Pusher systems, and methods and kits for retrofitting the same to inhibit theft, measure in-store customer behavior patterns and promote the sale of merchandise

Abstract

There is provided a pusher system comprising first and second sensor assemblies via which instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of a pusher is obtainable. The first sensor assembly may function as a back-up, redundant, and / or fail-safe means for the second sensor assembly. The sensor assemblies may comprise a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor, a device which senses the presence or absence of a magnetic field and / or a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader together with one or more RFID tag(s). The system according to another aspect comprises solely said RFID reader and tag(s). There is also a pusher system comprising an elongate track and ToF sensors coupled thereto and via which the ToF sensors receive power, together with a processor operatively connected to the ToF sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers. Related methods and kits for retrofitting pushers are further provided.

Description

PUSHER SYSTEMS, AND METHODS AND KITS FOR RETROFITTING THE SAME TO INHIBIT THEFT, MEASURE IN-STORE CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR PATTERNS AND PROMOTE THE SAFE OF MERCHANDISEBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONField of the Invention

[0001] There are provided pusher systems, and methods of and kit for retrofitting the same. In particular, there are provided pushers systems, and methods and kits for retrofitting the same to inhibit theft, measure in-store customer behavior patterns and promote the sale of merchandise.Description of the Related Art

[0002] United States Patent No. 8823355 to Hachmann et al. discloses a feed device for the automatic shifting of objects is provided. The feed device includes a storage area or a holding element and a driven feed unit by means of which an object arranged on the storage area or at the holding element of the feed device can be shifted when the feed unit engages at the object, and wherein the feed device includes at least one electronic component which electronically detects a movement of the feed unit. The electronic component is configured such that the covering of a distance by the feed unit during movement of the feed unit is directly detected as an electric pulse and that the covering of respectively predefined distances of the feed unit generates a pulse sequence characteristic for the distances covered by the electronic component having different contact device at which in each case a pulse is generated which is characteristic for the respective contact device when the feed unit has covered a predefined distance.

[0003] United States Patent Application Publication No. 2024 / 0065939A1 to Hachmann et al. discloses a sensor apparatus for attachment to a medicament container. The sensor apparatus includes at least one acceleration sensor via which a movement of the medicament container can be detected when the sensor apparatus is attached to the medicament container. The sensor apparatus includes an electronic connection device which is configured to wirelessly transmit data from the sensor apparatus to the computer unit.

[0004] United States Patent No. 7479885 to Greubel discloses a linear motion device. The linear motion device has a rod and a traveler which is movably supported with at least one roller body circuit. The traveler includes an electrically conductive carrier body. The linear motion device includes roller bodies braced on the electrically conductive carrier body in a load-transmitting fashion. The linear motion device includes at least one electrically non conductive guidance component for the roller bodies. The guidance component is provided with an RFID tag. The RFID tag is accessible from outside.

[0005] United States Patent No. 8720702 to Nagel discloses a merchandise pusher. The merchandise pusher tray includes a base structure. The base structure is configurable for bar or shelf mounting. The base structure includes a pair of load bearing members for supporting a floor of thebase structure. The merchandise pusher tray also includes at least one divider mounted to and adjustable in a first direction relative to the base structure. The merchandise pusher tray also includes a pusher mounted to and movable in a second direction relative to the base structure. A locking arm is provided for locking the pusher in a locked position and automatically unlocking the pusher from the locked position upon the exertion of an actuation force against the locking arm.

[0006] United States Patent No. 9320367 to Chambers discloses a retail merchandise pusher system. The retail merchandise pusher system includes a front fence configured to attach to a shelf, and a plurality of single-piece track and divider assemblies. Each single-piece track and divider assembly has a divider attached to a track and is configured to attach to the front fence by means of a connector. The retail merchandise pusher system includes a pusher assembly for each of the plurality of single-piece track and divider assemblies. Each pusher assembly is configured to slide along its respective track. The pusher assembly has a pusher paddle, and a spring to bias the pusher paddle towards the front fence.

[0007] The above-described prior art may suffer a number of disadvantages.BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0008] There is provided, and it is an object to provide, various methods of and kits for retrofitting pusher systems disclosed herein to inhibit theft, measure in-store customer behavior patterns and promote the sale of merchandise, as well improved pusher systems comprising the same.

[0009] There is accordingly provided a pusher system according to one aspect. The system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The system includes a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor operatively connected to one of the elongate member and the pusher. The system includes a device which senses the presence or absence of a magnetic field. The device is operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher and a magnet is operatively be connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. Alternatively, the device may be adjacent the first of the elongate member and the pusher, and the magnet may be operatively connected to the second of the elongate member and the pusher. As a further alternative, the device may couple to the first of the elongate member and the pusher, and the magnet may be adjacent the second of the elongate member and the pusher.

[0010] There is also provided a pusher system according to another aspect. The system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The system includes a first sensor assembly configured to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member. The system includes a second sensor assembly configured to determine said instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0011] There is a further provided a pusher system according to an additional aspect. The system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The systemincludes a ToF sensor configured to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member. The system includes a proximity sensor configured to determine said instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0012] There is additionally provided a pusher system according to a further aspect. The system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The system includes a ToF sensor configured to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member. The system includes a housing with a lid via which an interior of the housing is accessible. The ToF sensor is enclosed at least in part within the interior of the housing. The system includes a tamper switch which detects when the lid is removed or dislodged at least in part.

[0013] There is further provided a pusher system according to yet another aspect. The system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The system includes a magnetic field sensor coupled to a first of the pusher and the elongate member, and a magnet coupled to a second of the pusher and the elongate member. Alternatively, the magnetic field sensor may couple to the first of the pusher and the elongate member and the magnet may be adjacent the second of the pusher and the elongate member. As a further alternative, the magnetic field sensor may be adjacent the first of the pusher and the elongate member and the magnet operatively connects to the second of the pusher and the elongate member. The system includes a housing with a lid via which an interior of the housing is accessible. The magnetic field sensor is enclosed at least in part within the interior of the housing. The system includes a tamper switch which detects when the lid is removed or dislodged at least in part.

[0014] There is additionally provided a pusher system according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a ToF sensor operatively connected to one of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher. The pusher system includes a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

[0015] There is also provided a pusher system according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a ToF sensor operatively connected to one of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a RFID reader coupled to the pusher. The pusher system includes an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

[0016] There is further provided a pusher system according to an additional aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a magnetic field sensor operatively connected to afirst of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a magnet operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a RFID reader coupled to the pusher. The pusher system includes a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

[0017] There is yet further provided a pusher system according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a magnetic field sensor operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a magnet operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes an RFID reader coupled to the pusher. The pusher system includes an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

[0018] There is also provided a pusher system according to yet an additional aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a magnetic field sensor operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a magnet positioned adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes an RFID reader coupled to the pusher. The pusher system includes a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

[0019] There is further provided a pusher system according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a magnetic field sensor operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a magnet positioned adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes an RFID reader coupled to the pusher. The pusher system includes an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

[0020] There is further provided a pusher system according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a first means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member. The pusher system includes a second means for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative the elongate member.

[0021] There is also provided a pusher system according to an additional aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise. The pusher system includes a first means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise. The pusher system includes a second means for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise.

[0022] There is additionally provided a pusher system according to another aspect. The pusher system includes a plurality of sensors alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof. The pusher system includes an elongate track to which the sensors selectively couple and extend along and via which the sensors receive power. The pusher system includes a processor operatively connected to the sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

[0023] There is further provided a pusher system according to an additional aspect. The pusher system includes a plurality of ToF sensors alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof. The pusher system includes an elongate track to which the ToF sensors selectively couple and extend along and via which the ToF sensors receive power. The pusher system includes a processor operatively connected to the ToF sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

[0024] There is also provided a pusher system according to another aspect. The pusher system includes a plurality of cameras alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof. The pusher system includes an elongate track to which the cameras selectively couple and extend along and via which the cameras receive power. The pusher system includes a processor operatively connected to the cameras via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

[0025] There is yet also accordingly provided a pusher system according to a further aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a sensor comprising a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a substrate strip operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The substrate strip comprises a plurality of RFID tags.

[0026] There is additionally provided a pusher system according to yet another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a sensor comprising a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The pusher system includes a substrate strip operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The substrate strip comprises an elongate RFID tag.

[0027] There is also provided a pusher system according to an additional aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member. The pusher system includes a sensor comprising a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader operatively connected to the pusher. The pusher system includes a plurality of RFID tags operatively connected to the elongate member.

[0028] There is further provided a pusher system according to yet an additional aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member. The pusher system includes a pusher moveable linearlyalong the elongate member. The pusher system includes a sensor comprising a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader operatively connected to the pusher. The pusher system includes an elongate RFID tag operatively connected to the elongate member.

[0029] There is also provided a substrate strip for use with a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and according to one aspect. The substrate strip comprises a plurality of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.

[0030] There is further provided a substrate strip for use with a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and according to another aspect. The substrate strip comprises an elongate radio frequency identification (RFID) tag.

[0031] There is additionally provided a kit to enable positioning of a pusher system to be monitored according to one aspect. The kit includes a ToF sensor and / or proximity sensor and / or magnetic field sensor and magnet as described above or herein.

[0032] There is further provided a kit according to another aspect. The kit includes a first means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of a pusher relative to an elongate member and / or shelf. The kit includes a second means for determining an instantaneous and / or realtime positioning of a pusher relative to an elongate member.

[0033] There is also provided a kit according to an additional aspect. The kit includes a first means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise. The kit includes a second means for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise.

[0034] There is further provided a kit according to another aspect. The kit includes a plurality of sensors alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof. The kit includes an elongate track to which the sensors selectively couple and extend along and via which the sensors receive power. The kit includes a processor operatively connected to the sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

[0035] There is yet also provided a kit according a further aspect. The kit includes a plurality of ToF sensors alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof. The kit includes an elongate track to which the ToF sensors selectively couple and extend along and via which the ToF sensors receive power. The kit includes a processor operatively connected to the ToF sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

[0036] There is additionally provided a kit according to another aspect. The kit includes a plurality of cameras alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof. The kit includes an elongate track to which the cameras selectively couple and extend along and via which the cameras receive power. The kit includes a processor operatively connected to the cameras via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

[0037] There is additionally provided a kit to enable positioning of a pusher system to be monitored according to a further aspect. The kit includes a sensor and substrate strip as described above or herein.

[0038] There is also provided a kit to enable positioning of a pusher system to be monitored according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The kit includes a sensor connectable to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The sensor comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader. The kit includes a substrate strip connectable to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The substrate strip comprises a plurality of RFID tags. The sensor is configured to read respective ones of the plurality of RFID tags as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0039] There is further provided a kit to enable positioning of a pusher system to be monitored according to yet another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The kit includes a sensor connectable to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The sensor comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader. The kit includes a substrate strip connectable to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The substrate strip comprises an elongate RFID tag. The sensor is configured to read respective one or more portions of the elongate RFID tag as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0040] There is also provided according to one aspect a system or kit for measuring one or more customer behavior patterns in a store. The store includes a plurality of groupings of merchandise, each biased forwards via a pusher assembly. The system or kit includes a plurality of sensor assemblies. Each sensor assembly is operatively connected to a respective one of the pusher assemblies and configured to signal an amount of shelved merchandise associated therewith. The system or kit includes a processor that receives said signals and determines the one or more customer behavior patterns at least in part based thereon.

[0041] There is additionally provided according to another aspect a system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The system or kit includes a first ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam along an aisle. The system or kit includes a second ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam across the aisle.

[0042] There is yet also provided according to a further aspect a system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The system or kit includes a first ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam adjacent a first end or entrance / exit of an aisle. The system or kit includes a second ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam across adjacent a second end or entrance / exit of the aisle.

[0043] There is additionally provided according to another aspect a system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The store includes an aisle extending between first and second shelves. The system or kit includes a first ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam adjacent a first end or entrance / exit of the aisle. The system or kit includes a second ToF sensorconfigured to direct a light beam across adjacent a second end or entrance / exit of the aisle. The system or kit includes a third ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam near and parallel to the first shelf. The system or kit includes a fourth ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam near and parallel to the second shelf.

[0044] There is further provide according to an additional aspect a system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The system or kit includes a ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam along or across an aisle. The ToF sensor includes an illumination unit which emits a light beam in a grid pattern. The system or kit includes a processor configured to determine a direction of travel of the customer based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back to the ToF sensor.

[0045] There is yet additionally provided according to another aspect a system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The system or kit includes a ToF sensor connectable to a pusher assembly. The ToF sensor includes an illumination unit which emits a light beam in a grid pattern. The system or kit includes a processor configured to determine a direction of travel of an object based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back from the object to the ToF sensor.

[0046] There is also provided according to another aspect a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a ToF sensor to one of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes providing a device which senses the presence or absence of a magnetic field. The method includes coupling the device to a first of the elongate member and the pusher, and operatively connecting a magnet to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. Alternatively, the method may include positioning the device adjacent the first of the elongate member and the pusher, and operatively connecting the magnet to the second of the elongate member and the pusher. As a further alternative, the method may include coupling the device to the first of the elongate member and the pusher, and positioning the magnet adjacent the second of the elongate member and the pusher.

[0047] There is additionally provided a method of monitoring positioning of a pusher system according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes configuring a first sensor assembly to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member. The method includes configuring a second sensor assembly to determine said instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0048] There is further provided according to another aspect a method of monitoring positioning of a pusher system. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes configuring a ToF sensor to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member. The method includes configuring aproximity sensor to determine said instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0049] There is further provided a method of inhibiting theft of items of merchandise according to one aspect. The method includes providing a pusher system comprising an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The pusher is biased against the items of merchandise. The method includes configuring a ToF sensor to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member. The method includes enclosing the ToF sensor within a housing having a lid via which the ToF sensor is accessible. The method includes operatively connecting a tamper switch to the lid. The method includes configuring the tamper switch to emit a signal upon detecting removal and / or dislodgment at least in part of the lid from the housing.

[0050] There is also provided a method of inhibiting theft of items of merchandise according to another aspect. The method includes providing a pusher system comprising an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The pusher is biased against the items of merchandise. The method includes coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the pusher and the elongate member, and operatively connecting a magnet to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. Alternatively, the method may include positioning the magnetic field sensor adjacent the first of the elongate member and the pusher, and operatively connecting the magnet to the second of the elongate member and the pusher. As a further alternative, the method may include coupling the magnetic field sensor to the first of the elongate member and the pusher, and positioning the magnet adjacent the second of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes enclosing the magnetic field sensor within a housing having a lid via which the magnetic field sensor is accessible. The method includes operatively connecting a tamper switch to the lid. The tamper switch is configured to emit a signal upon detecting removal or dislodgement at least in part of the lid from the housing.

[0051] There is further provided according to another aspect a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a ToF sensor to one of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes coupling an RFID reader to the pusher. The method includes coupling a plurality of RFID tags to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

[0052] There is yet also provided according to an additional aspect a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a ToF sensor to one of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes coupling an RFID reader to the pusher. The method includes coupling an elongate RFID tag to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

[0053] There is yet further provided according to another aspect a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes positioning a magnet adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes coupling an RFID reader to the pusher. The method includes coupling a plurality of RFID tags to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

[0054] There is also provided according to an additional aspect a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes positioning a magnet adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes coupling an RFID reader to the pusher. The method includes coupling an elongate RFID tag to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

[0055] There is additionally provided according to another aspect a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes coupling a magnet adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes coupling an RFID reader to the pusher. The method includes coupling a plurality of RFID tags to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

[0056] There is yet also provided according to yet a further aspect a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes coupling a magnet adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The method includes coupling an RFID reader to the pusher. The method includes coupling an elongate RFID tag to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

[0057] There is also provided a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a substrate strip to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The substrate strip comprises a plurality of RFID tags. The method includes coupling a sensor to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The sensor comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader. The method includes configuring the sensor to read respective ones of the plurality of RFID tags as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0058] There is further provided a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof according to yet another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes coupling a substrate strip to a first of the elongate member and the pusher. The substrate strip comprises an elongate radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. The method includes coupling a sensor to a second of the elongate member and the pusher. The sensor includes an RFID reader. The method includes configuring the sensor to read respective one or more portions of the elongate RFID tag as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0059] There is additionally provided a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof according to a further aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes positioning a plurality of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags along the elongate member. The method includes coupling a sensor to the pusher. The sensor comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader. The method includes configuring the sensor to read respective ones of the plurality of RFID tags as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0060] There is yet also provided a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof according to an additional aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes operatively connecting an elongate radio frequency identification (RFID) tag to the elongate member. The method includes coupling a sensor to the pusher. The sensor comprises an RFID reader. The method includes configuring the sensor to read respective ones of the plurality of RFID tags as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0061] There is further provided a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof according to another aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes positioning an elongate radio frequency identification (RFID) tag along the elongate member. The method includes coupling a sensor to the pusher. The sensor comprises an RFID reader. The method includes configuring the sensor to read respective one or more portions of the elongate RFID tag as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0062] There is also provided a method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof according to a further aspect. The pusher system includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto. The method includes operatively connecting an elongate radio frequency identification (RFID) tag to the elongate member. The method includes coupling a sensor to the pusher. The sensor comprises an RFID reader configured to read respective one or more portions of the elongate RFID tag as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0063] There is also provided according to one aspect a method for measuring one or more customer behavior patterns in a store. The store includes a plurality of groupings of merchandise,each being biased forwards via a pusher assembly. The method includes operatively connecting a plurality of sensor assemblies to respective ones of the pusher assemblies. For each pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the method includes configuring the sensor assembly thereof to measure the position of a pusher thereof in real-time and emit one or more signals indicative thereof. The method includes determining via a processor one or more customer behavior patterns based at least in part on said signals.

[0064] There is further provided according to another aspect a method of optimizing shelving and / or positioning of merchandise biased by a plurality of pusher assemblies. The method includes operatively connecting a plurality of sensor assemblies to respective ones of the pusher assemblies. For each pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the method includes configuring the sensor assembly thereof to measure the extent to which a pusher thereof moves in real-time and emit one or more signals indicative thereof, the method includes determining via a processor the rates of depletion of merchandise based at least in part on said signals. The method includes optimizing shelving and / or positioning of merchandise in accordance with said rates of depletion so determined

[0065] There is additionally provided according to yet another aspect a method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The method includes positioning a ToF sensor so as to emit a light beam within an aisle. The method includes determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the light reflected back to the ToF sensor corresponds to a light travel distance equal to or less than a predetermined travel distance and / or corresponds to a light travel time equal to less than that of a predetermined travel time.

[0066] There is yet also provided according to a further aspect a method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The method includes positioning a ToF sensor so as to emit a light beam within an aisle. The method includes determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the ToF sensor is unable to detect any light reflected back from said light beam.

[0067] There is further provided according to yet a further aspect a method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The method includes positioning a ToF sensor so as to emit a light beam within an aisle. The method includes determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the ToF sensor is unable to detect to within a predetermined threshold of intensity, light reflected back from said light beam.

[0068] There is additionally provided according to another aspect a method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The method includes configuring a ToF sensor to emit a light beam in a grid pattern. The method includes directing said light beam along or across an aisle. The method includes determining via a processor a direction of travel of a customer based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back to the ToF sensor.

[0069] There is further provided according to an additional aspect a method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The method includes configuring a ToF sensorto emit a light beam in a grid pattern. The method includes operatively connecting the ToF sensor to a pusher assembly. The method includes determining via a processor a direction of travel of an object based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back from the object to the ToF sensor.

[0070] It is emphasized that the invention relates to all combinations of the above features, even if these are recited in different claims.

[0071] Further aspects and example embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and / or described in the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0072] The accompanying drawings illustrate non-limiting example embodiments of the invention:Figure 1 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to one aspect, the pusher system including an elongate member extending along a shelf, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member, a plurality of items of merchandise biased by the pusher towards the front of the elongate member, a magnet coupled to and positioned adjacent the front of the elongate member, and magnetic field and time-of-flight (ToF) sensors coupled to the pusher so as to extend forward thereof, with the pusher and sensors being shown in a retracted or rearward position;Figure 2 is a top, right side, front perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, and with the pusher and sensors being shown positioned near or adjacent the magnet and the front of the shelf;Figure 3 is an exploded, front, left side, bottom perspective of the sensors of the pusher system of Figure 1, together with a controller in communication therewith and an exploded view of the magnet and housing thereof;Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining shelved stock levels of the merchandise for the pusher system of Figure 1 according to one example;Figure 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining shelved levels of the merchandise for the pusher system of Figure 1 according to another example;Figure 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining shelved stock levels of the merchandise and / or a method of inhibiting theft thereof for the pusher system of Figure 1 according to a further example;Figure 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method of monitoring the pusher system of Figure 1 according to one example to inhibit theft of merchandise thereof;Figure 8 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to another aspect, the pusher system including an elongate member extending along a shelf, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member, a plurality of items of merchandise biased by the pusher towards the front of the elongate member, a magnet positioned adjacent the rear of the elongate member, andmagnetic field and ToF sensors coupled to the pusher so as to extend forward thereof, with the pusher and sensors being shown in a retracted or rearward position;Figure 9 is a top, right side, front perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, and with the pusher and sensors being shown positioned near or adjacent the magnet and the front of the shelf;Figure 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining shelved stock levels of the merchandise for the pusher system of Figure 8 according to one example;Figure 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining shelved stock levels of the merchandise and / or a method of inhibiting theft thereof for the pusher system of Figure 8 according to another example;Figure 12 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to a further aspect, the pusher system including an elongate member extending along a shelf, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member, a plurality of items of merchandise biased by the pusher towards the front of the elongate member, a magnet coupled to the pusher, and magnetic field and ToF sensors positioned adjacent the front of the elongate member, with the pusher and magnet being shown in a retracted or rearward position;Figure 13 is a top, right side, front perspective view thereof, with the pusher being shown in an extended or forward position so as to abut the ToF and magnetic field sensors;Figure 14 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to yet another aspect, the pusher system including an elongate member extending along a shelf, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member, a plurality of items of merchandise biased by the pusher towards the front of the elongate member, a magnet positioned adjacent the front of the elongate member, and magnetic field and ToF sensors coupled to the pusher so as to extend rearward thereof and coextensive therewith, with the pusher and sensors being shown in a retracted or rearward position;Figure 15 is a right side perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, and with the pusher and sensors being shown in an extended or forward position which is near or adjacent the magnet and the front of the shelf;Figure 16A is a front elevation view of a housing of the sensors of Figure 14;Figure 16B is a rear, left side, bottom perspective view thereof;Figure 17A is a front elevation view of a lid of the housing of Figure 16A;Figure 17B is a rear elevation view thereof;Figure 18A is a rear elevation view of the housing of Figure 16B with the lid of Figure 17B coupled thereto, with the lid being shown in an unlocked position;Figure 18B is a rear elevation view thereof, with the lid being shown in a locked position;Figure 19 is a right side perspective view of a pusher system according to yet a further aspect, the pusher system including an elongate member extending along a shelf, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown)forwards towards the front of the shelf, a magnet positioned adjacent the front of the elongate member, and magnetic field and ToF sensors coupled to the pusher via an adapter, with the pusher and sensors being shown in an extended or forward position which is near or adjacent the magnet and the front of the shelf;Figure 20 is a front, right side, bottom perspective view of the adapter thereof together with a housing coupled thereto, the housing functioning to enclose the magnetic field and ToF sensors of Figure 19;Figure 21 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to an additional aspect, the pusher system including an elongate member extending along a shelf, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member, a plurality of items of merchandise biased by the pusher towards the front of the elongate member, a magnet coupled to and positioned adjacent the front of the elongate member, and magnetic field and ToF sensors coupled to the pusher so as to extend forward thereof, with the pusher and sensors being shown in a retracted or rearward position, and with the ToF sensor positioned to send pulses against a rear of the shelf;Figure 22 is a top, right side, rear perspective view of a pusher system according to yet an additional aspect, the pusher system including an elongate member extending along a shelf, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member to bias against a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown, depleted), a magnet coupled to and positioned adjacent the front of the elongate member, and magnetic field and ToF sensors coupled to the pusher via an adapter so as to extend forward thereof, with the pusher and sensors being shown positioned near or adjacent the magnet and the front of the shelf, and with the ToF sensor positioned to send pulses against a rear of the shelf;Figure 23 is a top, right side, front perspective view thereof;Figure 24 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to a further aspect, the pusher system including an elongate member extending along a shelf, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member, a plurality of items of merchandise biased by the pusher towards the front of the elongate member, a plurality of longitudinally spaced-apart magnets positioned along the elongate member, and magnetic field and ToF sensors coupled to the pusher so as to extend forward thereof, with the pusher and sensors being shown in a retracted or rearward position, and with the ToF sensor positioned to send pulses against the rear of the shelf;Figure 25 is a front, top, left side perspective view of a pusher system according to another aspect, the pusher system including a plurality of elongate members extending along a shelf, a plurality of pushers movable linearly relative to respective said elongate members to bias items of merchandise (not shown) forwards and being shown in extended or forward positions, and a sensor assembly extending along the rear of the shelf, the sensor assembly comprising a master controller and a plurality of ToF sensors operatively connected thereto via an elongate track, with each said ToF sensor being associated with and reflecting pulses against the rear of the pusher paddle of respective said pushers;Figure 26 is a front, top, left side perspective view of a pusher system according to yet another aspect, the pusher system including a plurality of elongate members extending along a shelf, a plurality of pushers movable linearly relative to respective said elongate members to bias items of merchandise (not shown) forward and being shown in extended or forward positions, and a sensor assembly extending along the rear of the shelf, the sensor assembly comprising a master controller and a plurality of image sensors or cameras operatively connected thereto via an elongate track, with each said camera being associated with and capturing an image of indicia on the rear of the pusher paddle of a respective said pusher;Figure 27 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to a further aspect, including an elongate member, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member, a plurality of items of merchandise biased by the pusher towards the front of the elongate member, a sensor with a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader, an adapter via which the sensor couples to the pusher so as to extend rearward thereof and a substrate strip comprising a plurality of RFID tags, with the substrate strip coupling to and extending along the bottom of the elongate member in this nonlimiting embodiment and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in a retracted or rearward position;Figure 28 is a right side perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in an extended or forward position thereof;Figure 29 is a top, right side perspective view of the pusher, elongate member and substrate strip thereof, with the pusher being shown in the rearward position thereof and with the sensor and adapter not being shown;Figure 30 is a top, right side thereof with the pusher being shown in the forward position thereof;Figure 31 is an exploded, front, left side, bottom perspective of the sensor of the pusher system of Figure 27, together with a controller in communication with the sensor;Figure 32 is a front, right side, bottom perspective view of the adapter of Figure 1 together with a housing of the sensor of Figure 31 shown coupled thereto, with the rest of the sensor including the cover thereof being not shown;Figure 33 is a rear, bottom, right side perspective view thereof;Figure 34 is a top, rear, right side perspective view of the pusher system of Figure 28;Figure 35 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to yet further aspect, including an elongate member, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown) forwards towards the front of the shelf, a sensor with an RFID reader, an adapter via which the sensor couples to the pusher so as to extend rearward thereof and a substrate strip comprising an elongate RFID tag, with the substrate strip coupling toand extending along the bottom of the elongate member in this non-limiting embodiment, and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the rearward position;Figure 36 is a right side perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the forward position thereof;Figure 37 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to an additional aspect, including an elongate member, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown) forwards towards the front of the shelf, a sensor with an RFID reader, an adapter via which the sensor couples to the pusher so as to extend rearward thereof and a substrate strip comprising a plurality of RFID tags, with the substrate strip coupling to and extending within a channel of the elongate member in this non-limiting embodiment, and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the rearward position;Figure 38 is a right side perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the forward position thereof;Figure 39 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to yet additional aspect, including an elongate member, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown) forwards towards the front of the shelf, a sensor with an RFID reader, an adapter via which the sensor couples to the pusher so as to extend rearward thereof and a substrate strip comprising an elongate RFID tag, with the substrate strip coupling to and extending within a channel of the elongate member in this non-limiting embodiment, and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the rearward position;Figure 40 is a right side perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the forward position thereof;Figure 41 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to another aspect, including an elongate member, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown) forwards towards the front of the shelf, a sensor with an RFID reader, an adapter via which the sensor couples to the pusher so as to extend forward thereof and a plurality of longitudinally spaced-apart RFID tags, each individually coupling to the elongate member in this non-limiting embodiment, and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the rearward position;Figure 42 is a right side perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the forward position thereof;Figure 43 is a right side elevation view of a pusher system according to yet another aspect, including an elongate member, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown) forwards towards the front of the shelf, a sensor with an RFID reader, an adapter via which the sensor couples to the pusher so as to extend forward thereof and an elongate RFID tag coupling directly to the elongate member in this non-limiting embodiment, and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the rearward position;Figure 44 is a right side perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the forward position thereof;Figure 45 is a top, right, front side perspective view of a pusher system according to a further aspect, including an elongate member, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member a sensor with an RFID reader, an adapter via which the sensor couples to the pusher so as to extend forward thereof, a spring coupling together the pusher and elongate member and biasing the pusher forwards relative thereto so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown) forwards towards the front of the shelf, and a plurality of RFID tags coupling to the spring in this non-limiting embodiment, and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the rearward position;Figure 46 is a top, right, front side thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, and with the pusher being shown in the forward position thereof;Figure 47 is a top, right, front side perspective view of a pusher system according to yet a further aspect, including an elongate member, a pusher movable linearly relative to the elongate member, a sensor with an RFID reader, an adapter via which the sensor couples to the pusher so as to extend forward thereof, a spring coupling together the pusher and elongate member and biasing the pusher forwards relative thereto so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise (not shown) forwards towards the front of the shelf, and an elongate RFID tag coupling to the spring in this nonlimiting embodiment, and with the pusher, adapter and sensor being shown in the rearward position;Figure 48 is a top, right, front side thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, and with the pusher being shown in the forward position thereof;Figure 49 is a schematic top plan view of a store aisle, with a pair of shelves extending therebetween, and a system for measuring in-store customer behavior patterns and promoting the sale of merchandise based thereon, the system including a plurality of ToF sensors positioned to direct light beams along the aisle adjacent fronts of the shelves as well as ToF sensors positioned to direct light beams along first and second ends or entrances / exits of the aisle, respectively;Figure 50 is a front elevation view of one of the shelves thereof, showing a plurality of groupings of merchandise arranged in rows and columns, with the groupings of merchandise being biased forwards via a plurality of pusher assemblies, and with the system including a plurality of sensor assemblies, each associated with a respective said pusher assembly and configured to signal an amount of shelved merchandise associated therewith;Figure 51 is a right side elevation view of one said grouping of merchandise, pusher assembly and sensor assembly thereof coupled to the shelf, with the shelf being shown in fragment and with a pusher of the pusher assembly being shown in a rearward position; andFigure 52 is a top, right side, front perspective view thereof, with the items of merchandise being removed / depleted, and with the pusher being shown positioned near the front of the shelf.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0073] Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive sense.

[0074] Referring to the drawings and first to Figure 1, there is provided a pusher system, in this non-limiting example a shelf or stock pusher system, in this non-limiting embodiment a retail merchandise pusher system 30. The pusher system has a top 32, a bottom 34 spaced-apart from the top thereof, a forward end or front 36 and a rearward end or rear 38 spaced-apart from the front thereof.

[0075] Pusher system 30 is configured to be positioned on a shelf 40 in this non-limiting example; however, this is not strictly required and the shelf may be part of the pusher system in other embodiments, for example. The shelf is a part of a shelf assembly 41. The shelf assembly in this example includes pusher system 30 which couples to shelf 40. The shelf has a forward end or front 40A and a rearward end or rear 40B spaced-apart from the front thereof. Shelf 40 includes a front member or fence 40C adjacent the front thereof and which is upwardly -extending in this example.

[0076] Pusher system 30 includes a pusher assembly 42. Pusher assemblies per se are known to those skilled in the art and the following is a non-limiting exemplary embodiment thereof.

[0077] Pusher assembly 42 includes an elongate member 44. The elongate member may comprise one or more of: a planar member, a guide member, a rail, a guide rail, a track, a linear track, a shelf, a trackless shelf, a pusher tray and / or a trackless pusher tray. Elongate member 44 has a first / distal / forward end or front 44A, a second / proximal / rearward end or rear 44B spaced-apart from the front thereof and a longitudinal axis 44C extending between the rear and front thereof. The longitudinal axis of the elongate member extends substantially horizontally in this non-limiting example. Elongate member 44 has a top 44D and a bottom 44E opposite the top thereof. The elongate member includes a planar portion 44F extending between front 44A and rear 44B thereof. The planar portion of the elongate member is shaped to extend along shelf 40 between front 40A and rear 40B of the shelf.

[0078] As seen in Figure 2, elongate member 44 includes a first one of male and female members, in this non-limiting example a female member, in this case in the form of a channel 46. The channel is a C-channel in this non-limiting embodiment. Channel 46 of elongate member 44 extends between front 44A and rear 44B of the elongate member.

[0079] Referring back to Figure 1, pusher assembly 42 includes a biasing or pushing member, in this example a pusher 48. The pusher is moveable linearly along and / or relative to elongate member 44. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0080] Pusher 48 has a front 48A and a rear 48B opposite front thereof. The pusher includes a planar member, in this example a pusher paddle 50. In other embodiments, pusher assembly 42 may be referred to collectively as the pusher, with pusher 48 seen in Figure 1 being referred to as the pusher paddle for example. Pusher paddle 50 extends along front 48A of the pusher. The pusher paddle has a first or proximal end 50A, a second or distal end 50B and a longitudinal axis 50C extending between the ends thereof. Pusher 48 may be said to substantially extend along or parallel to longitudinal axis 50C, which may be referred as a longitudinal axis of the pusher. The longitudinal axis of pusher paddle 50 in use extends in a vertical direction in this non-limiting example; however this is not strictly required. Ends 50A and 50B of pusher paddle 50 may be referred to as proximal and distal ends of pusher 48. The proximal end of the pusher paddle is adjacent top 44D of elongate member 44 in this non-limiting example, with the pusher extending upwards therefrom.

[0081] Pusher 48 includes a mount or housing 52 also in this non-limiting example. The housing in this non-limiting embodiment extends along rear 48B of the pusher and couples to and extends rearwards of pusher paddle 50. Housing 52 in this non-limiting example comprises a bottom 52A extending parallel to and adjacent top 44D of elongate member 44. Pusher 48 may thus be said to be in fluid communication with the top of the elongate member. Bottom 52A of housing 52 is planar and rectangular in this non-limiting example. As seen in Figure 2, the housing in this example includes a pair of braces 52B and 52C coupled to and extending upwards from the bottom thereof and extending rearwards from pusher paddle 50. Each brace is planar and generally or substantially triangular in this non-limiting example. Pusher 48 in this non-limiting embodiment includes an internal cavity 52D formed by and extending between bottom 52A and braces 52B of housing 52 thereof.

[0082] The pusher slidably couples to elongate member 44, in this non-limiting example via male and female members: the female member in this example is in the form of channel 46 of the elongate member; and pusher 48 includes a male member, in this case in the form of a laterally- extending protrusion 54 shaped to extend within and be slidable relative to channel 46. The protrusion is shaped to mate with and / or be complementary with the channel of elongate member 44 so as to be slidable therealong. The protrusion couples to and in this example is integrally connected to pusher paddle 50 so as to form a unitary whole. C-channels and corresponding male components or protrusions, including their various parts and functionings, are known per se, and channel 46 and protrusion 54 will accordingly not be described in further detail.

[0083] Pusher 48 has a first, retracted, proximal and / or rearward position seen in Figure 1. The pusher is near or adjacent rear 40B of shelf 40 and rear 44B of elongate member 44 in this example in the rearward position thereof. Pusher 48 is moveable from the rearward position thereof to a second, extended, distal and / or forward position seen in Figure 2. The pusher is near or adjacent front 40A of shelf 40 and front 44A of elongate member 44 in this example in forward position thereof. Pusher 48 is configured to be biased towards the forward position thereof.

