UPAR targeting chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-targeting CARs address the limitations of existing therapies by selectively targeting uPAR-expressing cells, effectively treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and liver fibrosis.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-17
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-30
AI Technical Summary
Current chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapies lack effectiveness in modulating immune responses for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, particularly in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and liver fibrosis, where dysregulated urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression drives excessive immune cell infiltration and tissue damage.
Development of uPAR-targeting CARs comprising an extracellular uPAR-binding domain, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular signaling domain, integrated into immune effector cells such as T cells, to selectively eliminate pathogenic cells and reduce inflammation.
The uPAR-targeting CARs provide a novel therapeutic approach to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by specifically targeting uPAR-expressing cells, reducing inflammation and limiting tissue destruction, as demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis and liver fibrosis models.
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Figure PCTCN2025128570-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
UPAR TARGETING CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS AND USES THEREOF1. REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING
[0001] This application incorporates herein by reference a Sequence Listing submitted with this application as an XML file entitled “TFH01119PCTR-Sequence listing” created on October 12,2024 and having a size of 29, 487 bytes.2. FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to molecular biology, cell biology, and medicine. In particular, provided herein include uPAR-targeting chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) , genetically engineered immune effector cells expressing such uPAR targeting CARs (or uPAR CARs) , and uses thereof.3. BACKGROUND
[0003] The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a critical role in regulating immune cell migration, tissue remodeling, and inflammation. The dysregulated uPAR expression contributes to excessive immune cell infiltration and tissue damage. As such, uPAR is a promising target for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. While chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapies have revolutionized treatment for certain cancers, their potential in modulating immune responses in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders remains largely unexplored. Targeting uPAR with CAR technology offers a novel approach to selectively eliminate pathogenic immune cells, reduce inflammation, and limit tissue destruction, but such therapies are currently lacking. As such, there is an urgent unmet need for developing uPAR-targeting CAR therapies in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.
[0004] The compositions and methods provided herein address this need and provide related advantages.4. SUMMARY
[0005] Provided herein are CARs targeting uPAR, comprising (1) an extracellular region comprising a uPAR-binding domain disclosed herein; (2) a transmembrane region; and (3) an intracellular region comprising a signaling domain.
[0006] Provided herein are also polynucleotides encoding a uPAR CAR disclosed herein, vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein, and cells comprising a uPAR CAR disclosed herein or a vector disclosed herein. The cells can be immune effector cells, such as T cells. In some embodiments, the cells provided herein have specific cytotoxic activity against uPAR-expressing cells.
[0007] In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a uPAR CAR disclosed herein, a polynucleotide disclosed herein, or a vector disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a population of cells disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0008] In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions for use in treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with uPAR expression. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is an autoimmune or inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis. In some embodiments, the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is liver fibrosis.5. ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0009] 1. A chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting uPAR, comprising (1) an extracellular region comprising a uPAR-binding domain; (2) a transmembrane region; and (3) an intracellular region comprising a signaling domain; wherein the uPAR-binding domain comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2, These sequences are disclosed in the pending patent application PCT / CN2024 / 107457, which is cited in the present invention and incorporated herein by reference; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and a light chain variable domain (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0010] 2. The CAR of Embodiment 1, wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1A, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and the VL comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1B, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. The sequences shown in Table 1A and Table 1B are both derived from the pending patent application PCT / CN2024 / 107457, which is cited in the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
[0011] 3. The CAR of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the uPAR-binding domain comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1A, and VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1B.
[0012] 4. The CAR of anyone of Embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the VH has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2; and / or the VL has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2.
[0013] 5. The CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the uPAR-binding domain is Fab, Fab', (Fab) 2, variable fragment (Fv) , or a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , dual variable domain antibody (DVD) , single variable domain antibody, single variable domain of heavy chain antibody (VHH) , or nanobody.
[0014] 6. The CAR of Embodiment 5, wherein the uPAR-binding domain is scFv, having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 3.
[0015] 7. The CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the transmembrane region comprises a transmembrane domain of CD8α, CD28, CD3ζ, CD4, CD7, or CD134 (OX40) , or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the transmembrane region comprises a transmembrane domain of CD28, or CD3ζ, or a functional variant thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the transmembrane region comprises a transmembrane domain of CD28.
[0016] 8. The CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the signaling domain comprises a signaling domain of CD3ζ, CD3δ, CD3γ, CD3ε, FcεRIγ, FcεRIβ, immunoglobulin α, or immunoglobulin β, or a functional variant thereof.
[0017] 9. The CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the intracellular region further comprises a co-stimulatory domain.
[0018] 10. The CAR of Embodiment 9, wherein the co-stimulatory domain comprises a signaling domain of CD28, CD137 (4-1BB) , OX40, ICOS, DAP10, 2B4, CD27, CD30, CD40, CD40L, TIM1, CD226, DR3, SLAM, NKG2D, CD244, FcεRIγ, BTLA, GITR, HVEM, CD2, NKG2C, LIGHT, or DAP12, or a functional variant thereof.
[0019] 11. The CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the intracellular region comprises a signaling domain of CD3ζ and a signaling domain of CD28.
[0020] 12. The CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the CAR further comprises a spacer between the extracellular region and the transmembrane region.
[0021] 13. The CAR of Embodiment 12, wherein spacer comprises a hinge region of CD8, CD28, IgG1, or IgG4.
[0022] 14. The CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the CAR has a uPAR-binding domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; a CD8 hinge domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; a CD28 transmembrane region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; a signaling domain of CD8 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0023] 15. The CAR of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the CAR has a uPAR-binding domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26; a CD8 hinge domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; a CD28 transmembrane region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; a signaling domain of CD8 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0024] 16. The CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the CAR has at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 4 or Table 5.
[0025] 17. A polynucleotide encoding a CAR of any of Embodiments 1 to 16.
[0026] 18. The polynucleotide of Embodiment 17, further comprising a sequence encoding a signal sequence.
[0027] 19. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of Embodiment 17 or 18.
[0028] 20. A cell comprising the CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16 or the vector of Embodiment 19.
[0029] 21. The cell of Embodiment 20 that is an immune effector cell.
[0030] 22. The cell of Embodiment 21 that is a lymphocyte.
[0031] 23. The cell of Embodiment 22 that is a T cell, a B cell, a NK cell, or a dendritic cell.
[0032] 24. The cell of Embodiment 23 that is a T cell.
[0033] 25. The cell of Embodiment 24 that is a cytotoxic T cell, a γδ T cell, a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) , or a NKT cell.
[0034] 26. The cell of any one of Embodiments 21 to 25, wherein the cell has specific cytotoxic activity against uPAR-expressing cells.
[0035] 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the CAR of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16, the polynucleotide of Embodiment 17 or 18, or the vector of Embodiment 18, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0036] 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a population of cells of any one of Embodiments 20 to 26, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0037] 29. The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 28, wherein at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 95%of the cells in the composition are T cells.
[0038] 30. The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 28 or 29, wherein at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%of the cells in the composition express the CAR.
[0039] 31. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of Embodiments 27 to 30, for use in treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0040] 32. The pharmaceutical composition for use or the method of Embodiment 31, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with uPAR expression.
[0041] 33. The pharmaceutical composition for use of Embodiment 31, wherein the disease or disorder is an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
[0042] 34. The pharmaceutical composition for use of Embodiment 33, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.
[0043] 35. The pharmaceutical composition for use of Embodiment 33, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is liver fibrosis.
[0044] 36. A method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of Embodiments 27 to 30 to the subject.
[0045] 37. The method of Embodiment 36, wherein the disease or disorder is an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
[0046] 38. The method of Embodiment 37, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.
[0047] 39. The method of Embodiment 37, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is liver fibrosis.
[0048] 40. The method of any one of Embodiments 36 to 39, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered intramuscularly, intradermally, subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraperitoneally.
[0049] 41. The method of any one of Embodiments 36 to 40 wherein the subject is a human.6. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0050] FIG. 1 demonstrates the schematic illustration of the similarity of T cell membrane structure and mitochondria inner membrane, with cardiolipin as the core lipid. Cardiolipin is used as the starting core structure to be modified into ionizable lipids.
[0051] FIG. 2 illustrates the screening of the CAMP LNPs in primary human T cells. CAMP lipids were formulated with other helper lipids into LNPs. In the experiment, mLUC were delivered by CAMP LNPs at a dose of 60 ng mRNA / 106 cells. Luminescence was measured after 24 h. (Messenger Max ~ PL39, n = 4; PL48 ~ PL86, n = 3; mean ± SD)
[0052] FIG. 3 shows the in vivo transfection of different lipid nanoparticles (Dosage: 3μg Fluc-mRNA / mouse) , in which commercial MC3 DSPC preparation was used as a positive control.
[0053] FIG. 4 shows the comparison of the expression of Fluc mRNA delivered by the bisphosphamide LNPs in the activated human primary T cells. 100,000 individual T cells were laid out in 96-well plates and treated with about 100 ng mRNA delivered by LNPs. After incubation for 24 hours, bioluminescence was measured by Biotek assay. Most of the applied phospholipids LNPS showed mRNA delivery intensity comparable to transfection reagents and ALC0315, while PL16 was enhanced by 10 times. PL101 is 100x enhanced, PL102 10x enhanced, PL40 100x enhanced, PL67 60x enhanced, and PL82 5x enhanced.
[0054] FIG. 5 indicates the expression of Fluc mRNA delivered by bisphosphamide lipid LNPs in activated human NK cells. 30,000 human NK92 MI cells were laid out in 96-well plates and treated with about 100 ng mRNA delivered by LNPs. After incubation for 24 hours, bioluminescence was measured by Biotek plateread. Most of the phosphatide LNPS presented in this application showed mRNA delivery to NK cells of comparable intensity to transfection reagents and ALC0315, with PL16 enhanced by 50 times, PL101 enhanced by 35 times, PL102 enhanced by 17 times, and PL40 enhanced by 40 times.
[0055] FIG. 6 indicates the physical characterization of bisphosphamide LNPs. In addition to PL71 (monophosphamide control) , the LNPs of this application has been measured to have a size of approximately 150nm and a polydispersion index (PDI) of less than 0.3. ζ potential measurements showed that most lipid nanoparticles were close to -10mV to 10mV, showing a neutral charge.
[0056] FIG. 7A and 7B reveals the expression of GFP mRNA delivered by LNPs representative of the bisphosphamide lipid in the activated human T and NK cells. The cells were treated with approximately 100 ng, 500ng, and 1000ng mRNA delivered by LNPs per well. After incubation for 40 hours, GFP expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Most of the bisphosphamide lipid LNP showed a dose-dependent increase in mRNA expression in both cell types. In T cells, the transfection rate of PL101 and PL40 containing GFP mRNA reached more than 80%at doses of 0.5ug / well and 1.0ug / well, and that of PL16 was about 55%. The transfection rate of PL16 lipid nanoparticles containing GFP mRNA in NK92MI reached more than 75%at 0.5ug / well and 1.0ug / well doses, and that of PL101 and PL40 was 40%.
[0057] FIG. 8A and 8B indicates the expression of CAR-CD19 mRNA in the activated human T and NK cells. The cells were treated with approximately 100 ng, 500ng, and 1000ng mRNA delivered by LNPs per well. After incubation for 40 hours, GFP expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Most of the bisphosphonamide lipid LNPS of this application showed a dose-dependent increase in mRNA expression in both cell types. The expression of CAR-CD19 on the cell surface was slightly lower than that of GFP. In T cells, the transfection rate of PL40 was the highest (about 40%) , followed by PL101 (35%) and PL32 (15%) at 1ug / well. In NK92MI cells, the transfection efficiency of the three kinds of lipid nanoparticles was low, PL101 increased by about 10%compared with the control lipids, and PL101 and PL32 only increased by about 6%.
[0058] FIG. 9A and 9B illustrates the cytotoxic CAR-CD19-expressing T cell targeting CD19-positive NALM6 B cells. 9A. GFP expressing NALM6 cells overexpressing human CD19 were used as the targets to determine cytotoxic T cell activity by fluorescence assay. E: T ratio, the ratio of effector cells to target cells; CD19 CAR, T cells transfected with mRNA encoding CD19-CAR delivered by LNPs. The data represents n=3 independent experiments. Target cells and effector cells were co-cultured for 24 hours. Fluorescence microscopy showed that with the increase of the number of CD19-CAR positive effector cells, the number of NALM6 cells decreased significantly, while there was no significant change in the control group, indicating that CD19 CAR positive T cells had obvious specific killing effect on NALM6 cells. 9B. The cytotoxicity of CD19 CAR T cells was determined using the CytoTox 96 non-radioactive cytotoxicity test (Promega) . GFP expressing NALM6 cells were co-cultured with CAR-CD19, control CAR or control T cells for 24 hours, n=3. Cytotoxicity was detected by LDH assay. The results showed that target cells were killed when co-cultured with corresponding CAR T cells, while no significant cytotoxicity was observed when co-cultured with unrelated CAR T cells and control T cells.
[0059] FIG. 10A and 10B shows the in vivo transfection of bisphosphamide lipids in mouse spleen cells. 10A. Assessing PL40 LNP distribution in LOXP-GFP-luciferase mice. CRE mRNA was transfected with PL40 LNP. The expression of cre recombinase and luciferase was detected by IVIS 2 days later. 10B. Cell populations in the spleen expressing CRE mRNA delivered by PL40 LNP. GFP was detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that PL40 LNP could transfect T cells and myeloid cells. The transfection intensity of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells was similar.
[0060] FIG. 11 demonstrates the transfection efficiency of CAMP lipid to various types of cells. The 96-well plate was paved with NK92mi, BMDM, A549 and human primary T cell respectively, 60 ng / well mLuc was transfected and measured at 24 h. (BMDM n = 3; others n = 4; mean ± SD)
[0061] FIG. 12 reveals the transfection efficiency of CAMP lipid in primary mouse T cells. CAMP LNPs encapsulating mLuc were applied to transfect mouse primary T cell, at a dose of 60 ng / 105 cells. Luciferase intensity was measured at 24 h. (n = 3, mean ± SD)
[0062] FIG. 13 shows the percentage of T cells transfected with CAMP lipid encapsulating mGFP, 0.1 μg, 0.5 μg and 1 μg GFP mRNA were transfected to 105 T cells (n = 3 per group per time point, mean ± SD) . GFP+ cells were detected at 40 h by flow cytometry.
[0063] FIG. 14 is a chart demonstrating that T cells were transfected with Circ and Lin mLuc encapsulated by ALC, PL40, PL16 LNPs. Luminescence was detected on day 1, 3, and 5, respectively (n = 5, mean ± SD) . The AUC of PL40 was calculated.
[0064] FIG. 15 shows the particle size, zeta potential and stability of PL40 and ALC0315 LNP. (n = 3)
[0065] FIG. 16 is the representative Cryo-EM image of PL40 and ALC0315 LNP.
[0066] FIG. 17 is the representative AFM image, the force curve and Yang’s modulus of PL15, PL40, ALC0315 LNPs. Force curve and Yang’s modulus were measured by AFM. (n = 5)
[0067] FIG. 18 shows the SAXS data of CAMP lipid LNP and ALC0315 LNP. Lamillar distance was calculated based on q value.
[0068] FIG. 19 shows the cellular uptake of ALC0315 and PL40 LNPs. T cells were transfected by Cy5 labeled mRNA encapsulated in Bodipy labeled LNP at a dose of 0.5 μg / 105 cells. Small molecule inhibitors for multiple difference endocytosis pathways were added. %of LNP positive cells were detected by flow cytometry 4 h after transfection. (n = 2)
[0069] FIG. 20 indicates that the morphology and structure of PL40 are one of the reasons facilitate its endocytosis and endosomal escape in T cells.
[0070] FIG. 21 is the IVIS image of i. v. injections of mLuc mRNA LNPs (mRNAs were prepared as Lin or Circ) . 6 and 24 h after injection, organs were collected for imaging. (n = 3)
[0071] FIG. 22 illustrates the quantification of expression levels of mRNA LNPs 6 h after injection and comparison of expression levels of mRNA LNPs between 6 and 24 h.
[0072] FIG. 23 illustrates the mCre studies in loxP-Luciferase-2A-GFP mice.
[0073] FIG. 24 is a chart indicating that LNPs were further modified with CD3-Fab and particle size were measured after modification. (n = 3)
[0074] FIG. 25 indicates the GFP expression in different immune cells within spleen, lymph node and blood. Samples were measured 48 h after i. v. injection of 20 μg mCre (Circ or Lin) in PL40 LNPs (with or without CD3-Fab modification) . (n = 3)
[0075] FIG. 26 illustrates the representative histograms of T cells expression of GFP within spleens and T cell exhaustion markers after transfection of cells with the mCre LNPs (n = 3) respectively.
[0076] FIG. 27 is a bar chart demonstrating the T cells expression of GFP within spleens and T cell exhaustion markers after transfection of cells with the mCre LNPs. (n = 3)
[0077] FIG. 28 indicates the construction map encoding CAR-m. uPAR m28z, muPAR-hCAR, hCD19-hCAR and the structure of mRNA. (either Lin or Circ)
[0078] FIG. 29 indicates the design, synthesis, purification and characterization of Circ RNA.
[0079] FIG. 30 shows the transfection efficiency and dose dependence of CAMP LNPs encapsulating hCD19-hCAR mRNA. Human primary T cells were transfected with hCD19-hCAR mRNA at doses of 0.1 μg, 0.5 μg or 1 μg per million T cells that was encapsulated by PL101 or PL40 LNPs. The transfection efficiency was detected at 40 h using flow cytometry. (n = 3, mean ± SD)
[0080] FIG. 31 shows the expression of muPAR-hCAR in primary human T cells. Human primary T cells were transfected with muPAR-hCAR mRNA that was encapsulated by PL40 LNPs at a dose of 0.5 μg / 105 T cells. Expression of the CAR were detected at 40 h by flow cytometry. (n = 3, mean ± SD)
[0081] FIG. 32 shows the expression of muPAR-mCAR mRNA in primary mouse T cells. Mouse primary T cells were transfected with Lin and Circ muPAR-mCAR mRNA that were encapsulated by PL40 LNPs at a dose of 0.5 μg / 105 T cells. Expression of the CAR were detected at 24 h by flow cytometry. (n = 3)
[0082] FIG. 33 shows the cytotoxicity of mRNA-based CAR-T cells. The killing experiments were carried out at the E: T ratio of 10: 1. The whole process was monitored by IncuCyte SX5 (n = 3, scale bar = 1 mm) , and the fluorescence intensity was calculated by IncuCyte. Fluorescence images at 3 time points are displayed.
[0083] FIG. 34 is the schematic representation of the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis models and treatment schedules. mCAR-uPAR encapsulated by CD3-Fab or non-Fab modified PL40 LNPs were i. v. administrated to mice at a dose of 30 μg / mouse.
