Integrated wireless sensing and communication
Polarization information enhances target detection and discrimination in ISAC systems, addressing environmental complexity and interference, while ensuring secure data transmission.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ZTE CORP
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems face challenges in distinguishing target types due to complex environments and interference, and there are security concerns with signal confidentiality and integrity.
Utilizing polarization information for target identification, environment monitoring, and interference mitigation by analyzing polarization changes in reflected signals to enhance target detection and discrimination, and incorporating physical layer security to ensure data confidentiality.
Improves accuracy and discrimination of targets, enables richer environmental understanding, and ensures secure data transmission in ISAC systems.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024128905_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
INTEGRATED WIRELESS SENSING AND COMMUNICATIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The disclosure relates generally to wireless communications and, more particularly, to signaling for sensing in wireless communication systems.BACKGROUND
[0002] Mobile communication systems can provide increasingly powerful communication capabilities, including wireless sensing. Compared with two independent systems, the integrated design of communication and sensing can reduce costs, reduce power consumption, and optimize resource utilization. Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) achieves unified design of communications and sensing control functions through signal joint design and / or hardware sharing. Sensing in ISAC can be understood as a wireless sensing technology based on mobile communication systems. A mobile communication system can send wireless signals and analyzes the reflected waves or scattered waves of the wireless signals to obtain corresponding sensing measurement data.SUMMARY
[0003] The example arrangements disclosed herein are directed to solving the issues relating to one or more of the problems presented in the prior art, as well as providing additional features that will become readily apparent by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompany drawings. In accordance with various arrangements, example systems, methods, devices and computer program products are disclosed herein. It is understood, however, that these arrangements are presented by way of example and are not limiting, and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art who read the present disclosure that various modifications to the disclosed arrangements can be made while remaining within the scope of this disclosure.
[0004] Some arrangements relate to systems, apparatuses, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable media for receiving, by a transmission (TX) wireless node , a TX polarization information request and sending, by the TX wireless node, a sensing signal to a reception (RX) wireless node in response to the TX polarization information request. The RX wireless node provides a sensing measurement report.
[0005] Some arrangements relate to systems, apparatuses, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable media for receiving, by a RX wireless node, a sensing measurement request and sending by the RX wireless node, a sensing measurement report in response to the sensing measurement request.
[0006] The above and other aspects and their implementations are described in greater detail in the drawings, the descriptions, and the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Various example arrangements of the present solution are described in detail below with reference to the following figures or drawings. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict example arrangements of the present solution to facilitate the reader's understanding of the present solution. Therefore, the drawings should not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability of the present solution. It should be noted that for clarity and ease of illustration, these drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.
[0008] FIG. 1A illustrates an example cellular communication network in which techniques disclosed herein can be implemented, according to various arrangements.
[0009] FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of an example BS and a user equipment device, according to various arrangements.
[0010] FIG. 2 illustrates an example scenario for SL communications, according to various arrangements.
[0011] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a monostatic sensing mode and a bistatic sensing mode, according to various arrangements.
[0012] FIG. 4 includes example graphs showing the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) in dBsm against Angle of Arrival (AOA) in radians for a car, according to various arrangements.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example method for a polarization assisted sensing procedure, according to various arrangements.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example method for a signaling interaction between the TX sensing node and the RX sensing node for TX polarization configuration and polarization based sensing measurement request / report, according to various arrangements.
[0015] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example polarization and beamforming-based sensing Reference Signal (RS) transmission, according to various arrangements.
[0016] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example frequency hopping, according to various arrangements.
[0017] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example frequency hopping, according to various arrangements.
[0018] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example frequency hopping, according to various arrangements.
[0019] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example cross-carrier frequency hopping, according to various arrangements.
[0020] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example cross-carrier frequency hopping, according to various arrangements.
[0021] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example cross-carrier frequency hopping, according to various arrangements.
[0022] FIG. 14A is a flowchart illustrating an example method for performing sensing, according to various arrangements.
[0023] FIG. 14B is a flowchart illustrating an example method for performing sensing, according to various arrangements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Various example arrangements of the present solution are described below with reference to the accompanying figures to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the present solution. As would be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, after reading the present disclosure, various changes or modifications to the examples described herein can be made without departing from the scope of the present solution. Thus, the present solution is not limited to the example arrangements and applications described and illustrated herein. Additionally, the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed herein are merely example approaches. Based upon design preferences, the specific order or hierarchy of steps of the disclosed methods or processes can be re-arranged while remaining within the scope of the present solution. Thus, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the methods and techniques disclosed herein present various steps or acts in a sample order, and the present solution is not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented unless expressly stated otherwise.
[0025] A mobile communication system transmits wireless signals to target areas or objects, and analyzes the received reflected or diffracted wireless signals to obtain corresponding sensing measurement data. Sensing services can be provided to third-party applications. In addition, the mobile communication system can also aggregate the sensing measurement data of other sensing technologies (such as cameras, radars, etc. ) to jointly provide sensing services. In ISAC, communication and sensing utilize the same hardware and spectrum resources. For example, communication signal is used for sensing. Wireless sensing relies on the analysis of the reflected or diffracted wave of the measured object to obtain the sensing measurement data. Target recognition, classification, and detection can be performed using information such as angle of arrival, signal delay, Doppler frequency shift, position, and velocity of those signals.
[0026] In some implementations, sensing models can be divided into mono-static sensing and bi-static sensing. According to the different attributes of the nodes, the sensing models can be further classified into six sensing modes, BS mono-static sensing, BS bi-static sensing, BS as transmitter and UE as receiver, UE as transmitter and BS as receiver, UE bi-static sensing, UE mono-static sensing. Six sensing modes can be combined for single station sensing. Furthermore, sensing services can be extended to the multi-site collaboration, sensing structures, and so on.
[0027] An important application for ISAC is target identification and environment monitoring. A technical challenge to overcome in ISAC-based target identification and environment monitoring is that it is challenging to distinguish one target type from the other due to the complex environments and various types of interferences. In some arrangements, polarization information-assisted sensing can be used to distinguish target types.
[0028] In some arrangements, polarization information can be utilized for target identification, environment monitoring, and interference mitigation. For example, target detection and identification includes target type detection and target orientation detection. With respect to target type detection, different materials (e.g., metal, wood, fabric, or carbon-based life form) exhibit unique responses to polarized sensing signals. By analyzing the polarization changes upon reflection, material properties of a detected object can be inferred or determined. Cross-polarization is useful for detecting depolarizing objects, such as rough surfaces and complex-shaped objects, which cause significant scattering of the signal. With respect to target orientation detection, polarization changes can assist in estimating the orientation of the target. For instance, ISAC system can detect the angle at which a target is facing relative to the transmitter / receiver by comparing the returned polarized signals from different angles.
[0029] For example, environment / weather monitoring includes weather monitoring and environment monitoring. With respect to weather monitoring, polarization can be used to detect different types of precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, fog, hail) and its corresponding intensity. Different polarization measurements can differentiate between rain and non-rain targets by analyzing the differential reflection of horizontal and vertical polarizations. With respect to environment monitoring, different land cover types (e.g., forests, mountains, oceans) have unique polarization signatures, thus allowing for detailed environmental mapping and monitoring.
[0030] In interference mitigation, polarization can be used to mitigate interference from certain sources. After determining that an interference source has a distinct polarization, the sensing transmitter / receiver can tune to a different polarization to minimize the impact of the interference, ensuring more robust sensing.
[0031] Polarization information in sensing can enable a richer understanding of the environment by providing additional layers of data on targets, their materials, orientation, and the environment. By utilizing polarization diversity, ISAC systems can achieve improved accuracy, detection, and discrimination of targets, and can be incorporated in advanced applications like surveillance, environmental monitoring, and so on.
[0032] Specifically, sensing targets (e.g., UAVs, vehicles, humans, or environment objects) reflect sensing signals differently based on sizes, shapes, materials, and orientations of those sensing targets. A target’s polarization signature can be extracted from the polarization information to distinguish the target from background clutter or other environment objects. For example, a metallic object reflects sensing signals differently from a dielectric object, and these differences can be detected through changes in polarization of those objects.
[0033] In an ISAC system, sensing and communication functionalities are realized by a sensing waveform that also carries communication signaling and data. This design has security concerns given that the signal conveys information intended for communication users, while the sensing beam is designed to point towards targets, thus open to malicious targets eavesdropping on confidential information. Some arrangements relate to providing physical layer security to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data in ISAC systems.
[0034] Referring to FIG. 1A, an example wireless communication system 100 is shown. The wireless communication system 100 illustrates a group communication within a cellular network. In a wireless communication system, a network side communication node or a network can include a next Generation Node B (gNB) , an E-UTRAN Node B (also known as Evolved Node B, eNodeB or eNB) , a pico station, a femto station, a Transmission / Reception Point (TRP) , an Access Point (AP) , or so on. A terminal side node or a UE can include a device such as, for example, a mobile device, a smart phone, a cellular phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) , a tablet, a laptop computer, a wearable device, a vehicle with a vehicular communication system, or so on. In some examples, a UE can be a vehicle UE, a pedestrian UE, a Road-Side UE (RSU) , a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) , and so on. A UE described herein can implement the methods described herein with or without a known location. In FIG. 1A, a network side and a terminal side communication node are represented by a network 102 and UEs 104a and 104b, respectively. In some arrangements, the network 102 and UEs 104a / 104b are sometimes referred to as “wireless communication node” and “wireless communication device, ” respectively. Such communication nodes / devices can perform wireless communications.
[0035] In the illustrated arrangement of FIG. 1A, the network 102 can define a cell 101 in which the UEs 104a and 104b are located. The UEs 104a and / or 104b can be moving or remain stationary within a coverage of the cell 101. The UE 104a can communicate with the network 102 via a communication channel 103a. Similarly, the UE 104b can communicate with the network 102 via a communication channel 103b. In addition, the UEs 104a and 104b can communicate with each other via a communication channel 105. The communication channels 103a and 104b between a respective UE and the network can be implemented using interfaces such as an Uu interface, which is also known as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) air interface. The communication channel 105 between the UEs is a SL communication channel and can be implemented using a PC5 interface, which is introduced to address high moving speed and high density applications such as, for example, D2D communications, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications, Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) communications, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications, Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) communications, or the like. In some instances, vehicle network communications modes can be collective referred to as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. The network 102 is connected to Core Network (CN) 108 through an external interface 107, e.g., an Iu interface.
[0036] In some examples, a remote UE (e.g., the UE 104b) that does not directly communicate with the network 102 or the CN 108 (e.g., the communication channel link 103b is not established) communicates indirectly with the network 102 and the CN 108 using the SL communication channel 105 via a relay UE (e.g., the UE 104a) , which can directly communicate with the network 102 and the CN 108 or indirectly communicate with the network 102 and the CN 108 via another relay UE that can directly communicate with the network 102 and the CN 108.
[0037] FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication system for transmitting and receiving downlink, uplink and SL communication signals, in accordance with some arrangements of the present disclosure. In some arrangements, the system can transmit and receive data in a wireless communication environment such as the wireless communication system 100 of FIG. 1A, as described above.
[0038] The system generally includes the network 102 and UEs 104a and 104b, as described in FIG. 1A. The network 102 includes a network transceiver module 110, a network antenna 112, a network memory module 116, a network processor module 114, and a network communication module 118, each module being coupled and interconnected with one another as necessary via a data communication bus 120. The UE 104a includes a UE transceiver module 130a, a UE antenna 132a, a UE memory module 134a, and a UE processor module 136a, each module being coupled and interconnected with one another as necessary via a data communication bus 140a. Similarly, the UE 104b includes a UE transceiver module 130b, a UE antenna 132b, a UE memory module 134b, and a UE processor module 136b, each module being coupled and interconnected with one another as necessary via a data communication bus 140b. The network 102 communicates with the UEs 104a and 104b via one or more of a communication channel 150, which can be any wireless channel or other medium known in the art suitable for transmission of data as described herein.