[0084] As seen in Figure 1, pusher 48 is configured to abut one or more or a plurality of objects or items of merchandise, in this example items of merchandise 56A, 56B, 56C, 56D, 56E, 56F and 56G. The pusher is configured to bias the items of merchandise towards front 40A of shelf 40 and front 44A of elongate member 44 via a biasing member, in this non-limiting example a spring, in this case a coiled spring 58 seen in Figure 2. Pusher 48 is thus spring-biased towards the front of the shelf and elongate member.

[0085] Spring 58 has a first or proximal end 58A seen in Figure 1 and a second or distal end 58B seen in Figure 2 spaced-apart from proximal end thereof. Referring back to Figure 1, the proximal end of the spring operatively connects to a first one of pusher 48 and a forward end portion or front 44A of elongate member 44, in this example connecting to the pusher. Distal end 58B of spring 58 operatively connects to a second one of the pusher and the forward end portion or front of the elongate member, in this example connecting to the front of the elongate member. Spring 58 includes a coiled portion 58C positioned between ends 58A and 58B thereof. The coiled portion of the spring operatively connects to one of pusher 48 and elongate member 44, in this example connecting to the pusher. Coiled portion 58C of spring 58 is received within internal cavity 52D of and rotatably mounted to housing 52 of pusher 48 in this non-limiting example.

[0086] Spring 58 is configured to provide a biasing or spring force that biases pusher 48 towards front 40A of shelf 40, as shown by arrow 60. Applying a manual counter force, in this case pulling rearwards on the pusher as shown by arrow 62 in Figure 1, incrementally unrolls / uncoils spring 58 and enables items of merchandise 56A, 56B, 56C, 56D, 56E, 56F and 56G to be incrementally inserted between the front of the shelf and pusher paddle 50. Pusher 48 is thus configured to bias against the items of merchandise so as to promote movement thereof towards front 40A of shelf 40. As items of merchandise 56G are selectively removed by a prospective purchaser of the same, the pusher so configured incrementally moves the remaining items of merchandise 56A, 56B, 56C, 56D, 56E and 56F forward due to the biasing action of spring 58 to facilitate a future purchase of the same. In this manner pusher assembly 42 is configured to promote movement of items of merchandise 56 towards front 40A of shelf 40 to facilitate / promote access thereto and the purchase thereof. Pusher 48 may thus be to said to resiliently couple to elongate member 44 so as to be spring-biased towards front 44A of the elongate member. Pusher assemblies, including their various parts and functionings, are known per se, and pusher assembly 42 will accordingly not be described in further detail.

[0087] As seen in Figure 1, pusher system 30 includes a first sensor assembly 64. The first sensor assembly is configured to obtain one or a first determination of an instantaneous and / or realtime positioning of pusher 48 relative to elongate member 44. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0088] First sensor assembly 64 includes a first subassembly, in this embodiment in the form of a magnet 66 and a second subassembly, in this embodiment a sensor, in this example a magnetic field sensor 67; however, this is not strictly required and the first sensor assembly may compriseanother type of sensor, such as one which includes an electromagnetic interrogator and receiver and / or radio frequency identification (RFID) reader together one or more RFID tags, as described in more detail in the embodiments described in relation to Figures 27 to 48 below. A field, in this example a magnetic field 70, is generated by magnet 66 and the magnetic field is sensed by the magnetic field sensor. As seen in Figure 3, magnetic field sensor 67 includes in this non-limiting embodiment an indicator 72; however, this is not strictly required. The indicator in this non-limiting example is a visual indicator in the form of an indicator light that turns on when the magnetic field sensor is within magnetic field 70 seen in Figure 1. The indicator turns off when magnetic field sensor 67 is outside the magnetic field. Indicator 72 may accordingly provide a visual indication as to the presence or absence of a magnetic field. In this example, the indicator light is a light-emitting diode package and includes a blue light-emitting diode, a green light-emitting diode, and a red lightemitting diode.

[0089] Magnet 66 and magnetic field sensor 67 may be used as a magnetic proximity sensor and parts thereof are shown in more detail in Figure 3. The magnet in this example comprises a bar magnet 66A disposed in a housing 66B provided with a cover or lid 66C. The housing may be referred to as a magnet housing. A first tamper switch 66D operatively couples to the housing and lid. The tamper switch detects when lid 66C of housing 66B is removed or dislodged at least in part.

[0090] Sensor assembly 64 may include an alarm 65 in communication with tamper switch 66D and which is configured to be triggered upon lid 66C being removed from housing 66B. The alarm in one non-limiting example may comprise a warning sound or device in the form of a buzzer, such as a piezoelectric buzzer / beeper comprising a piezoelectric element.

[0091] Still referring to Figure 3, magnetic field sensor 67 in this example, is a substantially rectangular parallelepiped with rounded comers but may be other shapes. First sensor assembly 64 includes a housing 68A and a circuit board 74 disposed within the housing. The housing in this nonlimiting example has a width Ws and a length Ls. Housing 68A is provided with a lid 68B that has a window 76 to facilitate viewing of indicator 72 which is mounted on the circuit board. The window may be an aperture in lid 68B or a translucent portion of the lid.

[0092] First sensor assembly 64 includes a processor 78 (which may be a microprocessor) and a power source which is in the form of a coin cell battery 80, each mounted on circuit board 74. It will however be understood by a person skilled in the art that any AC or DC power source may be used.

[0093] Magnetic field sensor 67 includes a radio, which is in the form of a radio chip 84 in this example, and an antenna 86 that allows the magnetic field sensor to transmit and receive radio signals. The antenna may communicate with a monitoring / control panel 88, which may be a part of and / or comprise a remote server, central server, monitoring system, handheld device and / or mobile device. Pusher system 30 may include and / or operatively connect to display indicia such as a dashboard (not shown) displaying shelfed stock level in real-time. In one non-limiting embodiment, changes in color such as green (fully stocked), orange, red (out of stock) may be displayed thereon. 1

[0094] There is also a battery detection circuit 89, a second tamper switch 90, and a supercapacitor 92. The battery detection circuit and tamper switch are both conventional and in communication with processor 78. Battery detection circuit 89 may further be configured to send a signal to the processor when the battery power level is low and / or below a predetermined lower threshold and this information may in turn be communicated to a retail worker, clerk, warehouse worker, upper management or the like, that the battery needs to be changed. Supercapacitor 92 may be used to assist coin cell battery 80 as the power source. Tamper switch 90 may be internal or external of housing 68A. The tamper switch detects when lid 68B of the housing is removed or dislodged at least in part and sends a signal to processor 78 that the lid of the housing has been removed and someone is tampering with magnetic field sensor 67. Tamper switch 66D of housing 66B of magnet 66 is also configured to sends a signal to the processor that the lid of its housing has been removed and someone is tampering with magnet 66.

[0095] Within housing 68 A there may be provided an alarm 91 in communication with tamper switch 90 and which is configured to be triggered upon lid 68B being removed therefrom. The alarm in one non-limiting example may comprise a warning sound or device in the form of a buzzer, such as a piezoelectric buzzer / beeper comprising a piezoelectric element.

[0096] As seen in Figure 1, the magnet couples to and / or is adjacent one of elongate member 44 and pusher 48, in this non-limiting example operatively connecting to and being adjacent front 44A of the elongate member. In one non- limiting embodiment the magnet is adjacent the side of the elongate member. In addition or alternatively, magnet 66 may be said to be adjacent and / or couple to shelf 40 e.g. on the glass thereof. Magnet 66 is configured to couple to or be adjacent the elongate member in a manner which in this example inhibits access thereto, in this case via housing 66B and lid 66C seen in Figure 3. As seen in Figure 2, the magnet couples to elongate member 44 via adhesive or an adhesive strip 66E in this non-limiting embodiment. The adhesive strip may comprise double-sided tape in one non-limiting example.

[0097] Referring back to Figure 1, one of magnet 66 or magnetic field sensor 67, in this example the magnetic field sensor is spring-biased towards one of the front and rear of elongate member 44. The magnetic field sensor in this non-limiting embodiment couples to and is adjacent pusher 48, in this case via adhesive or an adhesive strip 69 (e.g. double-sided tape) coupling rear 681 of housing 68A. However, this is not strictly required and the housing may couple to the pusher in other manners in other embodiments.

[0098] Pusher system 30 in this non-limiting embodiment includes a third tamper switch 93 configured to detect when housing 68A is removed or dislodged at least in part from pusher 48. The tamper switch in this example is interposed between the housing and pusher paddle 50 in this nonlimiting example. Sensor assembly 64 may include an alarm 95 in communication with tamper switch 93 and which is configured to be triggered upon housing 68A being removed from the pusher paddle. The alarm in one non-limiting example may comprise a warning sound or device in the formof a buzzer, such as a piezoelectric buzzer / beeper comprising a piezoelectric element. Tamper switch 93 is in communication with processor 78 and / or a remote server, central server, monitoring system, handheld device and / or mobile device. Thus, if someone endeavors to tear off or remove sensor assembly 64 (or housing 68A thereof), tamper switch 93 is configured to emit a signal to the processor or the like, which in turn may communicate an internal alarm notification.

[0099] Magnetic field sensor 67 thus in this example operatively connects to proximal end 58A of spring 58. The magnetic field sensor aligns with and is adjacent coiled portion 58C of spring 58 in this non-limiting embodiment; however, this is not strictly required.

[0100] Magnetic field sensor 67 couples to pusher 48 in a manner which inhibits access thereto, in this example via housing 68A and lid 68B. As seen in Figure 2, housing 68A has a longitudinal axis 68C extending between top 68D and bottom 68E thereof and positioned between sides 68F and 68G thereof. Longitudinal axis 68C of the housing extends parallel to length Ls of the housing as well as longitudinal axis 50C of pusher paddle 50 in this non-limiting example. Pusher 48 may thus be said to substantially extend along or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing in this nonlimiting embodiment. Longitudinal axis 68C of housing 68A is angled relative to longitudinal axis 44C of elongate member 44, in this non-limiting example being perpendicular thereto. The longitudinal axis of the housing extends substantially vertically in this non-limiting embodiment.

[0101] The housing has a front 68H and a rear 681 opposite the front thereof. Sides 68F and 68G as well the front and rear are planar in this non-limiting example, in this non-limiting case being rectangular. Front 68H and rear 681 of housing 68A extend between top 68D and bottom 68E as well as between the sides of housing 68A. As seen in Figure 1, the housing is shaped to extend along at least in part and abut one of said items of merchandise 56, in this case item of merchandise 56A adjacent thereto. In this non-limiting embodiment front 68H of housing 68A is shaped to extend along and abut the item of merchandise 56A. Alternatively, the housing may be shaped to extend along and abut the item of merchandise via one of sides 68F and 68G and / or rear 681 thereof in other examples.

[0102] As seen in Figure 1, magnetic field sensor 67 includes a device 82 which senses the presence or absence of magnetic field 70. The device is configured to interact with the magnetic field from magnet 66 and output a signal which varies as a function of relative positioning of pusher 48. The strength of magnetic field 70 as detected by device 82 varies as a function of the position of the pusher relative to elongate member 44. The device is a reed switch in one non-limiting example; however, this is not strictly required and the device may comprise a magnetoresistive sensor in another non-limiting example, a Hall Effect sensor in a further non-limiting example, and in a yet another non-limiting example a Magnasphere™.

[0103] Referring to Figure 3, device 82 is thus actuated by a magnetic field and processor 78 monitors the change of state of the device by periodically sampling the device to sense a magnetic field. If a magnetic field is sensed then the processor in this non-limiting embodiment turns onindicator 72. In the absence of a magnetic field, processor 78 turns the indicator off in this nonlimiting example. The sampling of device 82 by the processor may be done, for example, four times per second or as many times per second as required. The sensitivity of magnetic field sensor 67 may be adjusted by selecting different types of devices 82. This may be used to set a maximum or minimum distance at which the magnetic field sensor is able to sense magnet 66. If another device 82 which senses a magnetic field is used in the magnetic sensor, such as a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor or Hall Effect sensor or Magnasphere™, then the sensitivity of the magnetic field sensor may be adjusted based on measured analog and / or digital output. Device 82 may be configured with sensitivity being adjustable so as to selectively extend or reduce the magnetic field detection range based on analog or digital input (e.g. via a push-button 83). This may enable first sensor assembly 64 to be customizable to a given shelf or pusher system.

[0104] Referring to Figure 1, device 82 in this non-limiting embodiment may be configured to detect (or output a signal indicative of) an absence of magnetic field 70 when the amount of shelved merchandise 56 biased by pusher 48 is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise. According to one nonlimiting embodiment, magnet 66 may be positioned to be beyond a detectable range of device 82 when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

[0105] Referring to Figure 2 and in this non-limiting embodiment, the device is configured to detect an elevated, relatively high and / or maximum magnetic field strength when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise. In this case magnet 66 and device 82 are positioned adjacent each other. Device 82 may be near or adjacent front 44A of elongate member 44 in this state according to one non-limiting embodiment. Where magnet 66 couples to and / or is adjacent elongate member 44, the device is positioned adjacent or near bottom 68E of housing 68A in this non-limiting example.

[0106] As mentioned above, the device may be configured with sensitivity being adjustable such as, for example, via push-button 83, so as to selectively extend or reduce the magnetic field detection range based on analog or digital input. This may enable first sensor assembly 64 to be customizable to a given or variety of third party of shelves 40 and / or pusher assemblies 42. The outputted signal of the first sensor assembly is indicative of, correlates to, corresponds to and / or is proportional to the amount of shelved merchandise 56, and / or may be configured / adjusted to this end. Pusher system 30 as herein described may thus function to communicate a shelf stock count in real-time.

[0107] Referring to Figure 1, pusher system 30 includes a second sensor assembly 94. The second sensor assembly is configured to obtain a second determination of an instantaneous and / orreal-time positioning of pusher 48 relative to elongate member 44. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0108] Second sensor assembly 94 includes in this non-limiting embodiment a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor 97. The ToF sensor in this non-limiting example couples to or is adjacent one of pusher 48 and elongate member 44 in a manner which inhibits access thereto. The following is a nonlimiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0109] ToF sensor 97 is in this non-limiting example enclosed at least in part within housing 68A. Magnetic field sensor 67 as well as housing 68A and the ToF sensor in this non-limiting example, couple to and extend forward and laterally-outwards from pusher 48. However, this is not strictly required, as one or more of the sensors and housing may be positioned rearwards, or sidewards of the pusher in other embodiments, for example. ToF sensor 97 in this non-limiting embodiment thus couples to and / or is adjacent pusher 48, in this case coupling to pusher paddle 50 via adhesive strip 69 which in this example extends along rear 681 of housing 68A. The ToF sensor is thus spring-biased towards front 40A of shelf 40 and front 44A of elongate member 44. ToF sensor 97 therefore aligns with and / or is adjacent coiled portion 58C of spring 58 in this non-limiting embodiment; however, this is not strictly required.

[0110] The ToF sensor is configured to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of pusher 48 relative to elongate member 44. To this end ToF sensor 97 includes an illumination unit 98 which illuminates and / or emits a light pulse or photon 100 against an object whose relative distance thereto correlates to a relative position of the pusher and / or an amount of shelved merchandise 56. The illumination unit may comprise a laser in one non-limiting embodiment. The object in one nonlimiting example is front 40A of shelf 40. In other non-limiting embodiments the object may be another part of the shelf, such as rear 40B thereof, or may be an item of merchandise 56, for example. In further embodiments, ToF sensor 97 may measure off the front or back of the wall. The range of light pulse or photon 100 may be adjusted to be larger or smaller.

[0111] ToF sensor 97 includes a lens 102 configured to receive light or photon reflected back as shown by 100’, in this case being reflected back from the front of the shelf. Optionally, a reflective member or surface 103 may be used and applied to front 40A of shelf 40 or a corresponding wall or item of merchandise to facilitate said reflection. In this case, the reflective member or surface 103 may be considered to be part of second sensor assembly 94. The reflective member or surface may be a black or white surface for example, or some combination thereof, in one non-limiting embodiment. The time required for light or photon to travel to reflective member or surface 103 and reflect back through lens 102, may be relatively short and in picoseconds, for example. Based on this time so measured and knowledge of the speed of light and half of the round trip time, the distance of pusher 48 relative to the reflective member or surface 103, and thus the position of the pusher relative to elongate member 44, and thus the amount of items of merchandise 56 within the pusher, may bedetermined in real-time. ToF sensor 97 may be configured to be accurate to within + 1 mm in one non-limiting embodiment.

[0112] The ToF sensor includes an elongate passageway or enclosure, in this case a tubular member 104 which extends about the lens and functions to inhibit extraneous light and interference from the side and / or outside noise and / or light. The tubular member may thus function to improve and / or extend the range of ToF sensor 97, as well as improve the accuracy of the ToF sensor. Tubular member 104 may be referred to as a hood. The tubular member couples to and extends outwards from front 68H of housing 68A in this non-limiting embodiment. Tubular member 104 is positioned near or adjacent top 68D of the housing in this non-limiting example. The tubular member extends towards and faces front 40A of shelf 40 in this non-limiting embodiment. As seen in Figure 2, tubular member 104 has a height HH which extends parallel to longitudinal axis 50C of pusher paddle 50 and a width WH which extends laterally relative to the longitudinal axis of the pusher paddle. The width of the tubular member is larger than the height of the tubular member in this non-limiting embodiment. Tubular member 104 encloses an aperture 105 which is non-circular in this example, in this case being obround; however, this is not strictly required. The tubular member and aperture 105 in this example extend about an axis 105 A which is parallel to longitudinal axis 44C of elongate member 44 and perpendicular to longitudinal axis 50C of pusher paddle 50.

[0113] Referring back to Figure 1, ToF sensor 97 in this non-limiting example includes an optical band-pass filter 106 configured to reduce noise thereof by suppressing light outside of a predetermined frequency range and / or threshold. The ToF sensor includes an image sensor 108 or focal plane array configured to receive an image from the lens. The image sensor includes a plurality of pixels and / or photodiodes, each of which measures the distance taken by light emitted from illumination unit 98 to front 40A of shelf 40 and back thereto, and converts this light to a current. ToF sensor 97 includes electronics that synchronize illumination unit 98 and image sensor 108 and control high speed signals. The ToF sensor is configured to signal an amount of shelved merchandise 56, in this case outputting a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise. ToF sensor 97 includes a processor, which in this non-limiting may comprise processor 78 seen in Figure 3. The processor calibrates data and determines one or more distances from a fixed point to a moveable object: in this case front 40A of shelf 40 seen in Figure 1 may be said to comprise the fixed point, with ToF sensor 97 so mounted to pusher 48, being the moveable object. This enables an instantaneous determination of the position of the pusher. A non-limiting example of a ToF chip comprising processor 78 may be found at, for example, STMicroelectronics International N.V., having an address of Chemin du Champ des Filles 39, Plan-les-Ouates CH- 1228 Geneva, Switzerland. ToF sensors, including their various parts and functionings, are known per se and ToF sensor 97 will thus not be described in further detail.

[0114] In this non-limiting embodiment both magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 as herein described are thus each configured to signal or output a signal indicative of the amount ofshelved merchandise 56. Each of the magnetic field and ToF sensors may thus be said to indirectly interact with one or more items of merchandise 56 and signal an instantaneous position thereof based on the same, to processor 78. Magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 are thus configured to be in communication with the processor, which is configured to receive signals therefrom. The magnetic field and ToF sensors are configured to wirelessly transmit one or more signals, and in this nonlimiting example a plurality of signals indicative of movement of pusher 48, to one or more of processor 78 and / or a remote server, central server, monitoring system, handheld device, and / or mobile device. Thus, when the pusher moves, sensors 67 and 97 may each wireless transmit a signal that may be picked up by upper management of the retail establishment, for example.

[0115] Processor 78 is configured to determine when pusher 48 is moving relative to elongate member 44 based on one or more of the signals. The processor is configured to determine positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member based on said signals, in this case determining the instantaneous position of the pusher relative to the elongate member in real-time based on the same. Processor 78 thus determines the amount of shelved merchandise 56 based on one or more of said signals received in real-time.

[0116] Magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 may each be configured to signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by pusher 48 is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise. As seen in Figure 1, the magnetic field and ToF sensor (and housing 68A thereof) in this non-limiting embodiment are spaced-apart from magnet 66 when pusher 48 is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and / or when the pusher and / or shelf 40 are fully stocked.

[0117] Processor 78 may be configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which pusher 48 moves relative to elongate member 44 within a predetermined amount of time. The processor may be configured to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise 56 exceeds a predetermined threshold. For example, if a person removes or scoops all of the items of merchandise at once (e.g. from ten items of merchandise to zero items of merchandise), processor 78 is configured to identify / detect the same, infer that this may be a thief and send a warning notification or alarm to a retail worker, clerk, security guard and / or upper management to investigate the matter further in real-time. This data may also function to provide accurate feedback on how many items of merchandise have been removed for a given time period and may be correlated on a regular (e.g. daily) basis: for example, if the store’s records indicate that three items of merchandise from shelf 40 were sold on a given day but pusher system 30 indicates that seven items of merchandise have been removed, this indicates or suggests that theft is occurring and enables / prompts / notifies the store to take corrective security measures. Sensor assemblies 64 and 94 as herein described may thus function to improve / enhance security and reduce the prospects of retail theft being successfully carried out to completion.

[0118] Magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 may each be configured to signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise 56 biased by pusher 48 is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold. One or more of and in this non-limiting embodiment both of the ToF sensor and magnetic field sensor are configured to signal a warning notification when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is depleted within or in less than a predetermined time threshold. One or more and in this non-limiting example both of magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 are configured to signal a re-stock notification or alarm when pusher 48 is within a predetermined threshold of depletion and / or adjacent or near front 40A of shelf 40 and / or front 44A of elongate member 44 in this non-limiting embodiment as seen in Figure 2. In one nonlimiting embodiment, processor 78 may be configured to send a text message to a retail worker, clerk, warehouse worker, upper management or the like, when shelfed items of merchandise are depleted and below a predetermined lower threshold with another text message being sent when shelf 40 has been re-stocked. The signalling from sensors 67 and 97 may be sent to any internal system. Sensors 67 and 97 may thus function as and / or be said to comprise inventory control sensors.

[0119] The magnetic field and ToF sensors (and housing 68 A thereof) in this non-limiting embodiment are near or adjacent magnet 66 when pusher 48 is in the second / extended / forward / distal position and / or when shelf 40 has a depleted stock of merchandise.

[0120] Magnetic field sensor 67 in this non-limiting embodiment may be configured to provide redundancy to ToF sensor 97 in determining the amount of shelved merchandise, or vice versa. First sensor assembly 64 may thus be configured to function as a back-up, redundant, and / or fail-safe means for second sensor assembly 94 and / or processor 78 in determining the amount of shelved merchandise 56 biased by pusher 48. Thus, magnetic field sensor 67 is configured to provide an absolute value of the position of the pusher relative to elongate member 44 and this may be added to and / or incorporated into the functioning of ToF sensor 97. If the ToF sensor is not functioning properly, the interaction between the magnetic field sensor and magnet 66 may provide a fail safe solution for determining the position of the pusher and thus the amount of items of shelved merchandise in real-time.

[0121] The processor may be configured to compare the amount of shelved merchandise 56 based on signals from the magnetic field sensor and ToF sensor. The processor is configured in one non-limiting example to output an error message or alarm notification when the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal(s) from ToF sensor 97 is different from the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal(s) from magnetic field sensor 67. Processor 78 may be configured to output an error message or alarm notification when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal(s) from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal(s) from the magnetic field sensor, exceeds a predetermined threshold.

[0122] The processor may be configured according to another non-limiting embodiment to rely on the signal(s) of magnetic field sensor 67 for determining the amount of shelved merchandise 56 and disregard the signal(s) of ToF sensor 97 for determining the amount of shelved merchandise when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal(s) from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal(s) from the magnetic field sensor exceeds the predetermined threshold, or vice versa.

[0123] In addition or alternatively, processor 78 may be configured to determine that the amount of shelved merchandise is correct or valid when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal(s) from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal(s) from the magnetic field sensor, is equal to or less the predetermined threshold.

[0124] In operation and referring to Figure 1, there is accordingly provided a method of retrofitting pusher system 30 to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system and / or a method of inhibiting theft of items of merchandise 56. The method may include configuring pusher 48 to abut the one or more items of merchandise, in this example via spring 58 biasing the pusher forwards towards front 44A of elongate member 44 or front 40A of shelf 40.

[0125] The method includes configuring first sensor assembly 64 and second sensor assembly 94 to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

[0126] The method includes providing first sensor assembly 64 with magnet 66 which generates or produces magnetic field 70 and providing the first sensor assembly with magnetic field sensor 67 including device 82 which senses the presence or absence of the magnetic field. The method in this non-limiting embodiment includes coupling the magnetic field sensor to a first of elongate member 44 and pusher 48, in this non-limiting embodiment the pusher via housing 68A thereof.

[0127] The method includes providing second sensor assembly 94 with ToF sensor 97 configured to emit a light or photon 100 against an object whose relative position correlates to a position or relative shelved stock of the merchandise 56, such as front 40A of shelf 40. The method includes illuminating and / or emitting via illumination unit 98 of ToF sensor 97 the light pulse or photon against the object (or front or rear of the shelf) to determine relative positioning thereto, and receiving light reflected back from the object via lens 102 of the ToF sensor. The method may include suppressing light out of a predetermined frequency range and / or threshold via optical bandpass filter 106 of the ToF sensor. The method includes receiving via image sensor 108 (or focal plane array) of ToF sensor 97 an image from lens 102. The method may include synchronizing (via illumination unit 98 and the image sensor) and controlling high speed signals related thereto. The method includes determining via processor 78 an instantaneous and / or real-time position of pusher48 relative to elongate member 44 based on an analysis of the timing between the one or more signals / lights / photons 100 so emitted and thereafter received.

[0128] The method includes coupling magnetic field sensor 67 and / or ToF sensor 97 to pusher 48. The method may include spring-biasing pusher 48 (and thus the magnetic field and ToF sensors) towards one of front and rear of elongate member, in this example towards front 44A of elongate member 44. The method may include coupling magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 to pusher 48 in a manner which inhibits access thereto. To this end, the method may include enclosing the magnetic field and ToF sensors within housing 68A having lid 68B via which the sensors and interior 68J of the housing are accessible. The method may include operatively connecting the housing to pusher 48, in this non-limiting example via adhesive and / or adhesive strip 69. Referring to Figure 3, the method may include operatively connecting tamper switch 90 to lid 68B. The method may include detecting removal of the lid via the tamper switch operatively connected thereto. The method may include configuring tamper switch 90 to emit a signal when lid 68B is removed or dislodged at least in part. The method may include configuring the tamper switch, upon removal of the lid, to wirelessly transmit one or more signals to processor 78 and / or a remote server, central server, monitoring system, handheld device and / or mobile device.

[0129] The method includes operatively connecting magnet 66 to and / or adjacent a second of elongate member 44 and pusher 48, in this example to the elongate member. Within this step, the method may include positioning the magnet adjacent the elongate member. Within this step, the method may include in this non-limiting embodiment coupling magnet 66 to elongate member 44 via adhesive and / or adhesive strip 66E seen in Figure 2. The method may include coupling the magnet to the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto, in this example by enclosing bar magnet 66A within magnet housing 66B and lid 66C thereof seen in Figure 3. The method may include operatively connecting tamper switch 66D to the lid of the magnet housing. The method may include detecting removal of lid 66C via the tamper switch operatively connected thereto. The method may include configuring tamper switch 66D to emit a signal when the lid of the magnet housing is removed or dislodged at least in part. The method may include configuring the tamper switch, upon removal of the lid from magnet housing 66B, to wirelessly transmit one or more signals to processor 78 (and / or a remote server, central server, monitoring system, handheld device and / or mobile device).

[0130] The method may include, after the magnet coupling step, adjusting sensitivity of device 82 via analog or digital input such as via push-button 83 seen in Figure 2. Referring back to Figure 1, the method includes configuring the device to interact with magnetic field 70 from magnet 66 and output a signal which varies as a function of relative positioning of pusher 48. The method may include configuring magnetic field sensor 67 to interact with the magnetic field from the magnet and output signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise 56 based thereon. The method may include configuring the magnetic field sensor to output a signal indicative of, which correlates to,which corresponds to and / or which is proportional to an amount of shelved merchandise. The method may include configuring magnetic field sensor 67 to detect magnetic field 70 of magnet 66 when the amount of shelved merchandise 56 biased by pusher 48 is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or below a predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise.

[0131] As seen in Figure 1, the method may include configuring or positioning the magnetic field sensor to detect an absence of a magnetic field when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise. The method may include positioning the magnet to be beyond a detectable range of the magnetic field sensor when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

[0132] Referring to Figure 4 and according to one embodiment, the method may thus comprise determining via the magnetic field sensor whether a magnetic field is detected, as shown by box 112. If a magnetic field is detected, the method may include sending via the first sensor assembly a signal indicative thereof to the processor, and determining via the processor and said signal, the relative position of the pusher in real-time based thereon, as shown by box 114. The detection step is then queried anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 116. If no magnetic field is detected, the method may include sending a signal indicative of the same via the first sensor assembly to the processor or configuring the processor to determine that no magnetic field is detected based on an absence of a signal within a predetermined amount of time and, in either case, determining via the processor that the shelf has a high shelved stock level of merchandise, as seen by arrow 118. The detection step is then queried anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 120.

[0133] Referring back to Figure 1, the method may include outputting via ToF sensor 97 a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise 56. The method may thus include configuring both magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 to each signal an amount of shelved merchandise. The method may include configuring magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 to each signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise 56 biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold. The method may include configuring the magnetic field sensor and ToF sensor to each signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by pusher 48 is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise. The method may include configuring one or more of magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 to signal a re-stock notification or alarm when the pusher is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent front 44A of elongate member 44 and / or front A and shelf 40 as seen in Figure 2. The method may include configuring one or more of the magnetic field sensor and ToF sensor to signal a warning notification when an amount of shelved merchandise 56 biased by pusher 48 is depleted within or in less than a predetermined time threshold.

[0134] The method includes configuring magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 to wirelessly transmit one or more signals to processor 78 (and / or a remote server, central server, monitoring system, handheld device and / or mobile device). The method may thus include configuring one or more of the magnetic field sensor and ToF sensor to interact directly or indirectly with one or more items of merchandise 56 and provide the processor with one or more signals indicative of an instantaneous position the one or more items of merchandise.

[0135] The method may include configuring processor 78 to be in communication with one or more of magnetic field sensor 67 and / or ToF sensor 97 receiving signals therefrom, receive the signals therefrom and determine said amount of shelved merchandise 56 based thereon.

[0136] The method may include determining via the processor positioning of pusher 48 relative to elongate member 44 based on one or more of said signals. The method may include determining via processor 78 when the pusher is moving relative to the elongate member based on one or more of said signals. The method may include determining via the processor the instantaneous position of pusher 48 relative to elongate member 44 in real-time based on said one or more signals. The method may include configuring processor 78 to receive said one or more signals in real-time and to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which the pusher moves relative to elongate member within a predetermined amount of time. The method may include configuring processor to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise exceeds a predetermined threshold.

[0137] Referring to Figure 5 and according to one embodiment, the method may therefore include configuring first sensor assembly 64 to provide redundancy to second sensor assembly 94 in determining an amount of shelved merchandise. According to this embodiment and at the start of the process as shown by box 121, the method includes measuring the relative position of the pusher in real-time via the ToF sensor and sending a signal indicative thereof to the processor, as shown by box 122. The method also includes measuring the relative position of the pusher in real-time via the magnetic field sensor and sending a signal indicative thereof to the processor, as shown by box 124. The method next includes determining via the processor the relative position of the pusher in realtime based on the signals obtains from the ToF and magnetic field sensors, as shown by box 126.

[0138] As part of or separate from said determining step, the method may include comparing i) the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on one or more signals from the ToF sensor, with ii) the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on one or more signals the magnetic field sensor, and determining via the processor a correct amount of shelved merchandise based on said comparing. Within this step, the method may include comparing the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on one or more signals from the ToF sensor with the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on one or more signals the magnetic field sensor, and determining via the processor whether the relative positions and / or amounts so determined are equal within a predetermined threshold or margin of error, as shown by box 128.

[0139] The method may include configuring the processor to rely on the signal of one of the magnetic field sensor and ToF sensor for determining the amount of shelved merchandise, in this case relying on the signal from the magnetic field sensor and disregarding the signal of the other of the magnetic field sensor and ToF sensor for determining the amount of shelved merchandise, in this case disregarding the signal from the ToF sensor, when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the magnetic field sensor exceeds a predetermined threshold, as shown by box 130. Within this step, the method may include configuring the processor in this case to emit an error and / or alarm notification. The method may next include reverting back to poll the sensor(s) and / or the measuring position steps anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 131 reverting back to the start of the cycle or process as shown by box 121.

[0140] The method may include determining via the processor that the amount of shelved merchandise is correct or valid when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the magnetic field sensor are equal within a predetermined threshold and / or margin of error. Within this step, the method may include relying on one, the other or the average of the distances determined by the processor via the signals received from the magnetic field and ToF sensors, as shown by box 132. The method may next include reverting back to poll the sensor(s) and / or the measuring position steps anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 133 reverting back to the start of the process as shown by box 121.

[0141] Referring to Figure 6 and according to another embodiment, the method may comprise configuring first sensor assembly 64 (including the magnet and magnetic field sensor thereof) to function as a back-up, redundant and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher. In this case, the method may include first measuring the relative position of the pusher in real-time via the ToF sensor and sending a signal indicative thereof to the processor, as shown by box 134. The method next includes determining the relative position of the pusher in real-time via the processor based on the signal from the ToF sensor, as shown by box 136. The method next includes querying / determining whether the relative position so determined via the ToF sensor, corresponds to a low shelved stock level of items of merchandise or predetermined position of the pusher related thereto, as shown by box 138.

[0142] If yes, the method may next include determining via the processor whether the magnetic field sensor detects a predetermined or relative maximum magnetic field strength level from the magnet, as shown by box 140. If yes, that is, if the magnetic field sensor behaviour, communication and / or signalling confirms the determination of the pusher position obtained via the ToF sensor within a predetermined threshold, then the method includes determining via the processor that the pusher and / or shelf needs to be re-stocked and / or sending a notification related thereto, as shown by box 142.

[0143] If the processor receives a signal from the magnetic field sensor and / or detects a signal from the magnetic field sensor which does not correspond with a predetermined or relative maximum magnetic field strength level from the magnet, then the processor determines that the ToF sensor and magnetic field sensor are outputting signals corresponding to conflicting pusher positions and the processor is configured according to this non-limiting embodiment to send an error / alarm notification, as shown by box 144. In addition or alternatively, pusher system 30 may be configured to send a re-stock notification or alarm if either of the magnetic field sensor or ToF sensor indicates via signals or otherwise that there is a low shelved stock of items of merchandise.

[0144] If the processor determines based on signalling from the ToF sensor that the pusher does not correspond to a low shelved stock level of items of merchandise, then the method may next include determining whether the relative position so determined via the ToF sensor, corresponds to a high shelved stock level of items of merchandise or predetermined position of the pusher related thereto, as shown by box 146. If no, the measuring position via the ToF sensor is polled anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 148.

[0145] If the relative position of the pusher as determined by the processor based on signalling from the ToF sensor corresponds to a high shelved stock level of items of merchandise, then the method may next include determining via the processor whether the magnetic field sensor detects a predetermined or relative minimum or zero magnetic field strength level from the magnet, which may be determined via a signal or lack of signal from the magnetic field sensor and as shown by box 150. If yes, that is, if the magnetic field sensor behaviour, communication or signalling confirms the positioning of the pusher as determined via the ToF sensor within a predetermined threshold, then the method includes determining via the processor that the pusher and / or shelf is sufficiently and / or fully stocked, as shown by box 152. In this case, the measuring position via the ToF sensor is polled anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 154.

[0146] If the processor receives a signal from the magnetic field sensor which does not correspond with a predetermined or relative minimum or zero magnetic field strength level from the magnet, then the method includes determining via the processor that the ToF sensor and magnetic field sensor are outputting signals corresponding to conflicting pusher positions and emitting an error / alarm notification in response thereto, as shown by box 144.