[0084] FIG. 35 reveals that the serum ALT from CCl4-induced fibrotic mice with all groups after 4 doses treatment. (n = 6, mean ± SD)
[0085] FIG. 36 is a diagram revealing that the representative mIHC and fluorescent stainings of SA-β-gal, Sirius red, Masson’s trichrome, and uPAR / αSMA in the livers of CCl4-induced liver fibrotic mice with all groups after treatment were conducted and the quantifications of the coverage%area of SA-β-gal, collagen and uPAR / αSMA were performed in 2 randomly selected fields per mouse. (from n = 6 biological independent mice per group, mean ± SD)
[0086] FIG. 37 shows that IFNγ, IL-2, PD-1 and Tim3 expression of T cells in the blood of treated mice measured by flow cytometry at day 4, day 7 and day 15. (n = 4 per time points)
[0087] FIG. 38 is a chart demonstrating that the Th-1 cytokines IFNγ and IL-2 expression by T cells in the blood of LNP-treated mice was approximately 1.5 times higher than the PBS group, suggesting a trend of T cell activation. What’s more, T cell exhaustion markers such as PD-1 and Tim3 were obviously increased after treatment with CD3-Fab LNPs, which did not upregulate significantly in the non-Fab group.
[0088] FIG. 39 is a chart indicating that the infiltrated T cells and macrophages proportion in the liver of treated mice in FIG. 34 was measured by flow cytometry at day 15.
[0089] FIG. 40 demonstrates the multi-color fluorscent stainings of uPAR (red) , CD3 (cyan) and HA-tag (green) in the livers of treated mice.
[0090] FIG. 41 is the schematic representation of the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis models and treatment schedules. aCD8 was i. v. administrated to deplete the endogenous T cells. mCAR-uPAR encapsulated by non-Fab modified PL40 LNPs were i. v. administrated to mice at a dose of 30 μg / mouse.
[0091] FIG. 42 is the representative IHC staining of SA-β-gal, Sirius red and Masson’s trichrome in the livers of treated mice with all groups in FIG. 41 after treatment. The quantification of the coverage%area of SA-β-gal and collagen was performed in 3 randomly selected fields per mouse (from n=6 biological independent mice per group, mean ± SD) .
[0092] FIG. 43 is the diagram showing the infiltrated CD8+ T cells in the liver of treated mice in FIG. 41 measured by flow cytometry at day 15.
[0093] FIG. 44 is the scRNA-Seq data of synovial membrane from RA patients of public resources.
[0094] FIG. 45 is the schematic diagram of the treatment schedule for the CIA mouse model.
[0095] FIG. 46 shows the clinical score of the CIA mice in different treated groups. (n=5-6, mean ± SD)
[0096] FIG. 47 shows the hind paw thickness of the CIA mice in different treated groups. (n=5-6, mean ± SD)
[0097] FIG. 48 is the image showing the forward and hind paw thickness of the CIA mice.
[0098] FIG. 49 is the representative of H&E and safarin O / Fast green staining in the ankles of CIA mice with all groups. The quantification of inflammation level and cartilage erosion was performed in each mouse (from n=4-6 biological independent mice per group, mean ± SD)
[0099] FIG. 50 illustrates the Paraffin sections mIHC staining of uPAR (red) , CD3 (green) , F4 / 80 (blue) and CD206 (purple) in the ankles of CIA mice.
[0100] FIG. 51 reveals the quantifications of the mIHC stainings, from five individual samples. (Scale bar 100 μm)
[0101] FIG. 52 shows the structure of the human uPAR protein. The human uPAR has 3 domains and a GPI anchor.
[0102] FIG. 53 is a chart indicating that compared with the commercial uPAR antibody, Vim5, AB4 and AB20 mAbs can detect uPAR more sensitively on THP-1 cells.
[0103] FIG. 54 shows the cytotoxicity of lenti-virus transfected AB4 VH2+VL1 CAR-T cells and AB20 VH1+VL2 CAR-T cells against upar+ AGS cell line at different E: T ratio (n = 3, mean ± SD) . The cytotoxicity of lenti-virus transfected AB4 VH2+VL1 CAR-T and AB20 VH1 +VL2 CAR-T cells were tested against wild-type and uPAR-knocked out THP-1 cell lines, at E: T ratio of 4: 1. (n = 3, mean ± SD)
[0104] FIG. 55 is a diagram showing how the Circ and Lin RNA of AB20 CAR were designed, and the expression efficiencies in T cells delivered by PL40 LNPs were evaluated 40 h after transfection.
[0105] FIG. 56 is a chart indicating that the cytotoxicity of AB20 VH1 +VL2 CAR T cells, transfected by Lin RNA, Circ RNA PL40 LNPs, or lenti-virus were tested and compared on wild-type and uPAR-knocked out THP-1 cell lines, at different E: T ratio (n = 3, mean ± SD) . All schematics were created with BioRender. com.
[0106] FIG. 57 illustrates the transfection efficiency of CAMP LNPs to various types of cells. The 96-well plates were paved with NK92mi, BMDM, A549 and human primary T cell respectively. Then, 60ng / well mLuc was transfected and measured at 24 h. (n = 4)
[0107] FIG. 58 shows the cell viability after treating with different concentrations of CAMP LNPs after 24 h. CAMP lipids were applied to transfect human primary T cell or PBMCs, at a dose of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 μg / 105 cells respectively. (n = 5)
[0108] FIG. 59 shows the toxicity of CAMP LNPs on human PBMC.
[0109] FIG. 60 is a bar chart showing the percentage of NK92mi cells transfected with CAMP LNPs encapsulating mGFP. 0.1 μg, 0.5 μg and 1 μg GFP mRNA were transfected to 3×104 NK92mi cells, detected at 40 h using flow cytometry.
[0110] FIG. 61 demonstrates the percentage of NK92mi cells transfected with CAMP LNPs encapsulating mGFP. 0.1 μg, 0.5 μg and 1 μg GFP mRNA.
[0111] FIG. 62 shows the transfection efficiency of CAMP LNPs to T cells from different human donors. 60 ng / well mLuc was transfected and measured at 24h. (n = 4)
[0112] FIG. 63A and 63B shows the gating strategy of flow cytometry.
[0113] FIG. 64A and 64B are representative histograms of T cells’ expression of GFP within lymph nodes (n = 3) and representative histograms of T cells’ expression of GFP within peripheral blood (n = 3) respectively.
[0114] FIG. 65 is the IVIS image of i. v. injections of linear or circular mLuc mRNA LNPs. 6 hours after injection, organs were collected for imaging. (n = 3)
[0115] FIG. 66 is the IVIS image of i. v. injections of linear mLuc mRNA LNPs. Six hours after injection, organs were collected for imaging. (n = 3)
[0116] FIG. 67 shows the quantification of expression levels of mRNA LNPs 6 hours after injection. Spleen / liver ratio was presented as well.
[0117] FIG. 68 is the illustration of the Cre mRNA studies in loxP-Luciferase-2A-GFP mice, and the Luciferase expression was imaged as well.
[0118] FIG. 69 shows the GFP expression in different immune cells within spleen.
[0119] FIG. 70A and 70B shows the Bulk RNA-seq data of SASP and senescence marker. The data was obtained from an open-resource database, recalculated and processed.
[0120] FIG. 71A and 71B shows the single cell analysis of human RA data for illustration of senescence associated markers. The scRNA-seq data were obtained from an open-public database.
[0121] FIG. 72 is a diagram showing that the cytotoxicity of CAR #4 and CAR #20 was detected on three target cells. AGS, wild type THP-1 (THP-1 WT) and uPAR-knocked out THP-1 (THP-1 KO) were coculture with CAR #4, CAR #20 and untreated T cell, at E: T = 4: 1, 1: 1, 0.25: 1. (n = 3) , the whole process was monitored by IncuCyte SX5.
[0122] FIG. 73 is a diagram showing that the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of RA mice and healthy DBA / 1 mice were collected for H&E staining.
[0123] FIG. 74 demonstrates the library of ionizable CAMP lipids and the core structure is presented. CAMP lipids are all lipids with symmetric structures.7. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0124] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting.
[0125] The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) -anchored membrane receptor involved in a variety of physiological processes, including cell migration, tissue remodeling, and immune response regulation. It plays a central role in modulating proteolytic activity by binding to urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) , facilitating the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which in turn degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM) . This function is critical in normal processes such as wound healing and immune cell trafficking. uPAR also mediates the proteolysis-independent signal transduction activation effects of U-PA. Human uPAR has a few isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Exemplary canonical sequence of human uPAR can be found with Uniprot Accession No. Q03405-1. More information about human uPAR can be found on public databases with the following IDs: HGNC: 9053; Ensembl: ENSG00000011422; MIM: 173397; UniProtKB / Swiss-Prot: Q03405.
[0126] Dysregulation of uPAR expression and activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions, particularly in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases where aberrant immune cell migration and chronic tissue damage occur. Elevated levels of uPAR have been observed in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and liver fibrosis, where its role in mediating immune cell infiltration and tissue destruction drives disease progression.7.1 DEFINITIONS
[0127] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0128] As used herein in the specification, “a” or “an” may mean one or more. As used herein in the claim (s) , when used in conjunction with the word “comprising, ” the words “a” or “an” may mean one or more than one.
[0129] As used herein, the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and / or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and / or. ” As used herein “another” or “additional” may mean at least a second or more.
[0130] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0131] As used herein, “essentially free, ” in terms of a specified component, is used herein to mean that none of the specified component has been purposefully formulated into a composition and / or is present only as a contaminant or in trace amounts. The total amount of the specified component resulting from any unintended contamination of a composition is therefore well below 0.1%, preferably below 0.05%, and more preferably below 0.01%. Most preferred is a composition in which no amount of the specified component can be detected with standard analytical methods.
[0132] The terms “peptide, ” “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a polymeric form of amino acids comprising at least two or more contiguous amino acids chemically or biochemically modified or derivatized amino acids. The term “peptide” as used herein refers to a class of short polypeptides. The term peptide may refer to a polymer of amino acids (natural or non-naturally occurring) having a length of up to about 100 amino acids. For example, peptides may be about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 75, about 75 to about 100 amino acid residues in length. In some embodiments, the peptides may be about 100, about 200, about 300, about 400, about 500, about 600, about 700, about 800, about 900, about 1000, about 1250, about 1500, about 1750, about 2000, about 2250, about 2500, about 2750, about 3000, about 3250, about 3500, about 3750, about 4000, about 4250, about 4500, about 4750, are about 5000 amino acid residues in length.
[0133] The term “antigen, ” as used herein and understood in the art, are immunogenic proteins, namely, proteins that are capable of inducing an immune response (e.g., causing an immune system to produce antibodies against the antigens) . As recognized by those skilled in the art, protein fragments, functional protein domains, and homologous proteins are also considered to be within the scope of antigens of interest. As such, the term “antigen” encompasses full-length proteins as well as immunogenic fragments and variants thereof. For example, an antigen can be any immunogenic fragment of a reference protein. In addition to variants that are identical to the reference protein but are truncated, in some embodiments, an antigen includes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more mutations, as shown in any of the sequences provided or referenced herein. Antigens / antigenic polypeptides can range in length from about 4, 6, or 8 amino acids to full length proteins.
[0134] The terms “nucleic acid, ” “polynucleotide, ” and “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer or oligomer of nucleotides of any length. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases (such as methylated, hydroxymethylated, or glycosylated) , non-natural nucleotides, non-nucleotide building blocks that exhibit similar structure and / or function as natural nucleotides (i.e., “nucleotide analogs” ) , and / or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase. The nucleic acids or polynucleotides can be heterogenous or homogenous in composition, can be isolated from naturally occurring sources, or can be artificially or synthetically produced. In addition, the nucleic acids may be DNA or RNA, or a mixture thereof, and can exist permanently or transitionally in single-stranded or double-stranded form, including homoduplex, heteroduplex, and hybrid states. Nucleic acid structures also include, for instance, a DNA / RNA helix, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) , morpholino nucleic acid (see, e.g., Braasch and Corey, Biochemistry, 4 (14) : 4503-4510 (2002) and U.S. Patent 5,034,506) , locked nucleic acid (LNA; see Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97: 5633-5638 (2000) ) , cyclohexenyl nucleic acids (see Wang, Am. Chem. Soc., 122: 8595-8602 (2000) ) , and / or a ribozyme.
[0135] As is understood in the art, a nucleic acid strand is inherently directional, as the carbon atoms in the sugar ring are numbered from 1’ to 5’a nd the “5’ -end” has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 5’ carbon and the “3’ prime end” has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 3’ carbon. As used herein and understood in the art, a nucleic acid having certain sequence elements “from 5’ to 3’ ” means that these sequence elements are arranged linearly from the 5’ end to the 3’ end of the nucleic acid.
[0136] When referring to a nucleotide sequence or protein sequence, the term “identity” is used to denote similarity between two sequences. Sequence similarity or identity may be determined using standard techniques known in the art, including, but not limited to, the local sequence identity algorithm of Smith &Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2, 482 (1981) , by the sequence identity alignment algorithm of Needleman &Wunsch, J Mol. Biol. 48, 443 (1970) , by the search for similarity method of Pearson &Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 2444 (1988) , by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI) , the Best Fit sequence program described by Devereux et al., Nucl. Acid Res. 12, 387-395 (1984) , or by inspection. Another algorithm is the BLAST algorithm, described in Altschul et al., J Mol. Biol. 215, 403-410, (1990) and Karlin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5873-5787 (1993) . A particularly useful BLAST program is the WU-BLAST-2 program which was obtained from Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266, 460-480 (1996) ; blast. wustl / edu / blast / README. html. WU-BLAST-2 uses several search parameters, which are optionally set to the default values. The parameters are dynamic values and are established by the program itself depending upon the composition of the particular sequence and composition of the particular database against which the sequence of interest is being searched; however, the values may be adjusted to increase sensitivity. Further, an additional useful algorithm is gapped BLAST as reported by Altschul et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389-3402. Unless otherwise indicated, percent identity is determined herein using the algorithm available at the internet address: blast. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / Blast. cgi.
[0137] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a protein or a polypeptide with particular sequence features (the “reference protein” or “reference polypeptide” ) refers to a different protein or polypeptide having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference protein or reference polypeptide. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. A functional fragment or a functional variant of a protein or polypeptide maintains the basic structural and functional properties of the reference protein or polypeptide.
[0138] The term “antibody, ” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds a target, such as a protein, polypeptide, peptide, carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, or a combination of any of the foregoing, through at least one antigen-binding site wherein the antigen-binding site is usually within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. As used herein, the term encompasses intact polyclonal antibodies, intact monoclonal antibodies, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs; e.g., camelid antibodies, alpaca antibodies) , single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies, heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) , light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , multispecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, monospecific antibodies, monovalent antibodies, and any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen-binding site (e.g., dual variable domain immunoglobulin molecules) as long as the antibodies exhibit the desired biological activity. Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, mouse antibodies, camel antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. An antibody can be any of the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) , based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the term “antibody” as used herein include “antigen-binding domain” of intact antibodies. The term “antigen-binding domain” as used herein refers to a portion or fragment of an intact antibody that is the antigenic determining variable region of an intact antibody. Examples of antigen-binding domains include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F(ab’ ) 2, variable fragment (Fv) , linear antibodies, single chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv) , heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) , light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , disulfide-linked scFv (dsscFv) , diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD) , single variable domain antibodies (sdAbs; e.g., camelid antibodies, alpaca antibodies) , single variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHH) , or nanobody.
[0139] The “Fab” fragment (also referred to as fragment antigen-binding) contains the constant domain (CL) of the light chain and the first constant domain (CH1) of the heavy chain along with the variable domains VL and VH on the light and heavy chains respectively. The variable domains comprise the complementarity determining loops (CDR, also referred to as hypervariable region) that are involved in antigen-binding. Fab′fragments differ from Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxy terminus of the heavy chain CH1 domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region.
[0140] “F (ab’ )2” fragments contain two Fab’ fragments joined, near the hinge region, by disulfide bonds. F (ab’ )2 fragments may be generated, for example, by recombinant methods or by pepsin digestion of an intact antibody. The F (ab’ )2 fragments can be dissociated, for example, by treatment with β-mercaptoethanol.
[0141] “Fv” fragments comprise a non-covalently-linked dimer of one heavy chain variable domain and one light chain variable domain.
[0142] “Single chain variable fragment” or “sFv” or “scFv” includes the VH and VL domains of an antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. In one embodiment, the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen-binding. For a review of scFv see Pluckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315 (1994) . HER2 antibody scFv fragments are described in W093 / 16185; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,894; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,458. “Dual variable domain antibody” or “dual variable domain immunoglobulin” or “DVD” or "DVD-Ig" refers to multivalent and multispecific binding proteins as described, e.g., in DiGiammarino et al. Methods Mol. Biol. 899: 145-156, 2012, Jakob et al., MABs 5: 358-363, 2013; and U.S. Patent Nos. 7,612,181; 8,258,268; 8,586,714; 8,716,450; 8,722,855; 8,735,546; and 8,822,645, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0143] As used herein, the term “encode” and its grammatical equivalents refer to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein. Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA can include introns.
[0144] The term “chimeric antigen receptor” or “CAR” as used herein refers to an artificially constructed hybrid protein or polypeptide containing a binding moiety (e.g., an antibody) linked to immune cell (e.g., T cell) signaling or activation domains. In some embodiments, CARs are synthetic receptors that retarget T cells to different cell surface antigens (Sadelain et al., Nat. Rev. Cancer 3 (l) : 35-45 (2003) ; Sadelain et al., Cancer Discovery 3 (4) : 388-398 (2013) ) . CARs can provide both antigen binding and immune cell activation functions onto an immune cell such as a T cell. CARs have the ability to redirect T-cell specificity and reactivity toward a selected target in a non-MHC-restricted manner, exploiting the antigen-binding properties of monoclonal antibodies. The non-MHC-restricted antigen recognition can give T-cells expressing CARs the ability to recognize an antigen independent of antigen processing.
[0145] The term “operably linked” as used herein and understood in the art with reference to sequence elements in nucleic acid molecules means that these sequence elements (e.g., an intron fragment, a target sequence, a promoter, and a coding sequence) are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation.
[0146] The term “hybridization” or “hybridized” when referring to nucleotide sequences is the association formed between and / or among sequences having complementarity.
[0147] The term “homology” refers to the percent of identity between the nucleic acid residues of two polynucleotides or the amino acid residues of two polypeptides. The correspondence between one sequence and another can be determined by techniques known in the art. For example, homology can be determined by a direct comparison of the sequence information between two polypeptides by aligning the sequence information and using readily available computer programs. Two polynucleotide (e.g., DNA) or two polypeptide sequences are “substantially homologous” to each other when at least about 80%, preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at least about 95%of the nucleotides, or amino acids, respectively match over a defined length of the molecules, as determined using the methods above.
[0148] The term “vector” or “construct” (sometimes referred to as a gene delivery system or gene transfer “vehicle” ) refers to a vehicle that is used to carry genetic material (e.g., a nucleotide sequence) , which can be introduced into a host cell, where it can be replicated and / or expressed.
[0149] The term “genetic engineering” or its grammatical equivalents when used in reference to a cell is intended to mean alteration of the genetic materials of the cell that is not normally found in a naturally occurring cell. Genetic alterations include, for example, modifications introducing expressible polynucleotides, other additions, mutations / alterations, deletions and / or other functional disruption of the cell’s genes. Such modifications can be done in, for example, coding regions and functional fragments thereof of a gene. Additional modifications can be done in, for example, non-coding regulatory regions in which the modifications alter expression of a gene.
[0150] The term “immune effector cell” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein and understood in the art refer to cells that are of hematopoietic origin and play a direct role in the immune response against a target, such as a pathogen, a diseased cell, or a foreign substance. Immune effector cells include T cells, B cell, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, macrophages, granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils.