[0039] The system may further include any number of modules other than the modules shown in FIG. 1B. Those skilled in the art will understand that the various illustrative blocks, modules, circuits, and processing logic described in connection with the arrangements disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, computer-readable software, firmware, or any practical combination thereof. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability and compatibility of hardware, firmware, and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps are described generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware, firmware, or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those familiar with the concepts described herein may implement such functionality in a suitable manner for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the present disclosure.
[0040] A wireless transmission from an antenna of one of the UEs 104a and 104b to an antenna of the network 102 is known as an uplink transmission, and a wireless transmission from an antenna of the network 102 to an antenna of one of the UEs 104a and 104b is known as a downlink transmission. In accordance with some arrangements, each of the UE transceiver modules 130a and 130b may be referred to herein as an uplink transceiver, or UE transceiver. The uplink transceiver can include a transmitter and receiver circuitry that are each coupled to the respective antenna 132a and 132b. A duplex switch may alternatively couple the uplink transmitter or receiver to the uplink antenna in time duplex fashion. Similarly, the network transceiver module 110 may be herein referred to as a downlink transceiver, or network transceiver. The downlink transceiver can include RF transmitter and receiver circuitry that are each coupled to the antenna 112. A downlink duplex switch may alternatively couple the downlink transmitter or receiver to the antenna 112 in time duplex fashion. The operations of the transceivers 110 and 130a and 130b are coordinated in time such that the uplink receiver is coupled to the antenna 132a and 132b for reception of transmissions over the wireless communication channel 150 at the same time that the downlink transmitter is coupled to the antenna 112. In some arrangements, the UEs 104a and 104b can use the UE transceivers 130a and 130b through the respective antennas 132a and 132b to communicate with the network 102 via the wireless communication channel 150. The wireless communication channel 150 can be any wireless channel or other medium known in the art suitable for downlink and / or uplink transmission of data as described herein. The UEs 104a and 104b can communicate with each other via a wireless communication channel 170. The wireless communication channel 170 can be any wireless channel or other medium suitable for SL transmission of data as described herein.
[0041] Each of the UE transceiver 130a and 130b and the network transceiver 110 are configured to communicate via the wireless data communication channel 150, and cooperate with a suitably configured antenna arrangement that can support a particular wireless communication protocol and modulation scheme. In some arrangements, the UE transceiver 130a and 130b and the network transceiver 110 are configured to support industry standards such as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and emerging 5G and 6G standards, or the like. It is understood, however, that the present disclosure is not necessarily limited in application to a particular standard and associated protocols. Rather, the UE transceiver 130a and 130b and the network transceiver 110 may be configured to support alternate, or additional, wireless data communication protocols, including future standards or variations thereof.
[0042] The processor modules 136a and 136b and 114 may be each implemented, or realized, with a general purpose processor, a content addressable memory, a digital signal processor, an application specific integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array, any suitable programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described herein. In this manner, a processor may be realized as a microprocessor, a controller, a microcontroller, a state machine, or the like. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a digital signal processor and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a digital signal processor core, or any other such configuration.
[0043] Furthermore, methods and algorithms described in connection with the arrangements disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in firmware, in a software module executed by processor modules 114 and 136a and 136b, respectively, or in any practical combination thereof. The memory modules 116 and 134a and 134b may be realized as RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. In this regard, the memory modules 116 and 134a and 134b may be coupled to the processor modules 114 and 136a and 136b, respectively, such that the processors modules 114 and 136a and 136b can read information from, and write information to, memory modules 116 and 134a and 134b, respectively. The memory modules 116, 134a, and 134b may also be integrated into their respective processor modules 114, 136a, and 136b. In some arrangements, the memory modules 116, 134a, and 134b may each include a cache memory for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor modules 116, 134a, and 134b, respectively. Memory modules 116, 134a, and 134b may also each include non-volatile memory for storing instructions to be executed by the processor modules 114 and 136a and 136b, respectively.
[0044] The network interface 118 generally represents the hardware, software, firmware, processing logic, and / or other components of the network 102 that enable bi-directional communication between network transceiver 110 and other network components and communication nodes configured to communication with the network 102. For example, the network interface 118 may be configured to support internet or WiMAX traffic. In a typical deployment, without limitation, the network interface 118 provides an 802.3 Ethernet interface such that network transceiver 110 can communicate with a conventional Ethernet based computer network. In this manner, the network interface 118 may include a physical interface for connection to the computer network (e.g., Mobile Switching Center (MSC) ) . The terms “configured for” or “configured to” as used herein with respect to a specified operation or function refers to a device, component, circuit, structure, machine, signal, etc. that is physically constructed, programmed, formatted and / or arranged to perform the specified operation or function. The network interface 118 can allow the network 102 to communicate with other network s or core network over a wired or wireless connection.
[0045] In some arrangements, each of the UEs 104a and 104b can operate in a hybrid communication network in which the UE communicates with the network 102, and with other UEs, e.g., between 104a and 104b. As described in further detail below, the UEs 104a and 104b support SL communications with other UE’s as well as downlink / uplink communications between the network 102 and the UEs 104a and 104b. In general, the SL communication allows the UEs 104a and 104b to establish a direct communication link with each other, or with other UEs from different cells, without requiring the network 102 to relay data between UEs.
[0046] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example system 200 for SL communication, according to various arrangements. As shown in FIG. 2, a network 210 (such as network 102 of FIG. 1A) broadcasts a signal that is received by a first UE 220, a second UE 230, and a third UE 240. The UEs 220 and 230 in FIG. 2 are shown as vehicles with vehicular communication networks, while the UE 240 is shown as a mobile device. As shown by the SLs, the UEs 220-240 are able to communicate with each other (e.g., directly transmitting and receiving) via an air interface without forwarding by the base station 210 or the core network 250. This type of V2X communication is referred to as PC5-based V2X communication or V2X SL communication.
[0047] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a monostatic sensing mode 300a and a bistatic sensing mode 300b, according to various arrangements. In a monostatic sensing mode 300a, a sensing measurement node 305a (e.g., a transmission (TX) sensing node, a TX communication and sensing node, a TX wireless node) sends a sensing reference signal 310a (e.g., a sensing RS or a transmitted sensing signal) toward an environment 330 which is in a transmitting sensing region and the receiving sensing region of the sensing measurement node 305a. The same sensing measurement node 305a (e.g., a reception (RX) sensing node, an RX communication and sensing node, an RX wireless node) receives the reflected, diffracted, or scattered waves or signals (referred to as received signals 320a, referred to as a sensing RS or a received sensing signal) that correspond to the sensing reference signal 310a, where the sensing reference signal 310a is reflected, diffracted, or scattered by the environment 330 to form the received signals 320a. In this case, the sensing measurement node 305a is both the sender (TX sensing node 502) and the receiver (RX sensing node 504) of the sensing signals.
[0048] In a bistatic sensing mode 300b, a sensing measurement node 305b (e.g., a TX sensing node 502) sends a sensing reference signal 310b (e.g., a sensing RS or a transmitted sensing signal) toward the environment 330 which is in a transmitting sensing region. The environment 330 is in the receiving sensing region of a sensing measurement node 306b. The sensing measurement node 306b (e.g., an RX sensing node 504) receives the received signals 320b (e.g., a sensing RS or a received sensing signal) that corresponding to the transmitted sensing reference signal 310b. The transmitted sensing reference signal 310b is reflected, diffracted, or scattered by the environment to form the received signals 320b. In this case, the sensing measurement node 305b is the sender and the sensing measurement node 306b is the receiver of the sensing signals.
[0049] Each of the sensing measurement node 305a, 305b, and 306b (or a sensing node) can be a BS (e.g., the BS 102 and 202) , a Generation Node B (gNB) , an E-UTRAN Node B (also known as Evolved Node B, eNodeB or eNB) , a pico station, a femto station, a Transmission / Reception Point (TRP) , a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) , a Sensing Reference Unit (SRU) , an Access Point (AP) , a terminal, a UE (e.g., the UE 104 or 204) , a mobile device, a smart phone, a cellular phone, a PDA, a tablet, a laptop computer, a wearable device, a vehicle with a vehicular communication system, or so on. A sensing node refers to a wireless communication node involved in sensing or ISAC.
[0050] In some arrangements, for UE monostatic sensing (e.g., the monostatic sensing mode 300a) , sensing measurements (e.g., timing related, angle related, velocity related, or location coordination, or a list of location information associated with time stamp) is derived from sensing signals received at a UE (e.g., the sensing measurement node 305a) from the UE itself. The SL sensing RS is transmitted by a UE, reflected / scattered / diffracted by sensing target / object or environment (e.g., the environment 330) , and received at the UE. The environment 330 includes objects which can have different materials (e.g., metal, wood, fabric, or carbon-based life form such as humans and animals) , surfaces, and therefore polarization characteristics and information.
[0051] Sensing Function (SF) -based sensing refers to the design in which an SF is responsible for collecting sensing measurements (e.g., intermediate sensing measurements) from sensing node (s) and calculating the sensing results. BS-based sensing refers to the design in which a BS is responsible for calculating sensing results. UE-based sensing refers to the design in which a UE is responsible for calculating sensing results. The TX sensing node 502 can be BS or UE. The RX sensing node 504 can be BS or UE. The TX sensing node 502 and RX sensing node 504 can or can nor co-located.
[0052] In some arrangements, polarization states of transmitted sensing signal and received sensing signal is controlled to obtain both co-polarized and cross-polarized sensing measurements. FIG. 4 includes example graphs showing the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) in dBsm against Angle of Arrival (AOA) in radians for a car, according to various arrangements. The left diagram is the horizontal transmit and horizontal receive (HH) result of the car, and the right diagram is the horizontal transmit and vertical receive (HV) result of the car. FIG. 4 illustrates the polarization information obtained through mono-static sensing in the carrier frequency of 4.9GHz, including the RCS values for different polarization combinations (e.g., HH and HV) . Various portions of the car, such as front, back, left, right can be identified based on the polarization information (e.g., local peaks thereof) , as shown.
[0053] FIG. 5 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example method 500 for a polarization assisted sensing procedure, according to various arrangements. The method 500 can be performed by a TX sensing node 502 (e.g., the node 305a or 305b) , a RX sensing node 504 (e.g., the node 305a or 306b) , and an SF / BS / UE 506. The SF / BS / UE 506 is a SF, BS, or UE different from the TX sensing node 502 and the RX sensing node 504. The SF / BS / UE 506 is a dedicated node used to control polarization states of transmitted sensing signal or received sensing signal. The dedicated node can be either SF, BS or UE, referred to as the SF / BS / UE 506.
[0054] In the method 500, at 510, the SF / BS / UE 506 sends a TX polarization information request 510 to the TX sensing node 502. At 520, the TX sensing node 502 sends the TX polarization information response (including the polarization configuration) to the SF / BS / UE 506. At 530, the SF / BS / UE 506 sends a sensing measurement request (e.g., at least one of horizontal (H) or vertical (V) RX polarization) to the RX sensing node 504. At 540, the RX sensing node 504 sends a sensing measurement report to the SF / BS / UE 506, where the measurement report includes a polarization scattering matrix determined for the received sensing signal using the RX polarization (e.g., at least one of H or V) received at 530.
[0055] The SF / BS / UE 506 (e.g., an intermediate node) is responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement (e.g., co-polarized and / or cross-polarized) from at least one RX sensing node 504 (e.g., the RX sensing node 504) .
[0056] In some arrangements, the signaling interactions between the TX sensing node 502 and RX sensing node 504 control polarization states of the transmitted sensing signal or received sensing signal. FIG. 6 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example method 600 for a signaling interaction between the TX sensing node 502 and the RX sensing node 504 for TX polarization configuration and polarization based sensing measurement request / report, according to various arrangements. The method 600 can be performed by a TX sensing node 502 (e.g., the node 305a or 305b) and a RX sensing node 504 (e.g., the node 305a or 306b) .