[0147] Referring to Figure 7 and according to yet another embodiment, the method comprises determining via the processor whether the difference in pusher positions as determined via the magnetic field and ToF sensors, exceeds a predetermined threshold, as shown by box 156. Within this determining step and to this end, the processor may be configured to continuously receive signals from the sensors and / or make determinations based thereon or periodically poll the sensors to make said determination(s). The method includes outputting via the processor an error message or alarm notification when the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor is different from the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signalfrom the magnetic field sensor such that it exceeds said predetermined threshold, as shown by box 158.

[0148] If the pusher position as determined via the ToF sensor and as determined via the magnetic field sensor, is determined to be equal or the same within said predetermined threshold, then the method may next include determining whether the processor has received one or more signals from the tamper switch(es), as shown by box 160. This may be a signal from tamper switch 90 for housing 68A of the sensors seen in Figure 3, a signal from tamper switch 66D of associated with magnet housing 66B and lid 66C and / or a signal from tamper switch 93 seen in Figure 1 configured to detects when housing 68A is removed or dislodged at least in part from pusher 48. Referring back to Figure 7, if such a one or more signals is received, then the method includes outputting via the processor an error message or alarm notification, as shown by box 158. If no such signal is received by the processor from the tamper switch, then the method is configured to poll anew, as shown by arrow 162, whether the difference between the pusher positions exceeds the predetermined threshold of box 156.

[0149] Pusher system 30 in this non-limiting embodiment includes at least one indicator which indicates when inventory or shelved merchandise 56 is removed from pusher 48: this may be indicator 72 seen in Figure 2, or be a separate indicator. The indicator may be a part of and / or couple to first sensor assembly 64 and / or second sensor assembly 94. Indicator 72 operatively connects to processor 78, with the processor being configured to communicate via the indicator when movement of pusher 48 is determined. The indicator is configured to locally indicate when movement of pusher 48 seen in Figure 1 is determined and / or when inventory (items of merchandise 56) is removed from the pusher. This may function to provide a local advisory to a customer, which may result in a psychological and / or aesthetically-pleasing effect. As mentioned above, indicator 72 may be an auditory indicator (comprising a sound mechanism identifying that something has been moved locally), a vibratory indicator, and / or a visual indicator (e.g. comprising a light emitting diode (LED)), for example. If the indicator is an auditory indicator, it may comprise in one non-limiting embodiment a buzzer, such as a piezoelectric buzzer / beeper comprising a piezoelectric element. The latter, including its parts and functionings thereof, is known per se to those skilled in the art and will accordingly not be described in further detail.

[0150] One or more of the above methods may thus further include providing at least one indicator, such as indicator 72 seen in Figure 2, configured to indicate when inventory is removed from pusher 48 seen in Figure 1. Within this step, the method may include indicating locally via the indicator when inventory is removed from the pusher. Within this step, the method may include indicating via at least one indicator when movement of the pusher is determined.

[0151] As seen in Figure 1, first sensor assembly 64 and / or second sensor assembly 94 may be configured to wake up on movement of pusher 48 being detected or determined and / or transmit one or more signals to indicative of said movement. In this case, magnetic field sensor 67 and / or ToFsensor 97 may include an accelerometer 110 via which movement of the pusher is determined and in response to which the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor are configured to be woken up. This may function to save battery power. One or more of the above methods may thus include configuring the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor to transmit a plurality of signals indicative of movement of pusher 48. The method(s) may include configuring magnetic field sensor 67 and ToF sensor 97 to wake up on movement of the pusher being detected or determined and / or transmit one or more signals to indicative of said movement. In addition or alternatively, the method(s) may include determining movement of pusher 48 via accelerometer 110. The accelerometer may be referred to as and / or be a part of a MEMS (micro-electromechanism system) sensor for detecting motion thereof and / or the pusher, with the processor in response thereto causing the ToF sensor to turn on and / or obtain a reading of the position of the pusher.

[0152] As an additional non-limiting variation, one or more of the above sensor assemblies may include or incorporate another type of motion detector other than an accelerometer and / or MEMS sensor, such as a ball contact on a spring system which functions to detect motion. A ball operatively connected to housing 68A via a spring, is sensitive to motion, with the physical movement and / or vibration thereof being translatable into an electrical signal and with the processor in response thereto causing the ToF sensor to turn on and / or obtain a reading of the position of the pusher. The ball on a spring in this case may be depicted as shown by numeral 110.

[0153] Motion detectors, accelerometers, MEMS sensors and / or ball on a spring systems, including their various parts and functionings, are known per se and such systems will accordingly not be described in further detail.

[0154] First sensor assembly 64 and second sensor assembly 94 may be sold or offered collectively or individually as part of a kit to enable positioning of pusher system 30 to be monitored. The sensor assemblies are configured to be of a universal type in this example so as to facilitate functioning with, coupling to and retrofitting onto any standard-type third party pusher.

[0155] ToF sensor 97 may also be configured to function as a motion detector if someone is reaching into a jewelry case, for example. In this case, the ToF sensor may reflect its light or photon off of the object in the form of a person’s hand, for example.

[0156] Sensor assemblies 64 and 94 may be configured to auto-align and / or auto-calibrate with a given third party pusher. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality. In this non-limiting example and referring to Figure 2, sensor assemblies 64 and 94 include a calibration button 163 extending outwards from housing 68A thereof. In this non-limiting embodiment, upon the sensor assemblies being installed onto pusher assembly 42 (e.g. onto elongate member 44 and pusher 48), the calibration button may actuated once when the pusher is depleted of items of merchandise with indicator 72 flashing and / or making an auditory sound once in response thereto. The pusher assembly may then be fully loaded with items of merchandise 56 as seen in Figure 1 and calibration button 163 actuated anew, with the indicator twice flashing and / or making31an auditory sound in this case. Pusher assembly 42 may then be partially loaded with items of merchandise between the fully loaded and depleted positions of Figures 1 and 2, with the calibration button thereafter actuated a third time, with the indicator flashing and / or making an auditory sound three times in this non-limiting case. In this manner sensor assemblies 64 and 94 may internally determine the strength of magnetic field 70 seen in Figure 1 and / or the photon travel distances / times which correspond to various positions of pusher 48 relative to elongate member 44 and thus the corresponding amounts / items of merchandise 56. Sensor assemblies 64 and 94 so configured may be particularly advantageous from a time-saving perspective if for example, a given store sells thousands of products and / or has a relatively large number of shelves 40 and corresponding pushers 48.

[0157] As seen in Figure 2, sensor assemblies 64 and 94 may further be configured to enable a user or retail worker or clerk to communicate or signal the need for more shelved items upon a visual inspection of pusher assembly 42, for example. The following is non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality. In this non-limiting example, sensor assemblies 64 and 94 include an inventory call button 165. This may be automatically triggered upon the sensor assemblies determining that items of merchandise are depleted or below a predetermined threshold. In addition or alternatively, this may be configured to be manually actuated by said clerk. This causes a re-stock notification to be sent to a processor and / or microprocessor, and / or remote server and / or central server and / or monitoring system and / or handheld device and / or mobile device, such as to a worker in the warehouse and / or to upper management, for example.

[0158] As a further non-limiting embodiment, when items of merchandise are depleted or below a predetermined threshold and referring to Figure 2, magnet 66 is positioned to trigger device 82 (e.g. a reed switch), in response to which processor 78 seen in Figure 1 may function to turn on or activate ToF sensor 97 and / or cause the ToF sensor to obtain a position reading for a period of time. This may function to save power and the latter may function to confirm that the merchandise is depleted and needs re-stocking. Thus, in this non-limiting example, the magnetic field sensor is primarily relied upon and triggered for determining a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or when stock is low, and the ToF sensor in response thereto is woken up and used to as a back-up, redundant and / or fail-safe means of determining / confirming the same.

[0159] Figures 8 to 11 show a pusher system 30.1, pusher assembly 42.1 and first and second sensor assemblies 64. 1 and 94. 1 thereof and / or therefor, according to another aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30, pusher assembly 42 and first and second sensor assemblies 64 and 94 shown in Figures 1 to 7 with the addition of decimal extension “. 1”. Pusher system 30.1, pusher assembly 42.1 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.1 and 94.1 are substantially the same as pusher system 30, pusher assembly 42 and first and second sensor assemblies 64 and 94 shown in Figures 1 to 7 with at least the following exceptions.

[0160] In this non-limiting embodiment, magnet 66.1 and magnetic field sensor 67.1 are adjacent or relatively near each other and / or the magnetic field sensor may detect an elevated, relatively high and / or maximum magnetic field strength when the amount of shelved merchandise56. 1 is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise. The magnetic field sensor may thus be configured to detect an elevated or relative maximum magnetic field 70.1 of the magnet when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise. As seen in Figure 8, magnetic field sensor 67.1 and ToF sensor 97.1 (and housing 68A. 1 thereof) in this non-limiting embodiment are thus near or adjacent magnet 66.1 when pusher 48.1 is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and / or when shelf 40. 1 is fully stocked.

[0161] Magnet 66.1 is adjacent and / or couples towards or adjacent rear 44B.1 of elongate member 44. 1 in this non-limiting embodiment. In addition or alternatively, the magnet may be said to be adjacent and / or couple to rear 40B.1 of shelf 40.1. The magnet in this non-limiting example couples to and extends along the elongate member. Magnet 66. 1 is co-planar with elongate member44. 1 in this non-limiting embodiment and may couple to the top, bottom or side thereof, for example.

[0162] Referring to Figure 9, magnetic field sensor 67. 1 in this non-limiting embodiment may be configured to detect a predetermined or relative minimum or absence of a magnetic field when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise. Magnet 66. 1 in this non-limiting example may be configured and / or be positioned to be beyond a detectable range of the magnetic field sensor when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by pusher 48. 1 is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise, in this case being positioned near or adjacent rear 44C.1 of elongate member 44.1. Magnetic field sensor 67.1 and ToF sensor 97.1 (and housing 68A. 1 thereof) in this nonlimiting embodiment are thus spaced-apart from magnet 66.1 when pusher 48.1 is in the second / extended / forward / distal position and / or when shelf 40. 1 has a depleted stock of merchandise.

[0163] Referring to Figure 10, there is accordingly provided a method of retrofitting pusher system 30.1 to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system and / or a method of inhibiting theft of items of merchandise according to one non-limiting embodiment. The method comprises determining via the magnetic field sensor whether a magnetic field is detected, as shown by box 112. 1. If a magnetic field is detected, the method includes sending via the first sensor assembly a signal indicative thereof to the processor, and determining via the processor and said signal, the relative position of the pusher in real-time based thereon, as shown by box 114. 1. The detection step is then queried anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 116. 1. If no magnetic field is detected (or a predetermined or relative minimum relative magnetic field strength), the method according to this embodiment includes sending a signal indicative of the samevia the first sensor assembly to the processor or configuring the processor to determine that no magnetic field is detected based on an absence of a signal within a predetermined amount of time and, in either case, determining via the processor that the shelf has a low shelved stock level of merchandise, as seen by box 164. Within this step, the processor may be configured in this case to signal a re-stock notification or alarm.

[0164] Referring to Figure 11 and according to another embodiment, the method may comprise configuring first sensor assembly 64. 1 (including the magnet and magnetic field sensor thereof) to function as a back-up, redundant and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher. In this case, the method may include first measuring relative position of the pusher in real-time via the ToF sensor and sending a signal indicative thereof to the processor, as shown by box 134. 1. The method next includes determining the relative position of the pusher in real-time via the processor based on the signal from the ToF sensor, as shown by box 136.1. Within this step or as a separate step, the method includes querying / determining whether the relative position so determined via the ToF sensor, corresponds to a low shelved stock level of items of merchandise or predetermined position of the pusher related thereto, as shown by box 138.1.

[0165] If yes, the method may next include determining via the processor whether the magnetic field sensor detects a predetermined or relative minimum or zero magnetic field strength level from the magnet, as shown by box 150.1. If yes, that is, if the magnetic field sensor behaviour, communication or signalling confirms the pusher position determination obtained via ToF sensor within a predetermined threshold, then the method includes determining via the processor that the pusher and / or shelf needs to be re-stocked and / or sending a notification related thereto, as shown by box 142.1.

[0166] If the processor receives a signal from the magnetic field sensor and / or detects a signal from the magnetic field sensor which does not correspond with a predetermined or relative minimum or zero magnetic field strength level from the magnet, then the processor determines that the ToF sensor and magnetic field sensor are outputting signals corresponding to conflicting pusher positions and the processor is configured according to this embodiment to send an error / alarm notification, as shown by box 144. 1.

[0167] If the processor determines based on signalling from the ToF sensor that the pusher does not correspond to a low shelved stock level of items of merchandise, then the method may next include determining whether the relative position so determined via the ToF sensor, corresponds to a high shelved stock level of items of merchandise or predetermined position of the pusher related thereto, as shown by box 146.1. If no, the measuring position via the ToF sensor is polled anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 148. 1.

[0168] If the relative position of the pusher as determined by the processor based on signalling from the ToF sensor corresponds to a high shelved stock level of items of merchandise, then the method may next include determining via the processor whether the magnetic field sensor detects apredetermined or relative maximum magnetic field strength level from the magnet, as shown by box 140.1. If yes, that is, if the magnetic field sensor behaviour, communication or signalling confirms that of the ToF sensor within a predetermined threshold, then the method includes determining via the processor that the pusher and / or shelf is sufficiently and / or fully stocked, as shown by box 152. 1. In this case, the measuring position via the ToF sensor is polled anew in a continuous cycle as shown by arrow 154.1.

[0169] If the processor receives a signal from the magnetic field sensor which does not correspond with a predetermined or relative maximum magnetic field strength level from the magnet, then the processor determines that the ToF sensor and magnetic field sensor are outputting signals corresponding to conflicting pusher positions and the processor is configured according to this embodiment to send an error / alarm notification, as shown by box 144.1. Alternatively, the method may include in this case selecting one of the signals of the sensors for determining positioning of the pusher and disregarding the other of the sensors.

[0170] Figures 12 to 13 show a pusher system 30.2, pusher assembly 42.2 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.2 and 94.2 thereof and / or therefor, according to a further aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30, pusher assembly 42 and first and second sensor assemblies 64 and 94 shown in Figures 1 to 7 with the addition of decimal extension “.2”. Pusher system 30.2, pusher assembly 42.2 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.2 and 94.2 are substantially the same as pusher system 30, pusher assembly 42 and first and second sensor assemblies 64 and 94 shown in Figures 1 to 7 with at least the following exceptions.

[0171] In this non-limiting embodiment and referring to Figure 12, magnet 66.2 couples to pusher 48.2. Magnetic field sensor 67.2 and ToF sensor 97.2 (and housing 68 A.2 thereof) couple to and / or are near or adjacent front 44A.2 of elongate member 44.2, in this non-limiting example coupling thereto via housing 68A.2. In addition or alternatively, the magnetic field and ToF sensors (and / or housing thereof) may couple to and / or extend adjacent and / or parallel to shelf 40.2, and / or front 40A.2 thereof. As seen in Figure 12, an elongate passageway or enclosure, in this example a tubular member 104.2 extends towards and faces rear 40B.2 of shelf 40.2 in this non-limiting embodiment. This embodiment may facilitate sensor assemblies 64.2 and 94.2 that send signals via wired communication as shown by wire 167 in Figure 13, for example; however, this is not strictly required and here too the sensor assemblies may, in the alternative, send signals via wireless communication.

[0172] Magnetic field sensor 67.2 in this non-limiting example may be configured to detect an absence of a magnetic field (or predetermined or relative minimum thereof) when the amount of shelved merchandise 56.2 biased by pusher 48.2 is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise. Magnet 66.2 in one non-limiting example is positioned to be beyond a detectable range of magnetic field sensor 67.2 when the amount of shelved merchandise 56.2 biased by pusher is above the predetermined or highshelved stock threshold number of shelved merchandise, in this case being positioned near or adjacent rear 44B.2 of elongate member 44.2.

[0173] ToF sensor 97.2 may be configured or positioned to emit a light pulse or photon 100.2 rearward against pusher 48.2 and / or pusher paddle 50.2 thereof so as to reflect off of reflective member or surface 103.2, which in this example couples to the pusher paddle. In addition or alternatively, the light pulse or photon may be arranged to reflect against and off of magnet 66.2, which may be configured to have a surface that promotes reflection for example.

[0174] Figures 14 to 18B show a pusher system 30.3, pusher assembly 42.3 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.3 and 94.3 thereof and / or therefor, according to a further aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30, pusher assembly 42 and first and second sensor assemblies 64 and 94 shown in Figures 1 to 7 with the addition of decimal extension “.3”. Pusher system 30.3, pusher assembly 42.3 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.3 and 94.3 are substantially the same as pusher system 30, pusher assembly 42 and first and second sensor assemblies 64 and 94 shown in Figures 1 to 7 with at least the following exceptions.

[0175] Referring to Figure 14, ToF sensor 97.3 and housing 68.3 thereof are shaped in this example and / or sized relative to pusher 48.3 so as to inhibit damage thereto. The following is a nonlimiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0176] Housing 68.3 is configured to be streamline with pusher 48.3. As seen in Figure 15, width Ws.3 of housing 68A.3 (and / or magnetic field sensor 67.3 and ToF sensor 97.3) is generally or substantially similar to or less than width Wp of pusher 48.3 in this non-limiting example. The magnetic field sensor and ToF sensor are configured to be substantially streamline with the pusher in this non-limiting embodiment.

[0177] Referring to Figures 16B and 17B, housing 68A.3 and lid 68B.3 couple together via a plurality of male and female members. The male and female members of the housing and lid enable the lid to move as seen by arrow 175 from an unlocked position seen in Figure 18A, to a locked position seen in Figure 18B. Lid 68B.3 is configured to move longitudinally relative to housing 68A.3 in order to move from the unlocked to the locked position and vice versa. The lid and the housing snap-fit couple together via a snap-fit connection in the locked position thereof in this nonlimiting example. The following is a non-limiting example which achieves this functionality.

[0178] Referring back to Figures 16B and 17B and in this non-limiting embodiment, housing 68 A.3 and lid 68B.3 couple together via first male and female members in the form of a bayonet connector or bayonet mount 166 in this example. The bayonet mount includes one or more and in this example a pair of inwardly-extending pins 168A and 168B of a first of the housing and the lid, with the pins in this example extending inwardly from the sides of lid 68B.3 as seen in Figure 17B. Bayonet mount 166 includes one or more and in this example a pair of corresponding female members or channels 170 of a second of the housing and the lid, with the channels in this example extending inwardly / along sides 68F.3 and 68G.3 of housing 68A.3 as seen in Figure 16B. Pins 166Aand 166B seen in Figure 17B are shaped to selectively mate with corresponding respective ones of the channels. As seen in Figure 16B, each channel 170 includes a laterally-extending portion 170A shaped to enable the lid to move laterally relative to the housing so as to be received therein, and includes a longitudinally-extending portion 170B to thereafter enable the lid so received within the housing to move longitudinally relative to the housing as seen with reference to Figures 18A and 18B. Referring back to Figure 16B, bayonet mount 166 is near or adjacent top 68D.3 of housing 68.3 in this example; however, this is not strictly required.

[0179] Housing 68A.3 and lid 68B.3 slidably couple together in this non-limiting embodiment via a second pair of male and female members, in this example via i) a pair of spaced-apart, outwardly-extending elongate members or rails 172A and 172B of a first of the housing and the lid, in this case extending along and outwards from sides 68F.3 and 68G.3 of housing 68A.3 as seen in Figure 16B; and ii) corresponding spaced-apart and inwardly-extending elongate channels 174A and 174B of a second of the housing and the lid, in this case extending along and inwards from the sides of lid 68B.3 as seen in Figure 17B. The elongate channels are shaped to enable the lid to move laterally so as to be received within the housing as seen in Figure 18A in the unlocked position, and the elongate channels are shaped to enable the lid so received to be moved longitudinally relative to the housing thereafter in this non-limiting example as seen in Figure 18B in the locked position. Rails 172A and 172B seen in Figure 16B and channels 174A and 174B seen in Figure 17B, are each positioned between top 68D.3 and bottom 68E.3 of housing 68A.3 seen in Figure 16B in this nonlimiting example.

[0180] Referring now to Figures 18A and 18B and in this non-limiting embodiment, lid 68B.3 is configured to snap-fit couple to the housing via a third pair of male and female members 176A and 176B in the form of snap-fit connection 176 in this non-limiting example. As seen in Figure 16B, the snap-fit connection is positioned adjacent bottom 68E.3 of housing 68A.3 in this non-limiting embodiment. Male member 176A couples to a first of the housing and the lid, in this case extending along and outwards from the bottom of lid 68B.3 as seen in Figure 17B. Female member 176B (which may comprise an elongate channel for example) extends along of a second of the housing and the lid, in this case extending along and inwards from bottom 68E.3 of housing 68A.3 as seen in Figure 16B. Male member 176A seen in Figure 18B is shaped to inhibit removal of lid 68B.3 relative to housing 68A.3, in this case inhibiting outward movement of the lid relative of the housing until the lid is first moved longitudinally, as seen by arrow 177, from the locked position of Figure 18B, to the unlocked position of Figure 18A. Housing 68A.3 and lid 68B.3 so configured may facilitate easy access to a power source such as a battery when the battery needs replacing or the like.

[0181] As seen in Figure 16B, tubular member 104.3 is generally or substantially a rectangular prism in shape in this non-limiting embodiment. Comers and edges of the tubular member are rounded in this non-limiting example. Tubular member 104.3 extends outwards from front 68H.3 of housing 68A.3 from top 68D.3 towards bottom 68E.3 of the housing in this non-limitingembodiment. The tubular member extends from side 68F.3 to side 68G.3 of the housing in this nonlimiting example.

[0182] Figures 19 to 20 show a pusher system 30.4, pusher assembly 42.4 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.4 and 94.4 thereof and / or therefor, according to yet another aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30.3, pusher assembly 42.3 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.3 and 94.3 shown in Figures 14 to 18B with decimal extension “.4” replacing decimal extension “.3” and with decimal extension “.4” being added for like parts not previously having a decimal extension. Pusher system 30.4, pusher assembly 42.4 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.4 and 94.4 are substantially the same as pusher system 30.3, pusher assembly 42.3 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.3 and 94.3 shown in Figures 14 to 18B with at least the following exceptions.

[0183] Sensor assemblies 64.4 and 94.4 couple to pusher 48.4 in a manner which inhibits damage thereto. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0184] Pusher system 30.4 includes an adapter 178 via which sensor assemblies 64.4 and 94.4 selectively couple to and are removable from pusher 48.4. The magnetic field and ToF sensors thus selectively couple to the pusher via the adapter in this non-limiting example. The following are more non-limiting particulars of an embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0185] Adapter 178 couples to pusher 48.4 via male and female members in this non-limiting example: the adapter includes a female member, in this example a channel, in this case a C-shaped channel 180 seen in Figure 19, shaped to receive a male member or upwardly-extending protrusion or upper portion 50D.4 of pusher paddle 50.4 of pusher 48.4. The channel extends from a first or proximal end 178A to a second or distal end 178B of the adapter seen in Figure 20 in this example.

[0186] Referring back to Figure 19, magnetic field sensor 67.4 and ToF sensor 97.4 are coextensive with the adapter in this non-limiting embodiment. Adapter 178 extends about and laterally outwards from the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor, so as to inhibit damage thereto. As seen in Figure 20, the adapter is substantially rectangular in front and rear profile, with a width WA and a length LA. Housing 68A.4 has a width Ws.4 substantially equal to or less than that of adapter 178 and / or a length Ls.4 substantially equal to or less than that of the adapter. In this case the width and length of the housing are less than those of the adapter. As seen in Figure 19, adapter 178 is shaped to extend about at least in part and laterally outwards from sensors 67.4 and 97.4 so as to inhibit damage thereto in this non-limiting embodiment.

[0187] Figure 21 shows a pusher system 30.5, pusher assembly 42.5 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.5 and 94.5 thereof and / or therefor, according to yet an additional aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30.3, pusher assembly 42.3 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.3 and 94.3 shown in Figures 14 to 18B with decimal extension “.5” replacing decimal extension “.3” and with decimal extension “.5” being added for like parts not previously having a decimal extension. Pusher system 30.5, pusher assembly 42.5 and first andsecond sensor assemblies 64.5 and 94.5 are substantially the same as pusher system 30.3, pusher assembly 42.3 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.3 and 94.3 shown in Figures 14 to 18B with at least the following exceptions.

[0188] ToF sensor 97.5 is configured to emit and reflect a pulse, light and / or photon 100.5 against rear 40B.5 of shelf 40.5 and / or a rear wall thereof. The ToF sensor, as well as tubular member 104.5 of pusher system 30.5, thus face rearwards and / or towards the rear of the shelf and / or a rear wall.

[0189] Housing 68 A.5 includes a mount or positioning member, in this non-limiting example in the form of a protrusion or tab 182. The tab is shaped to abut against distal end 50B.6 of pusher paddle 50.5, with housing 68.5 thus hanging in part therefrom. Tab 182 is a rectangular prism in shape in this non-limiting embodiment.

[0190] Figures 22 to 23 show a pusher system 30.6, pusher assembly 42.6 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.6 and 94.6 thereof and / or therefor, according to yet an additional aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30.5, pusher assembly 42.5 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.5 and 94.5 shown in Figure 21 with decimal extension “.6” replacing decimal extension “.5” and with decimal extension “.6” being added for like parts not previously having a decimal extension. Pusher system 30.6, pusher assembly 42.6 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.6 and 94.6 are substantially the same as pusher system 30.5, pusher assembly 42.5 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.5 and 94.5 shown in Figure 21 with at least the following exceptions.

[0191] In this non-limiting embodiment, sensor assemblies 64.6 and 94.6 and housing 68A.6 couple to pusher paddle 50.6 via adapter 178.6. As seen in Figure 22, housing 68A.6 includes a mount or positioning member, in this non-limiting example in the form of a protrusion or tab 182.6. The tab is shaped to abut against the top or distal end 178B.6 of adapter 178.6, with housing 68.6 thus hanging in part therefrom.

[0192] Figure 24 shows a pusher system 30.7, pusher assembly 42.7 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.7 and 94.7 thereof and / or therefor, according to a further aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30.5, pusher assembly 42.5 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.5 and 94.5 shown in Figure 21 with decimal extension “.7” replacing decimal extension “.5” and with decimal extension “.7” being added for like parts not previously having a decimal extension. Pusher system 30.7, pusher assembly 42.7 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.7 and 94.7 are substantially the same as pusher system 30.5, pusher assembly 42.5 and first and second sensor assemblies 64.5 and 94.5 shown in Figure 21 with at least the following exceptions.

[0193] Pusher system 30.7 in this non-limiting embodiment includes a plurality of longitudinally spaced-apart magnets 66.7i, 66.7ii, 66.7ii and 66.7iv extendable along and in this example coupling to elongate member 44.7 between ends 44A.7 and 44B.7 thereof. The number of magnets shown is for illustrative purposes only and there may be fewer or more than four magnets in otherembodiments. The magnets may be spaced apart at predetermined and / or set intervals or distances D, such as every two inches, inch, quarter inch or half inch apart in some non-limiting example. Device 82.7 (e.g. a reed switch) is selectively triggered by respective ones of said magnets 66.7i, 66.7ii, 66.7iii and 66.7iv when assemblies 64.7 / 94.7 pass adjacent thereto. The processor in response thereto activates ToF sensor 97.7 for a period of time so as to obtain a signal therefrom indicative of positioning of the pusher. This may function to save power and may also function as a double- redundancy / fail-safe way of ensuring that the real-time positioning of the pusher as determined is correct.

[0194] Figure 25 shows a pusher system 30.8, pusher assembly 42.8 and a sensor assembly 94.8 thereof and / or therefor, according to yet a further aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30.5, pusher assembly 42.5 and sensor assembly 94.5 shown in Figure 21 with decimal extension “.8” replacing decimal extension “ .5” and with decimal extension “.8” being added for like parts not previously having a decimal extension. Pusher system 30.8, pusher assembly 42.8 and sensor assembly 94.8 are substantially the same as pusher system 30.5, pusher assembly 42.5 and sensor assembly 94.5 shown in Figure 21 with at least the following exceptions.

[0195] Pusher system 30.8 includes a plurality of laterally spaced-apart sensors, in this nonlimiting example time-of-flight (ToF) sensors 97.8i, 97.8ii, 97.8iii, ..., 97.8n. The ToF sensors are each alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers 48.8i, 48.8ii, 48.8iii, ..., 48.8n, to measure their positioning. ToF sensors 97.8i, 97.8ii, 97.8iii, ..., 97.8n are positionable along rear 40B.8 of shelf 40.8 or wall thereof.

[0196] Each ToF sensor 97.8i is positionable to emit a light pulse or photon 100.8i against a rear of its pusher, in this example against rear 48B.8 of corresponding pusher paddle 50.8i. Each pusher paddle may optionally include a reflective member or surface 103.8 via which the photon is reflected back to the ToF sensor as seen by arrow 100’.8i. The time taken for the photon to return may used to determine the instantaneous position of a given pusher 50.8 relative to its elongate member 44.8 as discussed previously above.

[0197] Pusher system 30.8 includes a laterally-extending elongate track 184 to which ToF sensors 97.8i, 97.8ii, 97.8iii, ..., 97.8n selectively couple and extend along and via which the ToF sensors receive power. The ToF sensors may include a coupling mechanism via which the ToF sensors are selectively snap-fit connected to the track in one non-limiting example. Track 184 in this example couples to and extends along rear 40B.8 of shelf 40.8. The track extends perpendicular to elongate members 44.8 of pushers 50.8 in this non-limiting embodiment. The pushers are moveable along parallel axes 44C.8 via their respective elongate members and the track extends along an axis 184A perpendicular to the axes of the pushers in this non-limiting example.

[0198] The track is a wiring track that is modular in this non-limiting example. Track 184 includes one or more power conductors 186A and 186B for supplying electrical energy therealong. The power conductors couple to an electrical power source, in this non-limiting example an ACpower source 80.8; however, this is not strictly required and the power source may be a DC power source such as one or more batteries in other non-limiting embodiments. Track 184 includes one or more signal conductors 188A and 188B for conveying signals therealong, in this case signals to and from ToF sensors 97.8i, 97.8ii, 97.8iii, ..., 97.8n. The track may be made of an insulating (nonconducting material) body e.g. plastic, with a plurality of spaced-apart and longitudinally conductors 186A, 186B, 188A and 188B of metal thereon.

[0199] Pusher system 30.8 includes a processor 78.8 operatively connected to ToF sensors 97.8i, 97.8ii, 97.8iii, ..., 97.8n via track 184 so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers relative to elongate members 44.8.

[0200] The ToF sensors may be referred to as readers or slaves which report to the processor, which may be referred to as or comprise a master controller. ToF sensors 97.8i, 97.8ii, 97.8iii, ..., 97.8n are thus all wired together for power and digital communication.

[0201] Pusher system 30.8 as herein described does not need a battery and may be scalable to meet the desires of a given shelf and / or customer thereof. For example, track 184 could be as long as the aisle if desired.

[0202] Figure 26 shows a pusher system 30.9, pusher assembly 42.9 and a sensor assembly 94.9 thereof and / or therefor, according to yet another aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functionings as pusher system 30.8, pusher assembly 42.8 and sensor assembly 94.8 shown in Figure 25 with decimal extension “ .9” replacing decimal extension “.8” and with decimal extension “.9” being added for like parts not previously having a decimal extension. Pusher system 30.9, pusher assembly 42.9 and sensor assembly 94.9 are substantially the same as pusher system 30.8, pusher assembly 42.8 and sensor assembly 94.8 shown in Figure 25 with at least the following exceptions.

[0203] Pusher system 30.9 includes a plurality of laterally spaced-apart sensors, in this nonlimiting embodiment image sensors, in this non-limiting example in the form of cameras 97.9i, 97.9ii, 97.9iii, ..., 97.9n, each alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers 48.9i, 48.9ii, 48.9iii, ..., 48.9n, to measure positioning thereof. The cameras are digital cameras in this example. Each camera is positionable along rear 40B.9 of shelf 40.9 or wall thereof.

[0204] Cameras 97.9i, 97.9ii, 97.9iii, ..., 97.9n selectively couple to and extend along track 184.9 and receive power via the track. The cameras may include a coupling mechanism via which they are selectively snap-fit connected to the track in one non-limiting example.

[0205] Each camera 97.9i is positionable to capture one or more images of its respective pusher 48.9i, in this non-limiting example one or more images of the rear of the pusher, in this non-limiting case one or more images of indicia 190 positioned along the rear of the plurality of pushers.

[0206] Each pusher is moveable along its corresponding elongate member 44.9 from a first / retracted / rearward / proximal position when the pusher is fully stocked, to a second / extended / forward / distal position when the pusher has a depleted stock of merchandise as previously described above for other embodiments. The size of indicia 190 on images captured bycameras 97.9 varies as a function of the positioning of pushers 48.9 relative to said positions of the pushers and / or track 184.9.

[0207] Pusher system 30.9 includes a processor 78.9 operatively connected to cameras 97.9i, 97.9ii, 97.9iii, ..., 97.9n via track 184 so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers relative to elongate members 44.9. The cameras may be referred to as readers or slaves which report to the processor, which may be referred to as or comprise a master controller. Cameras 97.9i, 97.9ii, 97.9iii, ..., 97.9n are thus all wired together for power and digital communication.

[0208] Each indicia 190 may comprise a bar, square or the like and in this non-limiting embodiment comprises a unique identifier. Each indicia in this non-limiting example is machine- readable, thus enabling the processor to identify and / or locate a specific one of said plurality of pushers. Each indicia 190 in this non-limiting embodiment comprises a barcode, in this non-limiting example comprising a two-dimensional matrix barcode or QR code.

[0209] In operation, each camera 97.9 captures images of its pusher paddle 50.9 (and / or indicia thereof such as the QR code, bar, square or the like) and measures and / or obtains data indicative of the relative size thereof, which is then sent to processor 78.9 for analysis and / or determining the pusher’s instantaneous position. Thus, if in one non-limiting embodiment each camera captures images comprising 1000 x 1000 pixels in size, indicia 190 may comprise or span: a first pixel count e.g. one hundred pixels of the image’s total when the camera’s corresponding pusher 48.9 is in a first position relatively close to the camera; a second pixel count e.g. twenty pixels of the image’s total, when the pusher is in a second position further away from the camera and thus biasing a more depleted stock of merchandise; and a third pixel count e.g. four pixels of the image’s total, when the pusher is in a third position yet further away from the camera and thus biasing a yet more depleted stock of merchandise. Cameras 97.9i, 97.9ii, 97.9iii, ..., 97.9n of pusher system 30.9 as herein described may thus monitor the relative size of indicia 190 as captured on images thereof and instantaneous positioning of pushers 48.9i, 48.9ii, 48.9iii, ..., 48.9n may thus be determined via processor 78.9 by comparing the same.

[0210] Alternatively, instead of using indicia 190, each camera may capture images of its corresponding pusher 48.9 (or a portion thereof), the relative size of the pusher (or portion thereof) as captured on said images will vary as discussed above, and instantaneous positioning of the pushers may thus be determined via processor 78.9 by comparing the same. Thus, by either capturing images of indicia 190 or images of the pusher (or a portion thereof), the processor may determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers by correlating the relative size of images thereof with said positioning of the pusher.

[0211] As yet a further alternative, each camera may comprise an auto-focusing camera positionable towards its corresponding pusher 48.9 (and / or indicia 190 thereof) and when its corresponding pusher moves due to the removal of one or more items of merchandise, this will cause images captured by the camera to go out of focus and require the camera to re-focus anew so as toobtain images of its corresponding pusher (and / or indicia thereof) which are in focus once more, and instantaneous positioning of the pusher in this non-limiting embodiment may be determined via processor 78.9 by correlating positioning of the pusher with the extent to which the corresponding camera requires re-focusing (and / or the extent to which one or more lens thereof require re-adjusting to obtain re-focused images).