[0151] The term “treat” as used herein refers to executing a protocol or plan, which can include administering one or more drugs or active agents to a patient, in an effort to alleviate signs or symptoms of the disease or the recurrence of the disease. Desirable effects of treatment include decreasing the rate of disease progression, ameliorating or palliating the disease state, and remission, increased survival, improved quality of life or improved prognosis. Alleviation or prevention can occur prior to signs or symptoms of the disease or condition appearing, as well as after their appearance. As used herein, a “treatment” does not require complete alleviation of signs or symptoms, and does not require a cure.
[0152] The term “administer” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the act of delivering, or causing to be delivered, a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. The therapeutic can be a compound, a polypeptide, an antibody, a cell, or a population of cells. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions;injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories.
[0153] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical or pharmacologically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic, or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, such as a human, as appropriate. For animal (e.g., human) administration, it will be understood that preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety, and purity standards as required, e.g., by the FDA Office of Biological Standards.
[0154] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all aqueous biocompatible solvents (e.g., saline solutions, phosphate buffered saline, parenteral vehicles, such as sodium chloride, Ringer's dextrose, etc. ) , antioxidants, preservatives (e.g., antibacterial or antifungal agents, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases) , isotonic agents, such like materials and combinations thereof, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The pH and exact concentration of the various components in a pharmaceutical composition are adjusted according to well-known parameters.
[0155] As used herein, the term “subject” as used herein refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. A subject can be a human. A subject can have a particular disease or condition.
[0156] Nomenclature for nucleotides, nucleic acids, nucleosides, and amino acids used herein is consistent with International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standards (see, e.g., bioinformatics. org / smsylupac. html) . Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOS. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to Uniprot (https: / / www. uniprot. org / ) , GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) .
[0157] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6.This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.7.2 UPAR TARGETING CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS (CARS)
[0158] Provided herein are CARs targeting uPAR comprising (1) an extracellular region comprising a uPAR-binding domain; (2) a transmembrane region; and (3) an intracellular region comprising a signaling domain. CARs are engineered receptors that provide both antigen binding and immune effector cell activation functions. CARs can be used to graft the specificity of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, onto an immune effector cell such as a T cell, a NK cell, or a macrophage. First-generation receptors link an antibody-derived antigen-binding element, such as an scFv, that is responsible for antigen recognition to either CD3ζ or Fc receptor signaling domains, which trigger T-cell activation. The advent of second-generation CARs, which combine activating and costimulatory signaling domains, has led to encouraging results in patients with chemorefractory B-cell malignancies (Brentjens et al., Science Translational Medicine 5 (177) : 177ra38 (2013) ; Brentjens et al., Blood 118 (18) : 4817-4828 (2011) ; Davila et al., Science Translational Medicine 6 (224) : 224ra25 (2014) ; Grupp et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 368 (16) : 1509-1518 (2013) ; Kalos et al., Science Translational Medicine 3 (95) : 95ra73 (2011) ) . The extracellular antigen-binding domain of a CAR is usually derived from a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or from receptors or their ligands. Antigen binding by the CARs triggers phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the intracellular domain, initiating a signaling cascade required for cytolysis induction, cytokine secretion, and proliferation.
[0159] In some embodiments, the CAR can be a “first generation, ” “second generation” or “third generation” CAR (see, for example, Sadelain et al., Cancer Discov. 3 (4) : 388-398 (2013) ; Jensen et al., Immunol. Rev. 257: 127-133 (2014) ; Sharpe et al., Dis. Model Mech. 8 (4) : 337-350 (2015) ; Brentjens et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 13: 5426-5435 (2007) ; Gade et al., Cancer Res. 65:9080-9088 (2005) ; Maher et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 20: 70-75 (2002) ; Kershaw et al., J. Immunol. 173: 2143-2150 (2004) ; Sadelain et al., Curr. Opin. Immunol. 21 (2) : 215-223 (2009) ; Hollyman et al., J. Immunother. 32: 169-180 (2009) ) .
[0160] “First generation” CARs are typically composed of an extracellular antigen binding domain, for example, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , fused to a transmembrane domain, which is fused to a cytoplasmic / intracellular domain of the T cell receptor chain. “First generation” CARs typically have the intracellular domain from the CD3ζ-chain, which is the primary transmitter of signals from endogenous T cell receptors (TCRs) . “First generation” CARs can provide de novo antigen recognition and cause activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells through their CD3ζ chain signaling domain in a single fusion molecule, independent of HLA-mediated antigen presentation. “Second-generation” CARs comprise an antigen-binding domain fused to an intracellular signaling domain capable of activating immune effector cells such as T cells and a co-stimulatory domain designed to augment immune effector cell, such as T cell, potency and persistence (Sadelain et al., Cancer Discov. 3: 388-398 (2013) ) . CAR design can therefore combine antigen recognition with signal transduction, two functions that are physiologically borne by two separate complexes, the TCR heterodimer and the CD3 complex. “Second generation” CARs include an intracellular domain from various co-stimulatory receptors, for example, CD28, 4-1BB, ICOS, OX40, CD27, CD40, NKG2D, DAP-10, CD2, CD 150, CD226, and the like, in the cytoplasmic tail of the CAR to provide additional signals to the cell. “Second generation” CARs provide both co-stimulation, for example, by CD28 or 4-1BB domains, and activation, for example, by a CD3ζ signaling domain. Studies have indicated that “Second Generation” CARs can improve the activity of T cells. “Third generation” CARs provide multiple co-stimulation, for example, by comprising both CD28 and 4-1BB domains, and activation, for example, by comprising a CD3ζ activation domain.7.2.1 uPAR-binding domain
[0161] In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and a light chain variable domain (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0162] In some embodiments, the VH comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1A, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and the VL comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1B, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1A, and VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1B.
[0163] In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2; and / or the VL has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2.
[0164] In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is the scFv designated as AB4 (SEQ ID NO: 17) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has a VL from AB4 (SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has a VH from AB4 (SEQ ID NO: X) . The uPAR-binding domain can have both a VL and a VH from AB4. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has a VL that comprises VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL from AB4 (SEQ ID NO:14) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has a VH that comprises VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH from AB4 (SEQ ID NO: 13) . The uPAR-binding domain can have a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 and a VH comprising VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL and VH of AB4, respectively. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a variant of AB4. The AB4 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of AB4 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 14 The AB4 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of AB4 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 13. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the VH CDRs or VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of AB4 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of AB4 has up to 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0165] In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is the scFv designated as AB20 (SEQ ID NO: 18) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has a VL from AB20 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has a VH from AB20 (SEQ ID NO: 15) . The uPAR-binding domain can have both a VL and a VH from AB20. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has a VL that comprises VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL from AB20 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain has a VH that comprises VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH from AB20 (SEQ ID NO: 15) . The uPAR-binding domain can have a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 and a VH comprising VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL and VH of AB20, respectively. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a variant of AB20. The AB20 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of AB20 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 16. The AB20 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of AB20 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 15. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the VH CDRs or VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of AB20 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of AB20 has up to 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0166] In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain can comprise or be Fab, Fab', (Fab')2, variable fragment (Fv) , or a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , dual variable domain antibody (DVD) , single variable domain antibody, single variable domain of heavy chain antibody (VHH) , or nanobody. In some embodiments, the extracellular antigen-binding domain can comprise or be an scFv, a Fab (which is optionally crosslinked) , or a F (ab)2. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a single domain antibody (sdAb) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a Fab. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a Fab’ . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a F (ab’ )2. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a Fv. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a scFv. In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a disulfide-linked scFv [ (scFv)2] . In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is a diabody (dAb) .
[0167] In some embodiments, the uPAR-binding domain is scFv, having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 3.
[0168] Binding of the extracellular antigen-binding domain (for example, in an scFv) can be confirmed by, for example, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , radioimmunoassay (RIA) , FACS analysis, bioassay (e.g., growth inhibition) , or Western Blot assay. Each of these assays generally detect the presence of protein-antibody complexes of particular interest by employing a labeled reagent (e.g., an antibody, or an scFv) specific for the complex of interest. For example, the scFv can be radioactively labeled and used in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub, B., Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society, March, 1986, which is incorporated by reference herein) . The radioactive isotope can be detected by such means as the use of a y counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography. In some embodiments, the extracellular antigen binding domain of the CAR is labeled with a fluorescent marker. Non-limiting examples of fluorescent markers include green fluorescent protein (GFP) , blue fluorescent protein (e.g., EBFP, EBFP2, Azurite, and mKalamal) , cyan fluorescent protein (e.g., ECFP, Cerulean, and CyPet) , and yellow fluorescent protein (e.g., YFP, Citrine, Venus, and YPet) .
[0169] In addition, the uPAR-binding domain of the CAR can comprise a leader or a signal peptide that directs the nascent protein into the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent translocation to the cell surface. It is understood that, once a polypeptide containing a signal peptide is expressed at the cell surface, the signal peptide has generally been proteolytically removed during processing of the polypeptide in the endoplasmic reticulum and translocation to the cell surface. Thus, a polypeptide such as a CAR is generally expressed at the cell surface as a mature protein lacking the signal peptide, whereas the precursor form of the polypeptide includes the signal peptide. Signal peptide or leader can be essential if the CAR is to be glycosylated and anchored in the cell membrane. The signal sequence or leader can be a peptide sequence (about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, or about 30 amino acids long) generally present at the N-terminus of newly synthesized proteins that directs their entry to the secretory pathway. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is covalently joined to the 5’ terminus (N-terminus) of the extracellular antigen-binding domain of the CAR. Any suitable signal peptide, as are well known in the art, can be applied to a CAR to provide cell surface expression in an immune cell (see Gierasch, Biochem. 28: 923-930 (1989) ; von Heijne, J. Mol. Biol. 184 (1) : 99–105 (1985) ) . Particularly useful signal peptides can be derived from cell surface proteins naturally expressed in the immune cell provided herein, including any of the signal peptides of the polypeptides disclosed herein. Thus, any suitable signal peptide can be utilized to direct a CAR to be expressed at the cell surface of an immune effector cell provided herein. Exemplary leader sequences include, but is not limited to, a human IL-2 signal sequence, a mouse IL-2 signal sequence; a human kappa leader sequence, a mouse kappa leader sequence; a human CD8 leader sequence; a truncated human CD8 signal peptide; a human albumin signal sequence; and a human prolactin signal sequence. In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises a CD8 polypeptide, e.g., the CAR comprises a truncated CD8 signal peptide.7.2.2 Transmembrane region
[0170] In some embodiments, the CAR disclosed herein further comprises a transmembrane region. The transmembrane region of a CAR generally comprises a hydrophobic alpha helix that spans at least a portion of the membrane. After antigen recognition, receptors cluster and a signal is transmitted to the cell.
[0171] In some embodiments, the VH or the VL of the binding domain most proximal to the cellular membrane is linked to the transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region is fused to the extracellular binding domain. In one embodiment, a transmembrane region that naturally is associated with one of the domains in the CAR is used. In some instances, the transmembrane region is selected or modified by amino acid substitution to avoid binding of such domains to the transmembrane regions of the same or different surface membrane proteins to minimize interactions with other members of the receptor complex.
[0172] The transmembrane region in some embodiments is derived either from a natural or from a synthetic source. Where the source is natural, the domain in some aspects is derived from any membrane-bound or transmembrane protein. Transmembrane regions include those derived from the α, β or ζ chain of the T-cell receptor, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD28, CD33, CD37, CD45, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, and / or CD154. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain of a CAR can be derived from another polypeptide that is naturally expressed in the immune effector cell. In one embodiment, a CAR can have a transmembrane domain derived from CD8, CD28, CD3ζ, CD4, 4-1BB, OX40, ICOS, CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, 2B4, BTLA, T-cell receptor (TCR) α chain, TCR β chain, or TCR ζ chain, CD28, CD3 ε, CD45, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, CD154, or other polypeptides expressed in the immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region comprises a transmembrane domain of CD8α, CD28, CD3ζ, CD4, CD7, or CD134 (OX40) , or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region of the CAR provided herein can comprise a native or modified transmembrane region of a CD8 polypeptide, a CD28 polypeptide, a CD3ζ polypeptide, a CD40 polypeptide, a 4-1BB polypeptide, an 0X40 polypeptide, a CD84 polypeptide, a CD 166 polypeptide, a CD8a polypeptide, a CD8b polypeptide, an ICOS polypeptide, an ICAM-1 polypeptide, a CTLA-4 polypeptide, a CD27 polypeptide, a CD40 polypeptide, a NKG2D polypeptide, a synthetic polypeptide (not based on a protein associated with the immune response) , or a combination thereof. For example, the transmembrane region can be a CD4 transmembrane. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region of the receptor is a transmembrane region of human CD4 or variant thereof. In other embodiments, the transmembrane region can be a CD8 transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region of the receptor is a transmembrane region of human CD8 or variant thereof. In other embodiments, the transmembrane region can be a CD28 transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region of the receptor is a transmembrane region of human CD28 or variant thereof, e.g., a 27-amino acid transmembrane region of a human CD28 (Accession No. : P10747.1) , or a 28-amino acid sequence.
[0173] Alternatively, the transmembrane region in some embodiments is synthetic. In some aspects, the synthetic transmembrane region comprises predominantly hydrophobic residues such as leucine and valine. In some aspects, a triplet of phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine will be found at each end of a synthetic transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the linkage is by linkers, spacers, and / or transmembrane region (s) . Optionally, the transmembrane domain can be derived from a polypeptide that is not naturally expressed in the immune effector cell, so long as the transmembrane domain can function in transducing signal from antigen bound to the CAR to the intracellular signaling and / or co-stimulatory domains. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain can comprise a triplet of phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine at each end. Optionally, a short oligo-or polypeptide linker, preferably between 2 and 10 amino acids in length can form the linkage between the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic signaling domain of the CAR. A glycine-serine doublet provides a particularly suitable linker.7.2.3 Intracellular region
[0174] The CARs provided herein comprise an intracellular region that comprises a signaling domain. Among the signaling domains of the intracellular region (also called intracellular signal domain) are those that mimic or approximate a signal through a natural antigen receptor, a signal through such a receptor in combination with a costimulatory receptor, and / or a signal through a costimulatory receptor alone. In some embodiments, a short oligo-or polypeptide linker, for example, a linker of between 2 and 10 amino acids in length, such as one containing glycines and serines, e.g., glycine-serine doublet, is present and forms a linkage between the transmembrane region and the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR.
[0175] The CAR generally includes an intracellular signaling region comprising at least one intracellular signaling component or components. In some embodiments, the CAR includes an intracellular component or signaling domain of a TCR complex, such as a TCR CD3 chain that mediates T-cell activation and cytotoxicity, e.g., CD3ζ (CD3-Q chain) . Thus, in some aspects, the antigen-binding domain provided herein is linked to one or more cell signaling modules. In some embodiments, cell signaling modules include CD3ζ intracellular signaling domains and / or other CD transmembrane regions. In some embodiments, the CAR further includes a portion of one or more additional molecules such as Fc receptor γ, CD8, CD4, CD25, or CD16.
[0176] In some embodiments, upon ligation of the CAR, the cytoplasmic domain or intracellular signaling region of the CAR stimulates and / or activates at least one of the normal effector functions or responses of the immune cell, e.g., T cell engineered in vivo or in vitro to express the CAR. For example, in some contexts, the CAR induces a function of a T cell such as cytolytic activity or T-helper activity, such as secretion of cytokines or other factors. In some embodiments, a truncated portion of an intracellular signaling domain of an antigen receptor component or costimulatory molecule is used in place of an intact immunostimulatory chain, for example, if it transduces the effector function signal. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain or domains include the cytoplasmic sequences of the T cell receptor (TCR) , and in some aspects also those of co-receptors that in the natural context act in concert with such receptor to initiate signal transduction following antigen receptor engagement, and / or any derivative or variant of such molecules, and / or any synthetic sequence that has the same functional capability.
[0177] T cell activation is in some aspects described as being mediated by two classes of cytoplasmic signaling sequences: those that initiate antigen-dependent primary activation through the TCR (primary cytoplasmic signaling sequences) , and those that act in an antigen independent manner to provide a secondary or co-stimulatory signal (secondary cytoplasmic signaling sequences) . In some aspects, the CAR includes one or both of such classes of cytoplasmic signaling sequences.
[0178] In some aspects, the CAR includes a primary cytoplasmic signaling sequence that regulates primary stimulation and / or activation of the TCR complex. Primary cytoplasmic signaling sequences that act in a stimulatory manner may contain signaling motifs which are known as immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs or IT AMs. Examples of IT AM containing primary cytoplasmic signaling sequences include those derived from TCR or CD3 ζ, FcRγ, CD3γ, CD3δ and CD3ε. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain in the CAR comprises a signaling domain of CD3ζ, CD3δ, CD3γ, CD3ε, FcεRIγ, FcεRIβ, immunoglobulin α, or immunoglobulin β, or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling region in the CAR contain (s) a cytoplasmic signaling domain, portion thereof, or sequence derived from CD3ζ.
[0179] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises a human CD3ζstimulatory signaling domain or functional variant thereof, such as a 112 AA cytoplasmic domain of isoform 3 of human CD3ζ (Accession No. : P20963.2) or a CD3 ζ signaling domain as described in U.S. Patent No. : 7,446,190 or U.S. Patent No. 8,911,993.
[0180] In some embodiments, the CAR includes a signaling domain (e.g., an intracellular or cytoplasmic signaling domain) and / or transmembrane portion of a costimulatory domain, such as a T cell costimulatory domain. In some embodiments, the CAR costimulatory domain comprises a signaling domain of CD28, CD137 (4-1BB) , OX40, ICOS, DAP10, 2B4, CD27, CD30, CD40, CD40L, TIM1, CD226, DR3, SLAM, NKG2D, CD244, FcεRIγ, BTLA, GITR, HVEM, CD2, NKG2C, LIGHT, or DAP12, or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the CAR costimulatory domain comprises a signaling domain of CD28, 4-1BB, 0X40, DAP10, CD2, CD40, CD7, CD27, GITR, and ICOS. For example, a costimulatory domain can be derived from 4-IBB. In some embodiments, the CAR costimulatory domain is derived from immune-stimulatory receptors such as TACI, BAFF-R, or uPAR. In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain from 4-IBB is encoded by a polynucleotide that has been optionally optimized for codon usage and / or to reduce RNA heterogeneity, e.g., by removing cryptic splice sites. In some embodiments, the intracellular domain comprises an intracellular costimulatory signaling domain of 4-IBB or functional variant or portion thereof, such as a 42-amino acid cytoplasmic domain of a human 4-1BB (Accession No. Q07011.1) or functional variant or portion thereof. In some aspects, the same CAR includes both the stimulatory or activating components (e.g., cytoplasmic signaling sequence) and costimulatory components.
[0181] In some aspects, the transmembrane region contains a transmembrane portion of CD28. The extracellular binding domain and transmembrane can be linked directly or indirectly. In some embodiments, the extracellular binding domain and transmembrane are linked by a spacer, such as any described herein. In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor contains an intracellular domain of a T cell costimulatory domain, such as between the transmembrane region and intracellular signaling domain. In some aspects, the T cell costimulatory domain is 4-1BB.