[0057] In some examples, the RX sensing node 504 can request in the TX polarization information request, at 610, the TX sensing node 502 to provide TX polarization configuration or request the TX sensing node 502 to apply a certain polarization pattern. At 620, the TX sensing node 502 can report TX polarization configuration in the TX polarization information response to RX sensing node 504 with or without RX sensing node 504’s request.
[0058] At 630, the TX sensing node 502 sends a sensing measurement request (e.g., at least one of H or V RX polarization) to the TX sensing node 504, to request RX sensing node 504 to report polarization based sensing measurement. At 640, the RX sensing node 504 sends a sensing measurement report to the TX sensing node 502, where the measurement report includes a polarization scattering matrix determined for the received sensing signal using the RX polarization (e.g., at least one of H or V) received at 630m with or without TX sensing node 502’s request.
[0059] In some example, for BS monostatic sensing for SF-based sensing, SF can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) .
[0060] For BS monostatic sensing for BS-based sensing, another BS (e.g., a master BS) can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) , or it can be up to BS’s implementation to control the transmission and reception polarization state.
[0061] In some example, for BS bistatic sensing for SF based sensing, SF can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) .
[0062] For BS bistatic sensing for BS-based sensing, another BS (e.g., a master BS) can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) or requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) , or signaling interactions between TX BS and RX BS are needed to control the transmission and reception polarization state.
[0063] In some examples, for BS-UE bistatic sensing for SF based sensing, SF can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) .
[0064] For BS-UE bistatic sensing for BS based sensing, BS can request polarization based sensing measurement from UE via RRC, MAC CE or physical layer signaling. A BS can request TX BS for TX polarization configuration.
[0065] For BS-UE bistatic sensing for UE based sensing, a UE can request SF for BS (s) ’ TX polarization configuration, SF can provide TX polarization configuration for BS (s) . In other examples, the UE can be provided with TX polarization configuration from BS.
[0066] In some examples, for UE-BS bistatic sensing for SF based sensing, SF can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) .
[0067] For UE-BS bistatic sensing for BS based sensing, UE can be provided with TX polarization configuration from SF / BS / UE 506, if from SF, then BS should first provide TX polarization configuration to SF. A BS or SF can be responsible for requesting polarization based sensing measurement from the RX BS.
[0068] In some examples, for UE monostatic sensing for SF based sensing, SF can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from the UE.
[0069] For UE monostatic sensing for UE based sensing, UE can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from the UE.
[0070] For UE monostatic sensing for BS based sensing, BS can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from the UE.
[0071] In some examples, for UE bistatic sensing for SF based sensing SF can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) .
[0072] For UE monostatic sensing for UE based sensing, UE can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) .
[0073] For UE monostatic sensing for BS based sensing, BS can be responsible for requesting TX polarization configuration from TX sensing node 502 (s) and requesting polarization based sensing measurement from RX sensing node 504 (s) .
[0074] In some arrangements, for transmission, the polarization of the transmitted sensing RS can be deliberately set such that each TX polarization state can be associated with one sensing RS resource including transmission beam configuration. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example polarization and beamforming-based sensing RS transmission, according to various arrangements. As shown in FIG. 7, in the examples in which vertical polarization is required for sensing RS transmission, the TX sensing node 502 first adjust the direction of TX polarization using weight vector and then apply beamforming.
[0075] In some arrangements, with regard to the TX polarization configuration, the TX sensing node 502 can be requested (e.g., via the TX polarization information request) by the SF / BS / UE 506 or other sensing nodes (e.g., the RX sensing node 504) to provide the TX polarization configuration (e.g., in the TX polarization information response) . The TX sensing node 502 may provide the TX polarization information response without the TX polarization information request. In some arrangements, the TX polarization configuration can be configured or provided to the TX sensing node 502 (e.g., in the TX polarization information request) by the SF / BS / UE 506 or other sensing nodes (e.g., the RX sensing node 504) , and the TX sensing node 502 can provide a confirmation or rejection via the TX polarization information response.
[0076] In some examples, the TX polarization configuration includes a specific polarization state for sensing RS transmission (e.g., transmitting the sensing RS) . The polarization state for the for sensing RS transmission includes at least one of: a polarization angle (e.g., {-45, 0, 45, 90} degree polarization) , horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise direction) , elliptical polarization, and so on.
[0077] In some examples, the TX polarization configuration includes a single polarization or bi-polarization (or cross-polarization) for the sensing RS transmission.
[0078] In some examples, the TX polarization configuration includes an indication or request to switch TX polarization state to a different state, from a first state to a second state. In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 is requested or configured by the SF / BS / UE 506 or other sensing nodes (e.g., the RX sensing node 504) to switch TX polarization to a different state.
[0079] In some examples, the TX polarization configuration includes, for a TX sensing RS, each TX beam configuration is associated with one TX polarization configuration.
[0080] In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 can be requested or configured with one or more TX sensing RS resource (s) or resource set (s) . Each sensing RS resource or each sensing RS resource set is associated with one TX polarization configuration. In some examples, the TX polarization configuration includes at least one sensing RS resource or at least one sensing RS resource set associated with TX polarization configuration.
[0081] In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 can be required to transmit multiple polarizations, e.g., transmit two orthogonally polarized sensing RSs simultaneously or transmit two orthogonally polarized sensing RSs that are Time-Domain Multiplexed (TDMed) . In this case, the TX sensing node 502 can apply TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing RSs. In some examples, the TX polarization configuration includes different TX polarization configurations for multiple sensing signals.
[0082] In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 applies the same TX beam, different polarization, and TDM to transmit the multiple sensing RSs. In some examples, the TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing RSs include at least one of one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource / resource set (different periodicity instances or different repetitions within one sensing RS resource / resource set can be associated with different polarization configurations) or within one sensing RS resource, TDM- ed sub-resources are each associated with one TX polarization configuration of the one or more TX polarization configurations.
[0083] In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 applies the same TX beam, different polarization, and Frequency-Domain Multiplex (FDM) to transmit the multiple sensing RSs. In some examples, the TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing RSs include at least one of one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource / resource set (different comb offsets or different frequency resources within one sensing RS resource / resource set can be associated with different polarization configurations) or within one sensing RS resource, FDM-ed sub-resources are each associated with one TX polarization configuration of the one or more TX polarization configurations.
[0084] In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 applies the same TX beam, different polarization, and the same time and frequency resource to transmit the multiple sensing RSs. In some examples, the TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing RSs include one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource / resource set. Different sequence IDs within one sensing RS resource / resource set can be associated with different polarization configurations. The RX sensing node 504 can be provided with the sequence IDs of the sensing RS transmitted by the TX sensing node 502, to allow the RX sensing node 502 to decode the information in the sensing RS.
[0085] In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 can be requested / configured to use one or more Antenna Reference Point (ARP) IDs, antenna port IDs, antenna elements group IDs, or one or more Tx polarization configurations to transmit the same sensing RS. In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 can be requested / configured to use certain one or more ARP IDs, antenna port IDs, antenna elements group IDs, or one or more Tx polarization configurations to transmit the same sensing RS. One TX polarization configuration can be associated with one ARP ID, antenna group ID, or antenna elements group ID, e.g., different (equivalent) polarization directions of antennas can be associated with one ARP ID, antenna group ID, or antenna elements group ID. For example, -45 degree polarization is associated with ARP ID 1, 0 degree polarization is associated with ARP ID 2, 45 degree polarization is associated with ARP ID 3, 90 degree polarization is associated with ARP ID 4. In some examples, the TX polarization configuration includes one or more ARP IDs, one or more antenna port IDs, or one or more antenna elements group IDs, or one or more Tx polarization configurations used for transmitting the sensing RS.
[0086] In some examples, the TX sensing node 502 can be requested or configured to dynamically switch TX polarization configuration, e.g., TX polarization sweeping. In some examples, the TX polarization configuration includes an indication to dynamically switch TX polarization configuration.
[0087] In some examples in which the TX sensing node 502 is UE, the TX sensing node 502 can request a BS or SF to provide TX polarization configuration. In some examples, a SF can request BS to provide TX polarization configuration to the TX sensing node 502 (e.g., the UE) . Therefore, in the some examples in which the TX sensing node 502 is UE, the TX polarization configurations can be provided to the TX sensing node 502 via an on-demand request.
[0088] In some arrangements, with respect to TX polarization capability, one or more TX polarization-related capabilities can be reported from TX sensing node 502 to the SF / BS / UE 506 (e.g., per method 500) or to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., per method 600) . The TX polarization-related capabilities include the supported TX polarization state (e.g., {-45, 0, 45, 90} degree polarization, horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization (clockwise or counterclockwise direction) , elliptical Polarization, and so on) , support single polarization or bi-polarization, a number of TX polarization configurations supported within one sensing RS resource or sensing RS resource set, a number of polarizations of multiple sensing RSs transmitted simultaneously or a number of polarizations of multiple TDMed sensing RSs transmitted, or a number of ARP IDs, antenna port IDs, antenna elements group IDs, or one or more Tx polarization configurations used in transmitting the same sensing RS.
[0089] In some arrangements, from the perspective of polarization reception (e.g., the RX sensing node 504) , the TX sensing RS configurations including polarization information can be provided to the RX sensing node 504 by the SF / BS / UE 506 (e.g., the intermediate node) . The TX sensing node 502 can dynamically switch TX polarization configuration, and the TX sensing node 502 can be requested by the RX sensing node 504 or SF / BS / UE 506 regarding the TX polarization information of the TX sensing node 502. The TX sensing node 502 can provide to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., BS, or UE) in the method 600 or to the SF / BS / UE 506 in the method 500 detailed TX information including at least one of a TX sensing RS resource ID, time stamp, TX polarization information, an ARP ID, a TX beam ID. The time stamp defines a time at which the other types of TX information (e.g., TX sensing RS resource ID, TX polarization information, an ARP ID, a TX beam ID) is relevant or valid. Given that, a TX sensing node 502 can transmit using a sensing RX resource 1 at time stamp 1 using HH polarization and transmit a sensing Rx resource 1 in time stamp 2 using VH polarization, the sensing calculation entity (e.g., the RX sensing node 504 or SF / BS / UE 506) needs the relevant time stamps to further process either HH measurement or VH measurement results based on the reception time.
[0090] For co-polarized and cross-polarized sensing measurement, the RX sensing node 504 can be requested to measure and receive sensing RS in both the same polarization as the transmitted RS (e.g., HH) and an orthogonal polarization state (e.g., HV) . The sensing measurements can be at least one of Channel Impulse Response (CIR) , Power Delay Profile (PDP) , Delay Profile (DP) , range-Doppler spectrum, number of sensing target, type of sensing target, shape of sensing target, orientation of sensing target, number of scattering points of one sensing target, delay, angle of arrival, Doppler, or velocity. Doppler spectrum refers to the change of Doppler over time (e.g., a set of Doppler values over a period of time) , for targets with time-varying velocities. However, for a target with a constant velocity or a target with minor changes in velocity (e.g., the change sin Doppler below a threshold) , to reduce a signaling overhead, the RX sensing node can report one Doppler value, referred to as Doppler. Depending on whether the sensing is performed using SF-based sensing, BS-based sensing, UE-based sensing, various types of measurement requests or reports can be implemented.
[0091] In some arrangements, SF-based sensing (e.g., the SF of the SF / BS / UE 506 is responsible for sensing results calculation) based on the sensing measurement report received from the RX sensing node 504 at 540. In the SF-base sensing, the SF can request the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., BS or UE) for co-polarized and / or cross-polarized sensing measurements (e.g., at 530) .
[0092] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide sensing measurements including one or more of CIR, PDP, DP, range-Doppler spectrum, a number of sensing target, a type of sensing target, a shape of sensing target, an orientation of sensing target, number of scattering points of one sensing target, delay, angle of arrival, Doppler, or velocity.
[0093] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide sensing measurements of the received RS for each of the one or more polarizations (e.g., {HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) } ) respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received RS for all polarizations.