[0212] As an additional alternative, instead of comparing the relative size of indicia 190 and / or pushers 48.9 (or portions thereof) to determine the instantaneous position of the pusher, pusher system 30.9 need not include indicia and instead, processor 78.9 may determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers via machine learning, self-learning and / or artificial intelligence. In this case, the processor may receive images (and / or signals indicative of the images) captured from cameras 97.9i, 97.9ii, 97.9iii, ..., 97.9n in real-time and analyze the same to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers via pattern recognition, for example. In addition or alternatively, the cameras may be positioned to monitor and / or capture images of their corresponding pushers 48.9 and / or items of merchandise biased by their pushers, and processor 78.9 may thereafter perform image analysis on said images so captured and determine when one or more items of merchandise have been removed using machine learning, self-learning and / or artificial intelligence.

[0213] Pusher system 30.9 may alternatively also include other components connectable to the track such as an acoustic or audiovisual sensor selectively connectable to track 184.9 as desired to track persons walking down the aisle for example, and communicate with processor 78.9 and correlate data thereby. Thus, for example, if fifteen items are taken from the pusher / shelf but only one person was recorded to walk down the aisle, the processor may be programmed to send a notification or alarm as a result thereof. The acoustic or audiovisual sensor is shown by way of example by cameras 97.9 in Figure 26. Still further components may include a water sensor, as generally depicted by number 97.9 to the extent that this feature represents a sensor generally.

[0214] A non-limiting example of yet another additional component or device is illustrated in Figure 26 in the form of lighting device 192 selectively connectable to track 184.9. The lighting device may comprise a light fixture and / or light 192A. Each lighting device 192 may include a coupling mechanism via which it is selectively snap-fit connected to the track in one non-limiting example.

[0215] Figures 1 to 34 show a pusher system, in this non-limiting example a stock pusher system, in this non-limiting embodiment a retail merchandise pusher system 300 according to a further aspect. Referring to Figure 27, the pusher system has a top 320, a bottom 340 spaced-apart from the top thereof, a forward end or front 360 and a rearward end or rear 380 spaced-apart from the front thereof. Pusher system 300 is configured to be positioned on a shelf 400 in this non-limiting example, with the shelf having a forward end or front 400A, a rearward end or rear 400B spaced-apart from the front thereof, and a front member or fence 400C adjacent the front thereof and which is upwardly-extending in this example.

[0216] Pusher system 300 includes a pusher assembly 420. Pusher assemblies per se are known to those skilled in the art and the following is a non-limiting exemplary embodiment thereof. Pusher assembly 420 includes an elongate member 440. The elongate member may comprise one or more of: a planar member, a guide member, a rail, a guide rail, a track, a linear track, a shelf, a trackless shelf, a pusher tray and / or a trackless pusher tray. Elongate member 440 has a first / distal / forward end or front 440A, a second / proximal / rearward end or rear 440B spaced-apart from the front thereof and a longitudinal axis 440C extending between the rear and front thereof. The longitudinal axis of the elongate member extends substantially horizontally in this non-limiting example. Elongate member 440 has a top 440D and a bottom 440E opposite the top thereof. The elongate member includes a planar portion 440F extending between front 440A and rear 440B thereof. The planar portion of elongate member 440 extends along bottom 440E of the elongate member in this non-limiting embodiment. As seen in Figure 30, elongate member 440 includes a first of male and female members, in this non-limiting example a female member, in this case in the form of a channel 460. The channel is a C-channel in this non-limiting embodiment. Channel 460 of elongate member 440 extends between front 440A and rear 440B of the elongate member.

[0217] Still referring to Figure 30, pusher assembly 420 includes a biasing or pushing member, in this example a pusher 480. The pusher is moveable linearly along and / or relative to elongate member 440. Pusher 480 has a front 480A (or front face) and a rear 480B (or rear face) opposite front thereof. The pusher includes a planar member, in this example a pusher paddle 500. In other embodiments, pusher assembly 420 may be referred to collectively as the pusher, with pusher 480 being referred to as the pusher paddle for example. Pusher paddle 500 extends along front 480A of the pusher. The pusher paddle has a first or proximal end 500A, a second or distal end 500B and a longitudinal axis 500C extending between the ends thereof. Pusher 480 may thus be said to substantially extend along or parallel to longitudinal axis 500C, which may be referred as a longitudinal axis of the pusher. The longitudinal axis of pusher paddle 500 in use extends in a vertical direction in this non-limiting example; however this is not strictly required. Ends 500A and 500B of pusher paddle 500 may be referred to as proximal and distal ends of pusher 480. The proximal end of the pusher paddle is adjacent top 440D of elongate member 440 in this non-limiting example.

[0218] Referring to Figure 30, pusher 480 includes a mount or housing 520 in this non-limiting example. The housing in this non-limiting embodiment extends along rear 480B of the pusher and couples to and extend rearwards of pusher paddle 500. Housing 520 in this non-limiting example comprises a bottom 520A extending parallel to and adjacent top 440D of elongate member 440. Pusher 480 may thus be said to be in fluid communication with the top of the elongate member. Bottom 520A of housing 520 is planar and rectangular in this non-limiting example. The housing inthis example includes a pair of braces 520B and 520C coupled to and extending upwards from the bottom thereof and rearwards from pusher paddle 500. Each brace is planar and generally or substantially triangular in this non-limiting example. Pusher 480 in this non-limiting embodiment includes an internal cavity 520D formed by and extending between bottom 520A and braces 520B of housing 520 thereof.

[0219] The pusher slidably couples to elongate member 440, in this non-limiting example via male and female members. As seen in Figure 29, pusher 480 includes a second of male and female members, in this non-limiting example a male member, in this case in the form of a laterally- extending protrusion 540. The protrusion is shaped to extend within and be slidable relative to channel 460. Protrusion 540 is shaped to mate with and / or be complementary with the channel of elongate member 440 so as to be slidable therealong. The protrusion couples to and in this example is integrally connected to pusher paddle 500 so as to form a unitary whole. Pusher 480 thus extends upwards from top 440D of elongate member 440. C-channels and corresponding male components or protrusions, including their various parts and functionings, are known per se, and channel 460 and protrusion 540 will accordingly not be described in further detail.

[0220] Pusher 480 has a first, retracted, proximal and / or rearward position seen in Figure 29. The pusher is adjacent rear 440B of elongate member 440 in this example in the rearward position thereof. Pusher 480 is moveable from the rearward position thereof to a second, extended, distal and / or forward position seen in Figure 30. The pusher is adjacent front 440A of elongate member 440 in this example in forward position thereof. Pusher 480 is configured to be biased towards the forward position thereof.

[0221] Referring to Figure 27, pusher 480 is configured to abut one or more objects or items of merchandise, in this example items of merchandise 560A, 560B, 560C, 560D, 560E, 560F and 560G. The pusher is configured to bias the items of merchandise towards front 440A of elongate member 440 via a biasing member, in this non-limiting example a spring, in this case a coiled spring 580 seen in Figure 30. Pusher 480 is thus spring-biased towards the front of the elongate member. Coiled spring 580 may be made of a material which facilitates operation of the RFID reader and RFID tags (and communication therebetween) while enabling spring-like functionality. The spring may be made of a non-metal material in one non-limiting embodiment, such as a polymer, an elastomer and / or other material.

[0222] Still referring to Figure 30, spring 580 has a first or proximal end 580A and a second or distal end 580B spaced-apart from proximal end thereof. The first end of the spring operatively connects to a first one of pusher 480 and a forward end portion or front 440A of elongate member 440, in this example connecting to the pusher. Distal end 580B of spring 580 operatively connects to a second one of the pusher and the forward end portion or front of the elongate member, in this example connecting to the front of the elongate member. The spring includes a coiled portion 580C positioned between the ends thereof. The coiled portion of the spring operatively connects to one ofpusher and elongate member, in this example connecting to pusher 480. Coiled portion 580C of spring 580 is received within internal cavity 520D of and rotatably mounted to housing 520 of pusher 480 in this non-limiting example. The spring is moveable from a coiled position seen in Figure 30 to an uncoiled position seen in Figure 29. Still referring to Figure 29, spring 580 has a pair of elongate surfaces, in this example first and second elongate surfaces 590A and 590B. The first and second elongate surfaces face upwards and downwards, respectively, when the spring is uncoiled and from the perspective of Figure 29. Elongate surfaces 590A and 590B of spring 580 extend between ends 580A and 580B of the spring seen in Figure 30. Referring back to Figure 29, each elongate surface of the spring is rectangular in this non-limiting embodiment.

[0223] Referring to Figure 27, spring 580 is configured to provide a biasing or spring force that biases pusher 480 towards front 400A of shelf 400, as shown by arrow 600. Applying a manual counter force, in this case pulling rearwards on the pusher as shown by arrow 620, incrementally unrolls / uncoils spring 580 and enables items of merchandise 560A, 560B, 560C, 560D, 560E, 560F and 560G to be incrementally inserted between the front of the shelf and pusher paddle 500. Pusher 480 is thus configured to bias against the items of merchandise so as to promote movement thereof towards front 400A of shelf 400. As items of merchandise 560G are selectively removed by a prospective purchaser of the same, the pusher so configured incrementally moves the remaining items of merchandise 560A, 560B, 560C, 560D, 560E and 560F forward due to the biasing action of spring 580 to facilitate a future purchase of the same. In this manner pusher assembly 420 is configured to promote movement of items of merchandise 560 towards front 400A of shelf 400 to facilitate / promote access thereto and the purchase thereof. Pusher 480 may thus be to said to resiliently couple to elongate member 440 so as to be spring-biased towards front 440A of the elongate member. Pusher assemblies, including their various parts and functionings, are known per se, and pusher assembly 420 will accordingly not be described in further detail.

[0224] Still referring to Figure 27, pusher system 300 includes a sensor assembly 640. The sensor assembly may be referred to as position sensing assembly for a pusher or pusher system. Sensor assembly 640 is configured to determine when pusher 480 is moving relative to elongate member 440. The sensor assembly in one example is configured to determine or obtain data indicative of an instantaneous position of a sensor 660 thereof relative to the elongate member. Sensor assembly 640 is configured to determine or obtain data indicative of the instantaneous position of pusher 480 relative to elongate member 440 in real-time. The sensor assembly in this example is configured to signal an amount of stock merchandise. Sensor assembly 640 is configured to determine positioning of pusher 480 relative to elongate member 440 based on said signal(s). The sensor assembly may be configured to signal a re-stock notification when pusher 480 is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent front 400A of shelf 400 and / or front 440A of elongate member 440. Sensor assembly 640 may be configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise 560 based on the extent to which pusher 480 moves relative to elongate member 440within a predetermined amount of time. The sensor assembly is configured to signal a warning notification when an amount of stock merchandise biased by pusher 480 is depleted within or less a predetermined time threshold. Sensor assembly 640 may be configured to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise exceeds a predetermined threshold. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0225] Sensor assembly 640 includes sensor 660. As seen in Figure 31, the sensor includes a housing 680 with a cover 700 configured to selectively couple thereto. Referring to Figure 27, the sensor is shaped in this example and / or sized relative to pusher 480 so as to inhibit damage thereto. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality. Housing 680 of sensor 660 is configured to be streamline with pusher 480. The sensor and / or housing thereof are substantially a rectangular prism in outer shape in this non-limiting example. Sensor 660 has a width Wso and a length Lso seen in Figure 31. The width of the sensor is substantially equal to or less than width Wpo of pusher 480 seen in Figure 30 in this non-limiting example. Referring to Figure 27, length Lso of sensor 660 is less than height HSHO of shelf 400 to which pusher operatively connects. The sensor in this example substantially extends parallel to longitudinal axis 500C of pusher paddle 500, including the length thereof. Sensor 660 has a longitudinal axis 660A extending parallel to length Lso thereof as well as longitudinal axis 500C of pusher paddle 500 on this non-limiting example.

[0226] Still referring to Figure 27, sensor 660 has a thickness Tso extending parallel to longitudinal axis 440C of elongate member 440 in this non-limiting example. The sensor extends laterally outwards relative to the longitudinal axis of pusher paddle 500 to an extent substantially equal to or less than of housing 520 of pusher 480 in this example. Sensor 660 may thus be said to extend parallel to and laterally outwards from longitudinal axis 440C of pusher 480. Thickness Tso of sensor 660 is substantially equal to or less than the thickness in span or distance Dpo of pusher 480 extending between front 480A and rearward 480B thereof in this non-limiting example. The thickness of the sensor is equal to or less than extent to which pusher 480 extends along longitudinal axis 440C of elongate member 440 in this non-limiting embodiment.

[0227] Referring back to Figure 31, sensor 660 includes a circuit board 720 positioned within housing 680 thereof. The sensor includes a processor, in this example a microprocessor 740 mounted on the circuit board. Sensor 660 includes a power source, in this non-limiting example in the form of a battery, in this case a coin cell battery 760 operatively connected to the microprocessor. The sensor includes in this non-limiting embodiment an electromagnetic interrogator and receiver, in this example a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader 780 operatively connected to microprocessor 740. The RFID reader generates an electromagnetic field. Sensor 660 includes a radio 800 and antenna 820. Microprocessor 740, coin cell battery 760, RFID reader 780, the radio and the antenna are each mounted on and / or operatively coupled to circuit board 720 in this example.

[0228] Sensor assembly 640 may include a wireless device as part of RFID reader 780 to report RFID location information in real time, with the sensor assembly thus comprising a wireless sensor assembly. Radio 800 and antenna 820 are configured to enable the sensor to communicate wirelessly with a remote controller 830 comprising a processor 840. The controller may be a part of or comprise a remote server, central server, computer, monitoring system, handheld device and / or mobile device or the like. Controller 830 may be part of or separate from sensor assembly 640. The controller may be part of a merchandise or stock monitoring system and / or comprise a control panel thereof.

[0229] In addition or alternatively, sensor assembly 640 may communicate with controller 830 via another medium, such as via wire 850 in this example. The wire may be electrically and releasably connected to sensor 660. Wire 850 allows the sensor to communicate with controller 830 as part of a wired sensor system.

[0230] Sensor 660 may optionally include a signal range adjuster 860. The signal range adjuster operatively connects to and is in communication with microprocessor 740 and RFID reader 780. Signal range adjuster 860 when actuated (e.g. via a push-button) functions to alter the strength and / or size of the electromagnetic field generated by the RFID reader by, for example, altering the amount of transmitter power output of the RFID reader. Sensor 660, with its microprocessor 740 and signal range adjuster 860 thereof, may enable power to RFID reader 780 to be selectively increased or decreased to expand or reduce the range of the RFID reader. Alternatively, the signal range adjuster when actuated when may selectively alter the amount of oscillating current passing through antenna 820.

[0231] Referring to Figure 27, sensor 660 operatively connects to a first of elongate member 440 and pusher 480, in this example connecting to the pusher. The sensor thus operatively connects to the pusher in this non-limiting embodiment. RFID reader 780 is therefore operatively connected to pusher 480 in this non-limiting example. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0232] Pusher system 300 includes in this non-limiting embodiment an adapter 880 via which sensor 660 selectively couples to and is removable from pusher 480, with the sensor thus coupling to the pusher via the adapter. However, this is not strictly required and the pusher system may couple to the pusher in other manners in other embodiments, such as via adhesive strip as described in relation to the pusher systems shown in Figures 1 to 11, 14 to 18B, 21 and 24, for example. Adapter 880 in this non-limiting example couples to pusher 480 via male and female members: the adapter includes one of male and female members, in this non-limiting example a female member, in this nonembodiment in the form of a channel 880A seen in Figure 33. The channel extends from a first or proximal end 880B to a second or distal end 880C of the adapter in this example. Channel 880A of adapter 880 is a C-channel in this non-limiting embodiment.

[0233] The adapter couples to pusher paddle 500 of pusher 480 in this non-limiting example. The pusher may be said to include a second of a male and female member, in this non-limitingexample a male member, in this non-limiting embodiment a male member or protrusion in the form of the pusher paddle. Channel 880A of adapter 880 is shaped to slidably receive therein an upwardly- extending protrusion of pusher 480, in this example at least upper portion 500D of pusher paddle 500 as seen in Figure 34. Referring Figure 27, sensor 660 in this non-limiting embodiment is positioned rearwards of a forward face or front 480A of pusher 480 via the adapter.

[0234] As seen in Figure 32, adapter 880 extends about and laterally from sensor 660 so as to inhibit damage thereto in this non-limiting embodiment. The sensor is generally coextensive with or smaller in span compared to adapter 880 in one non-limiting embodiment; however, this is not strictly required. The adapter has a width WAO equal to or larger than width Wso of sensor 660 and a length LAO equal to or larger than that length Lso of the sensor in this non-limiting embodiment. The adapter is substantially rectangular in front and rear profile in this non-limiting example.

[0235] Referring back to Figure 27, sensor 660 so coupled to pusher 480, is thus spring-biased towards front 400A of shelf 400 and / or front 440A of elongate member 440. Proximal end 580A and coiled portion 580C of spring 580 are therefore operatively connected to the sensor in this nonlimiting embodiment. Sensor 660 aligns with and is adjacent the coiled portion of the spring in this non-limiting example.

[0236] As seen in Figure 27, sensor assembly 640 includes one or more radio frequency identification (RFID) tags 900, in this non-limiting example a plurality of RFID tags 900A, 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E, 900F and 900G operatively connecting to a second of elongate member 440 and pusher 480, in this example the elongate member. The number of RFIDs shown in Figure 27 is for illustrative purposes only and there are may be more or few RFIDs in other embodiments, depending on various non-limiting factors such as the size of shelf 400, the size of pusher system 300, the size / width / number of items of merchandise 560, the desired precision with which the items of merchandise are to be monitored and the like. RFID tags 900A, 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E, 900F and 900G are evenly spaced-apart by a predetermined distance, in this non-limiting example being spaced one inch apart; however, the latter distance is not strictly required and the tags may be spaced apart by other distances in other examples.

[0237] A distal or rearward RFID tag 900A is positioned near or adjacent rear 400B of shelf 400 and / or rear 440B of elongate member 440. A proximal or forward RFID tag 900G is positioned near or adjacent front 400A of the shelf and / or front 440A of the elongate member. Additional RFID tags 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E and 900F are positioned at predetermined and in this example regular intervals therebetween. The plurality of RFID tags extend along and / or parallel to longitudinal axis 440C of elongate member 440 in this non-limiting example.

[0238] Still referring to Figure 27, sensor assembly 640 in this non-limiting embodiment includes a substrate strip 920 to which the plurality of RFID tags 900 couple and via which the RFID tags couple to elongate member 440. The substrate strip may function to facilitate the installation of the RFID tags on the elongate member. Substrate strip 920 in this non-limiting example thuscomprises the plurality of RFID tags 900A, 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E and 900F. However, substrate strip 920 is not strictly required and in other embodiments no such substrate strip may be provided.

[0239] Substrate strip 920 has a first, proximal and / or forward end 920A and a second, distal and / or rearward end 920B spaced-apart from rearward end thereof. The forward end of the substrate strip is adjacent front 400A of shelf 400 and front 440A of elongate member 440 in this example. Rearward end 920B of substrate strip 920 is adjacent rear 400B of the shelf and rear 440B of the elongate member in this example. Rearward RFID tag 900A and rearward end 920B of substrate strip 920 align with and / or are adjacent pusher 480 when the pusher is in its rearward position seen in Figure 1. Forward RFID tag 900G and forward end 920A of the substrate strip align with and / or are adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in its forward position seen in Figure 28.

[0240] Substrate strip 920 has a longitudinal axis 920C which extends between ends 920A and 920B thereof. The longitudinal axis of substrate strip 920 extends parallel to and may be coaxial with longitudinal axis 440C of elongate member 440; however, neither the latter nor former is required. Longitudinal axis 920C of the substrate strip in this example is angled relative to longitudinal axis 660A of sensor 660: in this non-limiting example the longitudinal axis of the substrate strip is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the sensor. Substrate strip 920 is planar and generally rectangular in top and bottom profile in this non-limiting example.

[0241] As seen in Figure 27, the substrate strip operatively connects to elongate member 440. Substrate strip 920 couples to and extends along the elongate member in this example. The substrate strip extends along and / or parallel to longitudinal axis 440C of elongate member 440 in this nonlimiting embodiment. Substrate strip 920 is substantially or generally coextensive with and / or smaller in span than the elongate member in this example. Substrate strip 920 couples to elongate member 440 in this non-limiting embodiment in a manner that inhibits access thereto. The substrate strip in this non-limiting example couples to bottom 440E of elongate member 440. Substrate strip 920 in this non-limiting embodiment extends along and couples to planar portion 440F of the elongate member. The substrate strip in this non-limiting example couples to elongate member 440 via adhesive, in this non-limiting embodiment an adhesive strip 940. The adhesive strip is coextensive with substrate strip 920 in this example.

[0242] Still referring to Figure 27, pusher 480 and thus sensor 660 may be said to have a plurality of positions indicative of the extent to which items of merchandise 560 are available for purchase. The pusher and sensor have a first, distal or loaded position Dio corresponding to alignment thereof with rearward RFID tag 900A, when there is a full load of merchandise against which pusher is biased. The loaded position of pusher 480 and sensor 660 corresponds to a first threshold distance Dio.

[0243] Removal of one item of merchandise 560G in this non-limiting example causes pusher 480 and sensor 660 to move incrementally forward to a second position which aligns with RFID tag 900B, corresponding a second threshold distance D20. Removal of another item of merchandise 560Fin this non-limiting example causes the pusher and sensor to move incrementally forward to a third position which aligns with RFID tag 900C, corresponding a second threshold distance D30. Removal of another item of merchandise 560E in this non-limiting example causes pusher 480 and sensor 660 to move incrementally forward to a fourth position which aligns with RFID tag 900D, corresponding a fourth threshold distance D40. Removal of yet another item of merchandise 560D in this nonlimiting example causes the pusher and sensor to move incrementally forward to a fifth position which aligns with RFID tag 900E, corresponding a fifth threshold distance D50. Removal of yet a further item of merchandise 560C in this non-limiting example causes pusher 480 and sensor 660 to move incrementally forward to a sixth position which aligns with RFID tag 900F, corresponding a sixth threshold distance Deo. Removal of another item of merchandise 560B in this non-limiting example causes the pusher and sensor to move incrementally forward to a seventh position which aligns with RFID tag 900G, corresponding a seventh threshold distance D70. Removal of the final item of merchandise 560A in this non-limiting example causes pusher 480 and sensor 660 to move incrementally forward to an eighth position, corresponding an eighth threshold distance Dso. This may be to as proximal or depleted position spaced-apart from the loaded position. Distances D20, D30, D40, D50, Deo and D70 between the loaded and depleted positioned may be referred to as a plurality of intermediate positions of pusher 480. Threshold distance Dso is longer than threshold distance D70, which is longer than threshold distance Deo, which is longer than threshold distance D50, which is longer than threshold distance D40, which is longer than threshold distance D30, which is longer than threshold distance D20, which is longer than threshold distance Dio.

[0244] Sensor 660 is configured to signal an amount of stock merchandise 560 biased by pusher 480 and / or on shelf 400, based on the position of the sensor relative to respective ones of the RFID tags 900A, 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E, 900F and 900G and / or in this example substrate strip 920. Actuation of signal range adjuster 860 seen in Figure 31 enables the user to selectively adjust the range within which sensor 660 can read one or more RFID tags.

[0245] In operation and referring to Figure 27, sensor 660 is configured to be able to read via RFID reader 780 at least a first RFID tag 900A when the pusher is in the loaded position Dio and communicates a signal indicative thereof. The sensor i) is able to read at least a second RFID tag 900B when one item of merchandise, such as merchandise 560G, is removed from pusher system 300 and the pusher is thus moved to its second position and / or at threshold distance D20 and ii) communicates a signal indicative thereof. Sensor 660 may no longer able to read the first RFID tag 900A when pusher 480 in the second position. The sensor i) is able to read at least a third RFID tag 900C when another item of merchandise, such as merchandise 560F, is removed from pusher system 300 and the pusher is thus moved to its third position and / or at third threshold distance D30 and ii) communicates a signal indicative thereof. Sensor 660 may no longer able to read first RFID tag 900A and second RFID tag 900B when pusher 480 is in the third position. The sensor i) is able to read at least a fourth RFID tag 900D when a further item of merchandise, such as merchandise 560E, isremoved from pusher system 300 and pusher 480 is thus moved to its fourth position and / or threshold distance D40 and ii) communicates a signal indicative thereof. Sensor 660 may no longer able to read first RFID tag 900A, second RFID tag 900B and third RFID tag 900C when the pusher is in the fourth position. The sensor i) is able to read at least a fifth RFID tag 900E when yet a further item of merchandise, such as merchandise 560D, is removed from pusher system 300 and pusher 480 is thus moved to its fifth position and / or threshold distance D50 and ii) communicates a signal indicative thereof. Sensor 660 may no longer able to read first RFID tag 900A, second RFID tag 900B, third RFID tag 900C and fourth RFID tag 900D when the pusher is in the fifth position. The sensor i) is able to read at least a sixth RFID tag 900F when an additional item of merchandise, such as merchandise 560C, is removed from pusher system 300 and pusher 480 is thus moved to its sixth position and / or threshold distance Deo and ii) communicates a signal indicative thereof. Sensor 660 may no longer able to read first RFID tag 900A, second RFID tag 900B, third RFID tag 900C, fourth RFID tag 900D and fifth RFID tag 900E when the pusher is in the sixth position. The sensor i) is able to read at least a seventh RFID tag 900G when yet an additional an item of merchandise, such as merchandise 560B, is removed from pusher system 300 and pusher 480 is thus moved to its seventh position and / or threshold distance D70 and ii) communicates a signal indicative thereof. Sensor 660 may no longer able to read first RFID tag 900A, second RFID tag 900B, third RFID tag 900C, fourth RFID tag 900D, fifth RFID tag 900E and sixth RFID tag 900F when the pusher is in the seventh position. The sensor i) may not be able to read any RFID tags when a final item of merchandise, such as merchandise 560A, is removed from pusher system 300 and pusher 480 is thus moved to its eighth or depleted position and / or threshold distance Dso and ii) communicates a signal indicative thereof and / or may communicate a non-signal and / or not communicate a signal, thus indicating the same.

[0246] Referring to Figure 31, sensor 660 is operatively connectable to processor 840. The processor is in communication with the sensor, with the sensor interacting with respective ones of RFID tags 900A, 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E, 900F and 900G seen in Figure l ' l and signalling to the processor an instantaneous position thereof based on the same. The processor is thus configured to receive signals from sensor 660 indicative of its position relative to the RFID tags, which provides an indication of the positioning of pusher 480 relative to elongate member 440 and thus the extent to which pusher system 300 is stocked with items of merchandise 560. Each RFID tag 900 has a serial number and the plurality of RFID tags are arranged in a set and / or predetermined pattern of said RFID serial numbers in one non-limiting embodiment. This may ensure that every tray or pusher system 300 and / or processor 840 thereof understands one set of repeated numbers, instead of having to learn or train random RFID numbers for location information. The plurality of RFID tags may thus be arranged in a set pattern of RFID serial numbers to facilitate determining of location information of the pusher in real-time.

[0247] The processor is configured to determine positioning of the pusher relative to elongate member based on said signals. The processor is configured to determine when pusher 480 is movingrelative to elongate member 440. Sensor 660 interacts with substrate strip 920 (and / or RFID tags 900A, 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E, 900F and 900G thereof) and signals to the processor an instantaneous position thereof based on the same. The processor is configured to determine the instantaneous position of pusher relative to elongate member 440 in real-time. The processor may receive signals from sensor 660 in real time and be configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which pusher 480 moves relative to substrate strip 920 (and / or RFID tags 900 thereof) and / or elongate member 440 within a predetermined amount of time. The processor may be configured to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise 560 exceeds a predetermined threshold. Sensor 660 may be configured to signal a re-stock notification when pusher 480 is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent RFID tag 900F and / or distal / forward said RFID tag 900G.

[0248] Sensor 660 and substrate strip 920 (and / or RFID tags 900 thereof) may be said to comprise a kit 960 to enable positioning of pusher system 300 to be monitored.

[0249] There is also provided a method of retrofitting pusher system 300 to enable monitoring thereof. The method includes coupling substrate strip 920 to a first of elongate member 440 and pusher 480, in this example the elongate member. The method may include positioning rearward end 920B of the substrate strip to be adjacent the pusher when pusher is in a rearward position seen in Figure 1. The method may include positioning forward end 920A of substrate strip 920 to be adjacent pusher 480 when pusher is in its forward position seen in Figure 28.

[0250] The method may thus include operatively connecting to substrate strip 920 to elongate member 440. The method may include extending the substrate strip along the elongate member. The method may include coupling substrate strip 920 to bottom 440E of elongate member 440. The method may include coupling the substrate strip to the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto. The method may include extending substrate strip 920 along and / or parallel to longitudinal axis 440C of elongate member 440. The method may include extending the substrate strip along longitudinal axis 910 and extending sensor 660 along longitudinal axis 660A which is angled relative to the longitudinal axis of the substrate strip. The method may include extending the substrate strip along planar portion 440F of the elongate member. The method may include coupling substrate strip 920 to the planar portion of elongate member 440. The method may include coupling the substrate strip to the elongate member via adhesive. The method may include coupling substrate strip 920 to elongate member 440 via adhesive strip 940. The method may include shaping the substrate strip to be substantially or generally coextensive with the elongate member. The method may include configuring substrate strip 920 to be substantially rectangular in shape.

[0251] The method may thus include removing inventory from an existing tray or pusher system 300, next pushing a face or pusher paddle 500 of pusher 480 rearwards or retracting the pusher, and then coupling or applying RFID tags 900A, 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E, 900F and 900G on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of the spring at regular, set and / or predetermined intervals. The applying stepmay include applying the RFID tags on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of the spring via substrate strip 920 so that the RFID tags face RFID reader 780 when the RFID reader incrementally biases forwards as items of merchandise are removed from pusher system 300.

[0252] The method includes coupling sensor 660 to a second of elongate member 440 and pusher 480, in this example the pusher. The method may include shaping sensor 660 to be coextensive with or smaller in span than adapter 880. The method may include shaping the adapter to be substantially rectangular in front and rear profile. Referring to Figure 32, the method may include shaping sensor 660 to have width Wso substantially equal to or less than WAO of adapter 880 and / or have length Lso substantially equal to or less than length LAO of the adapter. The method includes shaping the sensor to have a width substantially equal to or less than width Wpo of pusher 480 seen in Figure 30. The method may include shaping sensor 660 to have length Lso seen in Figure 32 which is less than height HSH of shelf 400 (seen in Figure 27) to which the pusher operatively connects. The method may include shaping the sensor to have thickness Tso seen in Figure 1 which is substantially equal to or less than distance Dpo spanning pusher 480 from front 480A to rear 480B thereof. Referring to Figure 27, the method may include shaping sensor 660 to have length Lso extending parallel to longitudinal axis 500C of pusher 480 (or pusher paddle 500 thereof). The method may include shaping the sensor to extend laterally outwards relative to the longitudinal axis of pusher to an extent substantially equal to or less than of pusher 480. The method may include shaping sensor 660 to have thickness Tso extending parallel longitudinal axis 440C of elongate member 440, with thickness of the sensor being equal to or less than extent to which the pusher extends along the longitudinal axis of the elongate member.

[0253] The method may include positioning sensor 660 rearwards of front 480A of pusher 480. The method may include coupling the sensor at a location spaced from the front of the pusher. The method may include positioning sensor 660 at least in part towards rear 480B of pusher 480. The method may include shaping the sensor to couple to and extend laterally outwards from the rear of the pusher. The method may include positioning sensor 660 to extend substantially parallel to and / or laterally outwards in part from longitudinal axis 500C of pusher 480 (and / or pusher paddle 500 thereof). The method may include shaping the sensor to be streamline with the pusher. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to be substantially a rectangular prism in outer shape.

[0254] The method may include coupling the sensor to pusher 480 via adapter 880. The method may include configuring the adapter to couple to the pusher via male and female members. The method may include providing adapter 880 with a female member shaped to receive a male member or protrusion of pusher. Referring to Figure 32, the method may include providing the adapter with channel 880A shaped to receive an upwardly-extending protrusion of pusher 480 or upper portion 500D of pusher paddle 500 seen in Figure 34.

[0255] The method may include spring-biasing sensor 660 towards front 440A of elongate member 440. The method may include operatively connecting the sensor to first end 580A of spring580 and operatively connecting the front of the elongate member to distal end 580B of spring. The method may include aligning sensor 660 with coiled portion 580C of the spring. The method may include positioning the sensor adjacent the coiled portion of the spring.

[0256] Referring to Figure 31, the method includes providing the sensor with RFID reader 780. As seen in Figure 27, the method may include configuring the sensor to read via the RFID reader respective ones of plurality of RFID tags 900A, 900B, 900C, 900D, 900E, 900F and 900G as a function of positioning of pusher 480 relative to elongate member 440. The method may include aligning a first or proximal said RFID tag 900G adjacent the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position of the pusher seen in Figure 27. The method may include aligning second or distal said RFID tag 900A adjacent the second / extended / forward / distal position of pusher 480 seen in Figure 28.

[0257] Referring back to Figure 27, the method may include configuring sensor 660 to be able read at least a first said RFID tag 900A when pusher 480 is in a first position and communicate a signal indicative thereof. The method may include configuring the sensor to be able to read at least a second said RFID tag 900B when the pusher is in a second position and communicate a signal indicative thereof. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to no longer able to read first said RFID tag 900A when pusher 480 in the second position. The method may include configuring the sensor to be able to read at least a third said RFID tag 900C when pusher 480 is in a third position and communicate a signal indicative thereof. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to no longer able to read first said RFID tag 900A and second said RFID tag 900B when pusher 480 is in the third position. The method may include configuring the sensor to be able to read at least a fourth said RFID tag 900D when the pusher is in a fourth position and communicate a signal indicative thereof. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to no longer able to read first said RFID tag 900A, second said RFID tag 900B and third said RFID tag 900C when pusher 480 is in the fourth position. The method may include configuring the sensor to be able to read at least a fifth said RFID tag 900E when the pusher is in a fifth position and communicate a signal indicative thereof. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to no longer able to read first said RFID tag 900A, second said RFID tag 900B, third said RFID tag 900C and fourth said RFID tag 900D when pusher 480 is in the fifth position.

[0258] The method may include configuring the sensor to be able to read at least a sixth said RFID tag 900F when the pusher is in a sixth position and communicate a signal indicative thereof. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to no longer able to read first said RFID tag 900A, second said RFID tag 900B, third said RFID tag 900C, fourth said RFID tag 900D and fifth said RFID tag 900E when pusher 480 is in the sixth position. The method may include configuring the sensor to be able to read at least a seventh said RFID tag 900G when the pusher is in a seventh position and communicate a signal indicative thereof. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to no longer able to read first said RFID tag 900A, second said RFID tag 900B, third said RFIDtag 900C, fourth said RFID tag 900D, fifth said RFID tag 900E and sixth said RFID tag 900F when pusher 480 is in the seventh position. The method may include configuring the sensor to not be able to read any RFID tag when the pusher is in an eighth or depleted position and communicate a signal indicative thereof and / or not communicate a signal, thereby indicating the same.

[0259] The method may include configuring sensor 660 to signal an amount of stock merchandise 560. The method may include configuring the sensor to signal a warning notification when an amount of stock merchandise biased by pusher 480 is depleted within or less a predetermined time threshold. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to signal an amount of stock merchandise biased by the pusher based on the position of sensor relative to substrate strip 920. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to signal a re-stock notification when pusher 480 is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent front 440A of elongate member 440.

[0260] The method may include configuring the sensor to communicate with processor 840 seen in Figure 31 via said signals. The method may include configuring the processor to determine positioning of pusher 480 relative to elongate member 440 seen in Figures 1 and 28 based on signals outputted from sensor 660. The method may include configuring the processor to determine when the pusher is moving relative to the elongate member. The method may include configuring sensor 660 to interact with substrate strip 920 and signal to the processor an instantaneous position thereof based on said interaction. The method may include configuring the processor to determine an instantaneous position of pusher 480 relative to elongate member 440 in real-time. The method may include sending signals from sensor 660 in real-time to a processor. The method may include determining via the processor a rate of depletion of merchandise 560 based on the extent to which pusher 480 moves relative to substrate strip 920 and / or elongate member 440 within a predetermined amount of time. The method may include configuring the processor to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise exceeds a predetermined threshold.