[0182] In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling region comprises a CD28 transmembrane and signaling domain linked to a CD3 (e.g., CD3ζ) intracellular domain. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises a chimeric CD28 and 4-1BB (CD137; TNFRSF9) co-stimulatory domains, linked to a CD3 ζ intracellular domain.
[0183] In some embodiments, the CAR encompasses one or more, e.g., two or more, costimulatory domains and a stimulatory or an activation domain, e.g., primary activation domain, in the cytoplasmic portion. Exemplary CARs include intracellular components of CD3ζand 4-IBB. In some embodiments, an intracellular domain of a CAR can comprise two co-stimulatory signaling domains. Such a co-stimulatory signaling domain can provide increased activation of an immune effector cell. A co-stimulatory signaling domain can be derived from a CD28 polypeptide, a 4-1BB polypeptide, an OX40 polypeptide, an ICOS polypeptide, a DAP10 polypeptide, a 2B4 polypeptide, a CD27 polypeptide, a CD30 polypeptide, a CD40 polypeptide and the like. CARs comprising an intracellular domain that comprises a co-stimulatory signaling region comprising 4-1BB, ICOS or DAP-10 have been described previously (see U.S. 7,446,190, which is incorporated herein by reference, which also describes representative sequences for 4-1BB, ICOS and DAP-10) . In some embodiments, the intracellular domain of a CAR can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling region that comprises two co-stimulatory receptors, such as CD28 and 4-1BB (see Sadelain et al., Cancer Discov. 3 (4) : 388-398 (2013) ) , or CD28 and OX40, or other combinations of co-stimulatory ligands, as disclosed herein.
[0184] Exemplary signaling domains are described below in more detail.
[0185] CD3ζ. In a non-limiting embodiment, a CAR can comprise a signaling domain derived from a CD3ζ polypeptide, for example, a signaling domain derived from the intracellular domain of CD3ζ, which can activate or stimulate an immune effector cell, for example, a T cell. CD3ζcomprises 3 Immune-receptor-Tyrosine-based-Activation-Motifs (ITAMs) , and transmits an activation signal to the cell, for example, a cell of the lymphoid lineage such as a T cell, after antigen is bound. A CD3ζ polypeptide can have an amino acid sequence corresponding to the sequence having GenBank No. NP_932170 (NP_932170.1, GI: 37595565) , or fragments thereof. In one embodiment, the CD3ζ polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of amino acids 52 to 164 of the CD3ζ polypeptide sequence provided below, or a fragment thereof that is sufficient for signaling activity. An exemplary CAR has an intracellular domain comprising a CD3ζpolypeptide comprising amino acids 52 to 164 of the CD3ζ polypeptide sequence provided below. Another exemplary CAR has an intracellular domain comprising a CD3ζ polypeptide comprising amino acids 52 to 164 of the CD3ζ polypeptide provided below. Still another exemplary CAR has an intracellular domain comprising a CD3ζ polypeptide comprising amino acids 52 to 164 of the CD3ζ polypeptide provided below. See GenBank NP_932170 for reference to domains within CD3ζ, for example, signal peptide, amino acids 1 to 21; extracellular domain, amino acids 22 to 30; transmembrane domain, amino acids 31 to 51; intracellular domain, amino acids 52 to 164.
[0186] CD28. Cluster of Differentiation 28 (CD28) is a protein expressed on T cells that provides co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation and survival. CD28 is the receptor for CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) proteins. In one embodiment, a CAR can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain derived from CD28. For example, as disclosed herein, a CAR can include at least a portion of an intracellular / cytoplasmic domain of CD28, for example an intracellular / cytoplasmic domain that can function as a co-stimulatory signaling domain. A CD28 polypeptide can have an amino acid sequence corresponding to the sequence having GenBank No. P10747 (P10747.1, GI: 115973) or NP_006130 (NP_006130.1, GI: 5453611) , or fragments thereof. If desired, CD28 sequences additional to the intracellular domain can be included in a CAR of the invention. For example, a CAR can comprise the transmembrane of a CD28 polypeptide. In one embodiment, a CAR can have an amino acid sequence comprising the intracellular domain of CD28 corresponding to amino acids 180 to 220 of CD28, or a fragment thereof. In another embodiment, a CAR can have an amino acid sequence comprising the transmembrane domain of CD28 corresponding to amino acids 153 to 179, or a fragment thereof. An exemplary CAR can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain corresponding to an intracellular domain of CD28. An exemplary CAR can also comprise a transmembrane domain derived from CD28. Thus, an exemplary CAR can comprise two domains from CD28, a co-stimulatory signaling domain and a transmembrane domain. In one embodiment, a CAR has an amino acid sequence comprising the transmembrane domain and the intracellular domain of CD28 and comprises amino acids 153 to 220 of CD28. In another embodiment, a CAR comprises amino acids 117 to 220 of CD28. In one embodiment, a CAR can comprise a transmembrane domain derived from a CD28 polypeptide comprising amino acids 153 to 179 of the CD28 polypeptide. See GenBank NP_006130 for reference to domains within CD28, for example, signal peptide, amino acids 1 to 18; extracellular domain, amino acids 19 to 152; transmembrane domain, amino acids 153 to 179; intracellular domain, amino acids 180 to 220. It is understood that sequences of CD28 that are shorter or longer than a specific delineated domain can be included in a CAR, if desired.
[0187] 4-1BB. 4-1BB, also referred to as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9, can act as a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and have stimulatory activity. In one embodiment, a CAR can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain derived from 4-1BB. A 4-1BB polypeptide can have an amino acid sequence corresponding to the sequence having GenBank No. P41273 (P41273.1, GI: 728739) or NP_001552 (NP_001552.2, GI: 5730095) or fragments thereof. In one embodiment, a CAR can have a co-stimulatory domain comprising the intracellular domain of 4-1BB corresponding to amino acids 214 to 255, or a fragment thereof. In another embodiment, a CAR can have a transmembrane domain of 4-1BB corresponding to amino acids 187 to 213, or a fragment thereof. An exemplary CAR has an intracellular domain comprising a 4-1BB polypeptide (for example, amino acids 214 to 255 of NP_001552) . See GenBank NP_001552 for reference to domains within 4-1BB, for example, signal peptide, amino acids 1 to 17; extracellular domain, amino acids 18 to 186; transmembrane domain, amino acids 187 to 213; intracellular domain, amino acids 214 to 255. It is understood that sequences of 4-1BB that are shorter or longer than a specific delineated domain can be included in a CAR, if desired. It is also understood that a “4-1BB polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide encoding a 4-1BB polypeptide.
[0188] CD8. Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR) . CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule and is specific for the class I MHC protein. In one embodiment, a CAR can comprise a transmembrane domain derived from CD8. A CD8 polypeptide can have an amino acid sequence corresponding to the sequence having GenBank No. NP_001139345.1 (GI: 225007536) , as provided below, or fragments thereof. In one embodiment, a CAR can have an amino acid sequence comprising the transmembrane domain of CD8 corresponding to amino acids 183 to 203, or fragments thereof. In one embodiment, an exemplary CAR has a transmembrane domain derived from a CD8 polypeptide. In one non-limiting embodiment, a CAR can comprise a transmembrane domain derived from a CD8 polypeptide comprising amino acids 183 to 203. In addition, a CAR can comprise a hinge domain comprising amino acids 137-182 of the CD8 polypeptide provided below. In another embodiment, a CAR can comprise amino acids 137-203 of the CD8 polypeptide provided below. In yet another embodiment, a CAR can comprise amino acids 137 to 209 of the CD8 polypeptide provided below. See GenBank NP_001139345.1 for reference to domains within CD8, for example, signal peptide, amino acids 1 to 21; extracellular domain, amino acids 22 to 182; transmembrane domain amino acids, 183 to 203; intracellular domain, amino acids 204 to 235. It is understood that additional sequence of CD8 beyond the transmembrane domain of amino acids 183 to 203 can be included in a CAR, if desired. It is further understood that sequences of CD8 that are shorter or longer than a specific delineated domain can be included in a CAR, if desired. It also is understood that a “CD8 polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide encoding a CD8 polypeptide.
[0189] In addition to T cells, CAR can be engineered into other types of immune effector cells, such as NK cells, NKT cells, macrophages, or granulocytes. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is a NK cell. CARs provided herein can retarget NK cells to certain surface antigens (see e.g., Hu et al. Acta Pharmacol Sin 39, 167–176 (2018) ) . CAR-NK cells can use the first generation of CAR constructs that contain CD3ζ as an intracellular signaling domain or the second generation of CAR constructs that express a second signaling domain (e.g., CD28, 4-1BB) in conjunction with CD3ζ. In general, the second generation of CARs in NK cells is more active than first-generation CARs. In some embodiments, CAR constructs are based on the activating features of NK cells. For example, DNAX-activation protein 12 (DAP12) is known to activate signaling for NK cells.7.2.4 Spacer
[0190] In certain non-limiting embodiments, a CAR can also comprise a spacer region (in some cases also called a spacer domain) or sequence that links the domains of the CAR to each other. For example, a spacer can be included between a signal peptide and an antigen binding domain, between the antigen binding domain and the transmembrane domain, between the transmembrane domain and the intracellular domain, and / or between domains within the intracellular domain, for example, between a stimulatory domain and a co-stimulatory domain. The spacer region can be flexible enough to allow interactions of various domains with other polypeptides, for example, to allow the antigen binding domain to have flexibility in orientation in order to facilitate antigen recognition.
[0191] In some embodiments, the spacer region can be the hinge region from an IgG, the CH2CH3 (constant) region of an immunoglobulin, and / or portions of CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) or some other sequence suitable as a spacer. In some embodiments, the spacer is or includes at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region or variant or modified version thereof. In some embodiments, the portion of the immunoglobulin constant region includes a hinge region, e.g., an IgG4 hinge region, and / or a CHI, CH2 or CH3 and / or Fc region. In some embodiments, the constant region or portion is of a human IgG, such as IgG4 or IgG1. In some embodiments, the spacer is or includes at least a portion of human CD4, CD8, or CD28 proteins. In some embodiments, the spacer is or includes a hinge region from CD4, CD8, or CD28 extracellular domains. In some embodiments, the spacer is or includes a hinge region of CD8, CD28, IgG1, or IgG4.
[0192] In some embodiments, the length of the spacer is adjusted to optimize the biophysical synapse distance between the CAR-expressing cell and the target of the CAR, such as a CAR-expressing T-cell, and the target of the CAR. In some embodiments, the CAR is expressed by a T cell, and the length of the spacer is adjusted to a length that is compatible for T cell activation or to optimize CAR T-cell performance.
[0193] In some embodiments, the spacer can be of a length that provides for increased responsiveness of the cell following antigen binding, as compared to in the absence of the spacer or as compared to an alternative spacer of a different length (e.g. longer in length) . In some examples, the spacer is at or about 12 to 15 amino acids in length. In some examples, the spacer is at or about 220 to 240 amino acids in length.
[0194] Exemplary spacers include an IgG hinge alone, an IgG hinge linked to one or more of a CH2 and CH3 domain, IgG hinge linked to the CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the spacer includes an IgG hinge alone. In some embodiments, the IgG hinge, CH2 and / or CH3 can be derived all or in part from IgG4 or IgG2, such as all or in part from human IgG4 or human IgG2. In some embodiments, the spacer can be a chimeric polypeptide containing one or more of a hinge, CH2 and / or CH3 sequence (s) derived from IgG4, IgG2, and / or IgG2 and IgG4.
[0195] Additional exemplary spacers include, but are not limited to, those described in Hudecek et al. (2013) Clin. Cancer Res., 19: 3153, Hudecek et al. (2015) Cancer Immunol. Res., 3 (2) : 125-135, or WO2014031687. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the spacer is optimized to reduce RNA heterogeneity upon expression. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the spacer is optimized to reduce cryptic splice sites or reduce the likelihood of a splice event at a splice site.
[0196] In some embodiments, the CARs provided herein further comprise a spacer between the extracellular region and the transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the spacer comprises a hinge region of CD8, CD28, IgG1, or IgG4. In some embodiments, the spacer comprises a CD8 hinge domain.7.2.5 Exemplary CARs
[0197] Provided herein are CARs targeting uPAR. Sequences of exemplary CARs are provided in Table 4. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, or an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 85%, at or about 86%, at or about 87%, at or about 88%, at or about 89%, at or about 90%, at or about 91%, at or about 92%, at or about 93%, at or about 94%, at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at or about 97%, at or about 98%or at or about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0198] Provided herein are CARs targeting uPAR. Sequences of exemplary CARs are provided in Table 5. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, or an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 85%, at or about 86%, at or about 87%, at or about 88%, at or about 89%, at or about 90%, at or about 91%, at or about 92%, at or about 93%, at or about 94%, at or about 95%, at or about 96%, at or about 97%, at or about 98%or at or about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the CAR targeting uPAR has an amino acid sequence that is at least at or about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30.7.3 POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND VECTORS
[0199] Also provided herein are polynucleotides that encode a polypeptide (e.g., a CAR that specifically targets uPAR) described herein. The term “polynucleotide that encode a polypeptide” encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequences for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and / or non-coding sequences. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA. DNA can be cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA, and can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single stranded DNA can be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be mRNA.
[0200] In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding CARs that specifically binds uPAR, comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus: (a) an extracellular region comprising a uPAR-binding domain, (b) a transmembrane domain, and (c) an intracellular region comprising a cytoplasmic domain. The transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains can be any transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains disclosed herein. For illustrative purposes, provided herein are, for example, polynucleotides that encode the CARs that specifically binds uPAR, comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus: (a) a uPAR-binding domain comprising an anti-uPAR scFv provided herein (e.g., AB4 or AB20) , (b) a transmembrane domain comprising the CD28 transmembrane region, and (c) a cytoplasmic domain comprising a CD3ζ signaling domain and a CD28 co-stimulatory domain. The polynucleotides can be in the form of DNA. The polynucleotides can be in the form of mRNA.
[0201] As used herein, the phrase “apolynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least about 95%identical to a polynucleotide sequence” means that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to a reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence can include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95%identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5%of the nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5%of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence. These mutations of the reference sequence can occur at the 5’ or 3’ terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
[0202] The polynucleotide variants can contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant contains alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but does not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises silent substitutions that results in no change to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (due to the degeneracy of the genetic code) . Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, for example, to optimize codon expression for a particular host (e.g., change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a bacterial host such as E. coli) . In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises at least one silent mutation in a non-coding or a coding region of the sequence.
[0203] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to modulate or alter expression (or expression levels) of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to increase expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to decrease expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has increased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has decreased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence.
[0204] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., a CAR or an antibody) fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide which aids in expression and secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell (e.g., a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide) . The polypeptide can have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form a “mature” form of the polypeptide.
[0205] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., a CAR) fused in the same reading frame to a marker or tag sequence. For example, in some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hexa-histidine tag (HIS-tag) that allows for efficient purification of the polypeptide fused to the marker. In some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hemagglutinin (HA) tag derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein when a mammalian host (e.g., COS-7 cells) is used. In some embodiments, the marker sequence is a FLAGTM tag. In some embodiments, a marker can be used in conjunction with other markers or tags.
[0206] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is isolated. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is substantially pure.
[0207] Vectors and cells comprising the polynucleotides described herein are also provided. In some embodiments, provided herein are vectors comprising a polynucleotide provided herein. The vectors can be expression vectors. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding a uPAR-targeting CAR described herein. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide that is part of a uPAR-targeting CAR described herein. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding a CAR described herein. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide that is part of a CAR described herein.
[0208] In some embodiments, provided herein are recombinant expression vectors, which can be used to amplify and express a polynucleotide encoding a CAR described herein that specifically binds uPAR. For example, a recombinant expression vector can be a replicable DNA construct that includes synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding a CAR, operatively linked to suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. In some embodiments, a viral vector is used. DNA regions are “operatively linked” when they are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. In some embodiments, structural elements intended for use in certain expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. In some embodiments, in situations where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, a polypeptide can include an N-terminal methionine residue.
[0209] A wide variety of expression host / vector combinations can be employed. Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, and wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and other filamentous single-stranded DNA phages.
[0210] In some embodiments, a CAR described herein is expressed from one or more vectors. Suitable host cells for expression include prokaryotes, yeast cells, insect cells, or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts, as well as methods of protein production, including antibody production are well-known in the art.
[0211] Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art.
[0212] The present disclosure also provides host cells comprising the polypeptides described herein, polynucleotides encoding polypeptides described herein, or vectors comprising such polynucleotides. In some embodiments, provided herein are host cells comprising a vector comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein comprise a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a uPAR-targeting CAR described herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein comprise a vector comprising a polynucleotide molecule encoding a polypeptide that is part of a uPAR-targeting CAR described herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding a uPAR-targeting CAR described herein. In some embodiments, the host cells produce the uPAR-targeting CAR described herein.7.4 CELLS
[0213] Provided herein are cells comprising the polynucleotides disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are cells comprising a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are cells comprising a vector having a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are cells recombinantly expressing a uPAR CAR disclosed herein.
[0214] In some embodiments, cells provided herein are immune effector cells. In some embodiments, the immune effector cells are selected from the group consisting of T cells, B cell, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and dendritic cells. In some embodiments, the immune effector cell provided herein is a T cell. In some embodiments, the immune effector cell provided herein is an NK cell. In some embodiments, the immune effector cell provided herein is an NKT cell. In some embodiments, the immune effector cell provided herein is a dendritic cell.
[0215] In some embodiments, the immune effector cells provided herein can be genetically engineered. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered immune effector cells provided herein are isolated. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered immune effector cells provided herein are substantially pure.
[0216] As such, in some embodiments, provided herein are immune effector cells recombinantly expressing a uPAR CAR disclosed herein. Provided herein are also immune effector cells (e.g., T cells) comprising a polynucleotide encoding a uPAR CAR disclosed herein, or a vector having a polynucleotide disclosed herein.
[0217] In some embodiments, the immune effector cell provided herein is a T cell. The T cell can be a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, or a gamma delta T, a CD4+ / CD8+ double positive T cell, a CD4+ T cell, a CD8+ T cell, a CD4 / CD8 double negative T cell, a CD3+ T cell, a naive T cell, an effector T cell, a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, a memory T cell, a regulator T cell, a Th0 cell, a Th1 cell, a Th2 cell, a Th3 (Treg) cell, a Th9 cell, a Th17 cell, a Thαβ helper cell, a Tfh cell, a stem memory TSCM cell, a central memory TCM cell, an effector memory TEM cell, an effector memory TEMRA cell, or a gamma delta T cell. In some embodiments, the T cell is a cytotoxic T cell, a γδ T cell, a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) , or a NKT cell. In some embodiments, the T cell is a cytotoxic T cell. In some embodiments, the T cell is genetically engineered. In some embodiments, the T cells provided herein are isolated. In some embodiments, the T cells provided herein are substantially pure.
[0218] In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells isolated from a subject. As used herein, a genetically engineered cell that is “derived from” a source cell means that the genetically engineered cell is obtained by taking the source cell and genetically manipulating the source cell. The source cell can be from a natural source. For example, the source cell can be a primary cell isolated from a subject. The subject can be an animal or a human. The source cell can also be a cell that has undergone passages or genetically manipulation in vitro.