[0094] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide at least one co-polarized sensing measurement or cross-polarized sensing measurement, such as at least one of “HH and HV” sensing measurements, “VV and VH” sensing measurements, “HH and VH” sensing measurements, or “VV and HV” sensing measurements.
[0095] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to use a specific RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern for sensing measurement. In some examples, the RX polarization can be at least one of: {-45, 0, 45, 90} degree polarization, horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise direction) , or elliptical polarization. In some examples, the RX polarization pattern can be at least one of each RX polarization is associated with one TX sensing RS resource or resource set, specific RX polarization for each of N sensing RS reception occasions or up to RX sensing node 504 random RX polarization switching.
[0096] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the difference between co-polarized and cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., a receiver power difference.
[0097] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to measure the same TX sensing RS resource or different TX sensing RS resources using one or more RX polarization configurations.
[0098] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point.
[0099] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the distribution or function of estimated polarization scattering matrix, e.g., mean, variance, etc.
[0100] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report an amplitude polarization ratio between the amplitude of co-polarization and the amplitude of cross-polarization, phase polarization ratio between the phase of co-polarization and the phase of cross-polarization, amplitude polarization ratio distribution (e.g., distribution of the amplitude polarization ratio) , or phase polarization ratio distribution (e.g., distribution of the phase polarization ratio) . The amplitudes and phases for a sensing target for co-polarization and cross- polarization can be different depending the characteristics of sensing target (e.g., the target has a rough surface, the amplitude surface is smaller than a target with a smooth surface) . The amplitude polarization ratio distribution and the phase polarization ratio distribution can be a Gaussian distribution with mean and standard deviation.
[0101] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the SF sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report a ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle (arctangent of the ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components) .
[0102] In some arrangements, the RX sensing node 504 reports to the SF in the measurement report co-polarized and / or cross-polarized sensing measurement to the SF.
[0103] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes an indicator that indicates that the sensing measurement is derived from at least one of polarizations HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) , fused, both co-polarization and cross-polarization sensing results, co-polarization or cross-polarization sensing results.
[0104] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes sensing measurements including at least one of CIR, PDP, DP, range-Doppler spectrum, number of sensing target, type of sensing target, shape of sensing target, orientation of sensing target, number of scattering points of one sensing target, delay, angle of arrival, Doppler, velocity.
[0105] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes sensing measurements of the received RS for each of the one or more polarizations (e.g., {HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) } ) respectively, a fused sensing measurement of the received RS for all polarizations, both co-polarization and cross-polarization sensing results, co-polarization or cross-polarization sensing results, and so on.
[0106] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes at least one co-polarized measurement or cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., at least request “HH and HV” or “VV and VH” or “HH and VH” or “VV and HV” sensing measurements.
[0107] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes a specific RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern for sensing measurement. Each RX polarization is associated with one TX sensing RS resource or resource set or sensing RS reception occasion. The RX sensing node 504 can provide to the SF (e.g., in the sensing measurement report) at least one of TX sensing RS resource ID, TX sensing node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, ARP ID, or RX beam ID.
[0108] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes the difference between co-polarized and cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., receiver power difference.
[0109] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes sensing measurements of the same TX sensing RS resource or different TX sensing RS resources using one or more RX polarization configurations.
[0110] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes the estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point.
[0111] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes the distribution or function of estimated polarization scattering matrix, e.g., mean, variance.
[0112] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution.
[0113] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540) sends to the SF includes a ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle (arctangent of the ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components)
[0114] In some arrangements, BS-based sensing (e.g., the BS of the SF / BS / UE 506 or the TX sensing node 502 if the TX sensing node 502 is a BS is responsible for sensing results calculation) based on the sensing measurement report received from the RX sensing node 504 at 540 or 640. In the BS-base sensing, the BS can request the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., another BS or UE) for polarization related sensing measurements (e.g., at 530 or 630) .
[0115] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide sensing measurements including one or more of CIR, PDP, DP, range-Doppler spectrum, a number of sensing target, a type of sensing target, a shape of sensing target, an orientation of sensing target, number of scattering points of one sensing target, delay, angle of arrival, Doppler, or velocity.
[0116] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide sensing measurements of the received RS for each of the one or more polarizations (e.g., {HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) } ) respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received RS for all polarizations.
[0117] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide at least one co-polarized sensing measurement or cross-polarized sensing measurement, such as at least one of “HH and HV” sensing measurements, “VV and VH” sensing measurements, “HH and VH” sensing measurements, or “VV and HV” sensing measurements.
[0118] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to use a specific RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern for sensing measurement. In some examples, the RX polarization can be at least one of: {-45, 0, 45, 90} degree polarization, horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise direction) , or elliptical polarization. In some examples, the RX polarization pattern can be at least one of each RX polarization is associated with one TX sensing RS resource or resource set, specific RX polarization for each of N sensing RS reception occasions or up to RX sensing node 504 random RX polarization switching.
[0119] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the difference between co-polarized and cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., a receiver power difference.
[0120] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to measure the same TX sensing RS resource or different TX sensing RS resources using one or more RX polarization configurations.
[0121] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point.
[0122] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the distribution or function of estimated polarization scattering matrix, e.g., mean, variance, etc.
[0123] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution.
[0124] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the BS sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report a ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle (arctangent of the ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components)
[0125] In some arrangements, the RX sensing node 504 reports to the SF in the measurement report co-polarized and / or cross-polarized sensing measurement.
[0126] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes an indicator that indicates that the sensing measurement is derived from at least one of polarizations HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) , fused, both co-polarization and cross-polarization sensing results, co-polarization or cross-polarization sensing results.
[0127] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes sensing measurements including at least one of CIR, PDP, DP, range-Doppler spectrum, number of sensing target, type of sensing target, shape of sensing target, orientation of sensing target, number of scattering points of one sensing target, delay, angle of arrival, Doppler, velocity.
[0128] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes sensing measurements of the received RS for each of the one or more polarizations (e.g., {HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) } ) respectively, a fused sensing measurement of the received RS for all polarizations, both co-polarization and cross-polarization sensing results, co-polarization or cross-polarization sensing results, and so on.
[0129] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes at least one co-polarized measurement or cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., at least request “HH and HV” or “VV and VH” or “HH and VH” or “VV and HV” sensing measurements.
[0130] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes a specific RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern for sensing measurement. Each RX polarization is associated with one TX sensing RS resource or resource set or sensing RS reception occasion. The RX sensing node 504 can provide to the SF (e.g., in the sensing measurement report) at least one of TX sensing RS resource ID, TX sensing node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, ARP ID, or RX beam ID.
[0131] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes the difference between co-polarized and cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., receiver power difference.
[0132] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes sensing measurements of the same TX sensing RS resource or different TX sensing RS resources using one or more RX polarization configurations.
[0133] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes the estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point.
[0134] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes the distribution or function of estimated polarization scattering matrix, e.g., mean, variance.
[0135] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution.
[0136] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the BS includes a ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle (arctangent of the ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components)
[0137] In some arrangements, UE-based sensing (e.g., the UE of the SF / BS / UE 506 or the TX sensing node 502 if the TX sensing node 502 is a UE is responsible for sensing results calculation) based on the sensing measurement report received from the RX sensing node 504 at 540 or 640. In the UE-base sensing, the UE can request the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., BS or another UE) for polarization related sensing measurements (e.g., at 530 or 630) .
[0138] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide sensing measurements including one or more of CIR, PDP, DP, range-Doppler spectrum, a number of sensing target, a type of sensing target, a shape of sensing target, an orientation of sensing target, number of scattering points of one sensing target, delay, angle of arrival, Doppler, or velocity.
[0139] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide sensing measurements of the received RS for each of the one or more polarizations (e.g., {HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) } ) respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received RS for all polarizations.
[0140] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to provide at least one co-polarized sensing measurement or cross-polarized sensing measurement, such as at least one of “HH and HV” sensing measurements, “VV and VH” sensing measurements, “HH and VH” sensing measurements, or “VV and HV” sensing measurements.
[0141] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to use a specific RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern for sensing measurement. In some examples, the RX polarization can be at least one of: {-45, 0, 45, 90} degree polarization, horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise direction) , or elliptical polarization. In some examples, the RX polarization pattern can be at least one of each RX polarization is associated with one TX sensing RS resource or resource set, specific RX polarization for each of N sensing RS reception occasions or up to RX sensing node 504 random RX polarization switching.
[0142] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the difference between co-polarized and cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., a receiver power difference.
[0143] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to measure the same TX sensing RS resource or different TX sensing RS resources using one or more RX polarization configurations.
[0144] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point.
[0145] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report the distribution or function of estimated polarization scattering matrix, e.g., mean, variance, etc.
[0146] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution.
[0147] In some examples, the sensing measurement request that the UE sends to the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 530 or 630) includes a request for the RX sensing node 504 to report a ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle (arctangent of the ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components)
[0148] In some arrangements, the RX sensing node 504 reports to the UE in the measurement report co-polarized and / or cross-polarized sensing measurement.
[0149] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes an indicator that indicates that the sensing measurement is derived from at least one of polarizations HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) , fused, both co-polarization and cross-polarization sensing results, co-polarization or cross-polarization sensing results.
[0150] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes sensing measurements including at least one of CIR, PDP, DP, range-Doppler spectrum, number of sensing target, type of sensing target, shape of sensing target, orientation of sensing target, number of scattering points of one sensing target, delay, angle of arrival, Doppler, velocity.
[0151] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes sensing measurements of the received RS for each of the one or more polarizations (e.g., {HH, VV, HV, VH, (TX 45, RX 45) , (TX 45, RX -45) } ) respectively, a fused sensing measurement of the received RS for all polarizations, both co-polarization and cross-polarization sensing results, co-polarization or cross-polarization sensing results, and so on.
[0152] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes at least one co-polarized measurement or cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., at least request “HH and HV” or “VV and VH” or “HH and VH” or “VV and HV” sensing measurements.
[0153] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes a specific RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern for sensing measurement. Each RX polarization is associated with one TX sensing RS resource or resource set or sensing RS reception occasion. The RX sensing node 504 can provide to the SF (e.g., in the sensing measurement report) at least one of TX sensing RS resource ID, TX sensing node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, ARP ID, or RX beam ID.
[0154] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes the difference between co-polarized and cross-polarized sensing measurement, e.g., receiver power difference.
[0155] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes sensing measurements of the same TX sensing RS resource or different TX sensing RS resources using one or more RX polarization configurations.
[0156] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes the estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point.
[0157] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes the distribution or function of estimated polarization scattering matrix, e.g., mean, variance.
[0158] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution.
[0159] In some examples, the sensing measurement report that the RX sensing node 504 (e.g., at 540 or 640) sends to the UE includes a ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle (arctangent of the ratio of the magnitudes of its vertical and horizontal components)
[0160] In some arrangements, polarization of multiple associated signals for sensing can be implemented, and more than one types of sensing RS can be utilized for sensing. For example, the TX sensing node 502 can be requested by SF / BS / UE 506 or the RX sensing node 504 to use TX polarization configuration for two or more types of RS for sensing. The SF / BS / UE 506 or RX sensing node 504 can request from TX sensing node 502 or from TX sensing node 502’s serving BS (if the TX sensing node 502 is a UE) at least one of TX sensing RS resource ID, other RS ID, joint RS configuration, time stamp, TX polarization information, ARP ID, TX beam ID. The TX sensing node 502 or from TX sensing node 502’s serving BS can report to SF / BS / UE 506 or RX sensing node 504 at least one of TX sensing RS resource ID, other RS ID, joint RS configuration, time stamp, TX polarization information, ARP ID, TX beam ID. From the perspective of RX sensing node 504, to enable joint sensing RS and other RS processing, at least sensing RS and other RS are transmitted using the same TX polarization configuration. The RX sensing node 504 can be requested to measure sensing RS and other RS using a same RX polarization configuration.
