communication system 100, 501.

[0218] The panel 1000 also incorporates a plurality of photovoltaic cells 116, which are positioned around the antennas 700 and 1002, fully surrounding each of them. The panel 1000 is preferably constructed from radio frequency (RF) transparent polymeric material, allowing RF signals from both the cellular and WLAN antennas to pass through without obstruction. The panel 1000 may be mounted on buildings 514 or street furniture 512.

[0219] The integration of two antennae configured for cellular communications and two antennae configured for wireless local area network (WLAN) communications into a single panel offers distinct advantages, particularly in terms of optimised signal quality due to space diversity.

[0220] Turning now to Figure 11 there are shown schematic views of a piece of street furniture 512 comprising at least one panel 900 shown in Figure 9 and the radiation patterns 904, 906 of the alternative antennae arrangement embedded within the panel 900.

[0221] As previously mentioned, the piece of street furniture 512 comprises a pole which may form a part of a lamp post, a traffic sign or similar. The first group of panels 550 are mounted on (or connected to) the pole of the piece of street furniture 512. In this embodiment the first group of panels 550 comprises a first panel 1102, a second panel 1100 and a third panel 1104. The first panel 1102 is mounted on a west facing side of the pole, the second panel 1100 is mounted on a south facing side of the pole and the third panel is mounted on an east facing side of the pole.

[0222] Each one of the first panel 1102, the second panel 1100 and the third panel 1104 may comprise either a solar panel 1106 or a communications panel in a form of the panel 900 (described with reference to Figure 9). The solar panel 1106 comprises a plurality of photovoltaic cells 116. The solar panel 1106 does not comprise any antennas.

[0223] The position and / or orientation of the solar panel 1106 and / or the communications panel 900 relative to the street furniture 512 may be controllably adjustable using an actuation mechanism (not shown). For example, the solar panel 1106 may be controllably and adjustably vertically uptilted relative to the pole. A skilled person will recognise that any suitable actuation mechanism may be used. The actuation mechanism may further comprise a sun-tracking mechanism. The sun tracking mechanism may allow the solar panel 1106 and / or the communications panel 900 to adjust its angle throughout the day to continuously face the sun. Advantageously, this mechanism may maximize solar energy capture and improve the overall efficiency of power generation.

[0224] The configuration of the first group of panels 550 mounted on the pole of the street furniture 512 offers several advantages for energy collection. By optionally positioning the first panel 1102 facing west, the second panel 1100 facing south, and the third panel 1104 facing east, the setup maximizes the potential to harness solar energy throughout the day. For installations in the Southern Hemisphere, an alternative orientation with panels facing east, north, and west could be used to achieve similar sun-tracking benefits.

[0225] Additionally, the vertical uptilt of the panels may further optimize energy collection by capturing sunlight more effectively.

[0226] Turning now to Figure 12 there are shown schematic views of a street furniture 512 comprising at least one panel 800 shown in Figure 8 and the radiation patterns 1202, 706 of the stacked patch antennae 700 embedded in the panel 800.

[0227] In this embodiment, each one of the first panel 1102, the second panel 1100 and the third panel 1104 may comprise either a solar panel 1106 or a second communications panel in a form of the panel 800 (described with reference to Figure 8).

[0228] The position and / or orientation of the solar panel 1106 and / or the second communications panel 800 relative to the street furniture 512 may be controllably adjustable using an actuation mechanism (not shown). For example, the solar panel 1106 and / or the second communications panel 800 may be controllably and adjustably vertically uptilted relative to the pole. A skilled person will recognise that any suitable actuation mechanism may be used. The actuation mechanism may further comprise a sun- tracking mechanism. The sun tracking mechanism may allow the solar panel 1106 and / or the second communications panel 800 to adjust its angle throughout the day to continuously face the sun. Advantageously, this mechanism may maximize solar energy capture and improve the overall efficiency of power generation.

[0229] Turning now to Figure 13, there is shown a schematic side plan view of an urban environment 1300 comprising a third embodiment of a communication system 1301 in accordance with the present invention.

[0230] The urban environment 1300 includes a carriageway or road surface 508, adjacent to a pavement or sidewalk 510 (which may alternatively comprise a grass verge, parkland area, or other pedestrian pathways in some embodiments). A number of urban features are positioned throughout this environment. These urban features include two bus shelters 1308, 14 pieces of street furniture, which comprise poles 512 (e.g., lamp posts, utility poles, or similar structures), three subterranean enclosures 104, each having a manhole cover 102, a subterranean network of fluid pipes 110, two chambers 502 with corresponding chamber covers 506, three buildings 514, and three traffic signs 1310.

[0231] The chambers 502, poles 512, buildings 514, traffic signs 1310, and bus shelters 1308 are situated either on or within the sidewalk 510. Conversely, the subterranean network of fluid pipes 110, along with the enclosures 104 and manhole covers 102, are located within the road or carriageway 508. These urban features are interconnected by micro-trenches 134, each containing at least the ninth cable 136 and the tenth cable 140, as previously described.