[0219] In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells isolated from a human. Immune effector cells (e.g., T cells) can be obtained from many sources, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells, bone marrow, lymph node tissue, cord blood, thymus tissue, tissue from a site of infection, ascites, pleural effusion, and spleen tissue. In certain embodiments, T cell lines available in the art can be used. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells isolated from peripheral blood. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells isolated from bone marrow. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) .
[0220] In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells differentiated in vitro from a stem or progenitor cell. In some embodiments, the stem or progenitor cell is selected from the group consisting of a T cell progenitor cell, a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell, a hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell, an embryonic stem cell, and an induced pluripotent cell. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells differentiated in vitro from a T cell progenitor cell. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells differentiated in vitro from a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells differentiated in vitro from a hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells differentiated in vitro from an embryonic stem cell. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells provided herein are derived from cells differentiated in vitro from an induced pluripotent cell.
[0221] In some embodiments, provided herein are a population of cells comprising a cell disclosed herein. The population of cells can be genetically engineered to recombinantly express a uPAR CAR disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are population of cells comprising a polynucleotide encoding a uPAR CAR disclosed herein, or a vector having a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%of the cells in the cell population disclosed herein express a uPAR CAR disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least 50%of the cells in the cell population disclosed herein express a uPAR CAR disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least 80%of the cells in the cell population disclosed herein express a uPAR CAR disclosed herein.
[0222] In some embodiments, the cells provided herein have specific cytotoxic activity against uPAR-expressing cells. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered immune effector cells provided herein have specific cytotoxic activity against uPAR-expressing cells. In some embodiments, the CAR T cells provided herein have specific cytotoxic activity against uPAR-expressing cells.7.5 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
[0223] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions comprising the cells disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polynucleotides encoding uPAR CAR disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the genetically engineered immune effector cells (e.g., CART cells targeting uPAR) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of genetically engineered cells disclosed herein (e.g., CART cells targeting uPAR) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0224] The pharmaceutical compositions comprising genetically engineered immune effector cells (e.g., T cells) disclosed herein can comprise a purified population of cells. Those skilled in the art can readily determine the percentage of cells in a cell population using various well-known methods, as described herein. The ranges of purity in cell populations comprising genetically engineered cells provided herein can be from about 20%to about 25%, from about 25%to about 30%, from about 30%to about 35%, from about 35%to about 40%, from about 40%to about 45%, from about 45%to about 50%, from about 55%to about 60%, from about 65%to about 70%, from about 70%to about 75%, from about 75%to about 80%, from about 80%to about 85%; from about 85%to about 90%, from about 90%to about 95%, or from about 95 to about 100%. In some embodiments, the ranges of purity in cell populations comprising immune effector cells provided herein can be from about 20%to about 30%, from about 20%to about 50%, from about 20%to about 80%, from about 20%to about 100%, from about 50%to about 80%, or from about 50%to about 100%. Dosages can be readily adjusted by those skilled in the art; for example, a decrease in purity may require an increase in dosage.
[0225] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that can be used in compositions provided herein include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. In some embodiments, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion) .
[0226] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions or formulations that improve the stability to allow for their long-term storage. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 5 years or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable when stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 40℃.
[0227] The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can further comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and / or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof. The use of preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th edition, 1995.
[0228] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous formulation. Such a formulation is typically a solution or a suspension, but can also include colloids, dispersions, emulsions, and multi-phase materials. The term “aqueous formulation” is defined as a formulation comprising at least 50%w / w water. Likewise, the term “aqueous solution” is defined as a solution comprising at least 50 %w / w water, and the term “aqueous suspension” is defined as a suspension comprising at least 50 %w / w water.
[0229] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are freeze-dried, to which the physician or the patient adds solvents and / or diluents prior to use.
[0230] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein is contemplated. A pharmaceutical composition or formulation can comprise a preservative or can be devoid of a preservative. Supplementary active compounds can be incorporated into the compositions.
[0231] The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed herein can vary. In some embodiments, the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material is the amount that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.01 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, from about 0.1 percent to about 70 percent, or from about 1 percent to about 30 percent of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0232] Provided herein are also kits for preparation of immune effector cells (e.g., T cells) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the kits comprise one or more vectors for generating a genetically engineered cell, such as a T cell, that specifically targets uPAR. The kits can be used to generate genetically engineered immune effector cells (e.g., T cells) from autologous or non-autologous cells to be administered to a compatible subject. In another embodiment, the kits can comprise immune effector cells disclosed herein for administration to a subject. In specific embodiments, the kits comprise the immune effector cells disclosed herein in one or more containers. In specific embodiments, the kits comprise instructions regarding the preparation and / or administration of the immune effector cells.
[0233] A pharmaceutical composition provided herein can also be provided as an article of manufacture using packaging materials well known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,525,907; 5,052,558; and 5,055,252. Examples of pharmaceutical packaging materials include, but are not limited to, blister packs, bottles, tubes, inhalers, pumps, bags, vials, containers, syringes, and any packaging material suitable for a selected formulation and intended mode of administration and treatment.
[0234] In certain embodiments, provided herein is a kit which, when used by a medical practitioner, can simplify the administration of an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutical composition provided herein as an active ingredient to a subject. In certain embodiments, the kit provided herein includes a container and a dosage form of a pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
[0235] Kits provided herein can further include devices that are used to administer the active ingredients. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, syringes, needle-less injectors drip bags, patches, and inhalers. The kits provided herein can also include condoms for administration of the active ingredients.
[0236] Kits provided herein can further include pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles that can be used to administer one or more active ingredients. For example, if an active ingredient is provided in a solid form that must be reconstituted for parenteral administration, the kit can comprise a sealed container of a suitable vehicle in which the active ingredient can be dissolved to form a particulate-free sterile solution that is suitable for parenteral administration. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles include, but are not limited to: aqueous vehicles, including, but not limited to, water for injection USP, sodium chloride injection, Ringer’s injection, dextrose injection, dextrose and sodium chloride injection, and lactated Ringer’s injection; water-miscible vehicles, including, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol; and non-aqueous vehicles, including, but not limited to, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.7.6 METHODS AND USES
[0237] The present disclosure also provides methods of uses of the uPAR CARs, polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding such uPAR CARs, vectors comprising such polynucleotides, uPAR CAR-expressing cells or pharmaceutical compositions having such vectors or cells disclosed herein in treating a disease or disorder. Without being bound by theory, the uPAR CAR-expressing cells disclosed herein can specifically target uPAR expressing cells in vivo, thereby delivering their therapeutic effect of eliminating, lysing and / or killing such cells. In some embodiments, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of the polynucleotides encoding the uPAR CARs disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of uPAR CAR-expressing immune effector cells disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. In one embodiment, the methods can include administering a therapeutically effective amount of uPAR CARTs disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof.
[0238] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs disclosed herein in the treatment of a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder.
[0239] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the immune effector cells (e.g., uPAR CARTs) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the immune effector cells disclosed herein (e.g., uPAR CARTs) in treatment of a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the immune effector cells (e.g., uPAR CARTs) provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, a population of cells comprising the immune effector cell disclosed herein is used in the treatment. The population of cells can be homogenous.
[0240] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in treatment of a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical composition provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder.
[0241] Diseases that can be treated using the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding such uPAR CARs, the immune effector cells, or the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein include any disease or disorder associated with uPAR, and any disease or disorder in which uPAR is specifically expressed and / or in which uPAR has been targeted for treatment (collectively “uPAR-associated diseases or disorders” ) . In some embodiments, the uPAR-associated disease or disorder is an autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease.
[0242] Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own healthy tissues, mistaking them for foreign invaders such as viruses or bacteria. This abnormal immune response leads to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and functional impairment in the affected organs or systems. Autoimmune diseases can affect a wide range of tissues, including joints, skin, and internal organs, depending on the specific condition. These diseases are often characterized by periods of flares, where symptoms worsen, and remissions, where symptoms decrease.
[0243] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type an autoimmune disease. RA primarily affects the joints, causing chronic inflammation that leads to pain, swelling, and eventual destruction of the cartilage and bone within the joint. In RA, the immune system targets the synovium, the lining of the membranes that surround the joints, leading to thickening of this tissue and subsequent joint deformities. Beyond joint damage, RA can also cause systemic effects, including fatigue, cardiovascular issues, and lung inflammation, significantly impairing a patient’s quality of life.
[0244] The standard treatment for RA aims to reduce inflammation, manage symptoms, and slow disease progression. First-line treatments often include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. In more advanced cases, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are prescribed to slow disease progression and prevent joint damage. Biologic DMARDs, which target specific components of the immune system (such as TNF-alpha inhibitors) , are also commonly used when traditional DMARDs are ineffective. Corticosteroids may be administered for short-term relief of acute symptoms. While these treatments help manage symptoms and slow progression, many patients continue to experience disease flares, highlighting the need for more effective and targeted therapies.
[0245] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs disclosed herein in the treatment of an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) . In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) .
[0246] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the immune effector cells (e.g., uPAR CARTs) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the immune effector cells disclosed herein (e.g., uPAR CARTs) in treatment of an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) . In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the immune effector cells (e.g., uPAR CARTs) provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) . In some embodiments, a population of cells comprising the immune effector cell disclosed herein is used in the treatment. The population of cells can be homogenous. The population of cells can be heterogenous.
[0247] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in treatment of an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) . In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical composition provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) .
[0248] In the methods disclosed herein, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-uPAR antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, cells or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is administered to a subject in need of the treatment. The subject can be a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject had an inadequate response to a standard treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (e.g., DMARDs) .
[0249] Inflammatory diseases are conditions where chronic inflammation leads to tissue damage and scarring, impairing the normal function of affected organs. Inflammation is a natural immune response to injury or infection, but when it becomes persistent, it can disrupt normal tissue repair processes, resulting in long-term damage. The continuous cycle of inflammation and healing can lead to excessive scar tissue formation, or fibrosis, which can impair organ function and lead to severe complications.
[0250] Liver fibrosis is a type of inflammatory diseases. It is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, as a result of chronic liver injury and inflammation. The primary cause of liver fibrosis is persistent liver inflammation, often due to viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In liver fibrosis, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) produce large amounts of collagen and other fibrotic materials, leading to the stiffening and scarring of liver tissue. Over time, liver fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis, where the liver's structure is severely altered, leading to impaired liver function and the potential development of liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma.
[0251] Standard treatment for liver fibrosis focuses on addressing the underlying cause of liver inflammation to halt the progression of fibrosis and prevent further liver damage. For example, antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat hepatitis infections, or lifestyle changes such as alcohol cessation and weight loss may be recommended for conditions like alcohol-related liver disease or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In some cases, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic therapies, including corticosteroids or angiotensin receptor blockers, may be used to directly target inflammation and reduce fibrotic activity. However, there is currently no widely accepted, targeted antifibrotic therapy, and liver fibrosis often continues to progress despite these interventions, highlighting the need for more effective treatments.
[0252] In some embodiments, the uPAR-associated disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the uPAR-associated disease or disorder is liver fibrosis.
[0253] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs disclosed herein in the treatment of an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) . In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding the uPAR CARs provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) .
[0254] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the immune effector cells (e.g., uPAR CARTs) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the immune effector cells disclosed herein (e.g., uPAR CARTs) in treatment of an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) . In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the immune effector cells (e.g., uPAR CARTs) provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) . In some embodiments, a population of cells comprising the immune effector cell disclosed herein is used in the treatment. The population of cells can be homogenous. The population of cells can be heterogenous.
[0255] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in treatment of an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) . In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical composition provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease (e.g., liver fibrosis) .
[0256] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions described herein, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and / or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
[0257] The polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) encoding uPAR CAR disclosed herein, immune effector cells, and pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered to a subject by any methods known in the art, including, but not limited to, pleural administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, intranodal administration, intramuscular administration, intradermal administration, intrathecal administration, intrapleural administration, intraperitoneal administration, intracranial administration, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion, or direct administration to the thymus. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrastemal injection and infusion. In some embodiments, subcutaneous administration is adopted. In some embodiments, intravenous administration is adopted. In some embodiments, oral administration is adopted. The cells can be introduced by injection or catheter. In one embodiment, the cells are pleurally administered to the subject in need, for example, using an intrapleural catheter. Optionally, expansion and / or differentiation agents can be administered to the subject prior to, during or after administration of cells to increase production of the cells provided herein in vivo.
[0258] Proliferation of the cells provided herein is generally done ex vivo, prior to administration to a subject, and can be desirable in vivo after administration to a subject (see Kaiser et al., Cancer Gene Therapy 22: 72-78 (2015) ) . Cell proliferation should be accompanied by cell survival to permit cell expansion and persistence, such as with T cells.
[0259] In some embodiments, the cell therapy, e.g., adoptive cell therapy, e.g., adoptive T cell therapy, is carried out by autologous transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from the subject who is to receive the cell therapy, or from a sample derived from such a subject. Thus, in some embodiments, the cells are derived from a subject, e.g., patient, in need of a treatment and the cells, following isolation and processing are administered to the same subject.
[0260] In some embodiments, the cell therapy, e.g., adoptive cell therapy, e.g., adoptive T cell therapy, is carried out by allogeneic transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from a subject other than a subject who is to receive or who ultimately receives the cell therapy, e.g., a first subject. In such embodiments, the cells then are administered to a different subject, e.g., a second subject, of the same species. In some embodiments, the first and second subjects are genetically identical. In some embodiments, the first and second subjects are genetically similar. In some embodiments, the second subject expresses the same HLA class or supertype as the first subject.
[0261] Combination therapy using agents with different mechanisms of action can result in additive or synergetic effects. Combination therapy can allow for a lower dose of each agent than is used in monotherapy, thereby reducing toxic side effects and / or increasing the therapeutic index of the agent disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the additional therapy results in an increase in the therapeutic index of the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) , cells or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the additional therapy results in a decrease in the toxicity and / or side effects of the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) , cells or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides (e.g., RNAs) , cells, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered in combination with an additional therapy. In some embodiments, the additional therapy can be a standard therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. In some embodiments, the additional therapy can be a standard therapy for liver fibrosis
[0262] The additional therapy can be administered prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to administration of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein. Combined administration can include co-administration, either in a single pharmaceutical formulation or using separate formulations, or consecutive administration in either order but generally within a time period such that all active agents can exert their biological activities simultaneously. A person skilled in the art can readily determine appropriate regimens for administering a pharmaceutical composition described herein and an additional therapy in combination, including the timing and dosing of an additional agent to be used in a combination therapy, based on the needs of the subject being treated.7.7 METHODS OF PRODUCTION
[0263] With respect to generating cells recombinantly expressing a uPAR CAR disclosed herein, one or more polynucleotides encoding the uPAR CAR is introduced into the target cell using a suitable expression vector. The target immune effector cells (e.g., T cells) are transferred with one or more polynucleotides encoding a uPAR CAR.
[0264] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of genetically engineering an immune effector cell by transferring a polynucleotide provided herein into the cell using a non-viral delivery system. The uPAR CAR encoding polynucleotide can be an RNA. Physical methods for introducing a polynucleotide into a host cell include calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, particle bombardment, microinjection, electroporation, and the like. In some embodiments, RNA electroporation can be used (Van Driessche et al. Folia histochemica et cytobiologica 43: 4 213-216 (2005) ) . The methods can further include preparing the RNA by in vitro transcribing the polynucleotides described herein.
[0265] In some embodiments, DNA transfection and transposon can be used. In some embodiments, the Sleeping Beauty system or PiggyBac system is used (e.g., Ivics et al., Cell, 91 (4): 501-510 (1997) ; et al. (2007) Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (12) : e87) . Chemical means for introducing a polynucleotide into a host cell include colloidal dispersion systems, such as macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. An exemplary colloidal system for use as a delivery vehicle in vitro and in vivo is a liposome (e.g., an artificial membrane vesicle) .
[0266] For example, a polynucleotide encoding a uPAR CAR disclosed herein can be cloned into a suitable vector, and introduced into the target cell using well known molecular biology techniques (see Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, MD (1999) ) . Any vector suitable for expression in a cell, particularly a human cell, can be used. The vectors contain suitable expression elements such as promoters that provide for expression of the encoded nucleic acids in the target cell.
[0267] The use of retroviral vectors for expression in T cells or other immune effector cells, including engineered T cells, has been described (see Scholler et al., Sci. Transl. Med. 4: 132-153 (2012; Parente-Pereira et al., J. Biol. Methods 1 (2) : e7 (1-9) (2014) ; Lamers et al., Blood 117(1) : 72-82 (2011) ; Reviere et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 6733-6737 (1995) ) . In some embodiments, the vector is a gamma retroviral vector. In one embodiment, the vector is an SGF retroviral vector such as an SGF γ-retroviral vector, which is Moloney murine leukemia-based retroviral vector. SGF vectors have been described previously (see, for example, Wang et al., Gene Therapy 15: 1454-1459 (2008) ) . In the case of a retroviral vector, cells can optionally be activated to increase transduction efficiency (see Parente-Pereira et al., J. Biol. Methods 1 (2) e7 (doi 10.14440 / jbm. 2014.30) (2014) ; Movassagh et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 11: 1189-1200 (2000) ; Rettig et al., Mol. Ther. 8: 29-41 (2003) ; Agarwal et al., J. Virol. 72: 3720-3728 (1998) ; Pollok et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 10: 2221-2236 (1998) ; Quinn et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 9: 1457-1467 (1998) ; see also commercially available methods such as DynabeadsTM human T cell activator products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) . It is understood that any suitable viral vector or non-viral delivery system can be used. Combinations of a retroviral vector and an appropriate packaging line are also suitable, where the capsid proteins will be functional for infecting human cells. Various amphotropic virus-producing cell lines are known, including, but not limited to, PA12 (Miller et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 5: 431-437 (1985) ) ; PA317 (Miller et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 6: 2895-2902 (1986) ) ; and CRIP (Danos et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 6460-6464 (1988) ) . Non-amphotropic particles are suitable too, for example, particles pseudotyped with VSVG, RD114 or GALV envelope and any other known in the art (Relander et al., Mol. Therap. 11: 452-459 (2005) ) . Possible methods of transduction also include direct co-culture of the cells with producer cells (for example, Bregni et al., Blood 80: 1418-1422 (1992) ) , or culturing with viral supernatant alone or concentrated vector stocks with or without appropriate growth factors and polycations (see, for example, Xu et al., Exp. Hemat. 22: 223-230 (1994) ; Hughes, et al. J. Clin. Invest. 89: 1817-1824 (1992) ) .
[0268] Other viral vectors that can be used include, for example, adenoviral, lentiviral, and adeno-associated viral vectors, vaccinia virus, a bovine papilloma virus derived vector, or a herpes virus, such as Epstein-Barr Virus (see, for example, Miller, Hum. Gene Ther. 1 (1) : 5-14 (1990) ; Friedman, Science 244: 1275-1281 (1989) ; Eglitis et al., BioTechniques 6: 608-614 (1988) ; Tolstoshev et al., Current Opin. Biotechnol. 1: 55-61 (1990) ; Sharp, Lancet 337: 1277-1278 (1991) ; Cornetta et al., Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 36: 311-322 (1989) ; Anderson, Science 226: 401-409 (1984) ; Moen, Blood Cells 17: 407-416 (1991) ; Miller et al., Biotechnology 7: 980-990 (1989) ; Le Gal La Salle et al., Science 259: 988-990 (1993) ; and Johnson, Chest 107: 77S-83S (1995) ) . Retroviral vectors are particularly well developed and have been used in clinical settings (Rosenberg et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 323: 370 (1990) ; Anderson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346) . Generally, the chosen vector exhibits high efficiency of infection and stable expression (see, for example, Cayouette et al., Human Gene Therapy 8: 423-430 (1997) ; Kido et al., Current Eye Research 15: 833-844 (1996) ; Bloomer et al., J. Virol. 71: 6641-6649 (1997) ; Naldini et al., Science 272: 263-267 (1996) ; and Miyoshi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 10319-10323 (1997) ) .