[0161] In some arrangements, polarization can be used to mitigate interference from certain sources. In the examples in which an interference source has a distinct polarization, ISAC systems can tune to a different polarization to minimize the impact of the interference, ensuring more robust sensing. ISAC systems can transmit communication signals using one polarization while sending sensing signals with an orthogonal polarization to avoid interference between functions.
[0162] In some examples, a victim node can send its interference information to the SF or broadcast / groupcast to the potential aggressor node (s) and request for interference mitigation solution. The SF can provide interference mitigation suggestions or solutions to victim node or aggressor node, including at least one of: SF can request victim node to change TX polarization configuration, or SF can request aggressor node to change TX polarization configuration. In some examples, a victim node receives an expected signal with RX horizontal polarization, and the TX legal node is transmitting using TX vertical polarization. The SF can request victim node to use vertical polarization for better performance, or request the victim node to use both horizontal and vertical polarization to combine the measurement result with increasing SINR, thus changing the TX polarization configuration.
[0163] In some arrangements, an O-Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Distributed Unit (O-DU) is logical node hosting Radio Link Control (RLC) , Medica Access Control (MAC) , and / or High-Physical (PHY) layers based on a lower layer functional split. An O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU) is a logical node hosting Low-PHY layer and Radio Frequency (RF) processing based on a lower layer functional split. The O-DU and O-RU belong to a BS.
[0164] A Control Plane (C-plane) or Management Plane (M-plane) signaling indication is sent from the O-DU to the O-RU for sensing RS transmission. In some examples, the signaling indication includes a request provided from O-DU to the O-RU to use a different polarization direction to transmit or receive a sensing signal.
[0165] In some examples, the signaling indication includes a request provided from O-DU to the O-RU to use a specific TX polarization or a specific TX polarization pattern for sensing measurement. In some examples, the signaling indication includes a specific polarization configuration ID for sensing RS transmission, identifying a polarization state which can be at least one of {-45, 0, 45, 90} degree polarization, horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization (clockwise or counterclockwise direction) , or elliptical polarization. Each polarization can be associated with one TX sensing RS resource or resource set, or each polarization can be associated with one TX beam direction.
[0166] In some examples, the signaling indication includes a request provided from O-DU to the O-RU to use single polarization or bi-polarization (or cross-polarization) for sensing RS transmission. In some examples, the signaling indication includes a request provided from O-DU to the O-RU to switch or dynamically switch TX polarization configuration. In some examples, the signaling indication includes a request provided from O-DU to the O-RU to transmit multiple polarizations, e.g., transmit two orthogonally polarized sensing RS simultaneously or transmit two TDMed orthogonally polarized sensing RS.
[0167] In some examples, the signaling indication includes a request provided from O-DU to the O-RU to use one or more of ARP ID, antenna port ID, or antenna elements group ID to transmit the same sensing RS. One TX polarization configuration is associated with one ARP ID, antenna group ID, or antenna elements group ID.
[0168] In some examples in which the O-DU has knowledge of the number and arrangement of antenna elements of the O-RUs, the O-DU can directly send in the signaling indication polarization antenna weight vectors to the O-RU to adjust different polarization directions.
[0169] In some examples, in addition to the C-plane indication of the beam ID, the O-DU associates a polarization direction indication (e.g., cross, -45, 0, 45, 90) with a certain beam ID.
[0170] In some examples, a C-plane signaling indication is sent from the O-DU to the O-RU for sensing RS reception / measurement. In some examples, the signaling indication includes a request to use specific RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern for sensing measurement. In some examples, the signaling indication includes a request to provide co-polarized and / or cross-polarized sensing measurement.
[0171] C / M-plane signaling transmitted from O-RU to O-DU includes one or more of a preferred or non-preferred polarization configuration for transmission, a preferred or non-preferred polarization configuration for reception / measurement, a preferred or non-preferred ARP ID or antenna port ID or antenna elements group ID for transmission, a preferred or non-preferred ARP ID or antenna port ID or antenna elements group ID for reception / measurement, or an associated resource ID or associated time-frequency resource (s) ,
[0172] User Plane (U-plane) signaling transmitted from the O-DU to the O-RU for U-plane In-phase and Quadrature (I / Q) data or transmitted from the O-RU to the O-DU for received I / Q data includes one or more of a polarization configuration ID (e.g., indicating the polarization state which can be at least one of: {-45, 0, 45, 90} degree polarization, or horizontal polarization, or vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization (clockwise or counterclockwise direction) , elliptical polarization, single polarization or bi-polarization (or cross-polarization) ) , polarization weights (polarization antenna weight vectors to adjust different polarization directions) , an ARP ID, antenna port ID, or antenna elements group ID.
[0173] The contents of the signaling indication can be included in common header or a section header of the signaling indication.
[0174] In some arrangements, conventional anti-eves solutions require prior information, such as location and channel status information of an eavesdropper (e.g., eve) . In some arrangements, the ISAC can perceive the surrounding environment, determine possible eavesdropper information, and transfer the potential eavesdropper information to communication nodes to assist secure communication.
[0175] In some examples, the BS or UE can initiate sensing procedure for a communication service with high Quality of Service (QoS) security requirements. The BS or UE can request sensing configurations from the SF. Examples of the sensing configurations include a sensing method, sensing delay requirement, and sensing security requirement (the sensing node can know the physical characteristics of the possible eve node) .
[0176] In some examples, the BS or UE can obtain the possible eve position, azimuth, speed, channel status, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) , Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) , and uncertainty through sensing.
[0177] In some examples, the SF / BS / UE 506 can provide the obtained eve physical characteristics, location, azimuth, speed, channel status, and uncertainty information to the communication node, or providing suggestions to a communication node (e.g., the nodes 502 and 504) . Examples of the suggestions include eve physical features, e.g., eve type (e.g., a person or a robot) , number of eves, eve gesture, eve material / RCS / size, eve action. Examples of the suggestions include eve position, azimuth, speed, channel status, and uncertainty information. Examples of the suggestions include non-preferred beam direction / Quasi Co-Location (QCL) , non-preferred type. Examples of the suggestions include the recommended transmit power. Examples of the suggestions include manually adding artificial noise, muting some sensing RS resource which is associated with a TX beam / QCL info in a direction to the communication sending node. Examples of the suggestions include the communication node adjusting the transmit power. Examples of the suggestions include switching the frequency band and resource of the communication node, and avoid some Resource Element (RE) / Resource Block (RB) .
[0178] In some examples, information obtained through sensing is sent to the communication node through signaling. For UE-based sensing, the UE can report the above-mentioned eve physical characteristics, location, azimuth, speed, channel status, and uncertainty information to the BS, through the physical layer, MAC layer, or RRC measurement. For BS based sensing, the BS can transmit the above information to other BS through the Xn interface. For SF-based perception, the SF can transmit the above information to the BS. If the UE / BS-based sensing result is reported to the SF, the SF can also transmit the information to the BS.
[0179] In some arrangements in which a sensing target is a potential eavesdropper, the method of manually noising the beam or the eve direction is not applicable given that the beam should not be aimed at only the target / eavesdropper, the target / eavesdropper should be prevented from receiving useful information.
[0180] In some arrangements, random seeds are needed to generate sensing waveform sequences, and pure Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) signals can be easily intercepted. The sequence ID can be configured by the upper layer through dedicated signaling. For SL perception, the source / destination ID authentication procedure needs to be considered for sensing signals, and the sequence ID configured at the upper layer needs to be designed.
[0181] With respect to the physical layer key, the cipher key can be associated with a sensing node. The cipher key is agreed in advance and exchanged through higher-layer signaling. For example, the sequence ID of the sensing RS is related to the TX node ID. The eavesdropper must first know the ID information of the sender to be able to successfully decode the signal. In some examples, the sequence ID of the sensing RS is related, mapped, or corresponds to at least one of the TX node ID, RX node ID, sensing area, sensing service QoS, sensing target attribute, and coding method.
[0182] With respect to the physical layer key, the same physical-layer key generation rule is applied between sending and receiving nodes. According to the reciprocal radio channel (amplitude / phase response) , two valid TX node and RX node can generate the same key according to the channel receiving response.
[0183] In some arrangements, a jammer transmits a particular waveform (noise-like, periodic, aperiodic, pulsed, or continuous, intending to disrupt the communication between legitimate nodes of a network. For example, the jammer sends noise-like signals to interfere with perception and communication links. Some arrangements are directed to solutions can be used for anti-jamming for physical layer security. In some arrangements, a frequency hopping solution can be provided. For example, a fixed interference source can be avoided by frequently changing the frequency resource during ISAC. Frequency hopping can randomly change the frequency domain position for transmitting sensing signals. This pseudo-random pattern of frequency hopping is known by transceiver nodes.
[0184] In some examples, a sensing RS can be configured with frequency hopping. In some examples, two associated RS can be used for sensing, and at least one of which is configured with frequency hopping. In some examples, the frequency hopping can include an intra-sub-band (one frequency domain density) frequency hopping, in the examples in which the time-domain density and frequency-domain density of a sensing RS are 1, e.g., one sensing RS symbol for each 1 symbol, one sensing RS RE for each PRB. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example frequency hopping, according to various arrangements. FIG. 8 shown N PRBs (e.g., PRB 1 and PRB 2) . The frequency hopping can be configured as intra-subband frequency hopping. As shown, a RE (shown as colored blocks) in each PRB 1 and PRB 2 (e.g., the time-domain resources corresponding thereto) is used for frequency hopping.
[0185] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example frequency hopping, according to various arrangements. FIG. 9 shown N PRBs (e.g., PRB 1 and PRB 2) . In FIG. 9 illustrates intra-subband frequency hopping the time density 1, frequency density 1 PRB, where the time-domain resources (colored blocks) in PRB 1 and PRB 2 are used for frequency hopping.
[0186] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example frequency hopping, according to various arrangements. FIG. 10 shown PRB 1. In FIG. 9 illustrates intra-subband frequency hopping the time density 4, frequency density 1 PRB, where the time-domain resources (colored blocks) in PRB 1 and PRB 2 are used for frequency hopping.
[0187] In some examples, the frequency hopping can include comb hopping. Given the comb size of the sensing signal, the comb offset can change randomly with time, in some examples. In some examples, the comb size of the sensing signal can change randomly with time.
[0188] In some examples, the frequency hopping can include cross-carrier frequency hopping. In some arrangements, for downlink, downlink sensing signals are configured for bandwidth aggregation. The receiving method depends on the UE capability. In the examples in which the UE has the bandwidth aggregation capability, the UE measures the downlink sensing signals of bandwidth aggregation and reports the measurement result. The measurement result needs to carry the carrier list and the corresponding sensing RS resource, resource set ID.
[0189] In the examples in which the UE does not have the bandwidth aggregation capability and the QoS requirement is high (e.g., greater than a threshold) , the UE reports a larger frequency hopping capability in response to determining that the total frequency hopping bandwidth exceeds the bandwidth of a carrier. After receiving the bandwidth aggregation configuration, the UE can select the frequency hopping mode to receive the sensing signals of bandwidth aggregation. The measurement result not only needs to carry the carrier list information, but also needs to carry an indication indicating whether frequency hop is used.
[0190] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example cross-carrier frequency hopping, according to various arrangements. At least one sensing signal is transmitted and / or received using RS resource#0 of Component Carrier (CC) #0 and RS resource#1 of CC#1. A link for the hop between the RS resources of CC#0 and CC#1 can indicate that the aforementioned RS resources of CC#0 and CC#1 are used in frequency hopping.
[0191] The indication associated with the measurement result that the RX sensing node sends to the SF / BS / UE 506 or to the TX sensing node 502 can include one or more of a hop indication (e.g., a link for the hop) and bandwidth aggregation indication indicating the cross-carrier frequency hopping for the RX sensing node 504 that is a UE. In some examples, the indication only includes the hop indication, given that only intra-carrier frequency hopping is performed. In some examples, the indication includes only the bandwidth aggregation indication, which only corresponds to the RX sensing node 504 that is a UE which only performs bandwidth aggregation.