[0261] Figures 35 to 36 show a pusher system 300.1 similar to pusher system 300 shown in Figures 27 to 34 but according to a further aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functions as pusher system 300 shown in Figures 27 to 34 with the addition of decimal extension “ . 1”. Pusher system 300.1 is substantially the same as pusher system 300 shown in Figures 1 to 34 with at least the following exceptions.

[0262] Sensor assembly 640.1 (and substrate strip 920.1 thereof) in this non-limiting embodiment comprises a single elongate RFID tag 900. 1, rather than a plurality of RFID tags. Rather than different RFID tags, the elongate RFID tag includes a plurality of portions 900A. 1, 900B.1, 900C.1, 900D. 1, 900E.1, 900F.1 and 900G. 1 with which RFID reader 780.1 is configured to selectively interact. Elongate RFID tag 900.1 otherwise operates in a similar manner as described above for pusher system 300 shown in Figures 27 to 34. Portions 900A.1, 900B.1, 900C.1, 900D. 1, 900E. 1, 900F.1 and 900G.1 of elongate RFID tag 900.1 to be measured are evenly spaced by a predetermined distance, in this non-limiting example being spaced one inch apart; however, the latterdistance is not strictly required and the portions of the elongate RFID tag to be measured may be spaced apart by other distances in other examples. As a further alternative, measurements may occur on a continuum rather than via discrete increments.

[0263] The first, proximal or rearward end portion 900G. 1 of the elongate RFID tag aligns with and / or is adjacent pusher 480.1 when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position seen in Figure 35. The second, distal or forward end portion 900A.1 of elongate RFID tag 900.1 aligns with and / or is adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in the second / extended / forward / distal position seen in Figure 36. Sensor 660. 1 is configured to signal a re-stock notification when pusher480. 1 is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent forward end portion 900A. 1 of elongate RFID tag 900.1.

[0264] The sensor interacts with respective portions 900A.1, 900B.1, 900C.1, 900D. 1, 900E. 1, 900F. 1 and 900G. 1 of the elongate RFID tag and signals to the processor an instantaneous position thereof based on the same. The processor receives the signals in real time and is configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which pusher 480.1 moves relative to elongate RFID tag 900. 1 within a predetermined amount of time.

[0265] Elongate RFID tag 900.1 couples to and extends along elongate member 440.1. The elongate RFID tag couples to bottom 440E. 1 of the elongate member in this non-limiting example. Elongate RFID tag 900.1 couples to elongate member 440.1 in a manner which inhibits access thereto. The elongate RFID tag extends along and / or parallel to longitudinal axis 440C.1 of elongate member 440.1. Elongate RFID tag 900.1 extends along and couples to planar portion 440F.1 of the elongate member in this non-limiting example. The elongate RFID tag couples to elongate member440.1 via adhesive, in this non-limiting example adhesive strip 940.1. Elongate RFID tag 900.1 in this non-limiting embodiment may be part of and / or include a substrate strip 920.1; however, this is not strictly required and in other embodiments there may be no such substrate strip.

[0266] There is thus provided a method of retrofitting pusher system 300. 1 to enable monitoring thereof. The method includes positioning elongate RFID tag 900.1 along elongate member 440.1. The method includes coupling sensor 660.1 to pusher 480.1, with the sensor including RFID reader780.1 configured to read respective one or more portions 900A.1, 900B.1, 900C.1, 900D.1, 900E.1, 900F. 1 and 900G. 1 of elongate RFID tag 900. 1 as a function of positioning of pusher 480. 1 relative to elongate member 440. 1.

[0267] The method may include aligning proximal portion 900G.1 of the elongate RFID tag adjacent proximal position of the pusher seen in Figure 35 and aligning distal portion 900A.1 of the elongate RFID tag adjacent the distal position of the pusher seen in Figure 36.

[0268] Figures 37 to 38 show a pusher system 300.2 similar to pusher system 300 shown in Figures 1 to 34 but according to a yet another aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functions as pusher system 300 shown in Figures 27 to 34 with the addition of decimal extension “.2”. Pushersystem 300.2 is substantially the same as pusher system 300 shown in Figures 27 to 34 with at least the following exceptions.

[0269] Plurality of RFID tags 900A.2, 900B.2, 900C.2, 900D.2, 900E.2, 900F.2 and 900G.2 align with and are positioned and extend within channel 460.2 of elongate member 440.2 in this nonlimiting embodiment. Sensor assembly 640.2 includes substrate strip 920.2 in this non-limiting example also positioned within the channel of the elongate member, with the RFID tags coupling to the substrate strip. The substrate strip aligns with and extends along channel 460.2 of elongate member 440.2. Substrate strip 920.2 thus is extends within the channel of the elongate member.

[0270] There is thus provided a method of retrofitting pusher system 300.2 to enable monitoring thereof. The method includes positioning a plurality of RFID tags 900A.2, 900B.2, 900C.2, 900D.2, 900E.2, 900F.2 and 900G.2 (in this non-limiting example via substrate strip 920.2) along elongate member 440.2. The method includes positioning the substrate strip (and / or plurality of RFID tags) within channel 460.2 of elongate member 440.2. The method may include extending substrate strip 920.2 (and / or the plurality of RFID tags 900A.2, 900B.2, 900C.2, 900D.2, 900E.2, 900F.2 and 900G.2) within the channel of the elongate member. The method may include aligning the substrate strip (and / or plurality of RFID tags) with channel 460.2 of elongate member 440.2. The method may include extending substrate strip 920.2 (and / or the plurality of RFID tags 900A.2, 900B.2, 900C.2, 900D.2, 900E.2, 900F.2 and 900G.2) along the channel of the elongate member.

[0271] The method includes coupling sensor 660.2 to pusher 480.2, with the sensor including RFID reader 780.2 configured to read respective ones of the RFID tags as a function of positioning of pusher 480.2 relative to elongate member 440.2.

[0272] Figures 39 to 40 show a pusher system 300.3 similar to pusher system 300.2 shown in Figures 37 to 38 but according to a further aspect according to yet a further aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functions as pusher system 300.2 shown in Figures 37 to 38 with decimal extension “.3” replacing decimal extension “.2” and being added for parts not previously having a decimal extension. Pusher system 300.3 is substantially the same as pusher system 300.2 shown in Figures 37 to 38 with at least the following exceptions.

[0273] Instead of a plurality of RFID tags, in this embodiment elongate RFID tag 900.3 aligns with and extends along and within channel 460.3 of elongate member 440.3. The elongate RFID tag in this non-limiting example includes substrate strip 920.3 which is also positioned and extends within the channel of the elongate member.

[0274] There is thus provided a method of retrofitting pusher system 300.3 to enable monitoring thereof. The method includes positioning elongate RFID tag 900.3 (in this non-limiting example via substrate strip 920.3) along elongate member 440.3. The method includes positioning the substrate strip (and / or elongate RFID tag) within channel 460.3 of elongate member 440.3. The method may include extending substrate strip 920.3 (and / or the plurality of portions 900A.3, 900B.3, 900C.3, 900D.3, 900E.3, 900F.3 and 900G.3 of elongate RFID tag 900.3) within the channel of the elongatemember. The method may include aligning the substrate strip (and / or elongate RFID tag) with channel 460.3 of elongate member 440.3. The method may include extending substrate strip 920.3 (and / or the plurality of portions 900A.3, 900B.3, 900C.3, 900D.3, 900E.3, 900F.3 and 900G.3 of elongate RFID tag 900.3) along the channel of the elongate member.

[0275] Figures 41 to 42 show a pusher system 300.4 similar to pusher system 300 shown in Figures 1 to 34 but according to an additional aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functions as pusher system 300 shown in Figures 27 to 34 with the addition of decimal extension “ .4”. Pusher system 300.4 is substantially the same as pusher system 300 shown in Figures 1 to 34 with at least the following exceptions.

[0276] In this embodiment the plurality of RFID tags 900A.4, 900B.4, 900C.4, 900D.4, 900E.4, 900F.4 and 900G.4 extend along and couple to elongate member 440.4 individually without any substrate strip. The method of retrofitting pusher system 300.4 to enable monitoring thereof, includes positioning the plurality of RFID tags along elongate member 440.4 at predetermined intervals for example.

[0277] As seen in Figure 42, sensor 660.4 in this non-limiting embodiment couples to pusher480.4 at a location spaced forward of front 480A.4 of the pusher. The sensor is shaped to couple at least in part to the front of the pusher. Sensor 660.4 is shaped to couple to and extend laterally outwards from the front of pusher 480.4. The sensor is positioned such that the bottom or proximal end thereof is adjacent elongate member 440.4 and / or RFID tags 900.4.

[0278] Figures 43 to 44 show a pusher system 300.5 similar to pusher system 300.4 but according to yet an additional aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functions as pusher system300.4 shown in Figures 41 to 42 with decimal extension “ .5” replacing decimal extension “ .4” and being added for parts not previously having decimal extensions. Pusher system 300.5 is substantially the same as pusher system 300.4 shown in Figures 41 to 42 with at least the following exceptions.

[0279] Instead of a plurality of RFID tags, elongate RFID tag 900.5 directly couples to elongate member 440.5 in this embodiment without requiring a substrate strip. The method of retrofitting pusher system 300.5 to enable monitoring thereof, includes positioning the elongate RFID tag along the elongate member.

[0280] Figures 45 to 46 show a pusher system 300.6 similar to pusher system 300 shown in Figures 1 to 34 but according to another aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functions as pusher system 300 shown in Figures 27 to 34 with the addition of decimal extension “ .6”. Pusher system 300.6 is substantially the same as pusher system 300 shown in Figures 1 to 34 with at least the following exceptions.

[0281] Referring to Figure 45, the plurality of RFID tags 900A.6, 900B.6, 900C.6, 900D.6, 900E.6, 900F.6 and 900G.6 align with and are positioned to extend along spring 580.6 in this nonlimiting embodiment. The plurality of RFID tags couple to and extend along elongate surface 590A.6 of the spring in this example, which may be referred to as the elongate surface on the sensor side ofthe spring. Sensor assembly 640.6 includes substrate strip 920.6 in this non-limiting example also positioned to extend along elongate surface 590A.6 of spring 580.6 with the RFID tags coupling to the substrate strip. However, this is not strictly required and in other embodiments, RFID tags 900A.6, 900B.6, 900C.6, 900D.6, 900E.6, 900F.6 and 900G.6 may be configured to directly and / or individually couple to the spring without a substrate strip therebetween. Substrate strip 920.6 aligns with and extends along spring 580.6 in this non-limiting example, with the substrate strip being coextensive therewith in this non-limiting embodiment. Spring 580.6 may be made of metal or a non- metal material in this embodiment.

[0282] Sensor 660.6 is in a forward position with RFID reader 780.6 thereof facing downwards to facilitate measuring of respective ones of RFID tags 900A.6, 900B.6, 900C.6, 900D.6, 900E.6, 900F.6 and 900G.6 as items of merchandise are selectively removed from pusher system 300.6.

[0283] There is thus provided a method of retrofitting pusher system 300.6 to enable monitoring thereof. The method includes positioning a plurality of RFID tags 900A.6, 900B.6, 900C.6, 900D.6, 900E.6, 900F.6 and 900G.6 (in this non-limiting example via substrate strip 920.6) on spring 580.6, in this example on elongate surface 590A.6 thereof. The method may thus include coupling the plurality of RFID tags to the surface of the spring which faces upwards when the spring is uncoiled. The method may include extending substrate strip 920.6 (and / or the plurality of RFID tags 900A.6, 900B.6, 900C.6, 900D.6, 900E.6, 900F.6 and 900G.6) along spring 580.6. The method may include aligning the substrate strip (and / or plurality of RFID tags) with the spring.

[0284] The method may thus include removing inventory from an existing tray or pusher system 300.6, next pushing a face or pusher paddle 500.6 of pusher 480.6 rearwards or retracting the pusher, and then coupling or applying RFID tags 900A.6, 900B.6, 900C.6, 900D.6, 900E.6, 900F.6 and 900G.6 on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of spring 580.6 at spaced-apart or predetermined distances e.g. every set distance, say one inch. The applying step may include applying the RFID tags on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of the spring via substrate strip 920.6 so that the RFID tags face RFID reader 780.6 when the RFID reader incrementally biases forwards as items of merchandise are removed from pusher system 300.6.

[0285] The method includes coupling sensor 660.6 to pusher 480.6, with the sensor including RFID reader 780.6 configured to read respective ones of the RFID tags as a function of positioning of pusher 480.6 relative to elongate member 440.6.

[0286] Figures 47 to 48 show a pusher system 300.7 similar to pusher system 30.1 seen in Figures 35 to 36 but according to a further aspect. Like parts have like numbers and functions as pusher system 300.1 shown in Figures 35 to 36 with decimal extension “.7” replacing decimal extension “.1” and being added for parts not previously having a decimal extension. Pusher system 300.7 is substantially the same as pusher system 300.1 shown in Figures 35 to 36 with at least the following exceptions.

[0287] Elongate RFID tag 900.7 (including the plurality of portions 900A.7, 900B.7, 900C.7, 900D.7, 900E.7, 900F.7 and 900G.7 thereof) aligns with and is positioned to extend along spring 580.7 in this non-limiting embodiment. The elongate RFID tag couples to and extends along elongate surface 590A.7 of the spring in this example, which may be referred to as the elongate surface on the sensor side of the spring. Sensor assembly 640.7 includes substrate strip 920.7 in this non-limiting example also positioned to extend along elongate surface 590A.7 of spring 580.7 with the elongate RFID tag coupling to the substrate strip. However, this is not strictly required and in other embodiments, elongate RFID tag 900.7 (including the plurality of portions 900A.7, 900B.7, 900C.7, 900D.7, 900E.7, 900F.7 and 900G.7 thereof) may be configured to directly couple to the spring without a substrate strip therebetween. Substrate strip 920.7 aligns with and extends along spring 580.7 in this non-limiting example, with the substrate strip being co-extensive therewith in this nonlimiting embodiment. Spring 580.7 may be made of metal or a non-metal material in this embodiment.

[0288] There is thus provided a method of retrofitting pusher system 300.7 to enable monitoring thereof. The method includes positioning elongate RFID tag 900.7 (in this non-limiting embodiment via substrate strip 920.7) on spring 580.7, in this example on elongate surface 590A.7 thereof. The method may thus include coupling the elongate RFID tag to the surface of the spring which faces upwards when the spring is uncoiled. The method may include extending substrate strip 920.7 along spring 580.7. The method may include aligning the substrate strip (and / or plurality of portions 900A.7, 900B.7, 900C.7, 900D.7, 900E.7, 900F.7 and 900G.7 of elongate RFID tag 900.7) with the spring.

[0289] The method may thus include removing inventory from an existing tray or pusher system300.7, next pushing a face or pusher paddle 500.7 of pusher 480.7 rearwards or retracting the pusher, and then coupling or applying elongate RFID tag 900.7 on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of spring 580.7. The applying step may include applying the elongate RFID tag on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of the spring via substrate strip 920.7 so that portions 900A.7, 900B.7, 900C.7, 900D.7, 900E.7, 900F.7 and 900G.7 of the elongate RFID tag face RFID reader 780.7 when the RFID reader incrementally biases forwards as items of merchandise are removed from pusher system300.7.

[0290] The method includes coupling sensor 660.7 to pusher 480.7, with the sensor including RFID reader 780.7 configured to read respective ones of the portions of the elongate RFID tag as a function of positioning of pusher 480.7 relative to elongate member 440.7.

[0291] Figures 49 to 52 show a system 205 for measuring one or more customer behavior patterns in a store 225. The system may be referred to as a kit. The store includes a plurality of shelves and a plurality of aisles, each extending between a respective pair of said shelves: this is shown in Figure 49 by aisle 245 extend between shelves 265 and 285.

[0292] Each shelve includes a plurality of groupings 305 of merchandise 325 thereon. In this example and as seen in Figure 50, the plurality of groupings of merchandise are thus arranged in rows M and columns N, in this example vertically-extending rows and horizontally-extending columns. The plurality of groupings 305n to 305MN of merchandise 325 are arranged between bottom 265A and top 265B of shelf 265 and between a first or proximal end 265C to a second or distal end 265D of the shelf. Referring back to Figure 49, for each shelf the plurality of groupings of merchandise thereof extend between front 265E and rear 265F thereof. The groupings of merchandise 325 are arranged along aisle 245 between proximal end 245A and distal end 245B of the aisle. The ends of the aisle may be referred to as entrances and / or exits of the aisle.

[0293] Referring back to Figure 50, each shelf 265 includes a plurality of pusher assemblies 345, each associated with a respective grouping 305 of merchandise 325. The pusher assemblies are part of a shelf or stock pusher system, in this non-limiting embodiment a retail merchandise pusher system 355. Each pusher assembly 345 is configured to bias its grouping of merchandise forwards towards front 265E of shelf 265 to facilitate access to and purchase of said merchandise. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0294] As seen in Figure 51, each pusher assembly 345 has a top 365, a bottom 385 spaced-apart from the top thereof, a forward end or front 405 and a rearward end or rear 425 spaced-apart from the front thereof. Each pusher assembly is configured to be positioned on its corresponding shelf 265 in this non-limiting example; however, this is not strictly required and the shelf may be part of pusher system 355 in other embodiments, for example. The shelf is a part of a shelf assembly 275. The shelf assembly in this example includes pusher assemblies 345 which couple to shelf 265.

[0295] Each pusher assembly 345 includes an elongate member 445. The elongate member may comprise one or more of: a planar member, a guide member, a rail, a guide rail, a track, a linear track, a shelf, a trackless shelf, a pusher tray and / or a trackless pusher tray. Elongate member 445 has a first / distal / forward end or front 445 A, a second / proximal / rearward end or rear 445B spaced-apart from the front thereof and a longitudinal axis 445 C extending between the rear and front thereof. The longitudinal axis of the elongate member extends substantially horizontally in this non-limiting example. Elongate member 445 has a top 445D and a bottom 445E opposite the top thereof. The elongate member includes a planar portion 445F extending between front 445A and rear 445B thereof. The planar portion of the elongate member is shaped to extend along shelf 265 between front 265E and rear 265F of the shelf. Elongate member 445 includes a first of male and female members, in this non-limiting example a female member, in this case in the form of a channel 465 best seen in Figure 525. The channel is a C-channel in this non-limiting embodiment. Channel 465 of elongate member 445 extends between front 445A and rear 445B of elongate member 445.

[0296] Referring back to Figure 51, each pusher assembly 345 includes a biasing or pushing member, in this example a pusher 485. The pusher is moveable linearly along and / or relative to elongate member 445. Pusher has a front 485A and a rear 485B opposite front thereof. Pusher 485includes a planar member, in this example a pusher paddle 505. In other embodiments, pusher assembly 345 may be referred to collectively as the pusher, with pusher 485 being referred to as the pusher paddle for example. Pusher paddle 505 extends along front 485A of the pusher. The pusher paddle has a first or proximal end 505A, a second or distal end 505B and a longitudinal axis 505C extending between the ends thereof. Pusher 485 may be said to substantially extend along or parallel to longitudinal axis 505C, which may be referred as a longitudinal axis of the pusher. The longitudinal axis of pusher paddle 505 in use extends in a vertical direction in this non-limiting example; however this is not strictly required. Ends 505A and 505B of pusher paddle 505 may be referred to as proximal and distal ends of pusher 485. The proximal end of the pusher paddle is adjacent top 445D of elongate member 445 in this non-limiting example.

[0297] Pusher 485 includes a mount or housing 525 in this non-limiting example. The housing in this non-limiting embodiment extends along rear 485B of the pusher and couples to and extends rearwards of pusher paddle 505. Housing 525 in this non-limiting example comprises a bottom 525A extending parallel to and adjacent top 445D of elongate member 445. Pusher 485 may thus be said to be in fluid communication with the top of the elongate member. Bottom 525A of housing 525 is planar and rectangular in this non-limiting example. The housing in this example includes one or more braces 525B coupled to and extending upwards from the bottom thereof and extending rearwards from pusher paddle 505. Each brace is planar and generally or substantially triangular in this non-limiting example. Pusher 485 in this non-limiting embodiment includes an internal cavity 525C formed by and extending between bottom 525A and braces 525B of housing 525 thereof.

[0298] The pusher slidably couples to elongate member 445, in this non-limiting example via male and female members. Pusher 485 includes a second of male and female members, in this nonlimiting example a male member, in this case in the form of a laterally-extending protrusion 545 seen in Figure 52. The protrusion is shaped to extend within and be slidable relative to channel 465. Protrusion 545 is shaped to mate with and / or be complementary with the channel of elongate member 445 so as to be slidable therealong. The protrusion couples to and in this example is integrally connected to pusher paddle 505 so as to form a unitary whole. Referring back to Figure 51, pusher 485 thus extends upwards from top 445D of elongate member 445. C-channels and corresponding male components or protrusions, including their various parts and functionings, are known per se, and channel 465 and protrusion 545 will accordingly not be described in further detail.

[0299] Pusher 485 has a first, retracted, proximal and / or rearward position seen in Figure 51. The pusher is near or adjacent rear 425 of shelf 265 and rear 445B of elongate member 445 in this example in the rearward position thereof. Pusher 485 is moveable from the rearward position thereof to a second, extended, distal and / or forward position seen in Figure 52. The pusher is near or adjacent front 405 of shelf 265 and front 445A of elongate member 445 in this example in forward position thereof. Pusher 485 is configured to be biased towards the forward position thereof.

[0300] Each pusher is configured to abut a respective grouping 305 of merchandise 325, in this example items of merchandise 325A, 325B, 325C, 325D, 325E, 325F and 325G. The pusher is configured to bias the items of merchandise towards front 405 of shelf 265 and front 445A of elongate member 445 via a biasing member, in this non-limiting example a spring, in this case a coiled spring 585. Pusher 485 is thus spring-biased towards the front of the shelf and elongate member.

[0301] Spring 585 has a first or proximal end 585A and a second or distal end 585B seen spaced-apart from proximal end thereof. The proximal end of the spring operatively connects to a first one of pusher 485 and a forward end portion or front 445A of elongate member 445, in this example connecting to the pusher. Distal end 585B of spring 585 operatively connects to a second one of the pusher and the forward end portion or front of the elongate member, in this example connecting to the front of the elongate member. Spring 585 includes a coiled portion 585C positioned between ends 585A and 585B thereof. The coiled portion of the spring operatively connects to one of pusher 485 and elongate member 445, in this example connecting to the pusher. Coiled portion 585C of spring 585 is received within internal cavity 525 C of and rotatably mounted to housing 525 of pusher 485 in this non-limiting example.

[0302] Spring 585 is configured to provide a biasing or spring force that biases pusher 485 towards front 405 of shelf 265, as shown by arrow 605. Applying a manual counter force, in this case pulling rearwards on the pusher as shown by arrow 625, incrementally unrolls / uncoils spring 585 and enables items of merchandise 325A, 325B, 325C, 325D, 325E, 325F and 325G to be incrementally inserted between the front of the shelf and pusher paddle 505. Pusher 485 is thus configured to bias against the items of merchandise so as to promote movement thereof towards front 405 of shelf 265. As items of merchandise 325G are selectively removed by a prospective purchaser of the same, the pusher so configured incrementally moves the remaining items of merchandise 325 A, 325B, 325C, 325D, 325E and 325F forward due to the biasing action of spring 585 to facilitate a future purchase of the same. In this manner pusher assembly 345 is configured to promote movement of items of merchandise 325 towards front 405 of shelf 265 to facilitate / promote access thereto and the purchase thereof. Pusher 485 may thus be to said to resiliently couple to elongate member 445 so as to be spring-biased towards front 445A of the elongate member. Pusher assemblies, including their various parts and functionings, are known per se, and pusher assembly 345 will accordingly not be described in further detail.

[0303] Referring back to Figure 50, system 205 includes a first plurality of sensor assemblies 645 each associated with respective pusher assemblies 345. The first plurality of sensor assemblies are part of pusher system 355. Each of the first plurality of sensor assemblies 645 is configured to measure instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of its corresponding pusher 485 relative to elongate member 445 seen in Figure 51. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0304] Each of the first plurality of sensor assemblies 645 comprises in this non-limiting embodiment a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor 665. However, this is not strictly required and various other types of sensor assemblies or distance-measuring devices may be used in other embodiments such as, for example, sensor assembly 64 / 64.1 / 64.2 / 64.3 / 64.4 / 64.5 / 64.6 as described with reference to Figures 1 to 24 above and in the form of magnet 66 / 66.1 / 66.2 / 66.3 / 66.4 / 66.5 / 66.6 and magnetic field sensor 67 / 67.1 / 67.2 / 67.3 / 67.4 / 67.5 / 67.6. Other non-limiting examples include sensor assemblies 640 / 640.1 / 640.2 / 640.3 / 640.4 / 640.5 / 640.6 / 640.7 shown in Figures 1 to 48 and comprising an RFID reader 780 / 780.1 / 780.2 / 780.3 / 780.4 / 780.5 / 780.6 coupled to pusher 485 seen in Figure 51 and either a plurality of RFID tags 900 / 900.2 / 900.4 / 900.6 seen in Figures 1 to 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 45 and 46, or an elongate RFID tag 900.1 / 900.3 / 900.5 / 900.7 seen in Figures 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 47 and 48, coupled to and / or extending along and / or adjacent elongate member 445 seen in Figure 51. In addition or in the alternative, any combination of the above or other sensor assemblies as herein described may be provided with one said sensor assembly being configured to function as a fail-safe means for the other said sensor assembly, for example.

[0305] Each ToF sensor 665 in this non- limiting example couples to or is adjacent one of pusher 485 and elongate member 445 in a manner which inhibits access thereto. To this end ToF sensor 665 is in this non-limiting example enclosed at least in part within housing 685A and lid 685B is shaped to selectively couple to and be removable from the housing. As seen in Figure 52, the housing has a longitudinal axis 685C extending between top 685D and bottom 685E thereof and positioned between sides 685F and 685G thereof. Housing 685A has a width Wss extending between the sides thereof. Longitudinal axis 685C of the housing extends parallel to length Lss of the housing as well as longitudinal axis 505C of pusher paddle 505 in this non-limiting example. Pusher 485 may thus be said to substantially extend along or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the housing in this nonlimiting embodiment. Longitudinal axis 685C of housing 685A is angled relative to longitudinal axis 445C of elongate member 445, in this non-limiting example being perpendicular thereto. The longitudinal axis of the housing extends substantially vertically in this non-limiting embodiment.

[0306] Housing 685A has a front 685H and a rear 6851 opposite the front thereof. Sides 685F and 685G as well front 685H and rear 6851 of housing 685 A are planar in this non-limiting example, in this non-limiting case being rectangular. Front 685H and rear 6851 of housing 685A extend between top 685D and bottom 685E as well as between the sides of housing 685 A. As seen in Figure 51, the housing is shaped to extend along at least in part and abut one of said items of merchandise, in this case item of merchandise 325A adjacent thereto. In this non-limiting embodiment front 685H of housing 685 A is shaped to extend along and abut the item of merchandise 325A. Alternatively, the housing may be shaped to extend along and abut the item of merchandise via one of sides 685F and 685G and / or rear 6851 thereof in other examples.

[0307] Each ToF sensor 665 in this non-limiting embodiment couples to elongate member 445 and extends rearwards towards and laterally-outwards from pusher 485. However, this is not strictlyrequired, as ToF sensor 665 (and / or housing 685A thereof) may couple to the pusher and / or be positioned forwards, or sidewards of the pusher in other embodiments, for example. In each instance the ToF sensor is configured to measure instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of its corresponding pusher 485 relative to elongate member 445 and thus provide an indication of amount of merchandise 325 in grouping 305 thereof in real-time. Other non-limiting configurations of ToF sensor 665 relative to pusher assembly 345 are shown and described with reference to Figures 1 to 26 above for example.

[0308] In this non-limiting embodiment and referring back to Figure 51, each ToF sensor 665 (and housing 685 A thereof) couples to and / or is near or adjacent front 445A of its elongate member 445, in this non-limiting example coupling thereto via housing 685A. The ToF sensor couples to the elongate member via adhesive strip 705 in this example that extends along bottom 685E of housing 685A; however this is not strictly required and the sensor / housing may couple to the pusher in other manners in other embodiments, such as via adapter 178 / 178.5 shown in Figures 14 to 18B, 22 to 23 or adapter 880 / 880.1 / 880.2 / 880.3 / 880.4 / 880.5 / 880.6 / 880.7 / 880.8 shown with reference to Figures 1 to 48. In addition or alternatively and referring back to Figure 51, ToF sensor 665 (and / or housing 685A thereof) may couple to and / or extend adjacent and / or parallel to shelf 265, and / or front 265E thereof. Rear 6851 of housing 685A aligns with front 445A of elongate member 445 in this nonlimiting example. This embodiment may facilitate sensor assemblies 645 that send signals via wired communication as shown by wire 725 seen in Figure 52; however, this is not strictly required and the sensor assemblies may, in the alternative, send signals via wireless communication.

[0309] ToF sensor 665 may include an accelerometer 735 and / or MEMS sensor and / or other motion detector via which movement of pusher 485 is determined and in response to which the ToF sensor is configured to be woken up. This may function to save battery power. More particulars in this regard are discussed with reference to the embodiment shown in Figures 1 to 7.

[0310] Referring back to Figure 51, each ToF sensor 665 is configured to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of pusher 485 relative to elongate member 445. To this end each ToF sensor individually or the ToF sensors collectively include a processor 745 (which may be a microprocessor). The processor may communicate, as shown by signal 745A, with a monitoring / control panel, remote server, central server, monitoring system, handheld device, mobile device and / or processor 765. Each ToF sensor 665 includes an illumination unit 785 that illuminates and / or emits a light pulse, photon or light beam 805 against an object whose relative distance thereto correlates to a relative position of the pusher and / or an amount of shelved merchandise 325. The illumination unit may comprise a laser in one non-limiting embodiment. Illumination unit 785 is configured to emit light beam 805 in a grid pattern in this non-limiting embodiment such as, for example via a template, arrangement of lighting or the like.

[0311] In this non-limiting embodiment, each ToF sensor 665 is configured or positioned to emit light beam 805 rearward against pusher 485 and / or pusher paddle 505 thereof so as to reflect off ofreflective member or surface 825. Alternatively, the ToF sensor may be arranged against a rear of the shelf (or rear wall) and emit a beam forward against the rear of the pusher or pusher paddle thereof. In this case, the reflective members or surfaces may be considered to be part of sensor assemblies 645. In other embodiments where the ToF sensor couples to the pusher and emits a light beam towards front 265E of shelf 265, the reflective member may operatively couple to the front of the shelf, for example. The range of light beam 805 may be adjusted to be larger or smaller.

[0312] Each ToF sensor 665 includes a lens 845 configured to receive light reflected back as shown by 805’. The reflective member or surface may be a black or white surface for example, or some combination thereof. The time required for light to travel to reflective member or surface 825 and reflect back through lens 845 may be relatively short and in picoseconds, for example. Based on this time so measured and knowledge of the speed of light and half of the round trip time, the distance of pusher 485 relative to the reflective member or surface 825, and thus the position of the pusher relative to elongate member 445, and thus the amount of items of merchandise 325 within the pusher, may be determined in real-time. Each ToF sensor 665 may be configured to be accurate to within + 1 mm in one non-limiting embodiment.

[0313] Each ToF sensor includes an elongate passageway or enclosure, in this case a tubular member 865 which extends about lens 845 and functions to inhibit extraneous light and interference from the side and / or outside noise and / or light. The tubular member may thus function to improve and / or extend the range of ToF sensor 665, as well as improve the accuracy of the ToF sensor. Tubular member 865 may be referred to as a hood. The tubular member couples to and extends outwards from front 685H of housing 685 A in this non-limiting embodiment. Tubular member 865 is positioned near or adjacent top 685D of the housing in this non-limiting example. The tubular member extends towards and faces pusher 485 in this non-limiting embodiment. Tubular member 865 has a height HHS which extends parallel to longitudinal axis 505C of pusher paddle 505 and a width WHS, seen in Figure 52, which extends laterally relative to the longitudinal axis of the pusher paddle. The width of the tubular member is larger than the height of the tubular member in this nonlimiting embodiment. Referring back to Figure 51, tubular member 865 encloses an aperture 885 which is non-circular in this example, in this case being obround; however, this is not strictly required. The tubular member and aperture 885 in this example extend about an axis 885A that is parallel to longitudinal axis 445 C of elongate member 445 and perpendicular to longitudinal axis 505 C of pusher paddle 505.

[0314] Each ToF sensor 665 in this non-limiting example includes an optical band-pass filter 905 configured to reduce noise thereof by suppressing light outside of a predetermined frequency range and / or threshold. The ToF sensor includes an image sensor 925 or focal plane array configured to receive an image from the lens. The image sensor includes a plurality of pixels and / or photos diode, each of which measures the distance taken by light emitted from illumination unit 785 to reflective member or surface 825 and back thereto, and converts this light to a current. ToF sensor13665 includes electronics that synchronize illumination unit 785 and image sensor 925 and control high speed signals. Each ToF sensor is configured to signal an amount of shelved merchandise 325, in this case outputting a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise. Processor 745 / 765 calibrates data and determines one or more distances from a fixed point to a moveable object: in this case front 265E of shelf 265 seen in Figure 49 may be said to comprise the fixed point, with ToF sensor 665 so mounted thereto, and with pusher 485 being the moveable object. This enables an instantaneous determination of the position of the pusher.

[0315] In this non-limiting embodiment ToF sensors 665 as herein described are thus each configured to signal or output a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise 325. Each ToF sensor may thus be said to indirectly interact with one or more items of merchandise 325 from its grouping 305 of merchandise and signal an instantaneous position thereof based on the same, to processor 745 and / or processor 765. Each ToF sensor 665 is thus configured to be in communication with the processor(s), which are configured to receive signals therefrom. The ToF sensors are configured to wirelessly transmit one or more signals, and in this non-limiting example a plurality of signals 745A indicative of movement of pusher 485, to one or more of processor 745 / 765 and / or a remote server, central server, monitoring system, handheld device and / or mobile device. Thus, when the pusher moves, sensor 665 may wireless transmit a signal that may be picked up by upper management of the retail establishment, for example.

[0316] Processor 745 / 765 is configured to determine when pusher 485 is moving relative to elongate member 445 based on one or more of the signals. The processor is configured to determine positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member based on said signals, in this case determining the instantaneous position of pusher relative to the elongate member in real-time based on the same. Processor 745 / 765 thus determines the amount of shelved merchandise 325 based on one or more of said signals received in real-time.

[0317] Each ToF sensor 665 may be configured to signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by its pusher 485 is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise. As seen in Figure 51, the ToF sensor (and housing 685A thereof) in this non-limiting embodiment is spaced-apart from pusher 485 when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and / or when the pusher and / or shelf 265 are fully stocked.

[0318] Processor 745 / 765 may be configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which pusher 485 moves relative to elongate member 445 within a predetermined amount of time. The processor may be configured to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise 325 exceeds a predetermined threshold. For example, if a person removes or scoops all of the items of merchandise at once (e.g. from ten items of merchandise to zero items of merchandise), processor 745 / 765 is configured to identify / detect the same, infer that this may be a thief and send a warning notification or alarm to a retail worker, clerk, security guardand / or upper management to investigate the matter further in real-time. This data may also function to provide accurate feedback on how many items of merchandise have been removed for a given time period and may be correlated on a regular (e.g. daily) basis: for example, if the store’s records indicate that three items of merchandise from shelf 265 were sold on a given day but pusher system 300 indicates that seven items of merchandise have been removed, this indicates or suggests that theft is occurring and enable the store to take corrective security measures. Sensor assemblies 645 as herein described may thus function to improve / enhance security and reduce the prospects of retail theft being successfully carried out to completion.