[0269] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of genetically engineering an immune effector cell by transferring a polynucleotide provided herein into the cell using gene-editing. If desired, targeted integration can be implemented using technologies such as a nuclease, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) , Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) , clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) , homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining, microhomology-mediated end joining, homology-mediated end joining and the like (Gersbach et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 39: 7868-7878 (2011) ; Vasileva, et al. Cell Death Dis. 6: e1831. (Jul 23 2015) ; Sontheimer, Hum. Gene Ther. 26 (7) : 413-424 (2015) ; Yao et al. Cell Research volume 27, 801-814 (2017) ) . In some embodiments, methods provided herein use a CRISPR-Cas system. The CRISPR-Cas system can be a CRISPR-Cas9 system. C
[0270] The vectors and constructs can optionally be designed to include a reporter. For example, the vector can be designed to express a reporter protein, which can be useful to identify cells comprising the vector or polynucleotides provided on the vector, such as polynucleotides that have integrated into the host chromosome. In one embodiment, the reporter can be expressed as a bicistronic or multicistronic expression construct with the anti-uPAR antibody or antigen-binding fragment or the uPAR CAR. Exemplary reporter proteins include, but are not limited to, fluorescent proteins, such as mCherry, green fluorescent protein (GFP) , blue fluorescent protein, for example, EBFP, EBFP2, Azurite, and mKalama1, cyan fluorescent protein, for example, ECFP, Cerulean, and CyPet, and yellow fluorescent protein, for example, YFP, Citrine, Venus, and YPet.
[0271] Assays can be used to determine the transduction efficiency using routine molecular biology techniques. If a marker has been included in the construct, such as a fluorescent protein, gene transfer efficiency can be monitored by FACS analysis to quantify the fraction of transduced (for example, GFP+) immune effector cells, such as T cells, and / or by quantitative PCR. Using a well-established cocultivation system (Gade et al., Cancer Res. 65: 9080-9088 (2005) ; Gong et al., Neoplasia 1: 123-127 (1999) ; Latouche et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 405-409 (2000) ) it can be determined whether fibroblast AAPCs expressing target antigen (vs. controls) direct cytokine release from transduced immune effector cells, such as T cells, expressing a CAR (cell supernatant LUMINEX (Austin TX) assay for IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF) , T cell proliferation (by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling) , and T cell survival (by Annexin V staining) . The influence of CD80 and / or 4-1BBL on T cell survival, proliferation, and efficacy can be evaluated. T cells can be exposed to repeated stimulation by uPAR positive target cells, and it can be determined whether T cell proliferation and cytokine response remain similar or diminished with repeated stimulation. The uPAR CAR constructs can be compared side by side under equivalent assay conditions. Cytotoxicity assays with multiple E: T ratios can be conducted using chromium-release assays.
[0272] Combinations and permutations of various methods described herein or otherwise known in the art are expressly contemplated to prepare the genetically engineered cells disclosed herein.
[0273] Immune effector cells provided herein can be obtained from a subject. Sources for the immune effector cells provided herein include, but are not limited to, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, or other sources of hematopoietic cells. Immune effector cells (e.g., T cells) can be obtained from a number of sources, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells, bone marrow, lymph node tissue, cord blood, thymus tissue, tissue from a site of infection, ascites, pleural effusion, and spleen tissue. In certain embodiments, cell lines available in the art can be used. Immune effector cells provided herein can be isolated by methods well known in the art, including commercially available isolation methods (see, for example, Rowland-Jones et al., LYMPHOCYTES: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, Oxford University Press, New York (1999) ) . Various methods for isolating immune effector cells have been described previously, and can be used, including but not limited to, using peripheral donor lymphocytes (Sadelain et al., Nat. Rev. Cancer 3 : 35-45 (2003) ; Morgan et al., Science 314: 126-129 (2006) , and using selectively in v / Yro-expanded antigen-specific peripheral blood leukocytes employing artificial antigen-presenting cells (AAPCs) or dendritic cells (Dupont et al., Cancer Res. 65: 5417-5427 (2005) ; Papanicolaou et al., Blood 102: 2498-2505 (2003) ) .
[0274] In another embodiment, T cells are isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes by lysing the red blood cells and depleting the monocytes, for example, by centrifugation through a PERCOLLTM gradient or by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. A specific subpopulation of T cells, such as CD3+, CD28+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+, and CD45RO+T cells, can be further isolated by positive or negative selection techniques. Various techniques can be employed to separate the cells to enrich for desired immune effector cells. For instance, negative selection methods can be used to remove cells that are not the desired immune effector cells. Additionally, positive selection methods can be used to isolate or enrich for desired immune effector cells or precursor cells thereof, or a combination of positive and negative selection methods can be employed. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are particularly useful for identifying markers associated with particular cell lineages and / or stages of differentiation for both positive and negative selections. If a particular type of cell is to be isolated, for example, a particular type of T cell, various cell surface markers or combinations of markers, including but not limited to, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD34 (for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells) and the like, can be used to separate the cells, as is well known in the art (see Kearse, T CELL PROTOCOLS: DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVATION, Humana Press, Totowa NJ (2000) ; De Libero, T CELL PROTOCOLS, Vol. 514 of Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press, Totowa NJ (2009) ) . In some embodiments, enrichment of a T cell population by negative selection can be accomplished with a combination of antibodies directed to surface markers unique to the negatively selected cells. One method is cell sorting and / or selection via negative magnetic immunoadherence or flow cytometry that uses a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies directed to cell surface markers present on the cells negatively selected. For example, to enrich for CD4+ cells by negative selection, a monoclonal antibody cocktail typically includes antibodies to CD14, CD20, CD11b, CD16, HLA-DR, and CD8. In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to enrich for or positively select for regulatory T cells which typically express CD4+, CD25+, CD62Lhi, GITR+, and FoxP3+. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, T regulatory cells are depleted by anti-C25 conjugated beads or other similar method of selection.
[0275] Procedures for separation of immune effector cells include, but are not limited to, density gradient centrifugation, coupling to particles that modify cell density, magnetic separation with antibody-coated magnetic beads, affinity chromatography; cytotoxic agents joined to or used in conjunction with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) , including, but not limited to, complement and cytotoxins, and panning with an antibody attached to a solid matrix, for example, a plate or chip, elutriation, flow cytometry, or any other convenient technique (see, for example, Recktenwald et al., CELL SEPARATION METHODS AND APPLICATIONS, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1998) ) . It is understood that the immune effector cells used in methods provided herein can be substantially pure cells or can be a polyclonal population. In some embodiments, a polyclonal population can be enriched for a desired immune effector cell. Such an enrichment can take place prior to or after genetically engineering the cells to express a uPAR CAR provided herein, as desired.
[0276] The immune effector cells can be autologous or non-autologous to the subject to which they are administered in the methods of treatment disclosed herein. Autologous cells are isolated from the subject to which the engineered cells are to be administered. Optionally, the cells can be obtained by leukapheresis, where leukocytes are selectively removed from withdrawn blood, made recombinant, and then retransfused into the donor. Alternatively, allogeneic cells from a non-autologous donor that is not the subject can be used. In the case of a non-autologous donor, the cells are typed and matched for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) to determine an appropriate level of compatibility, as is well known in the art. The cells can optionally be cryopreserved after isolation and / or genetic engineering, and / or expansion of genetically engineered cells (see Kaiser et al., supra, 2015) ) . Methods for cyropreserving cells are well known in the art (see, for example, Freshney, CULTURE OF ANIMAL CELLS: A MANUAL OF BASIC TECHNIQUES, 4th ed., Wiley-Liss, New York (2000) ; Harrison and Rae, GENERAL TECHNIQUES OF CELL CULTURE, Cambridge University Press (1997) ) .
[0277] In some embodiments, isolated immune effector cells are genetically engineered ex vivo for recombinant expression of a polypeptide (e.g., a uPAR CAR) . In some embodiments, immune effector cells provided herein are obtained by in vitro sensitization, wherein the sensitization can occur before or after the immune effector cells are genetically engineered to recombinantly express a polypeptide disclosed herein. In an embodiment where the sensitized immune effector cells, such T cells, are isolated from in vivo sources, it will be self-evident that genetic engineering occurs of the already-sensitized immune effector cells.
[0278] Also contemplated in the present disclosure is the collection of blood samples or apheresis product from a subject at a time period prior to when the genetically engineered cells as described herein might be needed. As such, the source of the cells to be expanded can be collected at any time point necessary, and desired cells, such as T cells, isolated and frozen for later use in T cell therapy for any number of diseases or conditions that would benefit from T cell therapy, such as those described herein. In one embodiment, a blood sample or an apheresis is taken from a generally healthy subject. In certain embodiments, a blood sample or an apheresis is taken from a generally healthy subject who is at risk of developing a disease, but who has not yet developed a disease, and the cells of interest are isolated and frozen for later use. In certain embodiments, the T cells can be expanded, frozen, and used at a later time. In certain embodiments, samples are collected from a patient shortly after diagnosis of a particular disease as described herein but prior to any treatments. In a further embodiment, the cells are isolated from a blood sample or an apheresis from a subject prior to any number of relevant treatment modalities, including but not limited to treatment with agents such as natalizumab, efalizumab, antiviral agents, chemotherapy, radiation, immunosuppressive agents, such as cyclosporin, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate, and FK506, antibodies, or other immunoablative agents such as CAMPATH, anti-CD3 antibodies, cytoxan, fludarabine, cyclosporin, FK506, rapamycin, mycophenolic acid, steroids, FR901228, and irradiation. These drugs inhibit either the calcium dependent phosphatase calcineurin (cyclosporine and FK506) or inhibit the p70S6 kinase that is important for growth factor induced signaling (rapamycin) (Liu et al., Cell 66: 807-815, 1991; Henderson et al., Immun 73: 316-321, 1991; Bierer et al., Curr. Opin. Immun. 5: 763-773, 1993) . In a further embodiment, the cells are isolated for a patient and frozen for later use in conjunction with (e.g., before, simultaneously or following) bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, T cell ablative therapy using either chemotherapy agents such as, fludarabine, external-beam radiation therapy (XRT) , cyclophosphamide, or antibodies such as OKT3 or CAMPATH. In another embodiment, the cells are isolated prior to and can be frozen for later use for treatment following B-cell ablative therapy such as agents that react with CD20, e.g., Rituxan.
[0279] In a further embodiment, T cells are obtained from a patient directly following treatment. In this regard, it has been observed that following certain treatments, in particular treatments with drugs that damage the immune system, shortly after treatment during the period when patients would normally be recovering from the treatment, the quality of T cells obtained can be optimal or improved for their ability to expand ex vivo. Likewise, following ex vivo manipulation using the methods described herein, these cells may be in a preferred state for enhanced engraftment and in vivo expansion. Thus, it is contemplated to collect blood cells, including T cells, NK cells, or other immune effector cells of the hematopoietic lineage, during this recovery phase. Further, in certain embodiments, mobilization (for example, mobilization with GM-CSF) and conditioning regimens can be used to create a condition in a subject wherein repopulation, recirculation, regeneration, and / or expansion of particular cell types is favored, especially during a defined window of time following therapy. Illustrative cell types include T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and other cells of the immune system.
[0280] The immune effector cells disclosed herein can be subjected to conditions that favor maintenance or expansion of cells as well known in the art. (De Libero, T Cell Protocols, Vol. 514 of Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press, Totowa NJ (2009) ; Parente-Pereira et al., J.Biol. Methods 1 (2) e7 (doi 10.14440 / jbm. 2014.30) (2014) ; Movassagh et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 11:1189-1200 (2000) ; Rettig et al., Mol. Ther. 8: 29-41 (2003) ; Agarwal et al., J. Virol. 72: 3720-3728 (1998) ; Pollok et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 10: 2221-2236 (1999) ; Quinn et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 9: 1457-1467 (1998) ; see also commercially available methods such as DynabeadsTM human T cell activator products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) ) . The immune effector cells disclosed herein (e.g., T cells) can optionally be expanded prior to or after ex vivo genetic engineering. Expansion of the cells is particularly useful to increase the number of cells for administration to a subject. Such methods for expansion of cells are well known in the art (see e.g., Kaiser et al., Cancer Gene Therapy 22: 72-78 (2015) ; Wolfl et al., Nat. Protocols 9: 950-966 (2014) ) . Furthermore, the cells can optionally be cryopreserved after isolation and / or genetic engineering, and / or expansion of genetically engineered cells (see Kaiser et al., supra, 2015) ) . Methods for cyropreserving cells are well known in the art (see, for example, Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Techniques, 4th ed., Wiley-Liss, New York (2000) ; Harrison and Rae, General Techniques of Cell Culture, Cambridge University Press (1997) ) .
[0281] Generally, the T cells provided herein can be expanded by contact with a surface having attached thereto an agent that stimulates a CD3 / TCR complex associated signal and a ligand that stimulates a co-stimulatory receptor on the surface of the T cells. In particular, T cell populations can be stimulated as described herein, such as by contact with an anti-CD3 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or an anti-CD2 antibody immobilized on a surface, or by contact with a protein kinase C activator (e.g., bryostatin) in conjunction with a calcium ionophore. For co-stimulation of an accessory molecule on the surface of the T cells, a ligand that binds the accessory molecule is used. For example, a population of T cells can be contacted with an anti-CD3 antibody and an anti-CD28 antibody, under conditions appropriate for stimulating proliferation of the T cells. To stimulate proliferation of either CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells, an anti-CD3 antibody and an anti-CD28 antibody. Examples of an anti-CD28 antibody include 9.3, B-T3, XR-CD28 (Diaclone, Besancon, France) can be used as can other methods commonly known in the art (Berg et al., Transplant Proc. 30 (8) : 3975-3977, 1998; Haanen et al., J. Exp. Med. 190 (9) : 13191328, 1999; Garland et al., J. Immunol Meth. 227 (1-2) : 53-63, 1999) .7.8 EXPERIMENTAL
[0282] The examples provided below are for purposes of illustration only, which are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. Thus, the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to the following examples, but rather, should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein.7.8.1 Isolation, activation and culture of primary mouse T cells
[0283] 6-8 weeks old C57BL / 6J mice was used to isolate primary mouse T cell. The mouse spleen was separated and CD3+ T cells were purified using the EasySepTM Mouse T Cell Isolation Kit (Stemcell) . T cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 (MeilunBio) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) , human recombinant IL-2 (30 U / mL , Novoprotein) , GlutaMAX (gibco, 35050061) , MEM (Gibco, 11095080) , 55uM β-mercaptoethanol and 1%penicillin / streptomycin (P / S) . To activate T cells, CD3 and CD28 antibody was diluted to 5 ug / ml and 2.5 ug / ml respectively in PBS, and added into well plate, the plate then was kept in 37 ℃for 2 h, then the PBS was removed and the mouse T cell was incubated in the plate for 2 days.7.8.2 Histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC)
[0284] After the mice were sacrificed, the liver of CCl4 induced liver fibrosis mice and the ankle joint of CIA mice were fixed in 4%paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. H&E staining and Safranin O / Fast green staining were delivered to Servicebio. For mIHC, we followed the manufacturer’s instructions of Multitarget detection kit (Wellgene, #RD1401) . Macrophages were stained with F4 / 80 antibody (CST, #70076, 1: 500 dilution) , T cells were stained with CD3εantibody (CST, #78588, 1: 1000 dilution) , other antibodies included uPAR (Abcam, AB307895, 1:2000 dilution) , α-SMA () , CD206 (Abcam, AB300621, 1: 2000) .7.8.3 CAMP lipid synthesis
[0285] The synthesis of the CAMP lipids was carried out using POCl3 as the starting compound. Three nucleophilic reagents (two lipid alcohols and one amine) were added sequentially in solvent CH2Cl2 with the presence of triethylamine. The detailed procedure is as follows: First, two lipid alcohols and one amine were separately dissolved in CH2Cl2, and triethylamine (1 equivalent) was added to each solution as a preparation step. Next, the solution of the first lipid alcohol was added to a solution of POCl3 under 4℃ and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 3 hours. Then, the solution of the second lipid alcohol was added to the reaction mixture, and the reaction was continued at 4℃ to room temperature for 2 hours. Finally, the solution of the amine was added, and the reaction was further continued at room temperature for 2 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the excess amine and the generated byproduct, the triethylamine salt, were removed by washing with saturated sodium chloride solution. The product was then purified by column chromatography.
[0286] Using the above method, the lipids PL15, PL16, PL27, PL101, PL102, PL39, PL40, PL48, PL66, and PL68 were synthesized. For the synthesis of lipids PL49, PL50, PL51, PL52, PL63, PL64, PL65, PL67, PL69, and PL70, the same method was used, but different amino head groups were selected for further bromination.
[0287] The structure of the synthesized lipids was confirmed by 1H NMR spectrometry (Bruker AVANCE-400 NMR spectrometer with a Magnex Scientific superconducting magnet) and mass spectrometry.7.8.4 Linear mRNA synthesis and purification
[0288] Lin mRNAs encoding CAR-m. uPAR m28z, GFP and firefly luciferase were synthesized by in vitro transcription (IVT) . A linearized pUC57 plasmid vector, which contained a T7 promoter, 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) , a coding sequence (CDS) encoding each mRNA mentioned above, 3’ UTR and a poly A region (~100nt) , were used as a template for transcription. Clean-cap AG 5’ capping (Cap 1) , and 100%1-methylpsuedo-uridine UTP were used during IVT to improve protein translation efficiency and minimize immunogenicity. The IVT reactions were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Hongene Biotech Inc., China) . Then, the mRNA was purified by MagicPure RNA Beads (TransGen Biotech, #EC501) .7.8.5 Circular mRNA synthesis and purification
[0289] The coding sequences of each protein were inserted into backbone plasmid to construct Circ RNA vectors. RNAs were IVT from the XbaI (Thermo, FD0685) -digested linearized plasmid DNA template using a MEGAscriptTM T7 (Thermo, AMB1335-5) in the presence of unmodified NTPs. After DNase I treatment, the IVT products were column purified with an RNA Clean and Concentrator Kit (ZYMO Research, R1019) to remove excess NTP and other salts in IVT buffer.