[0192] In some arrangements, for downlink, inter-carrier frequency hopping does not depend on the bandwidth aggregation configuration. The UE receives an explicit cross-carrier frequency hopping configuration. The UE needs to report the capability of receiving cross-carrier frequency hopping, including the total frequency hopping bandwidth, single-hop bandwidth, number of carriers, and frequency hopping switching time. The associated CC list is used for frequency hopping. Each CC is configured with downlink perception signal resources or resource sets.
[0193] In the examples, the UE reports a stronger frequency hopping capability. That is, if the total frequency hopping bandwidth exceeds the bandwidth of a carrier and a certain condition (e.g., QCL, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) , Cyclic Prefix (CP) , and phase continuity are the same, symbol / slot offset, repetition, and periodicity, time gap, muting pattern can be different) is met, cross-carrier frequency hopping can be realized by implementation.
[0194] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example cross-carrier frequency hopping, according to various arrangements. At least one sensing signal is transmitted and / or received using RS resource#0 of Component Carrier (CC) #0 and RS resource#1 of CC#1. A link for the hop between the RS resources of CC#0 and CC#1 can indicate that the aforementioned RS resources of CC#0 and CC#1 are used in frequency hopping. The periodicity between two RS resources adjacent in the time-domain for CC#1 is denoted as periodicity P. The periodicity between two RS resources adjacent in the time-domain for CC#2 is denoted as periodicity 2P, e.g., twice the periodicity P of CC#1.
[0195] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example cross-carrier frequency hopping for uplink, according to various arrangements. In some examples as shown in FIG. 13, CC1 and CC2 are configured for cross-carrier frequency hopping for sending the sensing RS. For uplink, the frequency hopping can be configured to include at least one of a complete frequency-domain start position and frequency-domain bandwidth (indicating the guard band between two CCs) . Based on the implementation, the guard band can also be used to send signals without notifying the guard band. In some examples, the location and size of the guard band are notified to the TX sensing node 502 and the RX sensing node 504, and an additional indication is added to indicate whether signals can be sent on the guard band, a number of occupied symbols, and the frequency hopping interval / periodicity. In some examples, associated CC list for frequency hopping can be configured to the TX sensing node 502 and the RX sensing node 504.
[0196] In some examples, event-triggered frequency hopping pattern / self-adaptive frequency hopping can be configured / requested, such that the TX sensing node 502 and / or the RX sensing node 504 can dynamically adjust the frequency hopping pattern, based on at least one of the channel status measurement quantity, such as Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) , Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , Channel Impulse Response (CIR) , Power Delay Profile (PDP) , Delay Profile (DP) , and channel phase response. The SF can recommend the physical layer authentication method for the TX sensing node 502 and / or the RX sensing node 504. For example, the SF recommends the UE / BS (of the TX sensing node 502 and / or the RX sensing node 504) to use the CIR measurement change to determine whether the received signal is reliable. The UE / BS judges the status of each sub-band / frequency band channel. The channel seriously interfered will be marked. The UE / BS modifies the frequency hopping sequence in accordance with the interference
[0197] In some examples, the UE (of the TX sensing node 502 and / or the RX sensing node 504) can report whether jammer interference is received to the SF / BS of the SF / BS / UE 506 to request the SF / BS to update the sending / frequency hopping configuration, or the UE can perform frequency hopping to another pre-configured frequency hopping pattern. With respect to configuration, the UE can receive the dynamic frequency hopping adjustment threshold and multiple frequency hopping pattern configured by a BS (or recommended by a SF to BS) . Each frequency hopping pattern can be associated with a threshold. If the UE dynamically adjusts the perception signal sending pattern, the UE needs to report the perception signal sending pattern associated with each time stamp in a timely manner.
[0198] In some arrangements, to avoid interference, the UE / BS (of the TX sensing node 502 and / or the RX sensing node 504) can dynamically adjust the time and frequency domain positions of beams, power, beam ID, antenna elements / group ID, ARP ID and signals to avoid the risk of signals being received illegally.
[0199] Spoofing attack (or spoofing) refers to an attacker attempting to mislead the system by sending fake signals, so that the system misjudges communication or sensing information. The receiver (e.g., the RX sensing node 504) can analyze whether there is spoofing in accordance with the RSSI, RSRP, CIR, PDP, DP, channel phase response, Time of Arrival (TOA) , and target speed (including the movement direction) . The SF / BS / UE 506 can recommend the judgment basis or method. For example, in the analysis of channel status information, it is difficult to accurately simulate the channel change characteristics of deceptive signals. By collecting and analyzing CSI in real time, the receiver can detect abnormal channel characteristics and identify spoofing attacks. In some examples, the abnormal channel characteristics can be identified through artificial intelligence or machine learning. In some examples, a target can be tracked in accordance with the moving speed information or location information of the target, and signals that are inconsistent with the continuity or expected path of the target can be found in a timely manner.
[0200] In some arrangements, a vehicle such as an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , airborne vehicle, and so on can be selected as a sening node 502 or 504. For example, the BS recommends a UE to the SF as a sensing node 502 or 504. In some examples, the SF requests the BS to recommend a UE as a sensing node 502 or 504. The request signaling carries the sensing area, sensing QoS, sensing use case, or sensing target type. The BS can obtain at least one of flight / move path and Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement result (including the location and speed information) of the UE, recommend a UE ID to the SF as a sensing node. In some examples, the BS sends the associated flight / move path information and RRM measurement result with the UE ID to the SF.
[0201] In some examples, the SF selects a sensing node. The UE can report the flight / move path, location information (including the height) , velocity information (velocity size and velocity direction) to the SF. In some examples, the UE can report the RRM measurement results together. After obtaining the information of multiple UEs, the SF selects a UE as a sensing node.
[0202] The SF can request to modify or establish a new UE flight / move path / trajectory to implement sensing. For example, to meet the sensing requirements of an area, the SF needs a UAV UE to traverse the edge of the area to supplement the sensing of the fixed BS or fixed UE.
[0203] The UE (e.g., UAV UE) reports assistance information to the SF according to certain frequency and granularity. For example, the UE can report the information only in response to SF request. If periodic reporting is introduced, the SF request UE reports assistance information periodically. In addition, to avoid excessive reporting, the SF can set thresholds for the UE to report assistance information (e.g., speed threshold, distance threshold, and time threshold) . For example, the UE can report location information to the SF only when the location change of the UE is greater than a certain threshold. For example, the UE is triggered to report location information to the SF only in response to the speed direction of the UE changing or the speed changing more than a certain threshold. In addition, the granularity of speed / distance / time change needs to be defined, for example, whether the distance change is in meters, millimeters, or centimeters. In some examples, in response to the SF requesting the UE to report the sensing measurement result, the UE reports actual flight / move path (e.g., already flied path, for example, including the hover time range) or speed information within the time stamp / time duration for the reported sensing measurement result (which can be point cloud data or relative coordinate or global coordinate) .
[0204] In some examples, a UE (e.g., UAV) applies sensing parameters as a sensing node. In the examples in which an aerial UE acts as a sensing sending node more uplink interference to more cells may be caused given that the aerial UE is at a height that is higher than the ground UE. Therefore, different power control parameters are configured for different UE types and heights at which the UE travels.
[0205] In some examples, the sensing RS power control parameters of the ground UE are different from those of the aerial UE. That is, two sets of power control parameters (e.g., P0, alpha, path loss reference signal, path loss compensation factor, power compensation factor, and absolute power) are configured for a first type of UE (e.g., ground UE) and a second type of UE (e.g., aerial UE) respectively.
[0206] In some examples, multiple sets of power control parameters are pre-configured. Each set of power control parameters / sensing RS configuration / resource ID is associated with the height of sensing UE. In the examples in which the UE height is below 10 m, relatively high power can be used to send perception signals. In the examples in which the height of the UE is greater than 100 m or at 100-300 m, the power control configuration must ensure that the power of the perception signals sent by the UE is not high enough to reduce interference to neighbor cells. The SF can request the BS to pre-configure multiple sets of power control parameters for the UE to meet the requirements of different flight heights.
[0207] In some arrangements, different spatial relations configuration can be configured in accordance with UE types and heights. The sensing RS transmission beam configuration of ground UE is different from that of aerial UE. For example, two sets of beam parameters (spatial relation info, reference RS type and ID) are configured for ground UE and aerial UE respectively. In some examples, multiple sets of transmit beam parameters are pre-configured, and each set of transmit beam parameters is associated with the height of sensing UE. In the examples in which the UE height is below 10 m, the beam direction is basically above the horizontal plane. In the examples in which the height of the UE is greater than 100 m or 100-300 m, the UE can send beams downwards. The SF can request the BS to pre-configure multiple sets of transmission beam parameters for the UE to meet the requirements of different flight heights.
[0208] The aerial UE can rise, fly, hover, or land during the sensing process. To meet the sensing requirements, the SF can use different pre-configured parameters for the enable aerial UE in different flight statuses or heights. When reporting the measurement result or assistance data, the aerial UE needs to report to the SF information associated with the measurement result, such as time stamp / duration, location, velocity, or TX transmission characteristics (e.g., pre-configured resource ID, power control config, spatial relation config) .
[0209] With respect to UAV group management, in some arrangements, the SF establishes a link with each UAV UE in the UAV group, sends a sensing-related assistance data to the UAV UE, and receives the sensing measurement result from the UAV UE.
[0210] With respect to UAV group management, in some arrangements, the SF establishes a link with only one UAV UE (e.g., master UAV) in the UAV group. The master UAV collects the flight status, locations, speeds, and group ID of other intra-group UAVs through a Sidelink (SL) link, and forwards the information to the SF. The master UAV can report or forward the measurement results of each UAV within the UAV group. After pre-processing (de-duplicating or calculating the speed of the target location) , the master UAV reports the final perception result to the SF.
[0211] With respect to intra-group UAV synchronization, the SF can set the UAV synchronization source (e.g., a BS) and the corresponding priority (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) . The master UAV recommends synchronization sources to other UAVs in the group.
[0212] FIG. 14A is a flowchart illustrating an example method 1400a for performing sensing, according to various arrangements. At 1410, a TX wireless node (e.g., the TX sensing node 502, which can be a node that performed the combination of communication and sensing or only sensing) receives a TX polarization information request. At 1420, the TX wireless node sends a sensing signal to a RX wireless node in response to the TX polarization information request. The RX wireless node (e.g., the RX sensing node 504, which can be a node that performed the combination of communication and sensing or only sensing) provides a sensing measurement report.
[0213] In some arrangements, the TX wireless node receives the TX polarization information request from an intermediate node different from the RX wireless node. The intermediate node sends a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node. The RX wireless node sends the sensing measurement report to the intermediate node.
[0214] In some arrangements, the TX wireless node receives the TX polarization information request from the RX wireless node. The method 1400a further includes sending, by the TX wireless node to the RX wireless node, a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node. The TX wireless node receives the sensing measurement report from the RX wireless node.
[0215] In some arrangements, the TX polarization information request includes a TX polarization configuration for transmitting, by the TX wireless node, a sensing signal.
[0216] In some arrangements, the TX polarization configuration includes at least one of a polarization state of the sensing signal (the polarization state includes one or more of a polarization angle, horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization, or elliptical polarization) , a single polarization or bi-polarization of the sensing signal, an indication or request to switch the polarization state of the sensing signal to a different state, for the sensing signal, TX beam configuration associated with the TX polarization configuration, for the sensing signal, at least one resource or at least one resource set associated with TX polarization configuration, different TX polarization configurations for multiple sensing signals, the sensing signal includes the multiple sensing signals, one or more ARP IDs, one or more antenna port IDs, or one or more antenna elements group IDs, or one or more TX polarization configurations used for transmitting the sensing RS, or an indication to dynamically switch TX polarization configuration.
[0217] In some arrangements, the different TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing signals includes at least one of one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource or one resource set (different periodicity instances or different repetitions within the one sensing RS resource or within the one resource set are associated with different ones of the one or more TX polarization configurations) , or within one sensing RS resource, one or more TDMed sub-resources are each associated with one TX polarization configuration of the one or more TX polarization configurations.