[0319] Each ToF sensor 665 may be configured to signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise 325 for its grouping 305 of merchandise biased by pusher 485, is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold. Each ToF sensor is configured to signal a warning notification when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by its pusher is depleted within or in less than a predetermined time threshold. Each ToF sensor 665 is configured to signal a re-stock notification or alarm when pusher 485 is within a predetermined threshold of depletion and / or adjacent or near front 265E of shelf 265 and / or front 445 A of elongate member 445 in this nonlimiting embodiment as seen in Figure 52. In one non-limiting embodiment, processor 745 / 765 may be configured to send a text message to a retail worker, clerk, warehouse worker, upper management or the like, when shelfed items of merchandise are depleted and below a predetermined lower threshold with another text message being sent when shelf 265 has been re-stocked. The signalling from ToF sensors 665 may be sent to any internal system. The ToF sensors may thus function as and / or be said to comprise inventory control sensors. As seen in Figure 52, pusher 485 in this nonlimiting embodiment is near or adjacent ToF sensor 665 when the pusher is in the second / extended / forward / distal position and / or when shelf 265 has a depleted stock of merchandise.

[0320] Referring to Figure 50, system 205 is configured to determine one or more customer behavior patterns. The customer behavior pattern comprises an in-store traffic pattern according to one non-limiting embodiment. The customer behaviour pattern (and / or the in-store traffic pattern thereof) may comprise one or more directions of movement of customers within store 225 and / or relative to pusher assemblies 345n, 34512, ..., 345MN and / or sensor assemblies 645n, 64512, ..., 645MN. The customer behaviour pattern (and / or the in-store traffic pattern thereof) may comprise an estimation or determination of the number of customers passing by the sensor assemblies and / or pusher assemblies. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0321] In one non-limiting embodiment processor 765 is configured to receive signals 745An, 745An ..., 745AMN, from sensor assemblies 645n, 64512, ..., 645MN, and determines the one or more customer behavior patterns based at least in part therefrom. The processor receives the signals in real-time and is configured to timestamp each instance in which a signal is received by a given said sensor assembly 645. Processor 765 in this example is configured to timestamp each instance of activation and / or movement of pusher assemblies 345n, 34512, ..., 345MN, as measured via sensorassemblies 645n, 64512, ..., 645MN. The customer behaviour pattern (and / or the in-store traffic pattern thereof) is determined in one non-limiting embodiment based on the order in which items of merchandise 325 in respective groupings 305 of merchandise are removed from respective ones of pusher assemblies 345 as determined via the order of the signals being sent from the sensor assemblies to processor 765. For example and referring to Figure 49, if the processor determines that items of merchandise are generally and / or substantially removed in an order of merchandise from group 305n of merchandise, then from group 30512 of merchandise etc.., then group 305IN of merchandise, the processor may determine or infer that customers generally follow an in-store traffic pattern in a first, horizontally-extending or down-the-aisle direction 945 extending proximal ends 265C towards distal ends 265D of shelves 265. Similarly and referring to Figure 50, if processor 765 determines that items of merchandise are generally and / or substantially removed in an order of merchandise from group 305MI of merchandise, then from group 30521 of merchandise etc.., then group 305n of merchandise, the processor may determine or infer that customers generally follow an in-store traffic pattern in a second, vertically-extending, or upwards direction 965 extending from adjacent bottom 265A of shelf 265 towards top 265B of shelves 265 and / or adjacent proximal end 265 C of the shelf. The above are non-limiting examples and any permutation or combination of horizontally-extending, vertically-extending and / or diagonally-extending direction is possible / measurable via sensor assemblies 645n, 64512, ..., 645MN.

[0322] The customer behaviour pattern (and / or the in-store traffic pattern thereof) may thus be determined in one non-limiting embodiment based on the pattern of movement of pusher assemblies 345n, 34512, ..., 345viNas measured via sensor assemblies 645n, 64512, ..., 645MN. The in-store traffic pattern may be determined in another non-limiting embodiment based on the extent to which and frequency with which the pusher assemblies move linearly as measured via the sensor assemblies. The in-store traffic pattern may be determined in a further non-limiting embodiment based on the duration of and / or frequency with which pusher assemblies are activated as measured via sensor assemblies 645n, 64512, ..., 645MN.

[0323] Still referring to Figure 50, processor 765 is configured to determine the rate of depletion of merchandise 325 from pusher assemblies 345n, 34512, ..., 345MN individually and collectively as a whole. The processor is thus configured to monitoring rates of depletion of merchandise within respective said pusher assemblies and across the pusher assemblies. The customer behavior pattern may thus comprise the depletion rate of merchandise as a function of the amount of shelved merchandise 325 as determined via processor 765. The customer behavior pattern may comprise correlating via the processor the depletion rate of merchandise with a given amount of shelved merchandise.

[0324] Processor 765 may compare the depletion rate of merchandise for each said grouping 305 of merchandise 325 and rank the groupings 305n to 305MN of merchandise based thereon. The processor may correlate the depletion rate of merchandise for each said grouping of merchandisewith where respective ones of pusher assemblies 345n, 34512, ..., 345MN are positioned along / adjacent / relative-to aisle 245 and / or along / relative to shelf 265. The customer behavior pattern may thus comprise and / or incorporate as a part thereof the depletion rate of merchandise 325 as a function of the location of the groupings 305n to 305MN of shelved merchandise, as determined via processor 765. The location may be a function of vertical and / or horizontal positioning of the groupings of merchandise relative to bottom 265A and top 265B of shelf 265 seen in Figure 50, a function of positioning relative to proximal end 265C and distal end 265D of the shelf, and / or a function of positioning relative to one or more entrances / exits or proximal / distal ends 245A and 245B of aisle 245 seen in Figure 49.

[0325] In addition or alternatively, the customer behavior pattern may yet further comprise a theft pattern. The theft pattern may comprise a rate of depletion of merchandise which is greater than a predetermined threshold as determined via processor 765.

[0326] Referring to Figure 50, there may thus be provided according to one aspect a method for measuring one or more customer behavior patterns in store 225 comprising a plurality of groupings 305 of merchandise 325, with each said grouping of merchandise being biased forwards via a respective pusher assembly 345. Referring to Figure 51, the method includes operatively connecting sensor assemblies 645 to respective ones of the pusher assemblies. For each pusher assembly 345 and corresponding sensor assembly, the method includes configuring the sensor assembly thereof to measure the position of pusher 485 thereof in real-time and emit one or more signals indicative thereof. The method includes determining via processor 745 / 765 one or more customer behavior patterns based at least in part on said signals.

[0327] The method may include using the one or more customer behavior patterns so determined to promote and facilitate sales of one or more said merchandise 325. The method may include using the one or more customer behavior patterns so determined to optimize positioning of one or more said merchandise. The method may include using the one or more customer behavior patterns so determined to optimize sales of one or more said merchandise.

[0328] There is further provided according to another aspect a method of optimizing shelving and / or positioning of merchandise 305 biased by pusher assemblies 345 seen in Figure 50. The method includes operatively connecting sensor assemblies 645 to respective ones of the pusher assemblies. For each pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the method includes configuring the sensor assembly thereof to measure the extent to which pusher 485 thereof seen in Figure 51 moves in real-time and emit one or more signals indicative thereof. The method includes determining via processor 745 / 765 the rates of depletion of merchandise 305 based at least in part on said signals. Referring back to Figure 50, the method includes optimizing shelving and / or positioning of merchandise 305 in accordance with said rates of depletion so determined.

[0329] For example, data obtained from system 205 as herein described may reveal that shelved merchandise is depleted / sold at a relatively faster rate when placed at the customer’s eye level. If so,this may promote placing thereat / therealong groupings 305 of merchandise 325 with a higher profit margin and / or which need to be sold at a faster rate due to potential expiry date issues, end of season considerations of the like.

[0330] As another non-limiting embodiment, data obtained from system 205 as herein described may reveal that shelved merchandise is depleted / sold at a slower rate when placed in a more difficult to access position, so as to require the customer to crouch or reach above their head, for example. If so, this may promote placing thereat / therealong groupings 305 of merchandise 325 with a lower profit margin and / or which do not have time sensitivity concerns, such as potential expiry date issues, end of season considerations, or the like.

[0331] As a further non-limiting example, data obtained from system 205 as herein described may reveal that shelved merchandise is depleted / sold at a relatively faster rate when placed closer to proximal end 265 C or distal end 265D of shelf 265, where such merchandise may be subject to a relatively high visibility taking into account customers walking between aisles. If so, this may promote placing thereat / therealong groupings 305 of merchandise 325 with a higher profit margin and / or which need to be sold at a faster rate due to potential expiry date issues, end of season concerns of the like.

[0332] System 205 as herein described may thus be used as part of a method of optimizing merchandise stocking / positioning based on the extent to which pusher positioning moves and / or based on a plurality of pusher assemblies 345.

[0333] In addition or alternatively and referring now to Figure 49, system 205 in this nonlimiting embodiment includes a second plurality of sensor assemblies 985A, 985B, 985C and 985D configured to measure traffic across and along / parallel-to aisle 245. The following is a non-limiting embodiment which achieves this functionality.

[0334] Second plurality of sensor assemblies 985A, 985B, 985C and 985D in this non-limiting example comprise ToF sensors 1005A, 1005B, 1005C and 1005D. The ToF sensors are configured to detect when a customer crosses the path of light beams emitted therefrom and communicate the same to processor 765. The processor may determine one or more customer behavior patterns therefrom.

[0335] First ToF sensor 1005A and second ToF sensor 1005B are configured to direct light beams 1025 A and 1025B across aisle 245 adjacent entrances / exits or proximal end 245 A and distal end 245B of aisle 245, respectively. The light beams extend in opposite directions in this nonlimiting embodiment; however, this is not strictly required. First ToF sensor 1005A is positioned adjacent and couples to proximal end 265C of shelve 265 and second ToF sensor 1005B is positioned adjacent and couples to distal end 285D of shelf 285 in this non-limiting example. The first and second ToF sensors are arranged / spaced diagonally from each other in this non-limiting embodiment; however, this is not strictly required and the first and second ToF sensors may align along / adjacent parallel ends of shelves 265 and 285 in other embodiments.

[0336] Third ToF sensor 1005C and fourth ToF sensor 1005D are configured to direct light beams 1025C and 1025D along aisle 245 adjacent fronts 265E and 285E of shelves 265 and 285, respectively. The light beams extend in opposite directions in this non-limiting embodiment; however, this is not strictly required. Third ToF sensor 1005C is positioned adjacent and couples to distal end 265D of shelve 265 and fourth ToF sensor 1005D is positioned adjacent and couples to proximal end 285C of shelf 285 in this non-limiting example. The third and fourth ToF sensors are arranged / spaced diagonally from each other in this non-limiting embodiment; however, this is not strictly required and the third and fourth ToF sensors may align along / adjacent one of shelves 265 and 285 in other embodiments.

[0337] First ToF sensor 1005A is positioned to emit its light beam 1025A against the side of fourth ToF sensor 1005D to facilitate return of a reflected said light beam 1025A’. Second ToF sensor 1005B is positioned to emit its light beam 1025B against the side of third ToF sensor 1005C to facilitate return of a reflected said light beam 1025B’. Third ToF sensor 1005C is positioned to emit its light beam 1025C against the side of first ToF sensor 1005A to facilitate return of a reflected said light beam 1025C’. Fourth ToF sensor 1005D is positioned to emit its light beam 1025D against the side of second ToF sensor 1005B to facilitate return of a reflected said light beam 1025D’. However, in each of the above instances this arrangement is not strictly required and separate reflective members or surfaces may be provided in other embodiments. In one non-limiting embodiment ToF sensors 1005 A, 1005B, 1005C and 1005D include reflective members or surfaces 1045A, 1045B, 1045C and 1045D coupled to sides thereof, respectively.

[0338] Processor 765 is configured to determine that a customer has crossed exited or entered aisle 245 and / or reached for an item of merchandise on shelf 265 / 285 when the customer crosses the path of a light beam emitted from one of ToF sensors 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005D. The processor is configured to determine that this has occurred in one non-limiting embodiment when a light travel distance of the given ToF sensor is equal to or less than a predetermined travel distance and / or corresponds to a light travel time equal to less than that of a predetermined travel time, for example.

[0339] Processor 765 may alternatively determine that a customer has crossed exited or entered aisle 245 and / or reached for an item of merchandise on shelf 265 / 285 when the given ToF sensor is unable to detect any light reflected back from said light beam and / or is unable to detect to within a predetermined threshold of intensity, light reflected back from said light beam, and communicates the same to the processor.

[0340] There is accordingly provided according to another aspect a method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping. The method includes positioning ToF sensor 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005D so as to emit a light beam 1025A / 1025B / 1025C / 1025D within aisle 245. The method includes determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the light 1005A71005B71005C71005D’ reflected back to the ToF sensor corresponds to a lighttravel distance equal to or less than a predetermined travel distance and / or corresponds to a light travel time equal to less than that of a predetermined travel time.

[0341] There is also thus provided a method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping according to a further aspect. The method includes positioning ToF sensor 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005D so as to emit a light beam within aisle 245. The method includes determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the ToF sensor is unable to detect any light reflected back from said light beam and / or when the ToF sensor is unable to detect to within a predetermined threshold of intensity, light reflected back from said light beam.

[0342] Each of the above methods may also include positioning reflective member or surface 1045A / 1045B / 1045C / 1045D so to as to align with and promote reflecting back of said light beam. Each of the above methods may include positioning ToF sensor 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005D adjacent a first said shelf 265 and positioning the reflective member or surface adjacent a second said shelf 285. Each of the above methods may include operatively connecting the ToF sensor to the first said shelf and operatively connecting the reflective member or surface to the second said shelf.

[0343] Each of the above methods may further include within the positioning step, positioning the ToF sensor to direct the light beam along the aisle and / or across the aisle. Within the positioning step, the method may include positioning ToF sensor 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005D to direct the light beam adjacent an entrance / exit or end 245A of aisle 245 and / or to direct the light beam adjacent a second entrance / exit or end 245B of the aisle. Within the positioning step, the method may include positioning a first said ToF sensor 1005 A to direct the light beam adjacent the first entrance / exit or end of the aisle and positioning a second said ToF sensor 1005B to direct a light beam adjacent the second entrance / exit or of the aisle.

[0344] Within the positioning step, the method may include positioning ToF sensor 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005D to direct the light beam parallel to shelf 265 extending along aisle 245. Within the positioning step, positioning the ToF sensor to direct the light beam along and / or parallel to the plurality of pusher assemblies 345 seen in Figure 50 extending perpendicular to the aisle seen in Figure 49. Within the positioning step, the method may include positioning a first said ToF sensor 1005C to direct its light beam 1025C parallel to a first shelf 265 extending along aisle 245 and positioning a second said ToF sensor 1005D to direct its light beam 1025D parallel to a second shelf 285 extending along the aisle.

[0345] The method may further include configuring image sensor 1065A / 1065B / 1065C / 1065D of ToF sensor 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005D to measure the distance taken by light emitted from illumination unit 1085A / 1085B / 1085C / 1085D and back thereto, and convert said light to a current. The method may include providing the image sensor with a plurality of pixels and / or photos diode, each of which measures the distance taken by light emitted from the illumination unit and back thereto, and converts said light to a current. The method may include according to one non-limiting aspect determining that a customer has crossed the path of ToF sensor 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005Dwhen image sensor 1065A / 1065B / 1065C / 1065D of the ToF sensor is unable to detect said light reflected back. Within the determining step, the method may include according to another nonlimiting aspect determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the image sensor of the ToF sensor is unable to detect within a predetermined threshold of intensity said light reflected back to within a predetermined threshold of intensity.

[0346] The method may further include according to one aspect determining a direction of travel 945 of a customer based on an order and / or sequence in which pixels of the image sensor are activated by said light reflected back. The method may include using the order and / or sequence in which pixels of the image sensor are activated by said light reflected back to determine a direction of travel of a customer.

[0347] For example, if the customer were to cross the path of light beam 1025A from ToF sensor 1005 A in direction 945, pixels of image sensor 1065 A may cease being activated first on first or proximal side 1065 A’ of the image sensor adjacent proximal end 265 C of shelf 265 and then later on the second or distal side 1065 A”. The method may thus include determining that a customer is moving a first direction of travel 945 when pixels are activated in a direction extending from the first side to the second side of the image sensor, and determining that the customer is moving a second direction of travel 955 (opposite the first direction of travel) when pixels are activated in a direction extending from the second side to the first side of the image sensor.

[0348] According to another embodiment, the method and / or system may include determining the direction of travel 945 of a customer by emitting a light beam in a grid pattern. If the object or person enters the light beam from the right side and exits the left side, the processor is configured to determine from the grid pattern that the object or person is moving from right to left. The reverse direction would also be true. This makes the ToF sensor much more intelligent than simply something crossed the light beam.

[0349] In this regard, light beams 1025A / 1025B / 1025C / 1025D may be diffuse radially outwards at least in part so as to reflect off a reflective member or surface 1045A / 1045B / 1045C / 1045D comprising and / or akin to a checkerboard and / or checkboard pattern. This may function to facilitating determining the direction in which the customer is travelling in real-time. System 205 as herein described may thus enable counting of traffic flow, which may be measured across pusher assemblies 345 seen in Figure 50 and / or measured across and / or along aisle 245 seen in Figure 49. The system may thus enable a determination of how many people went down a given aisle and may enable a determination / gleaming of traffic pattern based on movement / activation of pusher assemblies and / or ToF sensors 1005A / 1005B / 1005C / 1005D arranged to emit light beams along and across the aisle.

[0350] System 205 may also be used for security purposes to determine / confirm the presence of customers within store 225 past working hours. For example, the system may determine of whetheronly five people walked into a given space and only four people exited, for example. This would suggest that an unwanted person (e.g. a potential thief or lost person) is still within the store.

[0351] It will be appreciated that many variations are possible within the scope of the invention described herein. For example, for the embodiments described in Figures 1 to 24, instead of first sensor assemblies 64 / 64.1 / 64.2 / 64.3 / 64.4 / 64.5 / 64.6 in the form of magnet 66 / 66.1 / 66.2 / 66.3 / 66.4 / 66.5 / 66.6 and magnetic field sensor 67 / 67.1 / 67.2 / 67.3 / 67.4 / 67.5 / 67.6, other types of sensor assemblies or distance-measuring devices may be used in other embodiments such as, for example, a sensor assembly in the form radio frequency identification (RFID) reader 780 / 780.1 / 780.2 / 780.3 / 780.4 / 780.5 / 780.6 seen with reference to Figures l ' l to 48 coupled to the pusher and a plurality of RFID tags 900 / 900.2 / 900.4 / 900.6 seen with reference to Figures 27 to 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 45 and 46 and / or an elongate RFID tag 900.1 / 900.3 / 900.5 / 900.7 seen with reference to Figures 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 47 and 48 coupled to and / or extending along and / or adjacent the elongate member. This arrangement may be used in combination with second sensor assembly 94 in the form ToF sensor 97.

[0352] As a further alternative for the embodiments described in Figures 1 to 24, instead of second sensor assemblies 94 / 94.1 / 94.2 / 94.3 / 94.4 / 94.5 / 94.6 / 94.7 in the form ToF sensor 97 / 97.1 / 97.2 / 97.3 / 97.4 / 97.5 / 97.6 / 97.7, the above described RFID reader 780 / 780.1 / 780.2 / 780.3 / 780.4 / 780.5 / 780.6 seen with reference to Figures 27 to 48 and plurality of RFID tags 900 / 900.2 / 900.4 / 900.6 seen with reference to Figures 27 to 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 45 and 46 and / or elongate RFID tag 900.1 / 900.3 / 900.5 / 900.7 seen with reference to Figures 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 47 and 48, may be used in combination with first sensor assemblies 64 / 64.1 / 64.2 / 64.3 / 64.4 / 64.5 / 64.6 in the form of magnet 66 / 66.1 / 66.2 / 66.3 / 66.4 / 66.5 / 66.6 and magnetic field sensor 67 / 67. 1 / 67.2 / 67.3 / 67.4 / 67.5 / 67.6, for example.

[0353] Each of first sensor assemblies 64 / 64.1 / 64.2 / 64.3 / 64.4 / 64.5 / 64.6 seen with reference to Figures 1 to 24 and second sensor assemblies 94 / 94.1 / 94.2 / 94.3 / 94.4 / 94.5 / 94.6 / 94.7 / 94.8 / 94.9 seen with reference to Figures 1 to 26 as herein described may be referred to as first and second means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of pusher 48 / 48.1 / 48.2 / 48.3 / 48.4 / 48.5 / 48.6 / 48.7 / 48.8 / 48.9 relative to elongate member 44 / 44.1 / 44.2 / 44.3 / 44.4 / 44.5 / 44.6 / 44.7 / 44.8 / 44.9 and / or means for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise. In addition or alternatively, sensor assemblies 640 / 640.1 / 640.2 / 640.3 / 640.4 / 640.5 / 640.6 / 640.7 seen with reference to Figures 27 to 48 may be referred to and / or be considered part of the first or second means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of pusher relative to elongate member and / or means for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise. Said first means may be configured function as a back-up, redundant, and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher. In addition oralternatively, said second means may be configured to function as a back-up, redundant, and / or failsafe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher.

[0354] First sensor assemblies 64 / 64.1 / 64.2 / 64.3 / 64.4 / 64.5 / 64.6 seen with reference to Figures 1 to 24, second sensor assemblies 94 / 94.1 / 94.2 / 94.3 / 94.4 / 94.5 / 94.6 / 94.7 / 94.8 / 94.9 seen with reference to Figures 1 to 26, and / or sensor assemblies 640 / 640.1 / 640.2 / 640.3 / 640.4 / 640.5 / 640.6 / 640.7 seen with reference to Figures 27 to 48 may communicate according to any communication standard, such as, via any wireless communication standard or via wired communication, for example.

[0355] Any of sensors 67 / 67.1 / 67.2 / 67.3 / 67.4 / 67.5 / 67.6, 97 / 97.1 / 97.2 / 97.3 / 97.4 / 97.5 / 97.6 / 97.7, and 660 / 660.1 / 660.2 / 660.3 / 660.4 / 660.5 / 660.6 / 660.7 as herein described may operatively couple to the front, rear and / or left or right sides of its corresponding pusher.

[0356] In some of the above non-limiting embodiments, a device in the form of a reed switch has been discussed and the particulars of which may be applicable to any of the pusher systems discussed herein to cause the processor in response to the triggering thereof, to pole or wake up another sensor, such as a ToF sensor, RFID reader or the like, for example.

[0357] As yet a further variation in this regard, two reed switches may be incorporated into any of the above pusher systems with A and B side configurations to read / detect different patterns and / or detection of the presence or absence of a magnetic field. On such reed switch may be normally open and the other normally closed and / or each reed switch may be placed at opposite end of the elongate member and / or in spaced-apart positions.

[0358] Where a component (e.g. a software module, processor, assembly, device, circuit, etc.) is referred to herein, unless otherwise indicated, reference to that component (including a reference to a “means”) should be interpreted as including as equivalents of that component any component which performs the function of the described component (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), including components which are not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention.

[0359] Embodiments of the invention may be implemented using specifically designed hardware, configurable hardware, programmable data processors configured by the provision of software (which may optionally comprise “firmware”) capable of executing on the data processors, special purpose computers or data processors that are specifically programmed, configured, or constructed to perform one or more steps in a method as explained in detail herein and / or combinations of two or more of these. Examples of specifically designed hardware are: logic circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), large scale integrated circuits (“LSIs”), very large scale integrated circuits (“VLSIs”), and the like. Examples of configurable hardware are: one or more programmable logic devices such as programmable array logic (“PALs”), programmable logic arrays (“PLAs”), and field programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”). Examples of programmable data processors are: microprocessors, digital signal processors (“DSPs”), embedded processors, graphics processors, math co-processors, general purpose computers, server computers, cloud computers,mainframe computers, computer workstations, and the like. For example, one or more data processors in a control circuit for a device may implement methods as described herein by executing software instructions in a program memory accessible to the processors.

[0360] Processing may be centralized or distributed. Where processing is distributed, information including software and / or data may be kept centrally or distributed. Such information may be exchanged between different functional units by way of a communications network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or the Internet, wired or wireless data links, electromagnetic signals, or other data communication channel.

[0361] The invention may also be provided in the form of a program product. The program product may comprise any non-fransitory medium which carries a set of computer-readable instructions which, when executed by a data processor, cause the data processor to execute a method of the invention. Program products according to the invention may be in any of a wide variety of forms. The program product may comprise, for example, non-fransitory media such as magnetic data storage media including floppy diskettes, hard disk drives, optical data storage media including CD ROMs, DVDs, electronic data storage media including ROMs, flash RAM, EPROMs, hardwired or preprogrammed chips (e.g., EEPROM semiconductor chips), nanotechnology memory, or the like. The computer-readable signals on the program product may optionally be compressed or encrypted.

[0362] In some embodiments, the invention may be implemented in software. For greater clarity, “software” includes any instructions executed on a processor, and may include (but is not limited to) firmware, resident software, microcode, code for configuring a configurable logic circuit, applications, apps, and the like. Both processing hardware and software may be centralized or distributed (or a combination thereof), in whole or in part, as known to those skilled in the art. For example, software and other modules may be accessible via local memory, via a network, via a browser or other application in a distributed computing context, or via other means suitable for the purposes described above.

[0363] Software and other modules may reside on servers, workstations, personal computers, tablet computers, and other devices suitable for the purposes described herein.Interpretation of Terms

[0364] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims:• “comprise”, “comprising”, and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”;• “connected”, “coupled”, or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof;• “herein”, “above”, “below”, and words of similar import, when used to describe thisspecification, shall refer to this specification as a whole, and not to any particular portions of this specification;• “or”, in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list;• the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” also include the meaning of any appropriate plural forms. These terms (“a”, “an”, and “the”) mean one or more unless stated otherwise;• “and / or” is used to indicate one or both stated cases may occur, for example A and / or B includes both (A and B) and (A or B);• “approximately” when applied to a numerical value means the numerical value ± 10%;• where a feature is described as being “optional” or “optionally” present or described as being present “in some embodiments” it is intended that the present disclosure encompasses embodiments where that feature is present and other embodiments where that feature is not necessarily present and other embodiments where that feature is excluded. Further, where any combination of features is described in this application this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for the use of exclusive terminology such as "solely," "only" and the like in relation to the combination of features as well as the use of "negative" limitation(s)” to exclude the presence of other features; and• “first” and “second” are used for descriptive purposes and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or indicating the number of indicated technical features.

[0365] Words that indicate directions such as “vertical”, “transverse”, “horizontal”, “upward”, “downward”, “forward”, “backward”, “inward”, “outward”, “left”, “right”, “front”, “back”, “top”, “bottom”, “below”, “above”, “under”, and the like, used in this description and any accompanying claims (where present), depend on the specific orientation of the apparatus described and illustrated. The subject matter described herein may assume various alternative orientations. Accordingly, these directional terms are not strictly defined and should not be interpreted narrowly.

[0366] Where a range for a value is stated, the stated range includes all sub-ranges of the range. It is intended that the statement of a range supports the value being at an endpoint of the range as well as at any intervening value to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, as well as any subrange or sets of sub ranges of the range unless the context clearly dictates otherwise or any portion(s) of the stated range is specifically excluded. Where the stated range includes one or both endpoints of the range, ranges excluding either or both of those included endpoints are also included in the invention.

[0367] Certain numerical values described herein are preceded by "about". In this context, "about" provides literal support for the exact numerical value that it precedes, the exact numerical value ±5%, as well as all other numerical values that are near to or approximately equal to thatnumerical value. Unless otherwise indicated a particular numerical value is included in “about” a specifically recited numerical value where the particular numerical value provides the substantial equivalent of the specifically recited numerical value in the context in which the specifically recited numerical value is presented. For example, a statement that something has the numerical value of “about 10” is to be interpreted as: the set of statements:• in some embodiments the numerical value is 10;• in some embodiments the numerical value is in the range of 9.5 to 10.5; and if from the context the person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that values within a certain range are substantially equivalent to 10 because the values with the range would be understood to provide substantially the same result as the value 10 then “about 10” also includes:• in some embodiments the numerical value is in the range of C to D where C and D are respectively lower and upper endpoints of the range that encompasses all of those values that provide a substantial equivalent to the value 10

[0368] Specific examples of systems, methods and apparatus have been described herein for purposes of illustration. These are only examples. The technology provided herein can be applied to systems other than the example systems described above. Many alterations, modifications, additions, omissions, and permutations are possible within the practice of this invention. This invention includes variations on described embodiments that would be apparent to the skilled addressee, including variations obtained by: replacing features, elements and / or acts with equivalent features, elements and / or acts; mixing and matching of features, elements and / or acts from different embodiments; combining features, elements and / or acts from embodiments as described herein with features, elements and / or acts of other technology; and / or omitting combining features, elements and / or acts from described embodiments.

[0369] As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any other described embodiment(s) without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0370] Any aspects described above in reference to apparatus may also apply to methods and vice versa.

[0371] Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order which is logically possible. For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative examples may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and / or modified to provide alternatives or subcombinations. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel,simultaneously or at different times.

[0372] Various features are described herein as being present in “some embodiments”. Such features are not mandatory and may not be present in all embodiments. Embodiments of the invention may include zero, any one or any combination of two or more of such features. All possible combinations of such features are contemplated by this disclosure even where such features are shown in different drawings and / or described in different sections or paragraphs. This is limited only to the extent that certain ones of such features are incompatible with other ones of such features in the sense that it would be impossible for a person of ordinary skill in the art to construct a practical embodiment that combines such incompatible features. Consequently, the description that “some embodiments” possess feature A and “some embodiments” possess feature B should be interpreted as an express indication that the inventors also contemplate embodiments which combine features A and B (unless the description states otherwise or features A and B are fundamentally incompatible). This is the case even if features A and B are illustrated in different drawings and / or mentioned in different paragraphs, sections or sentences.ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTION

[0373] Examples of pusher systems have been described. The following clauses are offered as further description.(1) Apparatus including any new and inventive feature, combination of features, or sub-combination of features as described herein.(2) Methods including any new and inventive steps, acts, combination of steps and / or acts or subcombination of steps and / or acts as described herein.

[0374] It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, omissions, and sub-combinations as may reasonably be inferred. The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a first sensor assembly via which instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member is obtainable; and a second sensor assembly via which said instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member is obtainable.

2. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher system is a retail merchandise pusher system.

3. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first sensor assembly and / or the second sensor assembly communicate and / or send signals via wireless communication.

4. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first sensor assembly and / or the second sensor assembly communicate and / or send signals via wired communication.

5. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the second sensor assembly functions as a back-up, redundant, and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise on the shelf and / or biased by the pusher.

6. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first sensor assembly comprises a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor.

7. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor couples to the pusher.

8. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor is adjacent to the elongate member.

9. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor couples to the elongate member.

10. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the second sensor assembly comprises a proximity sensor.

11. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the proximity sensor comprises a magnetic field sensor and a magnet.

12. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor couples to the pusher.

13. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor is adjacent to the elongate member.

14. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor couples to the elongate member.

15. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet is operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher.

16. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet is positioned adjacent the elongate member.

17. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet couples to the elongate member.

18. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet couples to the elongate member near or adjacent the front of the elongate member.

19. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet couples to the elongate member near or adjacent the rear of the elongate member.

20. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet couples to the shelf.

21. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet couples to the shelf near or adjacent the front of the shelf.

22. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet couples to the shelf near or adjacent the rear of the shelf.

23. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) couple to the shelf.

24. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) couple to the shelf near or adjacent the front of the shelf.

25. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) couple to the shelf near or adjacent the rear of the shelf.

26. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the second sensor assembly comprises a device which senses the presence or absence of a magnetic field.

27. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device couples to the pusher.

28. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a magnetic field sensor comprising said device.

29. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device is a reed switch.

30. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device is a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor.

31. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device is a Hall Effect sensor.

32. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device is a Magnasphere™.

33. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a plurality of longitudinally spaced-apart magnets extendable along and operatively connectable to the elongate member, with each triggering of the device via a respective said magnet causing the processor to activate the ToF sensor so as to obtain a signal therefrom indicative of positioning of the pusher.

34. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member is determined via the magnetic field sensor.

35. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member is determined via the ToF sensor.

36. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein sensitivity of the device is adjustable based on analog or digital input.

37. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein a magnetic field detection range of the device is selectively adjustable.

38. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher and / or the ToF sensor and / or the device are spring-biased towards one of a front and rear of the elongate member.

39. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher is shaped to abut one or more items of merchandise via the device and / or the ToF sensor and / or a housing thereof.

40. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more said sensors signal an amount of shelved merchandise.

41. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor signals an amount of shelved merchandise.

42. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device signals an amount of shelved merchandise.

43. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device provides redundancy to the ToF sensor in determining an amount of shelved merchandise and / or vice versa.

44. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device outputs a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise, wherein the ToF sensor outputs a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise and wherein a processor receives said signals and determines said amount of shelved merchandise based on one or more thereof.

45. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein a processor compares the amount of shelved merchandise based on signals from the ToF sensor and the device.

46. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including said processor.

47. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor outputs an error message or alarm notification when the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor is different from the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device.

48. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor outputs an error message and / or alarm notification when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device, exceeds a predetermined threshold.

49. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor relies on the signal of the device for determining the amount of shelved merchandise and disregards the signal of the ToF sensor for determining the amount of shelved merchandise when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device, exceeds a predetermined threshold.

50. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor relies on the signal of the ToF sensor for determining the amount of shelved merchandise and disregards the signal of thedevice for determining the amount of shelved merchandise when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device, exceeds a predetermined threshold.

51. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device outputs a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise, wherein the ToF sensor outputs a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise, and wherein a processor receives said signals and determines said amount of shelved merchandise therefrom, with the processor determining that said amount of shelved merchandise is correct or valid when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device, is equal within a predetermined threshold.

52. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device interacts with the magnetic field from the magnet and outputs a signal which varies as a function of relative positioning of the pusher.

53. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device interacts with the magnetic field from the magnet and outputs a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise based thereon.

54. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device outputs a signal indicative of, which correlates to, which corresponds to and / or which is proportional to an amount of shelved merchandise.

55. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes an illumination unit which illuminates and / or emits a light pulse against an object whose relative distance thereto correlates to a real-time position of the pusher and / or an amount of shelved stock of the merchandise.

56. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the object is a shelf and / or a front or rear of the shelf.

57. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the object is an item of merchandise.

58. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes a lens which receives light reflected back from the object.

59. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes an elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood which extends about the lens and functions to inhibit outside noise and / or light.

60. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood faces rearwards and / or towards the rear of the shelf and / or a rear wall.

61. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device functions as a back-up, redundant and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise on the shelf and / or biased by the pusher.

62. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher has a first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and wherein the pusher is moveable from the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position to a second / extended / forward / distal position.

63. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor (and / or a housing thereof) are near or adjacent the magnet when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and / or when the pusher and / or shelf is fully stocked.

64. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor (and / or a housing thereof) are spaced-apart from the magnet when the pusher is in the second / extended / forward / distal position and / or when the shelf has a depleted stock of merchandise.

65. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor (and / or a housing thereof) are spaced-apart from the magnet when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and / or when the pusher and / or shelf is fully stocked.

66. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor (and / or a housing thereof) are near or adjacent the magnet when the pusher is in the second / extended / forward / distal position and / or when the shelf has a depleted stock of merchandise.

67. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor and / or the device wirelessly transmit one or more signals to a processor and / or microprocessor, and / or remote server and / or central server and / or monitoring system and / or handheld device and / or mobile device.

68. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor and / or the device transmit a plurality of signals indicative of movement of the pusher in real-time.

69. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor is configured to wake up on movement of the pusher being detected or determined and / or transmit one or more signals indicative of said movement.

70. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device is configured to wake up on movement of the pusher being detected or determined and / or transmit one or more signals indicative of said movement.

71. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a motion detector via which movement of the pusher is detected and / or determined, with a processor causing the ToF sensor to wake up and poll positioning of the pusher in response thereto.

72. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including an accelerometer via which movement of the pusher is detected and / or determined, with a processor causing the ToF sensor to wake up and poll positioning of the pusher in response thereto.

73. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including an accelerometer via which movement of the pusher is detected and / or determined, with a processor causing the device to wake up and poll positioning of the pusher in response thereto.

74. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including an MEMS (microelectromechanism system) sensor via which movement of the pusher is detected and / or determined, with a processor causing the ToF sensor to wake up and poll positioning of the pusher in response thereto.

75. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including an MEMS (microelectromechanism system) sensor via which movement of the pusher is detected and / or determined, with a processor causing the device to wake up and poll positioning of the pusher in response thereto.

76. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a ball operatively connected to the housing thereof via a spring, with physical movement and / or vibration of the ball being translatable into an electrical signal and wherein the processor in response thereto causes the ToF sensor to turn on and / or obtain a reading of the position of the pusher.

77. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a ball operatively connected to the housing thereof via a spring, with physical movement and / or vibration of the ball being translatable into an electrical signal and wherein the processor in response thereto causes the devie to turn on and / or obtain a reading of the position of the pusher.

78. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including at least one indicator which indicates and / or which locally indicates when inventory is removed from the pusher.

79. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including at least one indicator which indicates and / or which locally indicates when movement of the pusher is determined.

80. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the indicator is an auditory said indicator, a vibratory said indicator and / or a visual said indicator.

81. A pusher system according to any claim herein, the pusher system including a housing with a lid via which an interior of the housing is accessible, the device being enclosed within the interior of the housing; and the pusher system including a tamper switch which detects when the lid is removed or dislodged at least in part.

82. A pusher system according to any claim herein, the pusher system including a magnet housing with a lid via which an interior of the magnet housing is accessible, with the magnet being enclosed at least in part within the interior of the magnet housing, and the pusher system including a tamper switch which detects when the lid is removed or dislodged at least in part from the magnet housing.

83. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said tamper switch emits a signal when its corresponding lid is removed or dislodged at least in part.

84. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said tamper switch, upon removal of its corresponding lid, wirelessly transmits one or more signals to a processor and / ormicroprocessor and / or remote server and / or central server and / or monitoring system and / or handheld device and / or mobile device.

85. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including an alarm operatively connected to and / or in communication with the tamper switch and which triggers upon actuation or triggering of the tamper switch.

86. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the housing operatively connects to the pusher.

87. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood the couples to and extends outwards from the housing of the ToF sensor.

88. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood couples to and extends outwards from the front of the housing of the ToF sensor.

89. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood is positioned near or adjacent the top of the housing of the ToF sensor.

90. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood couples to and extends outwards from the housing of the ToF sensor towards the front of the shelf.

91. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood couples to and extends outwards from the housing of the ToF sensor towards the rear of the shelf.

92. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood has a height and a width which is larger than the height thereof.

93. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood encloses an aperture which is non-circular and / or obround.

94. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes an optical band-pass fdter which reduces noise thereof by suppressing light outside of a predetermined frequency range and / or threshold.

95. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher abuts one or more items of merchandise and wherein the ToF sensor emits a photon against one of said one or more items of merchandise.

96. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor emits and reflects a pulse, light and / or photon against a rear of the shelf and / or a rear wall.

97. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor faces rearwards.

98. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes a lens which receives the photon reflected back from the object.

99. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes an image sensor or focal plane array which receives an image from the lens.

100. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the image sensor includes a plurality of pixels and / or photos diode, each of which measures the distance taken by light emitted from illumination unit to the object (such as the front or rear of the shelf) and back thereto, and converts said light to a current.

101. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes electronics that synchronize the illumination unit and the image sensor and control high speed signals.

102. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes a processor which calibrates data and determines one or more distances from a fixed point to a moveable object, and thus enables an instantaneous determination of the position of the pusher.

103. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the fixed point is a shelf (or front or rear thereof) and wherein the moveable object is the pusher.

104. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor signal a re-stock notification or alarm when the pusher is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent a distal / forward end of the elongate member.

105. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor signal a re-stock notification or alarm when the pusher is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent a forward end or front of the shelf.

106. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor signal a warning notification when an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is depleted within or in less than a predetermined time threshold.

107. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor is in communication with a processor to receive said signals therefrom.

108. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor determines positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member based on said signals.

109. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor determines when the pusher is moving relative to the elongate member.

110. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a processor in communication with the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor, with the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor directly or indirectly interacting with one or more items of merchandise and signalling to the processor an instantaneous position thereof based on the same.

111. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor determines the instantaneous position of the pusher relative to the elongate member in real-time.

112. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor receives said signals in real-time and determines a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which the pusher moves relative to the elongate member within a predetermined amount of time.

113. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor signals an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise exceeds a predetermined threshold.

114. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor couples to and / or is adjacent one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

115. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor couples to and / or is adjacent one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

116. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet couples to and / or is adjacent one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

117. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet couples to one of the pusher and the elongate member via adhesive.

118. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member extends along a first longitudinal axis and wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor extend along a second longitudinal axis which is angled relative to the first longitudinal axis.

119. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first longitudinal axis is substantially perpendicular to the second longitudinal axis.

120. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher substantially extends along and / or parallel to the second longitudinal axis.

121. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first longitudinal axis extends substantially horizontally and / or wherein the second longitudinal axis extends substantially vertically.

122. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member comprises at least one of a planar member, a guide member, a rail, a guide rail, a track or a pusher tray.

123. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of said sensors are positioned rearwards of a front or forward face of the pusher.

124. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher has a front and a rear opposite the front thereof, and wherein one or more of said sensors couple to the pusher at a location spaced from the front of the pusher.

125. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of said sensors are shaped to couple at least in part to the rear of the pusher.

126. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of said sensors are shaped to couple to and extend laterally outwards from the rear of the pusher.

127. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher has a proximal end adjacent the elongate member, a distal end spaced-apart from the proximal end thereof and alongitudinal axis extending between the ends thereof, and wherein one or more said sensors extend parallel to and laterally outward from the longitudinal axis of the pusher.

128. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more said sensors and / or a housing thereof are substantially streamline with the pusher.

129. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of said sensors and / or a housing thereof are substantially rectangular prisms in outer shape.

130. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of said sensors couple to the pusher via an adapter.

131. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor are enclosed within a housing which couples to the pusher via an adapter.

132. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the adapter couples to the pusher via male and female members.

133. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the adapter includes a female member shaped to receive a male member or protrusion of the pusher.

134. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the adapter includes a channel shaped to receive an upwardly-extending protrusion of the pusher.

135. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the channel of the adapter is a C- channel.

136. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher comprises a pusher paddle and wherein the adapter is shaped to selectively mate with the pusher paddle.

137. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor are coextensive with the adapter.

138. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the adapter extends about and laterally outwards from one or more of said sensors and / or a housing thereof, so as to inhibit damage thereto.

139. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the adapter is substantially rectangular in front and rear profile.

140. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor and / or a housing thereof has a width substantially equal to or less than that of the adapter and / or one or more of said sensors and / or the housing thereof has a length substantially equal to or less than that of the adapter.

141. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of said sensors and / or a housing thereof has a width less than that of the adapter and / or one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor and / or a housing thereof has a length less than that of the adapter.

142. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher system is positionable on a shelf, and wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor and / or a housing thereof have a length less than the height of the shelf.

143. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a spring, with the spring having a first end which operatively connects to a first one of the ToF sensor and a forward end portion of the elongate member and with the spring having a second end which operatively connects to a second one of the ToF sensor and the forward end portion of the elongate member.

144. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a spring, with the spring having a first end which operatively connects to a first one of the magnetic field sensor and a forward end portion of the elongate member and with the spring having a second end which operatively connects to a second one of the magnetic field sensor and the forward end portion of the elongate member.

145. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the spring is a coiled spring.

146. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the spring includes a coiled portion, wherein the pusher includes an internal cavity within which the coiled portion of the spring is received, and wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor and / or a housing thereof align with the coiled portion of the spring.

147. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the spring includes a coiled portion, wherein the pusher includes an internal cavity within which the coiled portion of the spring is received, and wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor and / or a housing thereof are adjacent the coiled portion of the spring.

148. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a housing with a lid via which an interior of the housing is accessible, with the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor being enclosed at least in part within the interior of the housing.

149. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a tamper switch which emits a signal when the lid is at least partially removed and / or dislodged from the housing.

150. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the housing and the lid couple together via a bayonet connector or mount.

151. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the bayonet connector or mount comprises: one or more inwardly-extending pins of a first of the housing and the lid; and one or more corresponding female members or channels of a second of the housing and the lid, with the one or more pins being shaped to selectively mate with corresponding said one or more channels.

152. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the housing and the lid couple together via a plurality of male and female members.

153. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the male and female members of the housing and the lid enable the lid to move from an unlocked to a locked position.

154. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the lid is moveable longitudinally relative to the housing in order to move from the unlocked to the locked position and vice versa.

155. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the housing and the lid slidably couple together via a pair of spaced-apart elongate members or rails of a first of the housing and the lid and corresponding spaced-apart elongate channels of a second of the housing and the lid.

156. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate channels are shaped to enable the lid to move laterally and longitudinally relative to the housing.

157. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the lid and the housing snap-fit couple together via a snap-fit connection.

158. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the lid and the housing are snap-fit coupled together in the locked position thereof.

159. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the housing is shaped to extend along at least in part and abut one of said items of merchandise.

160. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the housing has a front that is planar and shaped to extend along and abut one of said items of merchandise.

161. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the housing has a rear that is planar and shaped to extend along and abut one of said items of merchandise.

162. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device detects the magnetic field of the magnet when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or below a predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise.

163. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device detects an absence of a magnetic field when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

164. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet is positioned to be beyond a detectable range of the device when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

165. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device detects the magnetic field of the magnet when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

166. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device detects an absence of a magnetic field when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise.

167. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet is positioned to be beyond a detectable range of the device when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise.

168. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor and the device each signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold.

169. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor and the device each signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

170. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor to function as a motion detector.

171. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor to function as a motion detector which sends a signal in response to a person’s hand entering within the path thereof and / or the pusher thereof.

172. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor auto-align and / or auto-calibrate upon being installed on the pusher and elongate member.

173. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) include a calibration button which is actuated a first time when the pusher is depleted of merchandise and actuated a second time when the pusher is fully loaded with merchandise and / or actuated a third time when the pusher is partially loaded with merchandise.

174. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) enable a user to communicate or signal the need for more shelved items in response to a visual inspection of the pusher system.

175. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) include an inventory call button automatically triggered upon the sensor assemblies determining that items of merchandise are depleted or below a predetermined threshold.

176. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the magnetic field sensor and / or ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) include an inventory call button manually actuatable by a user locally.

177. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein actuation of the inventory call button causes a re-stock notification to be sent to a processor and / or microprocessor, and / or remote server and / or central server and / or monitoring system and / or handheld device and / or mobile device.

178. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a tamper switch positioned between the magnetic field sensor and / or the ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) and the pusher.

179. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a tamper switch triggered upon the magnetic field sensor and / or the ToF sensor (and / or a housing thereof) being dislodged and / or removed from the pusher.

180. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the device is positioned adjacent or near the bottom of the housing.

181. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein triggering of the device by the magnet causes the processor to activate the ToF sensor so as to obtain a signal therefrom indicative of positioning of the pusher.

182. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first sensor assembly comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher and a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

183. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first sensor assembly comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher and an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

184. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the second sensor assembly comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher and a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

185. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the second sensor assembly comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher and an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

186. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader provides redundancy to the ToF sensor in determining an amount of shelved merchandise.

187. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader provides redundancy to the magnetic field sensor in determining an amount of shelved merchandise.

188. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader outputs a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise, wherein the magnetic field sensor outputs a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise, and wherein the pusher system includes a processor which receives said signals and determines said amount of shelved merchandise based on one or more thereof.

189. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a substrate strip operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher, the substrate strip comprising a plurality of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags or an elongate RFID tag.

190. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip comprises the plurality of RFID tags.

191. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip comprises the elongate RFID tag.

192. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip has a first / rearward / proximal end which aligns with and / or is adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and wherein the substrate strip has a second / forward / distalend which aligns with and / or is adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position.

193. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader is able to read at least a first said RFID tag when the pusher is in a first position and communicates a signal indicative thereof, and wherein the RFID reader is able to read at least a second said RFID tag when the pusher is in a second position and communicates a signal indicative thereof.

194. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader is no longer able to read the first said RFID tag when the pusher in the second position.

195. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader is able to read at least a third said RFID tag when the pusher is in a third position and communicates a signal indicative thereof.

196. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader is no longer able to read the first said RFID tag and the second said RFID tag when the pusher is in the third position.

197. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader is able to read at least a fourth said RFID tag when the pusher is in a fourth position and communicates a signal indicative thereof.

198. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader is no longer able to read the first said RFID tag, the second said RFID tag and the third said RFID tag when the pusher is in the fourth position.

199. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first position of the RFID reader corresponds to a first threshold distance, wherein the second position of the RFID reader corresponds to a second threshold distance which is longer than the first threshold distance, wherein the third position of the RFID reader corresponds to a third threshold distance which is longer than the second threshold distance, and / or wherein the fourth position of the RFID reader corresponds to a fourth threshold distance which is longer than the third threshold distance.

200. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a processor in communication with the sensor, with the RFID reader interacting with the substrate strip and signalling to the processor an instantaneous position thereof based on the same.

201. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher and / or one of the RFID reader and the substrate strip is spring-biased towards one of a front and rear of the elongate member.

202. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein a first or proximal said RFID tag aligns with and / or is adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and wherein a second or distal said RFID tag aligns with and / or is adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position.

203. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein a first or distal end portion of the elongate RFID tag aligns with and / or is adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and wherein a second, distal or forward end portion of theelongate RFID tag aligns with and / or is adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position.

204. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader signals an amount of stock merchandise biased by the pusher based on the position of the RFID reader relative to the substrate strip.

205. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader signals a re-stock notification when the pusher is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent a distal / forward end of the elongate member.

206. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader signals a re-stock notification when the pusher is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent a distal / forward said RFID tag.

207. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader signals a re-stock notification when the pusher is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent a distal / forward end of the substrate strip.

208. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader signals a re-stock notification when the pusher is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent a distal or forward end portion of the elongate RFID tag.

209. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader signals a warning notification when an amount of stock merchandise biased by the pusher is depleted within or less a predetermined time threshold.

210. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader is in communication with a processor configured to receive said signals therefrom and wherein the processor is configured to determine positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member based on said signals.

211. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a processor in communication with the RFID reader, with the RFID reader interacting with respective ones of the RFID tags and signalling to the processor an instantaneous position thereof based on the same.

212. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a processor in communication with the RFID reader, with the RFID reader interacting with respective portions of the elongate RFID tag and signalling to the processor an instantaneous position thereof based on the same.

213. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor receives said signals in real time and is configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which the pusher moves relative to the RFID tags within a predetermined amount of time.

214. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor receives said signals in real time and is configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which the pusher moves relative to the elongate RFID tag within a predetermined amount of time.

215. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags couple to and extend along the elongate member.

216. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag couples to and extends along the elongate member.

217. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags couple to the bottom of the elongate member and / or wherein the elongate member has a top opposite with the bottom thereof, with the pusher being in fluid communication with the top of the elongate member.

218. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag couples to the bottom of the elongate member and / or wherein the elongate member has a top opposite with the bottom thereof, with the pusher being in fluid communication with the top of the elongate member.

219. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags couple to the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

220. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag couples to the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

221. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a channel and wherein the plurality of RFID tags are positioned within the channel.

222. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a channel and wherein the elongate RFID tag is positioned within the channel.

223. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a channel and wherein the plurality of RFID tags align with the channel.

224. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a channel and wherein the elongate RFID tag aligns with the channel.

225. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags extend within the channel of the elongate member.

226. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag extends within the channel of the elongate member.

227. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags extend along the channel of the elongate member.

228. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag extends along the channel of the elongate member.

229. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member has a longitudinal axis and wherein the plurality of RFID tags extend along and / or parallel to said axis.

230. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member has a longitudinal axis and wherein the elongate RFID tag extends along and / or parallel to said axis.

231. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a planar portion to along which the plurality of RFID tags extend and couple.

232. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a planar portion to along which the elongate RFID tag extends and couples.

233. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID tags couple to the elongate member via adhesive.

234. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag couples to the elongate member via adhesive.

235. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including an adhesive strip via which the plurality of RFID tags couple to the elongate member.

236. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including an adhesive strip via which the elongate RFID tag couples to the elongate member.

237. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to determine the instantaneous position of the pusher relative to the elongate member in real-time.

238. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor receives said signals in real time and is configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which the pusher moves relative to the substrate strip and / or elongate member within a predetermined amount of time.

239. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise exceeds a predetermined threshold.

240. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip operatively connects to the elongate member.

241. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip couples to and extends along the elongate member.

242. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip couples to the bottom of the elongate member and / or wherein the elongate member has a top opposite with the bottom thereof, with the pusher being in fluid communication with the top of the elongate member.

243. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip couples to the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

244. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a channel and wherein the substrate strip is positioned within the channel.

245. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a channel and wherein the substrate strip aligns with the channel.

246. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip extends within the channel of the elongate member.

247. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip extends along the channel of the elongate member.

248. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member has a longitudinal axis and wherein the substrate strip extends along and / or parallel to said axis.

249. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip is substantially or generally coextensive with the elongate member.

250. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip is substantially rectangular in shape.

251. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate member includes a planar portion to along which the substrate strip extends and couples.

252. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip couples to the elongate member via adhesive.

253. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including an adhesive strip via which the substrate strip couples to the elongate member.

254. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a spring, with the spring having a first end which operatively connects to a first one of the RFID reader and the elongate member, and with the spring having a second end which operatively connects to a second one of the RFID reader and the elongate member.

255. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a spring, with the spring having a first end which operatively connects to a first one of the RFID reader and a forward end portion of the elongate member and with the spring having a second end which operatively connects to a second one of the RFID reader and the forward end portion of the elongate member.

256. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags couple to the spring.

257. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags couple to an elongate surface of a sensor side of the spring.

258. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags couple to a surface of the spring which faces upwards when the spring is uncoiled.

259. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag couples to the spring.

260. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag couples to an elongate surface of a sensor side of the spring.

261. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag couples to a surface of the spring which faces upwards when the spring is uncoiled.

262. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip couples to the spring.

263. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip couples to an elongate surface of a sensor side of the spring.

264. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip couples to a surface of the spring which faces upwards when the spring is uncoiled.

265. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the spring is made of a material which facilitates therethrough communication between the RFID reader and RFID tags.

266. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the spring is made of a non-metal material.

267. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the spring includes a coiled portion and wherein the pusher includes an internal cavity within which the coiled portion of the spring is received.

268. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader aligns with the coiled portion of the spring.

269. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader is adjacent the coiled portion of the spring.

270. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the RFID reader outputs a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise, wherein the ToF sensor outputs a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise, and wherein the pusher system includes a processor which receives said signals and determines said amount of shelved merchandise based on one or more thereof.

271. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said RFID tag has a serial number and wherein the plurality of RFID tags are arranged in a set and / or predetermined pattern of said RFID serial numbers.

272. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags are arranged in a set pattern of RFID serial numbers to facilitate determining of location information of the pusher in real-time.

273. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor determines instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers via machine learning.

274. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor determines instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers via artificial intelligence.

275. In combination, a shelf and a pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher system couples to said shelf.

276. A shelf assembly comprising: a shelf and a pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher system couples to said shelf.

277. A kit comprising a ToF sensor according to any claim herein, and a proximity sensor according to any claim herein.

278. A kit to enable positioning of a pusher system to be monitored, the kit comprising a ToF sensor according to any claim herein and a proximity sensor according to any claim herein.

279. A kit according to any claim herein, wherein the proximity sensor comprises a magnet and a magnetic field sensor.

280. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor operatively connected to one of the elongate member and the pusher; and a device which senses the presence or absence of a magnetic field, the device operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher.

281. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor via which an instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member is determinable; and a proximity sensor via which said instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member is determinable.

282. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor via which an instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member is obtainable; a housing with a lid via which an interior thereof is accessible, the ToF sensor being enclosed at least in part within the interior of the housing; and a tamper switch which detects when the lid is removed or dislodged at least in part.

283. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a magnetic field sensor coupled to a first of the pusher and the elongate member; a magnet adjacent a second of the pusher and the elongate member; a housing with a lid via which an interior thereof is accessible, the magnetic field sensor being enclosed at least in part within the interior of the housing; and a tamper switch which detects when the lid is removed or dislodged at least in part.

284. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a magnetic field sensor adjacent a first of the pusher and the elongate member; a magnet coupled to a second of the pusher and the elongate member; a housing with a lid via which an interior thereof is accessible, the magnetic field sensor being enclosed at least in part within the interior of the housing; and a tamper switch which detects when the lid is removed or dislodged at least in part.

285. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor operatively connected to one of the elongate member and the pusher; a magnet coupled to the pusher and which generates or produces a magnetic field; and a device which senses the presence or absence of said magnetic field, the device operatively connected to the elongate member.

286. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor operatively connected to one of the elongate member and the pusher; a magnet coupled to the pusher and which generates or produces a magnetic field;and a device which senses the presence or absence of said magnetic field, the device being adjacent the elongate member.

287. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor operatively connected to one of the elongate member and the pusher; a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher; and a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

288. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor operatively connected to one of the elongate member and the pusher; a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher; and an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

289. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a magnetic field sensor operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; a magnet operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher; a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher; and a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

290. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a magnetic field sensor operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; a magnet operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher; a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher; and an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

291. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a magnetic field sensor operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; a magnet positioned adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher; a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher; and a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

292. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a magnetic field sensor operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; a magnet positioned adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher; a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher; and an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

293. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a first means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member; and a second means for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative the elongate member.

294. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member so as to bias a plurality of items of merchandise; a first means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise; and a secondmeans for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise.

295. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the first means functions as a backup, redundant, and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher.

296. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the second means functions as a back-up, redundant, and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher.

297. A kit comprising: a first means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of a pusher relative to an elongate member and / or shelf; and a second means for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of a pusher relative to an elongate member.

298. A kit comprising: a first means for determining instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise; and a second means for determining an instantaneous and / or real-time estimate of the amount of shelved items of merchandise.

299. A kit according to any claim herein, wherein the first means functions as a back-up, redundant, and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher.

300. A kit according to any claim herein, wherein the second means functions as a back-up, redundant, and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher.

301. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a sensor including a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader operatively connected to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; and a substrate strip operatively connected to a second of the elongate member and the pusher, the substrate strip comprising a plurality of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags or an elongate RFID tag.

302. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a sensor comprising a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader operatively connected to the pusher; and a plurality of RFID tags operatively connected to the elongate member.

303. A pusher system comprising: an elongate member; a pusher moveable linearly along the elongate member; a sensor comprising a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader operatively connected to the pusher; and an elongate RFID tag operatively connected to the elongate member.

304. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of RFID tags extend along a first longitudinal axis and wherein the sensor extends along a second longitudinal axis which is angled relative to the first longitudinal axis.

305. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate RFID tag extends along a first longitudinal axis and wherein the sensor extends along a second longitudinal axis which is angled relative to the first longitudinal axis.

306. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the sensor includes a radio and antenna configured to enable the sensor to communicate wirelessly with a remote controller and / or a processor.

307. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the sensor and / or RFID reader thereof includes a wireless device configured to report and / or communicate RFID tag location information.

308. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the sensor is configured to communicate with a remote controller and / or a processor via one or more wires electrically and releasably connectable to the sensor.

309. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the sensor couples to a front and / or front face of the pusher and / or pusher paddle thereof.

310. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the sensor couples to a rear and / or rear face of the pusher and / or pusher paddle thereof.

311. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the sensor couples to a side of the pusher and / or pusher paddle thereof.

312. A substrate strip for use with a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof, the substrate strip being according to any claim herein.

313. A substrate strip for use with a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof, the substrate strip comprising a plurality of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.

314. A substrate strip for use with a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof, the substrate strip comprising an elongate radio frequency identification (RFID) tag.

315. A kit comprising a sensor according to any claim herein and a substrate strip according to any claim herein.

316. A kit to enable positioning of a pusher system to be monitored, the kit comprising a sensor according to any claim herein and a substrate strip according to any claim herein.

317. A kit to enable positioning of a pusher system to be monitored, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, the kit comprising: a sensor connectable to a first of the elongate member and the pusher, the sensor including a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader; and a substrate strip connectable to a second of the elongate member and the pusher, the substrate strip comprising a plurality of RFID tags or an elongate RFID tag, with the sensor being configured to read respective ones of the plurality of RFID tags or respective one or more portions of the elongate RFID tag, as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

318. A method of monitoring positioning of a pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: configuring a first sensor assembly to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member; and configuring a second sensor assembly to determine said instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.I l l319. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the first sensor assembly comprises a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor.

320. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor couples to the pusher.

321. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the second sensor assembly comprises a proximity sensor.

322. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the proximity sensor comprises a magnetic field sensor and a magnet.

323. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the second sensor assembly comprises a device which senses the presence or absence of a magnetic field.

324. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the device couples to the pusher.

325. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the device is a reed switch.

326. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the device is a magnetoresistive sensor.

327. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the device is a Hall Effect sensor.

328. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the device is a Magnasphere™.

329. A method according to any claim herein, including adjusting the sensitivity of the device via analog or digital input.

330. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher and / or the ToF sensor and / or the device are spring-biased towards one of a front and rear of the elongate member.

331. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the pusher to abut one or more items of merchandise.

332. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor to signal an amount of shelved merchandise.

333. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to signal an amount of shelved merchandise.

334. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to provide redundancy to the ToF sensor in determining an amount of shelved merchandise.

335. A method according to any claim herein, including: outputting via the device a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise; outputting via the ToF sensor a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise; and configuring a processor to receive said signals and determine said amount of shelved merchandise based on one or more thereof.

336. A method according to any claim herein, including comparing the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on signals from the ToF sensor with the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the device and determining via the processor a correct said amount of shelved merchandise based on said comparing.

337. A method according to any claim herein, including outputting via the processor an error message or alarm notification when the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on thesignal from the ToF sensor is different from the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device.

338. A method according to any claim herein, including outputting via the processor an error message or alarm notification when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device exceeds a predetermined threshold.

339. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the processor to rely on the signal of the device for determining the amount of shelved merchandise and disregard the signal of the ToF sensor for determining the amount of shelved merchandise when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device exceeds a predetermined threshold.

340. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the processor to disregard the signal of the device for determining the amount of shelved merchandise and rely on the signal of the ToF sensor for determining the amount of shelved merchandise when the difference between the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device exceeds a predetermined threshold.

341. A method according to any claim herein, including: outputting via the device a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise; outputting via the ToF sensor a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise; and configuring a processor to receive said signals and determine said amount of shelved merchandise therefrom, with the processor determining that said amount of shelved merchandise is correct or valid when the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the ToF sensor and the amount of shelved merchandise as determined based on the signal from the device, is equal within a predetermined threshold.

342. A method according to any claim herein, including operatively connecting a magnet to a second of the elongate member and the pusher.

343. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the magnet to the elongate member.

344. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the magnet adjacent the elongate member.

345. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the magnet outputs a magnetic field and wherein the strength of the magnetic field as detected by the device varies as a function of the position of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

346. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to interact with the magnetic field from the magnet and output a signal which varies as a function of relative positioning of the pusher.

347. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to interact with the magnetic field from the magnet and output signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise based thereon.

348. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to output a signal indicative of, which correlates to, which corresponds to and / or which is proportional to an amount of shelved merchandise.

349. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the pusher to abut one or more items of merchandise and configuring the ToF sensor to emit a light against one of said one or more items of merchandise.

350. A method according to any claim herein, including illuminating and / or emitting via an illumination unit of the ToF sensor a light pulse against an object whose relative distance thereto correlates to a position or relative shelved stock of the merchandise.

351. A method according to any claim herein, including receiving light reflected back from the object via a lens of the ToF sensor.

352. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the object is a shelf and / or a front or rear of the shelf.

353. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the object is an item of merchandise.

354. A method according to any claim herein, including suppressing light out of a predetermined frequency range and / or threshold via an optical band-pass filter of the ToF sensor.

355. A method according to any claim herein, including: configuring the pusher to abut one or more items of merchandise; and emitting via the ToF sensor a photon against one of said one or more items of merchandise.

356. A method according to any claim herein, including receiving the photon reflected back from the object via a lens of the ToF sensor.

357. A method according to any claim herein, including receiving via an image sensor or focal plane array of the ToF sensor an image from the lens.

358. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the image sensor includes a plurality of pixels and / or photos diode, each of which measures the distance taken by light emitted from illumination unit to the object and back thereto, and converts said light to a current.

359. A method according to any claim herein, including synchronizing via the illumination unit and the image sensor and controlling high speed signals related thereto.

360. A method according to any claim herein, determining via a processor an instantaneous and / or real-time position of the pusher.

361. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to function as a back-up, redundant, and / or fail-safe means of determining an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher.

362. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnetic field sensor to the pusher; and positioning the magnet adjacent to the elongate member.

363. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnetic field sensor to the pusher; and coupling the magnet to the elongate member.

364. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnetic field sensor to the pusher; and positioning the magnet adjacent to the shelf.

365. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnetic field sensor to the pusher; and coupling the magnet to the shelf.

366. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnetic field sensor to the pusher; and coupling the magnet to the shelf near or adjacent the front of the shelf.

367. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnetic field sensor to the pusher; and coupling the magnet to the shelf near or adjacent the rear of the shelf.

368. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnet to the pusher; and coupling the magnetic field sensor to the shelf.

369. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnet to the pusher; and coupling the magnetic field sensor to the shelf near or adjacent the front of the shelf.

370. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnet to the pusher; and coupling the magnetic field sensor to the shelf near or adjacent the rear of the shelf.

371. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnet to the pusher; and positioning the magnetic field sensor adjacent to the elongate member.

372. A method according to any claim herein, including: coupling the magnet to the pusher; and coupling the magnetic field sensor to the elongate member.

373. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the ToF sensor adjacent to the elongate member.

374. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the ToF sensor to the elongate member.

375. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the magnetic field sensor to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

376. A method according to any claim herein, including: configuring the ToF sensor to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

377. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to detect the magnetic field of the magnet when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or below a predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise.

378. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to detect an absence of a magnetic field when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal toor greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

379. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the magnet to be beyond a detectable range of the device when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

380. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to detect the magnetic field of the magnet when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

381. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the device to detect an absence of a magnetic field when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise.

382. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the magnet to be beyond a detectable range of the device when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined lower number of shelved merchandise.

383. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and the device to each signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold.

384. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and the device to each signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

385. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and / or the device to wirelessly transmit one or more signals to a processor and / or microprocessor and / or remote server and / or central server and / or monitoring system and / or handheld device and / or mobile device.

386. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and / or the device to transmit a plurality of signals indicative of movement of the pusher.

387. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and / or the device to wake up on movement of the pusher being detected or determined and / or transmit one or more signals to indicative of said movement.

388. A method according to any claim herein, including determining movement of the pusher via an accelerometer.

389. A method according to any claim herein, including indicating via at least one indicator when inventory is removed from the pusher.

390. A method according to any claim herein, including indicating locally via at least one indicator when inventory is removed from the pusher.

391. A method according to any claim herein, including indicating via at least one indicator when movement of the pusher is determined.

392. A method according to any claim herein, including indicating locally via at least one indicator when movement of the pusher is determined.

393. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the indicator is an auditory said indicator.

394. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the indicator is a vibratory said indicator.

395. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the indicator is a visual said indicator and / or comprises a light emitting diode (LED).

396. A method according to any claim herein, including enclosing the device within an interior of a housing having a lid via which the interior is accessible; and detecting removal of the lid via a tamper switch operatively connected thereto.

397. A method according to any claim herein, including operatively connecting the housing to the pusher.

398. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the tamper switch, upon removal of the lid, to wirelessly transmit one or more signals to a processor and / or microprocessor and / or remote server and / or central server and / or monitoring system and / or handheld device and / or mobile device.

399. A method according to any claim herein, including enclosing the magnet within an interior of a magnet housing having a lid via which the interior is accessible; and detecting removal of the lid via a tamper switch operatively connected thereto.

400. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring each said tamper switch to emit a signal when its lid is removed or dislodged at least in part.

401. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher has a first / retracted / rearward / proximal position, wherein the pusher is moveable from the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position to a second / extended / forward / distal position.

402. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor (and / or a housing thereof) to be near or adjacent the magnet when the pusher is in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and / or when the pusher and / or shelf is fully stocked.

403. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor (and / or a housing thereof) to be spaced-apart from the magnet when the pusher is in the second / extended / forward / distal position and / or when the shelf has a depleted stock of merchandise.

404. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor (and / or a housing thereof) to be spaced-apart from the magnet when the pusheris in the first / retracted / rearward / proximal position and / or when the pusher and / or shelf is fully stocked.

405. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the ToF sensor and / or the magnetic field sensor (and / or a housing thereof) to be near or adjacent the magnet when the pusher is in the second / extended / forward / distal position and / or when the shelf has a depleted stock of merchandise.

406. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to signal a re-stock notification or alarm when the pusher is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent a distal / forward end of the elongate member.

407. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to signal a warning notification when an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher is depleted within or in less than a predetermined time threshold.

408. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring a processor to be in communication with the one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor and / or receiving signals therefrom.

409. A method according to any claim herein, including determining via the processor positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member based on said signals.

410. A method according to any claim herein, including determining via the processor when the pusher is moving relative to the elongate member.

411. A method according to any claim herein, configuring one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to interact with one or more items of merchandise and provide a processor with one or more signals indicative of an instantaneous position the one or more items of merchandise.

412. A method according to any claim herein, including determining via the processor the instantaneous position of the pusher relative to the elongate member in real-time.

413. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the processor to receive said signals in real-time and to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which the pusher moves relative to the elongate member within a predetermined amount of time.

414. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the processor to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise exceeds a predetermined threshold.

415. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the ToF sensor to one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

416. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the ToF sensor adjacent one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

417. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the magnetic field sensor to one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

418. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the magnetic field sensor adjacent one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

419. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the magnet to one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

420. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the magnet adjacent one of the pusher and the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

421. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the magnet to one of the pusher and the elongate member via adhesive.

422. A method according to any claim herein, including: positioning the elongate member along a first longitudinal axis and positioning one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to extend along a second longitudinal axis which is angled relative to the first longitudinal axis.

423. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the first longitudinal axis is substantially perpendicular to the second longitudinal axis.

424. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the pusher to substantially extend along or parallel to the second longitudinal axis.

425. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor rearwards of a front or forward face of the pusher.

426. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher has a front and a rear opposite the front thereof and wherein the method includes coupling one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to the pusher at a location spaced from said front.

427. A method according to any claim herein, including shaping one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to couple at least in part to the rear of the pusher.

428. A method according to any claim herein, including shaping one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to couple to and extend laterally outwards from the rear of the pusher.

429. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher has a proximal end adjacent the elongate member, a distal end spaced-apart from the proximal end thereof and a longitudinal axis extending between the ends thereof, and wherein the method including shaping one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to extend parallel to and laterally outward from the longitudinal axis of the pusher.

430. A method according to any claim herein, including shaping one or more the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to be substantively streamline with the pusher.

431. A method according to any claim herein, including shaping one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to be substantially rectangular prisms in outer shape.

432. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to the pusher via an adapter.

433. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the adapter to the pusher via male and female members.

434. A method according to any claim herein, including providing the adapter with a female member shaped to receive a male member or protrusion of the pusher.

435. A method according to any claim herein, including providing the adapter with a channel shaped to receive an upwardly-extending protrusion of the pusher.

436. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the channel of the adapter is a C-channel.

437. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher comprises a pusher paddle and wherein the method includes shaping the adapter to selectively mate with the pusher paddle.

438. A method according to any claim herein, including shaping one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor to be coextensive with the adapter.

439. A method according to any claim herein, including shaping the adapter to extend about and laterally outwards from one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor, so as to inhibit damage thereto.

440. A method according to any claim herein, including shaping the adapter to be substantially rectangular in front and rear profile.

441. A method according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor has a width substantially equal to or less than that of the adapter and / or one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor has a length substantially equal to or less than that of the adapter.

442. A method according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor has a width less than that of the adapter and / or one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor has a length less than that of the adapter.

443. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher system is positioned on a shelf, and wherein one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor has a length less than the height of the shelf.

444. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher system includes a spring, with the spring having a first end which operatively connects to a first one of the ToF sensor and a forward end portion of the elongate member and with the spring having a second end which operatively connects to a second one of the ToF sensor and the forward end portion of the elongate member.

445. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the pusher system includes a spring, with the spring having a first end which operatively connects to a first one of the magnetic field sensor and a forward end portion of the elongate member and with the spring having a second end which operatively connects to a second one of the magnetic field sensor and the forward end portion of the elongate member.

446. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the spring includes a coiled portion and wherein the pusher includes an internal cavity within which the coiled portion of the spring is received, and wherein the method includes aligning one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor with the coiled portion of the spring.

447. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the spring includes a coiled portion and wherein the pusher includes an internal cavity within which the coiled portion of the spring is received, and wherein the method includes positioning one or more of the ToF sensor and the magnetic field sensor adjacent the coiled portion of the spring.

448. A method according to any claim herein, including auto-aligning and / or auto-calibrating the magnetic field and ToF sensors upon being installed on the pusher and elongate member.

449. A method according to any claim herein, including within the auto-calibration step, actuating a calibration button a first time when the pusher is depleted of merchandise and a second time when the pusher is fully loaded with merchandise and / or a third time when the pusher is partially loaded with merchandise.

450. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the first sensor assembly comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher and a plurality of RFID tags coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

451. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the second sensor assembly comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the pusher and an elongate RFID tag coupled to, extending along and / or extending adjacent the elongate member.

452. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to provide redundancy to the ToF sensor in determining an amount of shelved merchandise.

453. A method according to any claim herein, including: outputting via the RFID reader a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise; outputting via the ToF sensor a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise; and configuring a processor to receive said signals and determine said amount of shelved merchandise based on one or more thereof.

454. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to provide redundancy to the magnetic field sensor in determining an amount of shelved merchandise.

455. A method according to any claim herein, including: outputting via the RFID reader a signal indicative of an amount of shelved merchandise; outputting via the magnetic field sensor a signal indicative of the amount of shelved merchandise; and configuring a processor to receive said signals and determine said amount of shelved merchandise based on one or more thereof.

456. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to signal an amount of stock merchandise.

457. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to signal a warning notification when an amount of stock merchandise biased by the pusher is depleted within or less a predetermined time threshold.

458. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to signal an amount of stock merchandise biased by the pusher based on the position of the RFID reader relative to the substrate strip.

459. A method of any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip comprises the plurality of RFID tags.

460. A method of any claim herein, wherein the substrate strip comprises the elongate RFID tag.

461. A method of any claim herein, including positioning a first / rearward / proximal end of the substrate strip to be adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in a first / retracted / rearward / proximal position.

462. A method of any claim herein, including positioning a second / forward / distal end of the substrate strip to be adjacent the pusher when the pusher is in a second / extended / forward / distal position which is spaced from said first / refracted / rearward / proximal position.

463. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to be able read at least a first said RFID tag when the pusher is in a first position and communicate a signal indicative thereof, and configuring the RFID reader to be able to read at least a second said RFID tag when the pusher is in a second position and communicate a signal indicative thereof.

464. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to no longer able to read the first said RFID tag when the pusher in the second position.

465. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to be able to read at least a third said RFID tag when the pusher is in a third position and communicate a signal indicative thereof.

466. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to no longer able to read the first said RFID tag and the second said RFID tag when the pusher is in the third position.

467. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to be able to read at least a fourth said RFID tag when the pusher is in a fourth position and communicate a signal indicative thereof.

468. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to no longer able to read the first said RFID tag, the second said RFID tag and the third said RFID tag when the pusher is in the fourth position.

469. A method of any claim herein, wherein the first position of the RFID reader corresponds to a first threshold distance, wherein the second position of the RFID reader corresponds to a second threshold distance which is longer than the first threshold distance, wherein the third position of the RFID reader corresponds to a third threshold distance which is longer than the second threshold distance, and / or wherein the fourth position of the RFID reader corresponds to a fourth threshold distance which is longer than the third threshold distance.

470. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to communicate with a processor via said signals.

471. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the processor to determine positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member based on said signals.

472. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the processor to determine when the pusher is moving relative to the elongate member.

473. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the RFID reader to interact with the substrate strip and signal to a processor an instantaneous position thereof based on said interaction.

474. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the processor to determine an instantaneous position of the pusher relative to the elongate member in real-time.

475. A method of any claim herein, including sending said signals in real-time to a processor; and determining via the processor a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which the pusher moves relative to the substrate strip and / or elongate member within a predetermined amount of time.

476. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the processor to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise exceeds a predetermined threshold.

477. A method of any claim herein, including operatively connecting to the substrate strip to the elongate member.

478. A method of any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to the elongate member.

479. A method of any claim herein, including extending the substrate strip along the elongate member.

480. A method of any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to a bottom of the elongate member.

481. A method of any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to the elongate member in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

482. A method of any claim herein, including positioning the substrate strip within a channel of the elongate member.

483. A method of any claim herein, including aligning the substrate strip with a channel of the elongate member.

484. A method of any claim herein, including extending the substrate strip within a channel of the elongate member.

485. A method of any claim herein, including extending the substrate strip along a channel of the elongate member.

486. A method of any claim herein, including extending the substrate strip along and / or parallel to a longitudinal axis of the elongate member.

487. A method of any claim herein, including shaping the substrate strip to be substantially or generally coextensive with the elongate member.

488. A method of any claim herein, including configuring the substrate strip to be substantially rectangular in shape.

489. A method of any claim herein, including extending the substrate strip along a planar portion of the elongate member.

490. A method of any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to a planar portion of the elongate member.

491. A method of any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to the elongate member via adhesive.

492. A method of any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to the elongate member via an adhesive strip.

493. A method of any claim herein, wherein the first longitudinal axis is substantially perpendicular to the second longitudinal axis.

494. A method of any claim herein, wherein the pusher substantially extends along or parallel to the first longitudinal axis and wherein the elongate member substantially extends along or parallel to the second longitudinal axis.

495. A method of any claim herein, including operatively connecting the RFID reader to a first end of a spring and operatively connecting a forward end portion of elongate member to a second end of the spring.

496. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the plurality of RFID tags to the spring.

497. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the plurality of RFID tags to an elongate surface of a sensor side of the spring.

498. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the plurality of RFID tags to a surface of the spring which faces upwards when the spring is uncoiled.

499. A method according to any claim herein, including pushing a face or pusher paddle of the pusher rearwards or retracting the pusher, and next coupling or applying the plurality of RFID tags on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of the spring at spaced-apart and / or predetermined distances.

500. A method according to any claim herein, including removing inventory from an existing tray or pusher system, next pushing a face or pusher paddle of the pusher rearwards or retracting the pusher, and then coupling or applying the plurality of RFID tags on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of the spring.

501. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the elongate RFID tag to the spring.

502. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the elongate RFID tag to an elongate surface of a sensor side of the spring.

503. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the elongate RFID tag to a surface of the spring which faces upwards when the spring is uncoiled.

504. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to the spring.

505. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to an elongate surface of a sensor side of the spring.

506. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the substrate strip to a surface of the spring which faces upwards when the spring is uncoiled.

507. A method according to any claim herein, including pushing a face or pusher paddle of the pusher rearwards or retracting the pusher, and next coupling or applying the elongate RFID tag on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of the spring at spaced-apart and / or predetermined distances.

508. A method according to any claim herein, including removing inventory from an existing tray or pusher system, next pushing a face or pusher paddle of the pusher rearwards or retracting the pusher, and then coupling or applying the elongate RFID tag on the opened coil or uncoiled portion of the spring.

509. A method of any claim herein, wherein the spring comprises a coiled spring and / or a coiled portion with the pusher including an internal cavity within which the coiled portion of the spring is received.

510. A method of any claim herein, including aligning the sensor with the coiled portion of the spring.

511. A method of any claim herein, including positioning the sensor adjacent the coiled portion of the spring.

512. A method according to any claim herein, including aligning a first or proximal said RFID tag adjacent a first / retracted / rearward / proximal position of the pusher and aligning second or distal said RFID tag adjacent a second / extended / forward / distal position of the pusher.

513. A method according to any claim herein, including aligning a first or proximal portion of said elongate RFID tag adjacent a first / retracted / rearward / proximal position of the pusher and aligning a second or distal portion of said elongate RFID tag adjacent a second / extended / forward / distal position of the pusher.

514. A method according to any claim herein, including providing the sensor with a radio and antenna to enable the sensor to communicate wirelessly with a remote controller and / or a processor.

515. A method according to any claim herein, including providing the RFID reader thereof with a wireless device configured to report or communicate RFID tag location information.

516. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: coupling a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to one of the elongate member and the pusher; providing a device which senses the presence or absence of a magnetic field; and coupling the device to a first of the elongate member and the pusher.

517. A method of monitoring positioning of a pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: configuring a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusherrelative to the elongate member; and configuring a proximity sensor to determine said instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

518. A method of inhibiting theft of items of merchandise, the method comprising: providing a pusher system comprising an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, with the pusher being biased against the items of merchandise; configuring a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member; enclosing the ToF sensor within a housing having a lid via which the ToF sensor is accessible; and operatively connecting a tamper switch to the lid, with the tamper switch emitting a signal upon detecting removal or dislodgement at least in part of the lid from the housing.

519. A method of inhibiting theft of items of merchandise, the method comprising: providing a pusher system comprising an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, with the pusher being biased against the items of merchandise; coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the pusher and the elongate member; coupling a magnet to a second of the pusher and the elongate member; enclosing the magnetic field sensor within a housing having a lid via which the magnetic field sensor is accessible; and operatively connecting a tamper switch to the lid, with the tamper switch emitting a signal upon detecting removal or dislodgement at least in part of the lid from the housing.

520. A method of inhibiting theft of items of merchandise, the method comprising: providing a pusher system comprising an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, with the pusher being biased against the items of merchandise; coupling a magnetic field sensor to the pusher; positioning a magnet adjacent to the elongate member; enclosing the magnetic field sensor within a housing having a lid via which the magnetic field sensor is accessible; and operatively connecting a tamper switch to the lid, with the tamper switch emitting a signal upon detecting removal or dislodgement at least in part of the lid from the housing.

521. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: operatively connecting a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to one of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a magnet to the pusher, the magnet generating or producing a magnetic field; and operatively connecting a magnetic-field sensing device to the elongate member.

522. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: operatively connecting a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to one of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a magnet to the pusher, the magnet generating or producing a magnetic field; and positioning a magnetic-field sensing device adjacent the elongate member.

523. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: coupling a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to one of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader to the pusher; and coupling a plurality of RFID tags to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

524. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: coupling a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to one of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader to the pusher; and coupling an elongate RFID tag to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

525. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; positioning a magnet adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader to the pusher; and coupling a plurality of RFID tags to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

526. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; positioning a magnet adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader to the pusher; and coupling an elongate RFID tag to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

527. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a magnet adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader to the pusher; and coupling a plurality of RFID tags to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

528. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof and / or a method of monitoring positioning of the pusher system, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: coupling a magnetic field sensor to a first of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a magnet adjacent to a second of the elongate member and the pusher; coupling a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader to the pusher; and coupling an elongate RFID tag to the elongate member so as to extend therealong.

529. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, and the method comprising: coupling a substrate strip to a first of the elongate member and the pusher, the substrate strip comprising a plurality of RFID tags or an elongate RFID tag; coupling a sensor to a second of the elongate member and the pusher, the sensor including a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader; and configuring the sensor to read respective ones of the plurality of RFID tags or respective one or more portions of the elongate RFID tag, as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

530. A method of any claim herein, including extending the substrate strip along a first longitudinal axis and extending the sensor along a second longitudinal axis which is angled relative to the first longitudinal axis.

531. A method of any claim herein, including operatively connecting the sensor to the pusher.

532. A method of any claim herein, including positioning the sensor rearwards of a front or forward face of the pusher.

533. A method of any claim herein, including coupling the sensor at a location spaced from the front or forward face of the pusher.

534. A method of any claim herein, including positioning the sensor at least in part to the rear of the pusher.

535. A method of any claim herein, including shaping the sensor to couple to and extend laterally outwards from the rear of the pusher.

536. A method of any claim herein, including positioning the sensor to extend substantially parallel to and / or laterally outwards in part from a longitudinal axis of the pusher.

537. A method of any claim herein, including spring-biasing the sensor towards a forward end portion of elongate member.

538. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, the method comprising: positioning a plurality of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags along the elongate member; and coupling a sensor to the pusher, with the sensor including a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader configured to read respective ones of the plurality of RFID tags as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

539. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, the method comprising: operatively connecting a plurality of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags to the elongate member; and coupling a sensor to the pusher, with the sensor including a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader configured to read respective ones of the plurality of RFID tags as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

540. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, the method comprising: positioning an elongate radio frequency identification (RFID) tag along the elongate member; and coupling a sensor to the pusher, with the sensor including a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader configured to read respective one or more portions of the elongate RFID tag as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

541. A method of retrofitting a pusher system to enable monitoring thereof, the pusher system including an elongate member and a pusher moveable relative thereto, the method comprising: operatively connecting an elongate radio frequency identification (RFID) tag to the elongate member; and coupling a sensor to the pusher, with the sensor including a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader configured to read respective one or more portions of the elongate RFID tag as a function of positioning of the pusher relative to the elongate member.

542. A method according to any claim herein, including configuring the sensor to communicate with a remote controller and / or a processor via one or more wires electrically and releasably connectable to the sensor.

543. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the sensor to a front and / or front face of the pusher and / or pusher paddle thereof.

544. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the sensor to a rear and / or rear face of the pusher and / or pusher paddle thereof.

545. A method according to any claim herein, including coupling the sensor to a side of the pusher and / or pusher paddle thereof.

546. A pusher system comprising: a plurality of time-of-flight (ToF) sensors alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof; an elongate track to which the ToF sensors selectively couple and extend along and via which the ToF sensors receive power; and a processor operatively connected to the ToF sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

547. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said ToF sensor is positionable along a rear of a shelf or wall thereof.

548. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the track is positionable along the rear of the shelf or wall thereof.

549. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said pusher is moveable along and relative to a respective elongate member, and wherein the track extends perpendicular to said elongate members.

550. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the pushers are moveable along parallel axes and wherein the track extends along an axis perpendicular to said parallel axes.

551. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said ToF sensor is positionable to emit a light pulse or photon against a rear of a respective said pusher.

552. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said ToF sensor is positionable to emit a light pulse or photon against a rear of a pusher paddle of a respective said pusher.

553. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the track is a wiring track.

554. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the track includes one or more power conductors for supplying electrical energy therealong.

555. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the track includes one or more signal conductors for conveying signals therealong.

556. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the track is modular.

557. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including a plurality of reflective members each connectable to the rear of a respective said pusher.

558. A kit comprising: a plurality of time-of-flight (ToF) sensors alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof; an elongate track to which the ToF sensors selectively couple and extend along and via which the ToF sensors receive power; and a processor operatively connected to the ToF sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

559. A pusher system comprising: a plurality of sensors alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof; an elongate track to which the sensors selectively couple and extend along and via which the sensors receive power; and a processor operatively connected to the sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

560. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the sensors comprise one or more image sensors.

561. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the sensors comprise an acoustic said sensor.

562. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the sensors comprise an audiovisual said sensor.

563. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein one or more of the sensors comprise a water said sensor.

564. A pusher system comprising: a plurality of cameras alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof; an elongate track to which the cameras selectively couple and extend along and via which the cameras receive power; and a processor operatively connected to the cameras via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

565. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said image sensor and / or camera captures images of its corresponding said pusher (and / or one or more portions thereof), wherein for each said image sensor and / or camera the relative size of the corresponding said pusher(and / or one or more portions thereof) as captured on said images thereof varies as a function of the position of the corresponding said pusher relative to the image sensor and / or camera, and wherein instantaneous positioning of each said pusher is determined via the processor by comparing differences in said relative size.

566. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the image sensors and / or cameras capture images of indicia positioned along the rear of the plurality of pushers.

567. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the size of indicia as captured by the image sensors and / or cameras varies as a function of the positioning of the pushers relative to the track.

568. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the cameras or image sensors monitor the relative size of indicia as captured on images thereof in real-time and instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers is determined via the processor by comparing said relative sizes thereby.

569. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said pusher is moveable along a corresponding elongate member from a first / retracted / rearward / proximal position when said pusher is fully stocked, to a second / extended / forward / distal position when said pusher has a depleted stock of merchandise, and wherein the size of indicia as captured by the image sensors and / or cameras varies as a function of the positioning of the pushers relative to said first / retracted / rearward / proximal and / or second / extended / forward / distal positions.

570. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor determines instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of a given said pusher by correlating the relative size of the given said pusher (and / or indicia thereof and / or associated therewith) in images captured in realtime via its corresponding image sensor and / or camera, with positioning of the given said pusher.

571. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said indicia comprises a barcode.

572. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said indicia is machine- readable.

573. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said indicia comprises a unique identifier which enables the processor to identify and / or locate a specific one of said plurality of pushers.

574. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said indicia comprises a two- dimensional matrix barcode or QR code.

575. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said image sensor and / or camera comprises an auto-focusing said image sensor and / or camera, and when its corresponding said pusher (and / or indicia thereof) moves due to the removal of one or more items of merchandise, images captured by the image sensor and / or camera become out of focus and require the camera to re-focus anew so as to obtain images of its corresponding said pusher (and / or indicia thereof) whichare in focus once more, and wherein instantaneous positioning of the pushers is determined via the processor by correlating positioning of the pushers with the extent to which lens of the image sensor and / or camera re-adjust and / or require re-focus.

576. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein instantaneous positioning of the pushers is determined via the processor by correlating positioning of the pushers with the extent to the image sensors and / or cameras require re-focusing (and / or lens thereof require re-adjustment) in response to changes in positioning of the pushers.

577. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor receives signals indicative of the images captured from the cameras in real-time and uses artificial intelligence to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

578. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein the processor receives signals indicative of the images captured from the cameras in real-time and determines instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers via pattern recognition.

579. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said camera and / or image sensor is positionable to monitor and / or capture images of its corresponding said pusher and / or items of merchandise biased by said pusher, and wherein the processor performs image analysis on said images so captured and determines when one or more items of merchandise have been removed using machine learning, self-learning and / or artificial intelligence.

580. A pusher system according to any claim herein, including one or more lighting devices selectively connectable to the track.

581. A pusher system according to any claim herein, wherein each said lighting device comprises a light and / or light fixture.

582. A kit comprising: a plurality of sensors alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof; an elongate track to which the sensors selectively couple and extend along and via which the sensors receive power; and a processor operatively connected to the sensors via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

583. A kit comprising: a plurality of cameras alignable with respective ones of a plurality of pushers to measure positioning thereof; an elongate track to which the cameras selectively couple and extend along and via which the cameras receive power; and a processor operatively connected to the cameras via the elongate track so as to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pushers.

584. A system or kit for measuring one or more customer behavior patterns in a store comprising a plurality of groupings of merchandise, with each said grouping of merchandise being biased forwards via a pusher assembly, the system or kit comprising: a plurality of sensor assemblies, each operatively connected to a respective one of the pusher assemblies and configured to signal anamount of shelved merchandise associated therewith; and a processor which receives said signals and determines the one or more customer behavior patterns at least in part based thereon.

585. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein each said pusher assembly includes an elongate member and a pusher moveable linearly relative to the elongate member to bias items of merchandise forward.

586. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor receives said signals in real-time.

587. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein each said sensor assembly is configured measure an instantaneous and / or real-time position of its pusher assembly.

588. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to determine instantaneous and / or real-time positioning of the pusher thereof relative to the elongate member thereof.

589. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behavior pattern comprises an in-store traffic pattern.

590. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the in-store traffic pattern is determined based on the order in which items of merchandise are removed from respective ones of the pusher assemblies as determined via the order of the signals being sent from the sensor assemblies to the processor.

591. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the in-store traffic pattern is determined based on the pattern of movement of the pusher assemblies as measured via the sensor assemblies.

592. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the in-store traffic pattern is determined based on the extent to which and frequency with which the pusher assemblies move linearly as measured via the sensor assemblies.

593. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the in-store traffic pattern is determined based on the duration of which and / or frequency with which the pusher assemblies are activated as measured via the sensor assemblies.

594. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behaviour pattern (and / or the in-store traffic pattern thereof) comprises one or more directions of movement of customers relative to the sensor assemblies and / or pusher assemblies.

595. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behaviour pattern (and / or the in-store traffic pattern thereof) comprises an estimation or determination of the number of customers passing by the sensor assemblies and / or pusher assemblies.

596. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the in-store traffic pattern comprises one or more directions of movement of customers within the store.

597. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to timestamp each instance in which a signal is received by a given said sensor assembly.

598. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to timestamp each instance of activation and / or movement of the pusher assemblies as measured via the sensor assemblies.

599. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of groupings of merchandise are arranged in a row.

600. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of groupings of merchandise are arranged along an aisle and / or shelf between proximal and distal ends of the aisle and / or shelf.

601. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of groupings of merchandise are arranged in a column.

602. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the plurality of groupings of merchandise are arranged along a shelf between bottom and top of the shelf.

603. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behavior pattern comprises an in-store purchase pattern.

604. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to determine the rate of depletion of merchandise for each said pusher assembly based on signals from the corresponding said sensor assembly.

605. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to determine the rate of depletion of merchandise from the pusher assemblies collectively as a whole.

606. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behavior pattern comprises determining the depletion rate of merchandise as a function of the amount of shelved merchandise.

607. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behavior pattern comprises correlating the depletion rate of merchandise with a given amount of shelved merchandise.

608. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly the processor is configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise based on the extent to which the pusher thereof moves relative to the elongate member thereof within a predetermined amount of time.

609. A system or kit according to any claim herein, including comparing the depletion rate of merchandise for each said grouping of merchandise and ranking the groupings of merchandise based thereon.

610. A system or kit according to any claim herein, including correlating the depletion rate of merchandise for each said grouping of merchandise with where the pusher assemblies are positioned along an aisle and / or on a shelf.

611. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behavior pattern comprises the depletion rate of merchandise as a function of the location of the groupings of shelved merchandise as determined via the processor.

612. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behavior pattern comprises correlating vertical and / or horizontal positioning of the groupings of merchandise, with the depletion rate of merchandise.

613. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behavior pattern comprises correlating positioning of the groupings of merchandise relative to one or more entrances / exits of the aisle, with the depletion rate of merchandise.

614. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the customer behavior pattern comprises a theft pattern.

615. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the theft pattern comprises a rate of depletion of merchandise which is greater than a predetermined threshold.

616. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to monitoring rates of depletion of merchandise within respective said pusher assemblies and across the pusher assemblies.

617. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to determine a rate of depletion of merchandise across the pusher assemblies based on the extent to which respective said pushers move relative to respective said elongate members within a predetermined amount of time.

618. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to signal an alert notification when the rate of depletion of merchandise exceeds a predetermined threshold.

619. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein each said sensor assembly comprises a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor.

620. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof operatively connects to one of the elongate member thereof or the pusher thereof.

621. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, wherein the ToF sensor thereof couples to the pusher thereof.

622. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is spring-biased towards one of a front and rear of the elongate member thereof.

623. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly, the pusher thereof is configured to abut one or more items of merchandise.

624. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the pusher thereof is configured to abut one or more items of merchandise via the ToF sensor and / or a housing thereof.

625. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to signal an amount of shelved merchandise.

626. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof (and / or a housing thereof) couples to a shelf.

627. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof (and / or a housing thereof) couples to a shelf thereof near or adjacent the front of the shelf.

628. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof (and / or a housing thereof) couples to a shelf near or adjacent the rear of the shelf.

629. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof includes an illumination unit which illuminates and / or emits a light beam against an object whose relative distance thereto correlates to a real-time position of the pusher thereof and / or an amount of shelved stock of the merchandise.

630. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof includes an illumination unit which emits a light beam in a grid pattern.

631. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to determine a direction of travel of a customer based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back to the ToF sensor.

632. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the object is the shelf and / or a front or rear of the shelf.

633. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the object is an item of merchandise.

634. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof includes a lens configured to receive light reflected back from the object.

635. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof includes an elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood which extends about the lens and functions to inhibit outside noise and / or light.

636. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood the couples to and extends outwards from the housing of the ToF sensor.

637. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood couples to and extends outwards from the front of the housing of the ToF sensor.

638. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood is positioned near or adjacent the top of the housing of the ToF sensor.

639. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood couples to and extends outwards from the housing of the ToF sensor towards the front of the shelf.

640. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood couples to and extends outwards from the housing of the ToF sensor towards the rear of the shelf.

641. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood has a height and a width which is larger than the height thereof.

642. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the elongate passageway, enclosure, tubular member and / or hood encloses an aperture which is non-circular and / or obround.

643. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof includes an optical band-pass fdter configured to reduce noise thereof by suppressing light outside of a predetermined frequency range and / or threshold.

644. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the pusher thereof is configured to abut one or more items of merchandise and the ToF sensor thereof is configured to emit a light beam against one of said one or more items of merchandise.

645. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof includes a lens configured to receive the light reflected back from the object.

646. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof includes an image sensor or focal plane array configured to receive an image from the lens.

647. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the image sensor includes a plurality of pixels and / or photos diode, each of which measures the distance taken by light emitted from illumination unit to the object (such as the front or rear of the shelf) and back thereto, and converts said light to a current.

648. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof includes electronics which synchronize the illumination unit and the image sensor and control high speed signals.

649. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor which calibrates data and determines one or more distances from a fixed point to a moveable object, and thus enables an instantaneous determination of the position of each said pusher.

650. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the fixed point is a shelf (or front or rear thereof) and wherein the moveable object is the pusher.

651. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is adjacent to the elongate member thereof.

652. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, wherein the ToF sensor thereof couples to the elongate member thereof.

653. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is enclosed at least in part within an interior of a housing and a tamper switch which detects when a lid of the housing is removed or dislodged at least in part.

654. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof couples to and / or is adjacent one of the pusher thereof and the elongate member thereof in a manner which inhibits access thereto.

655. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher thereof is equal to or less than a predetermined or low shelved stock threshold.

656. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to signal or indicate when the amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher thereof is equal to or greater than a predetermined or high shelved stock threshold and / or predetermined upper number of shelved merchandise.

657. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to wirelessly transmit one or more signals to the processor and / or microprocessor, and / or remote server and / or central server and / or monitoring system and / or handheld device and / or mobile device.

658. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to wake up on movement of the pusher thereof is detected or determined and / or transmit one or more signals to indicative of said movement.

659. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to signal a re-stock notification or alarm when the pusher thereof is within a predetermined threshold of and / or adjacent a distal / forward end of the elongate member thereof.

660. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to signal a warning notification when an amount of shelved merchandise biased by the pusher thereof is depleted within or in less than a predetermined time threshold.

661. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to determine positioning of each said pusher relative to each said elongate member based on said signals.

662. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the processor is configured to determine when each said pusher is moving relative to its elongate member. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the elongate member thereof extends along a first longitudinal axis and the ToF sensor thereof extends along a second longitudinal axis which is angled relative to the first longitudinal axis.

663. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is positioned rearwards of a front or forward face of the pusher thereof.

664. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the pusher thereof has a proximal end adjacent the elongate member thereof, a distal end spaced-apart from the proximal end and a longitudinal axis extending between said ends, and the ToF sensor thereof extends parallel to and laterally outward from said longitudinal axis.

665. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof couples to the pusher thereof via an adapter.

666. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to function as a motion detector.

667. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to function as a motion detector which sends a signal in response to a person’s hand entering within the path thereof and / or the pusher thereof.

668. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, the ToF sensor thereof is configured to auto-align and / or autocalibrate upon being installed on the pusher and elongate member.

669. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the sensor assemblies are configured to communicate and / or send signals via wireless communication.

670. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the sensor assemblies are configured to communicate and / or send signals via wired communication.

671. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, a tamper switch is positioned between the ToF sensor thereof (and / or a housing thereof) and the pusher thereof.

672. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, including a tamper switch configured to be triggered upon the ToF sensor thereof (and / or a housing thereof) being dislodged and / or removed from the pusher thereof.

673. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the system or kit is configured and / or adapted to promote and facilitate sales of one or more said merchandise.

674. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the system or kit is configured and / or adapted to optimize sales of one or more said merchandise.

675. A system or kit comprising a ToF sensor according to any claim herein.

676. A system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the system or kit comprising a first ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam along an aisle and a second ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam across the aisle.

677. A system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the system or kit comprising a first ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam adjacent a first end or entrance / exit of an aisle and a second ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam across adjacent a second end or entrance / exit of the aisle.

678. A system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the store including an aisle extending between first and second shelves, and the system or kit comprising: a first ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam adjacent a first end or entrance / exit of the aisle; a second ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam across adjacent a second end or entrance / exit of the aisle; a third ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam near and parallel to the first shelf; and a fourth ToF sensor configured to direct a light beam near and parallel to the second shelf.

679. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the light beams of the first and second ToF sensors extend in opposite directions.

680. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the light beams of the third and fourth ToF sensors extend in opposite directions.

681. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the light beam of the first ToF sensor is configured to reflect off of and back from the fourth ToF sensor.

682. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the light beam of the second ToF sensor is configured to reflect off of and back from the third ToF sensor.

683. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the light beam of the third ToF sensor is configured to reflect off of and back from the first ToF sensor.

684. A system or kit according to any claim herein, wherein the light beam of the fourth ToF sensor is configured to reflect off of and back from the second ToF sensor.

685. A system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the system or kit comprising: a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor configured to direct a light beam along or across an aisle, the ToF sensor including an illumination unit which emits a light beam in a gridpattern; and a processor configured to determine a direction of travel of the customer based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back to the ToF sensor.

686. A system or kit for measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the system or kit comprising: a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor connectable to a pusher assembly and including an illumination unit which emits a light beam in a grid pattern; and a processor configured to determine a direction of travel of an object based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back from the object to the ToF sensor.

687. A method for measuring one or more customer behavior patterns in a store comprising a plurality of groupings of merchandise, with each said grouping of merchandise being biased forwards via a pusher assembly, the method comprising: operatively connecting a plurality of sensor assemblies to respective ones of the pusher assemblies; for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, configuring the sensor assembly thereof to measure the position of a pusher thereof in real-time and emit one or more signals indicative thereof; and determining via a processor one or more customer behavior patterns based at least in part on said signals.

688. A method according to any claim herein, including using said one or more customer behavior patterns so determined to promote and facilitate sales of one or more said merchandise.

689. A method according to any claim herein, including using said one or more customer behavior patterns so determined to optimize positioning of one or more said merchandise.

690. A method according to any claim herein, including using said one or more customer behavior patterns so determined to optimize sales of one or more said merchandise.

691. A method of optimizing shelving and / or positioning of merchandise biased by a plurality of pusher assemblies, the method comprising: operatively connecting a plurality of sensor assemblies to respective ones of the plurality of pusher assemblies; for each said pusher assembly and corresponding sensor assembly, configuring the sensor assembly thereof to measure the extent to which a pusher thereof moves in real-time and emit one or more signals indicative thereof; determining via a processor the rates of depletion of merchandise based at least in part on said signals; and optimizing shelving and / or positioning of merchandise in accordance with said rates of depletion so determined.

692. A method according to any claim herein, including emitting a notification and / or alarm when at least one said rate of depletion exceeds a predetermined time and / or speed threshold.

693. A method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the method comprising: positioning a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor so as to emit a light beam within an aisle; and determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the light reflected back to the ToF sensor corresponds to a light travel distance equal to or less than a predetermined travel distance and / or corresponds to a light travel time equal to less than that of a predetermined travel time.

694. A method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the method comprising: positioning a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor so as to emit a light beam within an aisle; and determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the ToF sensor is unable to detect any light reflected back from said light beam.

695. A method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the method comprising: positioning a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor so as to emit a light beam within an aisle; and determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the ToF sensor is unable to detect to within a predetermined threshold of intensity, light reflected back from said light beam.

696. A method according to any claim herein, including emitting the light beam in a grid pattern.

697. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning the ToF sensor to direct the light beam along the aisle.

698. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning the ToF sensor to direct the light beam across the aisle.

699. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning a reflective member or surface so to as to align with and promote reflecting back of said light beam.

700. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the aisle extends between first and second shelves.

701. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the ToF sensor adjacent the first shelf and positioning the reflective member or surface adjacent the second shelf.

702. A method according to any claim herein, including operatively connecting the ToF sensor to the first shelf and operatively connecting the reflective member or surface to the second shelf.

703. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning a first said ToF sensor to direct the light beam along the aisle and a second said ToF sensor to direct a light beam across the aisle.

704. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning the ToF sensor to direct the light beam adjacent a first end or entrance / exit of the aisle.

705. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning the ToF sensor to direct the light beam adjacent a second end or entrance / exit of the aisle.

706. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning a first said ToF sensor to direct the light beam adjacent a first end or entrance / exit of the aisle and a second said ToF sensor to direct a light beam adjacent a second end or entrance / exit of the aisle.

707. A method according to any claim herein, including positioning the ToF sensor adjacent a first end or entrance / exit of the aisle and positioning the reflective member or surface adjacent a second end or entrance / exit of the aisle.

708. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning the ToF sensor to direct the light beam parallel to a shelf extending along the aisle.

709. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning the ToF sensor to direct the light beam along and / or parallel to a plurality of pusher assemblies extending perpendicular to the aisle.

710. A method according to any claim herein, including within the positioning step, positioning a first said ToF sensor to direct the light beam parallel to a first shelf extending along the aisle and positioning a second said ToF sensor to direct the light beam parallel to a second shelf extending along the aisle.

711. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes an illumination unit which illuminates and / or emits said light beam against one or more objects.

712. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes a lens configured to receive light reflected back from the one or more objects.

713. A method according to any claim herein, wherein within the determining step, determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the light reflected back to the lens corresponds to a light travel distance equal to or less than a predetermined travel distance and / or corresponds to a light travel time equal to less than that of a predetermined travel time.

714. A method according to any claim herein, wherein within the determining step, determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the lens of the ToF sensor is unable to detect said light reflected back.

715. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the ToF sensor includes an image sensor configured measure the distance taken by light emitted from the illumination unit and back thereto, and convert said light to a current.

716. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the image sensor includes a plurality of pixels and / or photos diode, each of which measures the distance taken by light emitted from illumination unit to the moveable object and back thereto, and converts said light to a current.

717. A method according to any claim herein, wherein within the determining step, determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the image sensor of the ToF sensor is unable to detect said light reflected back.

718. A method according to any claim herein, wherein within the determining step, determining that a customer has crossed the path of the ToF sensor when the image sensor of the ToF sensor is unable to detect within a predetermined threshold of intensity said light reflected back to within a predetermined threshold of intensity.

719. A method according to any claim herein, including determining a direction of travel of a customer based on an order in which pixels of the image sensor are activated by said light reflected back.

720. A method according to any claim herein, including determining a direction of travel of a customer based on a sequence in which pixels of the image sensor are activated by said light reflected back.

721. A method according to any claim herein, including using a sequence and / or order in which pixels of the image sensor are activated by said light reflected back to determine a direction of travel of a customer.

722. A method according to any claim herein, wherein the image sensor includes a first side and a second side, and wherein the method includes: determining that a customer is moving a first direction of travel when pixels are activated in a direction extending from the first side to the second side of the image sensor and / or determining that the customer is moving a second direction of travel when pixels are activated in a direction extending from the second side to the first side of the image sensor.

723. A method according to any claim herein, including determining a direction of travel of a customer based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back to the ToF sensor.

724. A method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the method comprising: configuring a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to emit a light beam in a grid pattern; directing said light beam along or across an aisle; and determining via a processor a direction of travel of a customer based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back to the ToF sensor.

725. A method of measuring a customer behaviour pattern during in-store shopping, the method comprising: configuring a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to emit a light beam in a grid pattern; operatively connecting the ToF sensor to a pusher assembly; and determining via a processor a direction of travel of an object based on a sequence or order in which the grid pattern of the light beam is reflected back from the object to the ToF sensor.

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