[0232] The enclosures 104 and chambers 502 may house base stations 109 and / or wireless access points for facilitating network communications. Their associated manhole covers 102 and chamber covers 506 may also incorporate one or more antennas, as detailed in Figures 2a and 3. The street furniture, including the poles 512, may feature panels, which may be configured as solar panels 1106 or communication panels 900, 800, as shown in Figures 11 and 12.

[0233] Furthermore, the buildings 514, traffic signs 1310, and bus shelters 1308 may include any number of panels, similar to those illustrated in Figures 8 to 10. These panels may incorporate photovoltaic cells for energy harvesting or antennas for communication, depending on the configuration required for the given urban environment.

[0234] The communication system 1301 provides numerous advantages, particularly in urban environments where space and infrastructure are limited. By utilizing existing urban features, such as bus shelters 1308, street furniture 512, and buildings 514, the system enables the deployment of additional base stations 109 and wireless access points without the need for significant new construction or disruption. The integration of antennas within manhole covers 102, 506 and street furniture allows for optimal signal coverage. The system’s use of micro-trenches for interconnecting cables provides a cost-effective and minimally invasive solution for data and power transmission across the urban environment. Additionally, incorporating solar panels and other energy-harvesting technologies, into the panels ensures a self-sustaining power source, reducing dependency on external power supplies. The modularity and scalability of the system 1301 allow for the seamless integration of new components and upgrades.

[0235] Turning now to Figure 14 there is shown a schematic view of a network 1400 comprising a communication system 100, 1301, 501 according to the present invention.

[0236] The network comprises a communication node 1410. This communication node 1410 may comprise a base station 109 or a wireless access point in accordance with the present invention.

[0237] The communication node 1410 provides wireless connectivity (e.g., WLAN or cellular connectivity) to a range of devices, including but not limited to: active SMART City Traffic & Public Information signs 1412, CCTV street monitoring 1414, SMART City environmental sensors 1416 (e.g., fire sensors), Traffic light control and active traffic management devices 1418, Autonomous vehicles 1420, other communication nodes 1422, Active Advertising Boards 1424, SMART City sewer and drain sensors 1426, Public Internet Kiosks 1428, SMART Public transport 1430 and Traffic monitoring cameras 1432. As previously described, the communication node 1410 is connected to the core network 1407 via at least the first cable 112 and the second cable 114, which are disposed within one or more fluid pipes 110 that form part of a fluid infrastructure network 1407. The core network 1407 may be linked via an internet connection 1402 to a mobile network operator's central office 1404 and a mobile service provider's central office 1406, facilitating seamless data exchange and service management between the communication node and external networks.

[0238] The network 1400, as illustrated in Figure 14, provides a highly efficient and scalable solution for urban environments by integrating wireless connectivity to support a wide array of Smart City applications. The system leverages existing fluid infrastructure networks 1407 by deploying the first cable 112 and the second cable 114 within one or more fluid pipes 110. This innovative utilization of existing fluid pipes for data backhaul minimizes the need for extensive civil engineering works, reduces installation costs, and accelerates deployment timelines. The communication node 1410, which may comprise a base station 109 or a wireless access point, is operatively connected to the core network 1402 via these cables, enabling high-bandwidth, low- latency communication essential for advanced urban applications. The network is designed for seamless integration with existing urban infrastructure, including street furniture 512, buildings 514, and other urban features, thereby minimizing structural alterations.

[0239] It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the examples and embodiments above-described and various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the concepts described herein. Except where mutually exclusive, any of the features may be employed separately or in combination with any other features and the disclosure extends to and includes all combinations and subcombinations of one or more features described herein.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A communication system, comprising: a transceiver disposed within an enclosure; an antenna operatively connected to the transceiver and mounted on or integrated into a closure of the enclosure; and one or more data cables, the one or more data cables being disposed within a fluid pipe and configured to transmit data, wherein the fluid pipe is located within or is accessible through the enclosure; wherein the one or more data cables are operatively connected to the transceiver to provide backhaul connectivity to a core network and the transceiver is configured to transmit and receive signals via the antenna.

2. A communication system according to claim 1, the communication system further comprising a power generating apparatus, the power generating apparatus being electrically connected to the transceiver.

3. A communication system according to claim 2, wherein the power generating apparatus comprises one or more photovoltaic cells.

4. A communication system according to claim 3, wherein the one or more photovoltaic cells are incorporated into the closure of the enclosure.

5. A communication system according to claim 4, wherein the one or more photovoltaic cells are arranged such that they fully surround the antenna.

6. A communication system according to claim 3, wherein the one or more photovoltaic cells are connected to a building or street furniture.

7. A communication system according to claim 6, wherein the one or more photovoltaic cells form a solar panel and the position and / or orientation of thesolar panel relative to the building or the street furniture is controllably adjustable using an actuation mechanism.

8. A communication system according to any one of claims 2 to 7, wherein the power generating apparatus comprises a fluid-driven device.

9. A communication system according to claim 8, wherein the fluid-driven device comprises a rotor disposed within the fluid pipe and a generator operatively connected to the rotor, wherein the flow of fluid through the pipe drives the rotor to generate electrical power.