[0218] In some arrangements, the different TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing signals includes at least one of one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource or one resource set (different comb offsets or different frequency resources within the one sensing RS resource or within the one resource set are associated with different ones of the one or more TX polarization configurations) , or within one sensing RS resource, one or more FDMed sub-resources are each associated with one TX polarization configuration of the one or more TX polarization configurations.
[0219] In some arrangements, the different TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing signals includes one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource or one resource set. Sequence identifiers within the one sensing RS resource or within the one resource set are associated with different ones of the one or more TX polarization configurations.
[0220] In some arrangements, the method 1400a further includes sending by the TX sensing node, TX polarization-related capabilities for transmitting a sensing signal. The polarization-related capabilities include one or more of a supported TX polarization state, a supported single polarization or bi-polarization, a number of TX polarization configurations supported within one sensing RS resource or sensing RS resource set, a number of polarizations of multiple sensing signals transmitted simultaneously or a number of polarizations of multiple TDMed sensing signals, or a number of ARP IDs, antenna port IDs, antenna elements group IDs, or one or more Tx polarization configurations for transmitting the sensing signal.
[0221] In some arrangements, the method 1400a further includes sending, by the TX wireless node to an intermediate node or to the RX wireless node, at least one of a TX sensing RS resource ID, a time stamp, TX polarization information, an ARP ID, or a TX beam ID.
[0222] In some arrangements, the RX wireless node provides the sensing measurement report to an SF. The SF sends a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node.
[0223] In some arrangements, the sensing measurement request requests the RX wireless node to at least one of provide, in the sensing measurement report, sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations, provide, in the sensing measurement report, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, provide, in the sensing measurement report, a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, use an RX polarization or a RX polarization pattern for determining the sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, use measure a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources using one or more RX polarization configurations, provide, in the sensing measurement report, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, provide, in the sensing measurement report, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix, provide, in the sensing measurement report, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution, or provide, in the sensing measurement report, a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.
[0224] In some arrangements, the sensing measurement report includes at least one of sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a RX polarization or RX polarization pattern, wherein the RX wireless node sends to the SF one or more of TX sensing RS resource ID, TX wireless node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, ARP ID, or RX beam ID, a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, or a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.
[0225] In some arrangements, the RX wireless node provides the sensing measurement report to a BS, which determines sensing results based on the sensing measurement report, the BS includes the TX wireless node or an intermediate node, and the BS sends a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node.
[0226] In some arrangements, the sensing measurement request requests the RX wireless node to at least one of provide, in the sensing measurement report, sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations, provide, in the sensing measurement report, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, provide, in the sensing measurement report, a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, use an RX polarization or a RX polarization pattern for determining the sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, use measure a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations, provide, in the sensing measurement report, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, provide, in the sensing measurement report, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix, provide, in the sensing measurement report, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution, or provide, in the sensing measurement report, a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.
[0227] In some arrangements, the sensing measurement report includes at least one of sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a RX polarization or RX polarization pattern, wherein the RX wireless node sends to the SF one or more of TX sensing Reference Signal (RS) resource ID, TX wireless node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, Antenna Reference Point (ARP) ID, or RX beam ID, a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, or a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.
[0228] In some arrangements, the RX wireless node provides the sensing measurement report to a UE, which determines sensing results based on the sensing measurement report, the UE includes the TX wireless node or an intermediate node, and the UE sends a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node.
[0229] In some arrangements, the sensing measurement request requests the RX wireless node to at least one of provide, in the sensing measurement report, sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations, provide, in the sensing measurement report, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, provide, in the sensing measurement report, a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, use an RX polarization or a RX polarization pattern for determining the sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, use measure a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations, provide, in the sensing measurement report, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, provide, in the sensing measurement report, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix, provide, in the sensing measurement report, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution, or provide, in the sensing measurement report, a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.
[0230] In some arrangements, the sensing measurement report includes at least one of sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a RX polarization or RX polarization pattern, wherein the RX wireless node sends to the SF one or more of TX sensing RS resource ID, TX wireless node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, ARP ID, or RX beam ID. a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal, sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal, or a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.
[0231] In some arrangements, the sensing measurement report includes sensing measurements for a plurality of sensing signals having a plurality of types.
[0232] In some arrangements, one of the method 1400a further includes receiving, by the TX wireless node, interference information of a victim node, the method 1400a further includes receiving, by the TX wireless node from a SF, first TX polarization configuration to be applied to the TX sensing node for transmitting a first sensing signal, wherein the first TX polarization configuration mitigates the interference, or the SF sends second TX polarization configuration to be applied to the victim node, wherein the second TX polarization configuration mitigates the interference.
[0233] In some arrangements, an O-DU sends a C-plane or M-plane signaling indication to a O-RU. The signaling indication requests the O-RU to apply TX polarization configuration to transmitting a sensing signal by the TX wireless node or receiving the sensing signal by the RX wireless node.
[0234] In some arrangements, an O-DU sends a C-plane signaling indication to an O-RU, the signaling indication requests the O-RU to use an RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern, provide at least one of co-polarized or cross-polarized sensing measurement, use Rx polarization weights, or use an ARP ID or antenna port ID or antenna elements group ID.
[0235] In some arrangements, O-RU send a C-plan or M-plane signaling indication to O-DU, wherein the indication includes at least one of preferred or non-preferred Tx polarization configuration, preferred or non-preferred Rx polarization configuration, preferred or non-preferred ARP ID or antenna port ID or antenna elements group ID for transmission or for reception, associated resource ID or associated time-frequency resource (s) .
[0236] In some arrangements, the method 1400a further includes receiving by the TX wireless node from an Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) system, possible eavesdropper information, wherein the TX wireless node transmits a sensing signal based at least in part on the possible eavesdropper information.
[0237] In some arrangements, the TX wireless node transmits a sensing signal, a sequence ID of the sensing signal is mapped to at least one of a TX node ID of the TX wireless node, RX node ID of the RX wireless node, a sensing area, a sensing service QoS, a sensing target attribute, or a coding method.
[0238] In some arrangements, the TX wireless node transmits at least one sensing signal, one or more of the at least one sensing signal is configured with frequency hopping, wherein the frequency hopping includes at least one of intra-sub-band frequency hopping, comb hopping, or cross-carrier frequency hopping.
[0239] In some arrangements, the RX wireless node reports with measurement sensing results an indication of whether frequency hopping is used in receiving a sensing signal, wherein the indication includes at least one of a hop indication and a bandwidth aggregation indication indicating cross-carrier frequency hopping, only the hop indication, wherein intra-carrier frequency hopping is performed for transmitting or receiving the sensing signal, or only the bandwidth aggregation indication, wherein the RX wireless node only performs bandwidth aggregation.
[0240] In some arrangements, the TX wireless node transmits a sensing signal with frequency hopping, the method further includes dynamically adjusting at least one of a frequency hopping patterns based at least in part on channel status measurement quantity.
[0241] In some arrangements, the TX wireless node transmits a sensing signal with frequency hopping, the method 1400a further includes dynamically adjusting at least one of time and frequency domain positions of beams, power, beam ID, antenna elements / group ID, ARP ID, or signals.
[0242] In some arrangements, at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX sensing node is selected by a BS based on at least one of a path of the node or a RRM measurement result of the node, wherein the BS sends a UE ID of the node to an SF. In some arrangements, the BS sends the path of the node and the RRM measurement result of the node along with the UE ID to the SF.
[0243] In some arrangements, different power control parameters for sending or receiving a sensing signal is applied to the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node based on a type or height of the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node, different spatial relations configurations for sending or receiving a sensing signal is applied to the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node based on the type or height of the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node, a master node collects at least one of flight status, location, speed, or group ID of the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node via a sidelink, to forward to an SF.
[0244] FIG. 14B is a flowchart illustrating an example method 1400b for performing sensing, according to various arrangements. At 1430, the RX wireless node (e.g., the RX sensing node 504, which can be a node that performed the combination of communication and sensing or only sensing) receives a sensing measurement request. At 1440, the RX wireless node sends a sensing measurement report in response to the sensing measurement request.
[0245] In some arrangements, the RX wireless node receives the sending measurement request from an intermediate node different from a TX wireless node (e.g., the TX sensing node 502, which can be a node that performed the combination of communication and sensing or only sensing) . The RX wireless node sends the sensing measurement report to the intermediate node. The TX wireless node receives the TX polarization information request from the intermediate node. The TX wireless node sends a TX polarization information response to the intermediate node.
[0246] In some arrangements, the RX wireless node receives the sending measurement request from the TX wireless node, the RX wireless node sends the sensing measurement report to the TX wireless node, the RX wireless node sends the TX polarization information request to the TX wireless node, and the RX wireless node receives a TX polarization information response from the TX wireless node.
[0247] While various arrangements of the present solution have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not by way of limitation. Likewise, the various diagrams can depict an example architectural or configuration, which are provided to enable persons of ordinary skill in the art to understand example features and functions of the present solution. Such persons would understand, however, that the solution is not restricted to the illustrated example architectures or configurations, but can be implemented using a variety of alternative architectures and configurations. Additionally, as would be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art, one or more features of some arrangements can be combined with one or more features of another arrangement described herein. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described illustrative arrangements.
[0248] It is also understood that any reference to an element herein using a designation such as “first, ” “second, ” and so forth does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, these designations can be used herein as a convenient means of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements can be employed, or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner.
[0249] Additionally, a person having ordinary skill in the art would understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits and symbols, for example, which can be referenced in the above description can be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0250] A person of ordinary skill in the art would further appreciate that any of the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, methods and functions described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented by electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two) , firmware, various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions (which can be referred to herein, for convenience, as “software” or a “software module) , or any combination of these techniques. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware, firmware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware, firmware or software, or a combination of these techniques, depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans can implement the described functionality in various ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions do not cause a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
[0251] Furthermore, a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that various illustrative logical blocks, modules, devices, components and circuits described herein can be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit (IC) that can include a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof. The logical blocks, modules, and circuits can further include antennas and / or transceivers to communicate with various components within the network or within the device. A general purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suitable configuration to perform the functions described herein.
[0252] If implemented in software, the functions can be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Thus, the steps of a method or algorithm disclosed herein can be implemented as software stored on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that can be enabled to transfer a computer program or code from one place to another. A storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
[0253] In this document, the term “module” as used herein, refers to software, firmware, hardware, and any combination of these elements for performing the associated functions described herein. Additionally, for purpose of discussion, the various modules are described as discrete modules; however, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, two or more modules can be combined to form a single module that performs the associated functions according arrangements of the present solution.
[0254] Additionally, memory or other storage, as well as communication components, can be employed in arrangements of the present solution. It will be appreciated that, for clarity purposes, the above description has described arrangements of the present solution with reference to different functional units and processors. However, it will be apparent that any suitable distribution of functionality between different functional units, processing logic elements or domains can be used without detracting from the present solution. For example, functionality illustrated to be performed by separate processing logic elements, or controllers, can be performed by the same processing logic element, or controller. Hence, references to specific functional units are only references to a suitable means for providing the described functionality, rather than indicative of a strict logical or physical structure or organization.
[0255] Various modifications to the implementations described in this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be applied to other implementations without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the novel features and principles disclosed herein, as recited in the claims below.