[0290] The total RNA products were subjected to a series of purification steps to gain high purity of Circ RNA. First, affinity chromatography was conducted using a HiTrap NHS-activated HP column (Cytiva, 17071601) coupled with a specific ligand to selectively remove precursor and intron RNAs. The binding buffer contained 15mM LiCl, 10mM Tris, 0.5mM EDTA, and water for injection. Second, the RNA underwent Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) employing size exclusion chromatography (Sepax, 215950-30030) to remove polymer and small RNA at a flow rate of 10 ml / min. The elution buffer was composed of 75 mM phosphate buffer (PB) , 10 mM Tris, 0.5 mM EDTA, and water for injection, pH adjusted to 7.4. Finally, optional RNase R treatment was performed to remove nick RNAs. The reaction conditions were 37℃ for 30 min. The purified circRNAs were subjected to further experiments after column purification with an RNA Clean and Concentrator Kit (ZYMO Research, R1019) . The integrity of the Circ RNAs were confirmed using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) .7.8.6 CAMP lipid nanoparticle formulation and characterization
[0291] LNPs were prepared either by hand mixing or microfluidic mixing as previously described. Briefly, an aqueous solution of the mRNA and an ethanolic solution of the lipid components were mixed at a ratio of 3: 1, respectively. The ethanol phase consists of cationic lipid (CAMP lipid) , 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC, AVT, China) or 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE, Avanti, USA) , cholesterol (AVT, China) and 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene glycol (DMG-PEG2000, AVT, China) . The aqueous phase was prepared in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 4) . After mixing, the obtained LNPs with a final mRNA concentration of 0.1 mg / mL were dialyzed in PBS in a dialysis bag (12-14 kDa) at 4 ℃ overnight. The mRNA concentration and encapsulation efficiency of the LNPs were measured using the Quant-iT RiboGreen RNA assay (Invitrogen) . The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential were measured by dynamic light scattering (Zetasizer Nano ZSP, Malvern) , with the samples diluted in 1× PBS or 4 mM KCl, respectively. To evaluate the plasma stability of the LNPs, they were incubated in fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 6 hours at 37 ℃ with 200 rpm agitation. The particle sizes of the LNPs were measured by a Zetasizer at 0 hours, 1 hour, and 6 hours.7.8.7 Atom Force Microscopy (AFM)
[0292] AFM imaging and force measurements were carried out in PBS at room temperature by using Bruker MultiMode 8. The LNP was incubated on mica plate at room temperature for at least 20 min in a humidified box. The surface of mica plate was gently washed 3 times with PBS, and 20 μl PBS was dropped to the surface before measurement. The probe used for measurement was SCANASYST-FLUID+ (Bruker) , and before measurement, 40 ul PBS was used to wet the probe.7.8.8 Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)
[0293] Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments at 20 ℃ were conducted using a Xeuss 2.0 SAXS system (Xenocs SA) with a two-pinholes collimation setup for the LNPs at various concentrations. X-ray radiation with a wavelength of was generated using a Cu Kα X-ray source (GeniX3D Cu ULD) . The sample-to-detector distances ranged from 590 to 600 mm, corresponding to a q-range of 0.16 to 8.19 nm^-1. The beam diameter was approximately 1 mm.The LNPs, which were first condensed to a concentration of 0.4 mg / mL, were loaded into quartz capillary tubes (WJM-Glas / Müller GmbH) with a 2 mm diameter, 80 mm length, and 0.01 mm wall thickness, and sealed at the top with epoxy resin. The 2D SAXS patterns were collected for an image acquisition time of 1800 s under vacuum using a semiconductor detector (Pilatus 300K, DECTRIS) with a resolution of 487×619 pixels (pixel size of 172×172 μm^2) . The obtained SAXS patterns were corrected for detector noise, air scattering, and sample / quartz-capillary absorption. 1D intensity profiles were then integrated from the background-corrected 2D SAXS patterns. The long-distance (L) was determined using the q-value at the first intensity maximum (denoted as q_max) in the 1D SAXS intensity profiles, according to the formula: L =2π / q_max.7.8.9 Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) measurement
[0294] The morphology of LNPs was characterized by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) . For cryo-EM measurement, the LNPs were dialyzed in 20 mM Tris (pH 7.4) containing 8%sucrose at 4℃ overnight, and then condensed to 0.4 mg / ml by ultrafiltration. Cryo-EM image was acquired using Themis 300 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) .7.8.10 In vitro cell uptake
[0295] Primary human T cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of 105 cells per well. The cells were pre-incubated with small molecule endocytic inhibitors for 30 min. The endocytic inhibitors and dosages used in this study are as follows: cytochalasin D, 2.5 μg / mL; methyl-β-cyclodextrin 2.5 mg / mL; nocodazole, 5 μg / mL; poly I, 10 μg / mL; wortmannin, 100 ng / mL; dynasore, 10 μg / mL. After the pre-incubation with the small molecules, 5 mol%BODIPY-lipid labeled LNPs, which encapsulated 50%Cy5-labeled mRNA and 50%normal mRNA, were added into each well of cells, at a dose of 500 ng mRNA / well. After 4 h incubation at 37 ℃, the cellular uptake was determined by High Content Imaging and Analysis System (Cell Voyager CV8000, Yokogawa) . Prior to imaging, the nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (1 μg / mL) for 10 min. Flow cytometry was performed after High Content Imaging and intensity was applied for quantitation.7.8.11 In vitro transfection
[0296] T cells were plated in white, clear-bottom 96-well plates at a density of 1×105 cells per well. Then, LNPs containing mLuc RNA was added to cells at 0.1 μg mRNA per well. After 24 h transfection, the transfection efficiency was measured by Firefly-Glo Luciferase Reporter Assay Kit (Yeasen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, using Biotek synergy H1 microplate reader.7.8.12 Cytotoxicity assays
[0297] After activation, T cells were transfected with 5 μg CAR m. uPAR h8.28. z mRNA or CAR CD19 h8.28. z per million T cells using PL40 LNP. Forty hours later, the transfected T cells were used for co-culture with the target cells. NALM6 cells stably expressing GFP and NIH 3T3 cells stably expressing mouse uPAR and ZsGreen were used as target cells. Each well of a round-bottom 96-well plate contained 15,000 target cells in X-Vivo15 medium. Subsequently, T cells were added at ratios of Effector: Target (E: T) = 10: 1, 1: 1, and 0.2: 1, using a T cell culture medium that contained 300 U / ml human recombinant IL-2.
[0298] T cells transfected Lin and Circ CAR huPAR#20 were cultured follow the method mentioned above. AGS (huPAR+) , THP-1 wild type (huPAR+) and THP-1 huPAR KO expressing GFP were used as target cells. Each well of a round-bottom 96-well plate contained 10,000 target cells in X-Vivo15 medium. Subsequently, T cells were added at ratios of Effector: T = 1: 0.25, 1: 1, and 1: 4. All the co-culturing processes were monitored by IncuCyte SX5.7.8.13 In vivo expression
[0299] 6 to 8-week-old C57BL / 6 mice were i. v. injected with CAMP LNPs containing mLuc (0.25 mg / kg) . At 6h after injection, bioluminescence images were taken at 4 min after intraperitoneal treatment of D-Luciferin potassium salt (150 mg / kg) using an IVIS imaging system (Perkin Elmer) .7.8.14 Gene editing (Cre mRNA) in the Loxp-GFP-Luciferase mice model, and flow cytometry
[0300] PL40 Cre mRNA formulation was prepared as described above. The PL40 CD3 fab formulation was prepared using the following method: The LNP ethanol phase consisted of PL40, DOPE, cholesterol, DMG-PEG2000, DSPE-PEG2000-Maleimide. The ethanol and the aqueous phase have a volume ratio of 1: 3. The LNP was prepared using microfluidics, followed by overnight dialysis. CD3 fab and TCEP were reacted at 10℃ for 2 hours, then mixed with the LNP and reacted overnight at 4℃. The mixture was purified using a 100kDa ultrafiltration membrane, followed by seven rounds of ultrafiltration purification with the addition of PBS in a volume ratio of 1: 1. The two formulations were administrated i. v. at dose of 0.5mg / kg. After 2 d, mice were sacrificed, the liver and spleen were imaged using an IVIS Lumina system (Perkin Elmer) .
[0301] Afterwards, the mouse spleen was homogenized into a single-cell suspension using a 70μm cell strainer. ACK lysis buffer was used to remove red blood cells, followed by a single wash with PBS. The cells were then transferred to staining buffer and incubated at 4℃ in the dark for 30 minutes. After one additional wash with pre-chilled PBS, the cells were resuspended in PBS for flow cytometry analysis. The following flow cytometry antibodies were used: APC anti-mouse CD3 (Biolegend) , PE anti-mouse CD8a (Biolegend) , PerCP Cy5.5 anti-mouse CD4 (Biolegend) , BV605 anti-human / mouse CD11b (Biolegend) .7.8.15 Animal models
[0302] All animal research was in compliance with ethical regulations approved by Peking University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.7.8.16 In vivo induction of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and treatment
[0303] Liver fibrosis mouse models were established by intraperitoneal injecting 50 μl 35%CCl4 / olive oil into 8 weeks old C57BL / 6J male mice, three times per week for 5 weeks in total. Two days after final CCl4 injection, the first dose of LNP (30 μg mRNA / mouse) was injected through the tail vein, and then the LNP was i. v injected every 4 days.
[0304] CD8a antibody (BioXcell, BE0061) was i. p. injected at 400 μg / mouse 2 days before LNP administration.7.8.17 CIA model
[0305] An autoimmune CIA mouse model was established by the following protocol. Bovine type II collagen was dissolved in 0.05M acetic acid, then mixed with an equal volume of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA, 2mg / ml) , and emulsified with a homogenizer in an ice bath to get a 2mg / ml bovine type II collagen emulsion. On day 0, 7-8 weeks old DBA / 1 male mice were injected subcutaneously with 200 μg of bovine type II collagen at the root of tail. On day 21, a booster immunization of 200 μg type II collagen emulsified in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (2 mg / ml) was injected subcutaneously at the tail root.
[0306] The treatment began on day 28 after the first immunization. The CIA mice with inflammation symptoms were randomly assigned into four groups (n=6) . 30 μg CAR muPAR mRNA encapsulated in PL40 LNP and the equal PL40 LNP vehicle were administrated every 4 days via the tail vein, 5mg / kg MTX was injected intraperitoneally every 4 days. The paw thickness was measured with caliper. The clinical scores were given by a blinded researcher based on the following criteria: 0, normal; 1, mild redness and swelling of the ankle or wrist, or distinct redness and swelling limited to digits; 2, moderate redness and swelling of ankle or wrist; 3, severe redness and swelling of the entire paw and digits; 4, Maximum redness and swelling throughout the paw and digits. The scores of each paw were added together to get the final score. 7.8.18 Histological scoring of mouse arthritic joints
[0307] The scoring criteria for pathological sections are as follows. The inflammation level was assigned a score of 0-4 from weak to strong based on H&E staining, according to the criteria: 0, normal; 1, low degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in the synovial membrane area; 2, mild infiltration; 3, moderate infiltration; 4, severe infiltration. Cartilage erosion was assessed by safranin O / Fast green staining, and was assigned a score of 0-4 according to the criteria: 0, normal; 1, localized cartilage erosion; 2, more extensive cartilage erosion; 3, severe cartilage erosion; 4, erosion of the whole cartilage. The histological scoring was performed by an uninformed experimenter.7.8.19 Statistics
[0308] Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM or mean ± SD as illustrated on the figure legend. Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test when only two value sets were compared or by ANOVA for comparison between multiple groups via GraphPad Prism 8.02. Exact P values are documented in the figures or figure legends. Differences were considered to be significant if P<0.05 (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 unless otherwise indicated) .7.8.20 Development of cardiolipin-mimic phosphoramide (CAMP) lipid library for RNA delivery to primary human T cells
[0309] Cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid found primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane, plays a crucial role in facilitating (FIG. 1) See, e.g., Paradies et al., R, Cells, 2019, 8; Sniezek et al., C, T, Cell report, 2020, 30, 3949-3950. Considering that the lipid structure can influence the packing and behavior of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and their interaction with biological membranes such as endosomes, we decided to utilize cardiolipin as a starting point to develop a library of modified cationic lipids. We synthesized a library of 28 purified ionizable cationic lipids, termed Cardiolipin-Analog Phosphoramide (CAMP) lipids, by modifying the negatively charged biphosphate headgroup of cardiolipin (FIG. 74) . The CAMP library was synthesized using POCl3 as a starting material, with three sequential additions of nucleophilic reagents at controlled temperatures. The purified CAMP lipids were then formulated with dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) , cholesterol, and C14 PEG into LNP formulations. mRNA encoding Firefly luciferase (Luc) was encapsulated within the CAMP LNPs and applied to primary human T cells at a concentration of 30 ng / 6×104 cells. After 24 hours, luciferase expression was assessed through luminescence measurement.
[0310] We found that the cardiolipin analogs PL82 and PL86, where the phospho-ester structure and glycerol linker were maintained but the central carbon was substituted with an amino group and the negative phosphate charge was acetylated, showed around a 10-fold increase in T cell transfection compared to the controls ALC 0315 LNPs and Messenger Max (FIG. 2) . In contrast, replacing the glycerol linkage with two phospho-esters to simplify the symmetric structure did not improve T cell transfection. Interestingly, introducing a piperazine ring as the central core significantly enhanced T cell transfection (PL16 / 40 / 101 / 102) by 50-100 folds (FIG. 2) . Further improvements were observed by incorporating an ester bond with an asymmetric alpha-carbon ethyl branch (PL101 and PL40) . This trend was also recapitulated in mono-N-centered CAMP lipids (PL67 and PL70) . Ultimately, when compared to the MassengerMax and ALC0315 LNPs, the CAMP library identified seven LNPs that resulted in significantly higher luciferase expression in primary human T cells. Specifically, PL101, PL40, and PL67 LNPs exhibited over a 100-fold increase in expression compared to the positive controls.7.8.21 Structure and morphology impact PL40 CAMP LNP delivery of mRNAs to T cells
[0311] We then utilized the piperazine-centered CAMP lipids to transfect various cell types. Since the transfection efficiencies were relatively low in NK92 cells, T cells remained one of the major cell types that preferentially expressed the mRNA cargo delivered by PL101 and PL40 LNPs (FIG. 11, 62, 65 and 66) . These improvements were also observed in human T cells from additional donors and mouse primary T cells (FIG. 12 and FIG. 67) .
[0312] To quantify the percentage of T cells expressing the mRNA, we encapsulated mRNA encoding GFP. All LNPs demonstrated dose-dependent GFP expression, with PL40 exhibiting the highest efficiency, allowing over 90%of cells to express the cargo at doses beyond 0.5 μg (FIG. 13) . Recognizing the enhanced stability and extended half-life of circular RNA (CircRNA) in HEK293T cells, we further utilized the CAMP library to encapsulate mLuc CircRNA (FIG. 14) . To generate CircRNA cargoes, we employed a previously reported optimized splicing method called the Permuted Intro-Exon (PIE) approach to synthesize the mLuc circRNA precursor, which was subsequently circularized into a seamless circRNA structure. The purified mLuc CircRNA was obtained using HPLC. Though not as pronounced as in HEK293T cells, mLUC CircRNA still prolonged the protein expression within five days as compared to the linear counterpart, highlighting the advantage of CircRNA for protein expression (FIG. 14) . Additionally, all lead CAMP formulations exhibited no observed toxicity to T cells at increased dosages (FIG. 57 and FIG. 58) . Ultimately, PL40 was selected as the lead candidate. PL40 LNPs were characterized by >80%encapsulation efficiency, a particle size of approximately 120 nm, and zeta potential of -5.19 mV (FIG. 15) . Additionally, PL40 LNPs exhibited optimal plasma stability and storage stability, like the commercial ALC0315 LNPs (FIG. 15) .
[0313] To investigate the mechanism underlying the improved transfection of PL40 in T cells, we examined the morphological and structural differences at the nanoscale between PL40 LNPs and the conventional ALC0315 LNPs using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) (FIG. 16) . ALC0315 exhibited a uniform lamellar curvature on the surface and a relatively amorphous particle core. In contrast, PL40 displayed a highly faceted surface with a thinner lamellar structure and a denser particle core. This multiple faceted surface morphology has been observed previously in liposomes and LNPs containing beta-sitosterol. See, e.g., Patel et al., N, Nature Communications, 2020, 11, 983. It is likely the result of phase separation of different lipid domains. Phase separation is also a mechanism by which cardiolipin forms the cristae of the mitochondrial inner membrane See, e.g., Ikon et al., C, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) –Biomembranes, 2017, 1859, 1156-1163; Penington et al., T, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) -Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 2019, 1864, 1039-1052. At the phase boundaries, a higher degree of disorder and packing defects are prevalent due to the mismatch in spontaneous curvature between different domains. See, e.g., Luo et al., T, Cellular &Molecular Immunology, 2008, 5, 1-7; Hou et al., O, European Journal of Pharmacology, 2016, 785, 2-9; Xiao et al., P, Nature Reviews Immunology, 2021, 22, 188-199. These defects could potentially facilitate the fusion of LNPs with membranes, particularly in T cells where the membrane may also exhibit phase-separated defects.
[0314] To further investigate the internal structure of LNPs, we conducted small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments (FIG. 17) . The results showed that LNPs with lower T cell expression, such as ALC0315, PL15, and PL16, exhibited a peak at q~1 nm-1, a characteristic of an organized lamellar phase with mRNA either associated with one bilayer or sandwiched between bilayers. The lamellar spacing, calculated as d = 2π / q, was estimated to be 6.64 nm for all three LNPs. In contrast, PL40, PL101, and PL67, which showed enhanced mRNA expression in T cells, presented a peak at q~2 nm-1, suggesting a smaller d-spacing (~3 nm) . See, e.g., Zheng et al., L, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2023, 120, e2301067120. This smaller d-spacing may result from tighter packing of lipids and mRNA, which is consistent with the denser lamellar and particle structure observed in Cryo-TEM. Next, we investigated whether the change in morphology and structure would impact the mechanical rigidity of the lipid membrane. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to evaluate the bending modulus, one key parameter defining rigidity, of LNPs in an aqueous phase (FIG. 18) . The slope of the curve for PL40 was much steeper than that of ALC0315 and PL15 LNPs, indicating a significantly larger bending modulus for PL40 LNPs. The unique surface morphology and higher membrane bending modulus of PL40 LNPs contributed to improved cellular uptake in T cells. By modifying the LNPs with either dye labelled lipid or mRNA, we showed that PL40 exhibited ~2-fold increase in cellular uptake in primary T cells, as compared to ALC0315 LNPs, which were impacted by actin orientations and micropinocytosis (FIG. 19) . Besides uptake, the multi-chain core structure is also likely to facilitate membrane fusion and endosomal release once protonated, as previously mentioned by Peter Cullis (Ref) . Taken together, the morphology and structure of PL40 are one of the reasons facilitate its endocytosis and endosomal escape in T cells.7.8.22 PL40 LNP delivered mRNA to T cells in vivo
[0315] Next, we investigated the in vivo delivery of mRNA to T cells using CAMP LNPs. We intravenously (i. v. ) administered ALC0315, PL101 and PL40 LNPs carrying either linear (Lin) or Circ mLuc to C57 mice. Mice were sacrificed at 6 and 24 h post injection, and the bioluminescence of their organs were examined (FIG. 21 and FIG. 65) . Consistent with previous reports, the ALC0315 LNPs encapsulated with Lin mLuc predominantly expressed Fluc protein in the liver. PL101 LNPs showed decreased liver expression, but increased spleen expression of Fluc protein, with a spleen-to-liver ratio of 0.42. Delivering Lin mLuc with PL40 LNPs further improved the preferential expression of Fluc protein in the spleen, with a spleen-to-liver ratio of 2.63. Interestingly, the encapsulation of Circ RNA favored spleen expression, with improved spleen Fluc protein expression and a two-fold increased spleen-to-liver ratio compared to the Lin counterpart (FIG. 22) . Furthermore, when delivered by PL40 LNPs, Circ mLuc presented prolonged expression in the spleen. Twenty-four hours post injection, 50%of mRNA expression was maintained in the spleen (FIG. 22) .