10. A communication system according to claim 8 when dependent on claim 6, wherein the fluid driven device comprises a wind turbine connected to the building or the street furniture.

11. A communication system according to claim 2, wherein the power generating apparatus comprises: a piezoelectric device incorporated into the closure of the enclosure, the piezoelectric device being configured to generate electricity in response to mechanical pressure exerted on the closure; and / or a thermal energy conversion device, the thermal energy conversion device being configured to generate electricity using a temperature differential between the fluid within the fluid pipe and external environment.

12. A communication system according to any one of claims 2 to 11, the communication system further comprising a battery or energy storage unit within the enclosure, wherein the battery or energy storage unit is configured to store energy generated by the power generating apparatus.

13. A communication system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the transceiver forms a part of:a base station; or a wireless access point.

14. A communication system according to claim 13, the communication system comprising: the base station disposed within the enclosure; the wireless access point disposed within the enclosure; a first antenna mounted on or integrated into the closure of the enclosure; a second antenna mounted on or integrated into the closure of the enclosure; a plurality of data cables, the plurality of data cables being disposed within a fluid pipe and configured to transmit data, wherein the fluid pipe is located within or is accessible through the enclosure; wherein the plurality of data cables are: operatively connected to the base station to provide backhaul connectivity to a first core network; and operatively connected to the wireless access point to provide backhaul connectivity to a second core network; and wherein the base station is configured to transmit and receive signals via the first antenna and the access point is configured to transmit and receive signals via the second antenna.

15. A communication system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the enclosure comprises a manhole or an inspection chamber.

16. A communication system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the closure of the enclosure comprises a manhole cover or an inspection chamber cover.

17. A communication system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein:the antenna comprises a plurality of microstrip antennas positioned at the centre of the closure of the enclosure, the antenna being arranged on an upper surface of the closure of the enclosure.

18. A communication system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least an upper surface of the closure of the enclosure comprises a layer of protective material, the layer of protective material being optically transparent and radio transparent and wherein the layer of protective material is configured to cover the antenna.

19. A communication system according to any one of claims 3 to 7, wherein the layer of protective material is configured to cover the one or more photovoltaic cells, and the layer of protective polymer further comprises one or more surface formations, the one or more surface formations being configured to enhance light absorption by the one or more photovoltaic cells.

20. A communication system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the closure of the enclosure comprises a self-cleaning system, the self-cleaning system comprising: one or more tubes arranged around the periphery of the closure of the enclosure, each tube having one or more openings.

21. A communication system according to claim 20, wherein the one or more tubes are configured to retain fluid and, upon application of external pressure to the one or more tubes, expel the fluid through the one or more openings onto a surface of the closure.

22. A communication system according to claim 20, the self-cleaning system further comprising: a fluid tank in fluid communication with the one or more tubes; anda pump operatively connected to the fluid tank; wherein the pump is configured to force the fluid from the fluid tank into the one or more tubes and through the one or more openings onto a surface of the closure.

23. A communication system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the transceiver is further configured to support mesh networking, enabling communication with base stations, wireless access points and / or other communication nodes.

24. A communication system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein: the closure of the enclosure comprises one or more first electrical contacts, the one or more first electrical contacts being operatively connected to the antenna; and the enclosure comprises one or more second electrical contacts, the one or more second electrical contacts being operatively connected to the transceiver; wherein the one or more first and second electrical contacts form an electrical connection when the closure is engaged with the enclosure, enabling the transfer of data and / or power between the transceiver and the antenna.

25. A communication system according to claim 24, wherein the closure and the enclosure further comprise an alignment mechanism, the alignment mechanism being configured to ensure that the one or more first and second electrical contacts are aligned correctly when the closure is engaged with the enclosure.

26. A communication system, comprising: a transceiver disposed within an enclosure; an antenna operatively connected to the transceiver and mounted on a building or a piece of street furniture; andone or more data cables, the one or more data cables being disposed within a fluid pipe and configured to transmit data, wherein the fluid pipe is located within or is accessible through the enclosure; wherein the one or more data cables are operatively connected to the transceiver to provide backhaul connectivity to a core network and the transceiver is configured to transmit and receive signals via the antenna.

27. A communication system according to claim 26, the communication system further comprising a second antenna operatively connected to the transceiver and mounted on or integrated into a closure of the enclosure, wherein the transceiver is configured to transmit and receive signals via the antenna and / or the second antenna.

28. A closure for an enclosure, the closure comprising: an antenna mounted on or integrated into the closure; one or more photovoltaic cells disposed on an upper surface of the closure; wherein the antenna is configured to transmit and / or receive signals, and the one or more photovoltaic cells are configured to generate electrical energy for use by components within the enclosure.

29. A closure for an enclosure according to claim 28, wherein the closure comprises a manhole cover or an inspection chamber cover.

30. A fluid distribution system comprising: one or more fluid system sensors at one or more points within the fluid distribution system; and a system controller, wherein the one or more fluid system sensors are connected to the system controller via the communication system according to any one of claims 1 to 25 or the communication system according to claim 26 or claim 27.

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