Claims
1.A method, comprising:receiving, by a transmission (TX) wireless node, a TX polarization information request; andsending, by the TX wireless node, a sensing signal to a reception (RX) wireless node in response to the TX polarization information request, wherein the RX wireless node provides a sensing measurement report.2.The method of claim 1, whereinthe TX wireless node receives the TX polarization information request from an intermediate node different from the RX wireless node;the intermediate node sends a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node; andthe RX wireless node sends the sensing measurement report to the intermediate node.3.The method of claim 1, whereinthe TX wireless node receives the TX polarization information request from the RX wireless node;the method further comprises sending, by the TX wireless node to the RX wireless node, a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node; andthe TX wireless node receives the sensing measurement report from the RX wireless node.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the TX polarization information request comprises a TX polarization configuration for transmitting, by the TX wireless node, a sensing signal.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the TX polarization configuration comprises at least one of:a polarization state of the sensing signal, the polarization state comprises one or more of a polarization angle, horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, linear polarization, circular polarization, or elliptical polarization;a single polarization or bi-polarization of the sensing signal;an indication or request to switch the polarization state of the sensing signal to a different state;for the sensing signal, TX beam configuration associated with the TX polarization configuration;for the sensing signal, at least one resource or at least one resource set associated with TX polarization configuration;different TX polarization configurations for multiple sensing signals, the sensing signal comprises the multiple sensing signals;one or more Antenna Reference Point (ARP) IDs, one or more antenna port IDs, or one or more antenna elements group IDs, or one or more Tx polarization configurations used for transmitting the sensing RS; oran indication to dynamically switch TX polarization configuration.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the different TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing signals comprises at least one of:one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource or one resource set, wherein different periodicity instances or different repetitions within the one sensing RS resource or within the one resource set are associated with different ones of the one or more TX polarization configurations; orwithin one sensing RS resource, one or more Time-Domain Multiplexed (TDMed) sub-resources are each associated with one TX polarization configuration of the one or more TX polarization configurations.7.The method of claim 5, wherein the different TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing signals comprises at least one of:one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource or one resource set, wherein different comb offsets or different frequency resources within the one sensing RS resource or within the one resource set are associated with different ones of the one or more TX polarization configurations; orwithin one sensing RS resource, one or more Frequency-Domain Multiplexed (FDMed) sub-resources are each associated with one TX polarization configuration of the one or more TX polarization configurations.8.The method of claim 5, wherein the different TX polarization configurations for the multiple sensing signals comprises one or more TX polarization configurations associated with one sensing RS resource or one resource set, wherein sequence identifiers within the one sensing RS resource or within the one resource set are associated with different ones of the one or more TX polarization configurations.9.The method of claim 1, further comprising, sending by the TX sensing node, TX polarization- related capabilities for transmitting a sensing signal, wherein the polarization-related capabilities comprise one or more of a supported TX polarization state, a supported single polarization or bi-polarization, a number of TX polarization configurations supported within one sensing RS resource or sensing RS resource set, a number of polarizations of multiple sensing signals transmitted simultaneously or a number of polarizations of multiple TDMed sensing signals, or a number of Antenna Reference Point (ARP) IDs, antenna port IDs, antenna elements group IDs, or one or more Tx polarization configurations for transmitting the sensing signal.10.The method of claim 1, further comprising sending, by the TX wireless node to an intermediate node or to the RX wireless node, at least one of a TX sensing Reference Signal (RS) resource ID, a time stamp, TX polarization information, an Antenna Reference Point (ARP) ID, or a TX beam ID.11.The method of claim 1, whereinthe RX wireless node provides the sensing measurement report to a Sensing Function (SF) ; andthe SF sends a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the sensing measurement request requests the RX wireless node to at least one of:provide, in the sensing measurement report, sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations;provide, in the sensing measurement report, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;provide, in the sensing measurement report, a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;use an RX polarization or a RX polarization pattern for determining the sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;use measure a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources using one or more RX polarization configurations;provide, in the sensing measurement report, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;provide, in the sensing measurement report, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix;provide, in the sensing measurement report, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution; orprovide, in the sensing measurement report, a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.13.The method of claim 11, wherein the sensing measurement report comprises at least one of:sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations;at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a RX polarization or RX polarization pattern, wherein the RX wireless node sends to the SF one or more of TX sensing Reference Signal (RS) resource ID, TX wireless node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, Antenna Reference Point (ARP) ID, or RX beam ID.a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations;an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal; ora ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.14.The method of claim 1, whereinthe RX wireless node provides the sensing measurement report to a Base Station (BS) , which determines sensing results based on the sensing measurement report, the BS comprises the TX wireless node or an intermediate node; andthe BS sends a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the sensing measurement request requests the RX wireless node to at least one of:provide, in the sensing measurement report, sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations;provide, in the sensing measurement report, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;provide, in the sensing measurement report, a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;use an RX polarization or a RX polarization pattern for determining the sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;use measure a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations;provide, in the sensing measurement report, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;provide, in the sensing measurement report, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix;provide, in the sensing measurement report, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution; orprovide, in the sensing measurement report, a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.16.The method of claim 14, wherein the sensing measurement report comprises at least one of:sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations;at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a RX polarization or RX polarization pattern, wherein the RX wireless node sends to the SF one or more of TX sensing Reference Signal (RS) resource ID, TX wireless node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, Antenna Reference Point (ARP) ID, or RX beam ID;a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations;an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal; ora ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.17.The method of claim 1, whereinthe RX wireless node provides the sensing measurement report to a User Equipment (UE) , which determines sensing results based on the sensing measurement report, the UE comprises the TX wireless node or an intermediate node; andthe UE sends a sensing measurement request to the RX wireless node.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the sensing measurement request requests the RX wireless node to at least one of:provide, in the sensing measurement report, sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations;provide, in the sensing measurement report, at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;provide, in the sensing measurement report, a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;use an RX polarization or a RX polarization pattern for determining the sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;use measure a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations;provide, in the sensing measurement report, an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;provide, in the sensing measurement report, a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix;provide, in the sensing measurement report, an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution; orprovide, in the sensing measurement report, a ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.19.The method of claim 17, wherein the sensing measurement report comprises at least one of:sensing measurements of a received sensing signal for each of one or more polarizations respectively or a fused sensing measurement of the received sensing signal for the one or more polarizations;at least one of co-polarized sensing measurement and cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a RX polarization or RX polarization pattern, wherein the RX wireless node sends to the SF one or more of TX sensing Reference Signal (RS) resource ID, TX wireless node ID, time stamp, RX polarization information, Antenna Reference Point (ARP) ID, or RX beam ID.a difference between the co-polarized sensing measurement and the cross-polarized sensing measurement of the received sensing signal;sensing measurements of the received sensing signal for a same TX sensing resource or different TX sensing resources suing one or more RX polarization configurations;an estimated polarization scattering matrix, a number of scattering points of a sensing target, or an estimated polarization scattering matrix for each scattering point of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;a distribution or function of the estimated polarization scattering matrix of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal;an amplitude polarization ratio, phase polarization ratio, amplitude polarization ratio distribution, or phase polarization ratio distribution of sensing measurements of the received sensing signal; ora ratio of magnitudes of vertical and horizontal components, or a polarization angle.20.The method of claim 1, wherein the sensing measurement report comprises sensing measurements for a plurality of sensing signals having a plurality of types.21.The method of claim 1, wherein one of:the method further comprising receiving, by the TX wireless node, interference information of a victim node;the method further comprising receiving, by the TX wireless node from a Sensing Function (SF) , first TX polarization configuration to be applied to the TX sensing node for transmitting a first sensing signal, wherein the first TX polarization configuration mitigates the interference; orthe SF sends second TX polarization configuration to be applied to the victim node, wherein the second TX polarization configuration mitigates the interference.22.The method of claim 1, wherein an O-Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Distributed Unit (O-DU) sends a Control Plane (C-plane) or Management Plane (M-plane) signaling indication to a O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU) , wherein the signaling indication requests the O-RU to apply TX polarization configuration to transmitting a sensing signal by the TX wireless node or receiving the sensing signal by the RX wireless node.23.The method of claim 1, wherein an O-Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Distributed Unit (O-DU) sends a Control Plane (C-plane) signaling indication to an O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU) , wherein the signaling indication requests the O-RU to:use an RX polarization or a specific RX polarization pattern;provide at least one of co-polarized or cross-polarized sensing measurement;use Rx polarization weights; oruse an Antenna Reference Point (ARP) ID or antenna port ID or antenna elements group ID.24.The method of claim 1, wherein O-RU send a C-plan or M-plane signaling indication to O-DU, wherein the indication includes at least one of:preferred or non-preferred Tx polarization configuration;preferred or non-preferred Rx polarization configuration;preferred or non-preferred ARP ID or antenna port ID or antenna elements group ID for transmission or for reception;associated resource ID or associated time-frequency resource (s) .25.The method of claim 1, wherein further comprising receiving by the TX wireless node from an Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) system, possible eavesdropper information, wherein the TX wireless node transmits a sensing signal based at least in part on the possible eavesdropper information.26.The method of claim 1, wherein the TX wireless node transmits a sensing signal, a sequence ID of the sensing signal is mapped to at least one of a TX node ID of the TX wireless node, RX node ID of the RX wireless node, a sensing area, a sensing service Quality of Service (QoS) , a sensing target attribute, or a coding method.27.The method of claim 1, wherein the TX wireless node transmits at least one sensing signal, one or more of the at least one sensing signal is configured with frequency hopping, wherein the frequency hopping comprises at least one of:intra-sub-band frequency hopping;comb hopping; orcross-carrier frequency hopping.28.The method of claim 1, wherein the RX wireless node reports with measurement sensing results an indication of whether frequency hopping is used in receiving a sensing signal, wherein the indication comprises at least one of:a hop indication and a bandwidth aggregation indication indicating cross-carrier frequency hopping;only the hop indication, wherein intra-carrier frequency hopping is performed for transmitting or receiving the sensing signal; oronly the bandwidth aggregation indication, wherein the RX wireless node only performs bandwidth aggregation.29.The method of claim 1, wherein the TX wireless node transmits a sensing signal with frequency hopping, the method further comprises dynamically adjusting at least one of a frequency hopping patterns based at least in part on channel status measurement quantity.30.The method of claim 1, wherein the TX wireless node transmits a sensing signal with frequency hopping, the method further comprises dynamically adjusting at least one of time and frequency domain positions of beams, power, beam ID, antenna elements / group ID, Antenna Reference Point (ARP) ID, or signals.31.The method of claim 1, at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX sensing node is selected by a Base Station (BS) based on at least one of a path of the node or a Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement result of the node, wherein the BS sends a User Equipment (UE) ID of the node to a Sensing Function (SF) .32.The method of claim 31, wherein the BS sends the path of the node and the RRM measurement result of the node along with the UE ID to the SF.33.The method of claim 1, whereindifferent power control parameters for sending or receiving a sensing signal is applied to the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node based on a type or height of the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node;different spatial relations configurations for sending or receiving a sensing signal is applied to the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node based on the type or height of the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node;a master node collects at least one of flight status, location, speed, or group ID of the at least one of the TX wireless node or the RX wireless node via a sidelink, to forward to a Sensing Function (SF) .34.A wireless communication apparatus comprising at least one processor and a memory, wherein the at least one processor is configured to read code from the memory and implement the method recited in claim 1.35.A computer program product comprising a computer-readable program medium code stored thereupon, the code, when executed by at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to implement the method recited in claim 1.36.A method, comprising:receiving, by a reception (RX) wireless node, a sensing measurement request; andsending by the RX wireless node, a sensing measurement report in response to the sensing measurement request.37.The method of claim 36, whereinthe RX wireless node receives the sending measurement request from an intermediate node different from a transmission (TX) wireless node;the RX wireless node sends the sensing measurement report to the intermediate node;the TX wireless node receives the TX polarization information request from the intermediate node; andthe TX wireless node sends a TX polarization information response to the intermediate node.38.The method of claim 36, whereinthe RX wireless node receives the sending measurement request from the TX wireless node;the RX wireless node sends the sensing measurement report to the TX wireless node;the RX wireless node sends the TX polarization information request to the TX wireless node; andthe RX wireless node receives a TX polarization information response from the TX wireless node.39.A wireless communication apparatus comprising at least one processor and a memory, wherein the at least one processor is configured to read code from the memory and implement the method recited in claim 36.40.A computer program product comprising a computer-readable program medium code stored thereupon, the code, when executed by at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to implement the method recited in claim 36.
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