[0316] To identify the specific cell types that expressed Fluc protein, we utilized a genetically engineered mouse model commonly used for in vivo mRNA delivery. This model carried a loxP stop codon cassette upstream of a GFP-2A luciferase sequence. Upon cleavage by cre-recombinase (delivered by mRNA encoding Cre, mCre) , the mice could express both luciferase and GFP in the targeted cells (FIG. 23) . In this study, we compared PL40 LNPs delivered either Lin or Circ mCre. We also decorated PL40 LNPs with CD3-Fab using the maleimide NHS-thiol reaction, and set this as an antibody-targeted LNP control. The addition of the CD3-Fab resulted in a slight increase in particle size (approximately 20 nm) , which is consistent with previous reports and confirms the successful conjugation of the antibody to the LNPs See, e.g., Billingsley et al., I, Small, 2023, 20 (FIG. 24) . To analyze the cell types expressing the mRNA, blood and major lymphoid organs (blood, lymph node and spleen) were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry two days after i. v. injection of the mCre LNPs. Interestingly, we found that both Lin and Circ mRNA LNPs, with (w / ) and without (w / o) CD3-Fab, primarily delivered and expressed mRNA in T cells, in all three lymphoid organs. Both non-targeted Circ mCre and Lin mCre showed comparable T cell expression of GFP in the blood and lymph node. However, the Circ mCre presented significantly higher (~20%) transfection of spleen T cells. The addition of CD3-Fab increased T cell targeting, particularly in the lymph node (with ~20%transfection) , as compared to the non-targeted LNPs with ~10%transfection. However, this advantage was not obvious in the spleen and blood as compared to the LNPs w / o CD3-Fab, confirming that PL40 LNPs could effectively deliver mRNA to T cells both in vitro and in vivo (FIG. 25) . We also observed that both CD4 and CD8 T cells took up the PL40 LNPs, w / or w / o Fab decoration, at similar levels (FIG. 26) . It's important to note that the addition of CD3-Fab has the potential to activate T cells and induce T cell tolerance. To evaluate the state of T cells after LNP transfection, we examined the expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 markers. Though LNPs (w / or w / o CD3-Fab) did not impact the expression of PD-1, a marker of the progenitor exhausted cells, we observed a threefold increase in Tim-3 expression after dosing with CD3 Fab-decorated LNPs in CD4 T cells, suggesting a trend toward terminal exhaustion (FIG. 27, FIG. 63 and FIG. 64) . To further reduce off-target delivery of LNPs to the liver, we also adjusted the formulation by replacing DOPE with DSPC or adding DOPS as the fifth component. However, these modifications led to decreased T cell accumulation or overall mRNA expression in vivo (FIG. 66-69) . Therefore, the PL40 DOPE LNP formulation was used for further investigations.7.8.23 PL40 LNP efficiently engineered T cells into CARTs
[0317] Next, we aimed to reprogram T cells into CAR T cells for targeted cell lysis. We constructed four types of mRNA CAR cassettes: one encoding the canonical leukemia-specific 1928z CAR with the human CD3-CD28 intracellular domain (hCD19-hCAR) , and the others encoding a mouse single-chain variable fragment (scFv) targeting mouse uPAR, along with either a human (muPAR-hCAR) or mouse CD3-CD28 intracellular domain (muPAR-mCAR) . For the full mouse CAR, we put the CAR cassette into both Circ and Lin mRNA formats. For the hCD19-h and muPAR-hCAR, we prepared Circ mRNA (FIG. 28 and FIG. 29) . The hCD19-hCAR served as the control CAR in this study, as it is the most extensively investigated CAR-T cell product with nearly 30 ongoing clinical trials. See, e.g., Zhang et al., D, Nature, 2023, 623, 616-624; Zhang et al., D, Nature Immunology, 2019.20, 928-942. On the other hand, the mouse uPAR scFv was adopted from a previous study. All detailed about the CAR cassette information were presented in FIG. 28
[0318] To assess the expression levels of all CAR cassettes, we employed flow cytometry. When delivered by PL40 LNPs, both the hCD19-hCAR and muPAR-hCAR exhibited expression levels of over 60%in human T cells (FIG. 30 and FIG. 31) . For the full mouse CAR-uPAR mRNAs, we transfected them into primary mouse T cells. Compared to Lin mRNA with less than 20%transfection, the Circ mRNA showed >20%transfection 40 hours after transfection (FIG. 32) . The expression of the Circ mRNA also lasted longer, with around 15%of cells still expressing the CAR after 5 days, as compared to the Lin counterpart which dropped to <2%after 5 days. Subsequently, we evaluated the killing efficiency of the nanoparticle-transfected T cells. To demonstrate the targeting specificity for the antigens, we utilized both CD19 and uPAR as their respective control targets. By employing real-time in vitro cytotoxicity assays, we observed that both the hCD19-hCAR and muPAR-hCAR selectively lysed antigen-positive target cells (B cells for the hCD19-hCAR and 3T3-uPAR cells for the muPAR-hCAR) to around 90%or 60%respectively at an effector to target ratio (E: T) of 10: 1, indicating that both CARs were functional as designed7.8.24 mCAR-uPAR PL40 LNPs show improved efficiency in liver fibrosis
[0319] Senescence contributes to a range of chronic tissue pathologies, including liver fibrosis where senescent HSCs contribute to the pathophysiology. See e.g., Krizhanovsky et al., S, Cell, 2008, 134, 657-667. Previous studies show that the in vitro prepared CAR-T cells targeting uPAR can treat liver fibrosis. See, e.g., Zhang et al., D, Nature, 2023, 623, 616-624. Therefore, we adopted CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic potency of the PL40 LNPs encoding CAR uPAR Cassette as a proof of concept. Circ uPAR was used for in vivo efficacy study due to the superior expression. The C57BL / 6J mice were treated with CCl4 for 5 weeks and then i. v. administrated with mCAR-uPAR Circ mRNA loaded in either CD3-Fab or non-Fab modified PL40 LNPs, using the blank vehicle and PBS as negative controls (FIG. 34) . After 4 doses of 30 μg / mouse mRNA delivered by PL40 LNPs w / o CD3-Fab, mice showed ~ 2-fold reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared to the PBS group, representing a reduction in liver damage (FIG. 35) . Moreover, the coverage of SA-β-gal and collagen in the liver both decreased by ~2-fold (FIG. 36) , which indicated efficient elimination of pro-inflammatory senescent hepatic stellate cells (HSC) . The multiplex immunohistochemical (mIHC) stainings further showed that the levels of uPAR in livers from the non-Fab modified LNP-treated group was ~4-fold lower, accompanied by a decrease in α-SMA (FIG. 36) . Mice treated with CD3-Fab modified LNPs presented a similar trend, but less reduction in collagen and uPAR+ cells (FIG. 36, FIG. 37) . The Th-1 cytokines IFNγ and IL-2 expression by T cells in the blood of LNP-treated mice was approximately 1.5 times higher than the PBS group (FIG. 38) , suggesting a trend of T cell activation. What’s more, T cell exhaustion markers such as PD-1 and Tim3 were obviously increased after treatment with CD3-Fab LNPs, which did not upregulate significantly in the non-Fab group (FIG. 38) . This is consistent with the Loxp-GFP study (FIG. 27) , where we found adding CD3-Fab increased the propensity of T cell exhaustion.
[0320] Based on these results, the non-Fab LNPs presented superior anti-liver fibrosis efficacy compared with the CD3-Fab modified LNP, thus the subsequent validation focused on non-Fab modified LNP. Further analysis showed that the infiltration of overall T cells, especially the effector memory T cells, increased markedly in non-Fab LNP CARgroup compared to PBS group (3.2 folds for CD8+ T cells and 8.1 folds for CD4+ T cells) (FIG. 39) . An increase in M2 macrophage infiltration was also observed, revealing an anti-inflammatory microenvironment persisted after Car T-treatment.
[0321] To confirm that the therapeutic effect was induced by the killing of uPAR-expressing senescent cells by the in vivo engineered CAR-T cells, the colocalization of HA-tagged Car T with uPAR+ cells were visualized through mIHC staining. Compared with the LNP vehicle group, the HA+ CAR T cells were infiltrated into liver parenchyma, neighboring uPAR+ cells in the CAR PL40 LNP group (FIG. 40) . Furthermore, depletion of the endogenous T cells with an anti-CD8 antibody (FIG. 41and FIG. 43) , abolished the efficacy of the LNP treatment (FIG. 42) . Collectively, these results demonstrated efficient treatment of liver fibrosis by non-Fab modified CAR uPAR LNPs.7.8.25 mCAR-uPAR PL40 LNP shows improved efficiency in rheumatoid arthritis in vivo
[0322] Besides fibrosis, uPAR had been witnessed to possess multifactorial approach in mediating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) pathogenesis, in which uPA secreted by neutrophils, chondrocytes, and monocytes interact with uPAR. See, e.g., Garapaty and Champion, T, Bioeng Transl Med, 2017, 2, 92-101; Liu et al., U, Cellular &Molecular Immunology, 2017, 15, 171-181; Almholt et al., A, The Journal of Immunology, 2018, 200, 957-965; Cook et al., U, Arthritis Research &Therapy, 2010, 12. In order to further investigate the localization of uPAR in different subcellular populations and its correlation between senescent phenotypes, we integrated and compared relevant Bulk RNA-Seq and scRNA-Seq data of synovial membrane of RA patients from public databases. See, e.g., Zhang et al., D, Nature, 2023, 623, 616-624; Zhang et al., D, Nature Immunology, 2019.20, 928-942. Both data shows that uPAR were highly expressed in fibroblast and monocytes (FIG. 44, FIG. 70A and FIG. 71) . Further, scRNA-Seq data shows a relatively clear co-localization of uPAR with senescence makers such as GLB1 and sperpine 1 in stromal cells and myeloid cells, as well as several Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) at the subcellular levels (FIG. 44, FIG. 66-70) . A collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model based on DBA / 1 J mice was further established as previously reported to confirm the efficacy of our in-vivo CAR-T therapy targeting uPAR-expressing senescent and inflammatory cells in RA process (FIG. 45) . See, e.g., Brand et al., C, Nat Protoc, 2007, 2, 1269-1275; Meehan et al., P, Ann Rheum Dis, 2021, 80, 1268-1277. Consistent with clinical samples, we observed that uPAR was mainly expressed in synovial macrophages, monocytes, and partially expressed in CD90+ fibroblasts FIG. 50) . We adopted i. p. injection of MTX which is widely used in RA treatment at a dose of 5 mg / kg as a positive control. The severity of arthritis was evaluated in terms of the changes in the main symptoms of CIA like swelling and redness. During the treatment schematic, the clinical scores and paw thickness of the mCAR PL40 LNP treated group decreased after each administration and the scores were ultimately ~2.4 times lower than control mice or mice receiving blank PL40 LNP vehicle (FIG. 46, FIG. 47) , manifesting a reduction in inflammation and edema. H&E stained sections showed that the level of inflammation decreased and the joint cavity was restored, with clear interfaces, no obvious synovitis and articular cartilage degeneration in the ankles of m. uPAR CAR PL40 LNP treated mice (FIG. 49) . On the contrary, severe pathological changes, including extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia and cartilage erosion, were observed in the control group. Additionally, safarin O / Fast green staining showed optimal preservation of the cartilage structure of the mice in the mCAR PL40 LNP -treated group (FIG. 49 and FIG. 50) . The mIHC analysis indicated that a significant decrease of uPAR coverage and an increase of infiltrated T cells neighboring uPAR+cells in the mCAR PL40 LNP group, demonstrating that the CAR induced T cell-mediated clearance of senescent cells. Consistently, the infiltration of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage also increased by ~6-folds at the same time (FIG. 50 and FIG. 51) . These results collectively suggested that the CAR-muPAR PL40 LNP therapy could edit and mobilize T cells to kill senescent cells displaying uPAR in the joint of CIA mouse without causing inflammation, thereby effectively reestablish joint immune homeostasis.7.8.26 Screening and optimization of humanized CAR uPAR mRNA for clinically relevant applications
[0323] These allowed AB4 and AB20 to recognize either intact or cleaved uPAR when it was activated by uPA (FIG. 52 and FIG. 53) . Next, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of lentivirus-delivered CAR#4 and CAR#20 T cells by targeting uPAR+ AGS and THP-1 cells. We found that both CAR#4 and CAR#20 were potent in killing uPAR+ target cells but not uPAR-deficient cells (FIG. 54) . Moreover, to compare the cytotoxicity of transit-expressed CAR by LNP to chromosome-integrated CAR by lentivirus, we constructed linear and circular RNA of CAR#20, and found that all of three types of CAR had high potency and efficacy in killing uPAR+ target cells but not uPAR-deficient cells (FIG. 55 and FIG. 56) . Interestingly, circular RNA-based CAR#20 showed better cytotoxicity than both linear RNA-based and lentivirus-based CAR#20 (FIG. 56) . Together, these results have shown that RNA-based anti-human uPAR CAR T cells were also potent and specific in the elimination of uPAR+ target cells, which provides the potential for further clinical translation.8. SEQUENCE LISTING AND TABLES
[0324] Table 1A VH CDRs amino acid sequences of anti-uPAR antibody or antigen-binding fragment. These sequences are disclosed in the pending patent application PCT / CN2024 / 107457, which is cited in the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
[0325] Table 1B VL CDRs amino acid sequences of anti-uPAR antibody or antigen-binding fragment. These sequences are disclosed in the pending patent application PCT / CN2024 / 107457, which is cited in the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
[0326] Table 2 VH and VL amino acid sequences of anti-uPAR antibody or antigen-binding fragment. These sequences are disclosed in the pending patent application PCT / CN2024 / 107457, which is cited in the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
[0327] Table 3 Amino acid sequences of the uPAR binding domain (e.g., scFv) . These sequences are disclosed in the pending patent application PCT / CN2024 / 107457, which is cited in the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
[0328] Table 4 Amino acid sequences of uPAR CAR4 *In terms of the amino sequence of the extracellular region (anti-uPAR binding domain) of uPAR CAR4 (SEQ ID NO: 19) , signaling peptide (CD8) is represented by HA tag is represented by and scFv is indicated by italic.*In terms of the amino sequence of the full length of CAR4 (SEQ ID NO: 24) , signaling peptide (CD 8) is represented by HA tag is represented by scFv is indicated by italic; hinge region is indicated by bold; transmembrane region is represented by single underline; and intracellular region is represented by
[0329] Table 5 Amino acid sequences of uPAR CAR20 *In terms of the amino sequence of the extracellular region (anti-uPAR binding domain) of uPAR CAR20 (SEQ ID NO: 26) , signaling peptide (CD8) is represented by HA tag is represented by and scFv is indicated by italic.*In term of the amino sequence of the full length of CAR20 (SEQ ID NO: 30) , signaling peptide (CD 8) is represented by HA tag is represented by scFv is indicated by italic; hinge region is indicated by bold; transmembrane region is represented by single underline; and intracellular region is represented by
[0330] Table 6 uPAR scFv linkers
Claims
1.A chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting uPAR, comprising (1) an extracellular region comprising a uPAR-binding domain; (2) a transmembrane region; and (3) an intracellular region comprising a signaling domain;wherein the uPAR-binding domain comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and a light chain variable domain (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.2.The CAR of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1A, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and the VL comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1B, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.3.The CAR of claim 1 or 2, wherein the uPAR-binding domain comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1A, and VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3 having amino acid sequences selected from those listed in Table 1B.4.The CAR of anyone of claims 1 to 3, wherein the VH has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2; and / or the VL has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 2.5.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the uPAR-binding domain is Fab, Fab' , (Fab) 2, variable fragment (Fv) , or a single chain variable fragment (scFv) , dual variable domain antibody (DVD) , single variable domain antibody, single variable domain of heavy chain antibody (VHH) , or nanobody.6.The CAR of claim 5, wherein the uPAR-binding domain is scFv, having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 3.7.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the transmembrane region comprises a transmembrane domain of CD28, CD3ζ, or a functional variant thereof.8.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the signaling domain comprises a signaling domain of CD3ζ, CD3δ, CD3γ, CD3ε, FcεRIγ, FcεRIβ, immunoglobulin α, or immunoglobulin β, or a functional variant thereof.9.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the intracellular region further comprises a co-stimulatory domain.10.The CAR of claim 9, wherein the co-stimulatory domain comprises a signaling domain of CD28, CD137 (4-1BB) , OX40, ICOS, DAP10, 2B4, CD27, CD30, CD40, CD40L, TIM1, CD226, DR3, SLAM, NKG2D, CD244, FcεRIγ, BTLA, GITR, HVEM, CD2, NKG2C, LIGHT, or DAP12, or a functional variant thereof.11.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the intracellular region comprises a signaling domain of CD3ζ and a signaling domain of CD28.12.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the CAR further comprises a spacer between the extracellular region and the transmembrane region.13.The CAR of claim 12, wherein spacer comprises a hinge region of CD8, CD28, IgG1, or IgG4.14.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the CAR has a uPAR-binding domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; a CD8 hinge domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; a CD28 transmembrane region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; a signaling domain of CD8 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.15.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the CAR has a uPAR-binding domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26; a CD8 hinge domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; a CD28 transmembrane region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; and a signaling domain of CD8 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.16.The CAR of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the CAR has at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from those listed in Table 4 or Table 5.17.A polynucleotide encoding a CAR of any of claims 1 to 16.18.The polynucleotide of claim 17, further comprising a sequence encoding a signal sequence.19.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 17 or 18.20.A cell comprising the CAR of any one of claims 1 to 16 or the vector of claim 19.21.The cell of claim 20 that is an immune effector cell.22.The cell of claim 21 that is a lymphocyte.23.The cell of claim 22 that is a T cell, a B cell, a NK cell, or a dendritic cell.24.The cell of claim 23 that is a T cell.25.The cell of claim 24 that is a cytotoxic T cell, a γδ T cell, a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) , or a NKT cell.26.The cell of any one of claims 21 to 25, wherein the cell has specific cytotoxic activity against uPAR-expressing cells.27.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the CAR of any one of claims 1 to 16, the polynucleotide of claim 17 or 18, or the vector of claim 19, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.28.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a population of cells of any one of claims 20 to 26, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.29.The pharmaceutical composition of claim28, wherein at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 95%of the cells in the composition are T cells.30.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 or 29, wherein at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%of the cells in the composition express the CAR.31.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 27 to 30, for use in treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof.32.The pharmaceutical composition for use or the method of claim 31, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with uPAR expression.33.The pharmaceutical composition for use of claim 31, wherein the disease or disorder is an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.34.The pharmaceutical composition for use of claim 33, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.35.The pharmaceutical composition for use of claim 33, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is liver fibrosis.36.A method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 27 to 30 to the subject.37.The method of claim 36, wherein the disease or disorder is an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.38.The method of claim 37, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.39.The method of claim 37, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disease is liver fibrosis.40.The method of any one of claims 36 to 39, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered intramuscularly, intradermally, subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraperitoneally.41.The method of any one of claims 36 to 40 wherein the subject is a human.
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