Defect detection sensor, system and method

Abstract

A defect detection sensor, method and system. The defect detection sensor comprises: an orthogonal differential detection unit, a quantum magnetometer, and a magnetic shielding cylinder. The quantum magnetometer is arranged in the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the orthogonal differential detection unit is arranged outside the magnetic shielding cylinder. The orthogonal differential detection unit is used for: collecting a first magnetic field variation signal on the surface of a preset area of a preset component, and transmitting the first magnetic field variation signal to the quantum magnetometer, so as to apply the first magnetic field variation signal to alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer. The quantum magnetometer is used for: when the first magnetic field variation signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer, generating a second magnetic field variation signal, so as to determine, on the basis of the second magnetic field variation signal, whether a defect is present in the preset area of the preset component.

Description

Defect detection sensors, systems and methods

[0001] This application claims priority to Chinese patent application No. 202411548814.9, filed on November 1, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] This disclosure relates to the field of detection technology, and in particular to a defect detection sensor and defect detection method based on quantum technology. Background Technology

[0003] Oil and gas pipelines are crucial infrastructure for national energy transportation, and their safe operation is vital for ensuring energy supply and maintaining national economic stability. However, during long-term operation, oil and gas pipelines may develop various defects, such as corrosion, wear, and cracks, due to factors including geological conditions, environmental factors, and human operations. These defects can lead to pipeline leaks and even serious accidents like explosions. Therefore, regular inspections of oil and gas pipelines are essential. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In a first aspect, this disclosure provides a defect detection sensor. The defect detection sensor includes: an orthogonal differential detection unit, a quantum magnetometer, and a magnetic shielding cylinder. The quantum magnetometer is disposed inside the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the orthogonal differential detection unit is disposed outside the magnetic shielding cylinder. The orthogonal differential detection unit is used to: acquire a first magnetic field change signal on the surface of a preset area of ​​a preset component, and transmit it to the quantum magnetometer, so as to apply the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer. The quantum magnetometer is used to: generate a second magnetic field change signal when the first magnetic field change signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer, so as to determine whether a defect exists in the preset area of ​​the preset component based on the second magnetic field change signal.

[0005] Secondly, this disclosure also provides a defect detection method. The defect detection method includes: acquiring a first magnetic field change signal on the surface of a preset region of a preset component using an orthogonal differential detection unit, and transmitting it to a quantum magnetometer to apply the first magnetic field change signal to alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer; and generating a second magnetic field change signal by applying the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer, thereby determining whether a defect exists in the preset region of the preset component based on the second magnetic field change signal.

[0006] Thirdly, this disclosure also provides a defect detection system, which includes a defect detection sensor and a communication module. The defect detection sensor includes an orthogonal differential detection unit, a quantum magnetometer, and a magnetic shielding cylinder. The quantum magnetometer is disposed inside the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the orthogonal differential detection unit is disposed outside the magnetic shielding cylinder. The orthogonal differential detection unit is used to: acquire a first magnetic field change signal on the surface of a preset area of ​​a preset component and transmit it to the quantum magnetometer, so as to apply the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer. The quantum magnetometer is used to: generate a second magnetic field change signal when the first magnetic field change signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer, so as to determine whether a defect exists in the preset area of ​​the preset component based on the second magnetic field change signal. The communication module is used to transmit the second magnetic field change signal. Attached Figure Description

[0007] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a defect detection sensor based on quantum technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0008] Figure 2 is a block diagram of a defect detection system based on quantum technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0009] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the orthogonal differential detection unit.

[0010] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the packaged orthogonal differential detection unit.

[0011] Figure 5 is a flowchart of a defect detection method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figure 6 is a flowchart of another defect detection method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0013] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this disclosure clearer, the embodiments of this disclosure will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0014] Quantum electromagnetic technology is an emerging high-tech detection technology. Based on atomic magnetometers that measure quantum spin, it can perform highly sensitive measurements of magnetic fields by detecting the quantum states of atoms in a magnetic field, enabling precise measurement and control of the microscopic structure and motion of matter. This technology has wide applications in biomedicine, materials science, and energy exploration. However, its application in the inspection of oil and gas pipelines, especially in the detection of ultra-micro cracks in pipelines at great depths, is still rare. Related oil and gas pipeline inspection technologies mainly include ultrasonic testing, magnetic flux leakage testing, and eddy current testing. These technologies primarily determine the presence of defects in pipelines by detecting relatively macroscopic physical properties. However, these technologies often fail to accurately detect minute defects, such as ultra-micro cracks. The relevant oil and gas pipeline inspection technologies suffer from the following two main problems.

[0015] 1) Traditional pipeline inspection sensors, especially electromagnetic sensing technology, are limited by Hall effect and coil sensing technologies when identifying pipeline defects, making it difficult to overcome current detection bottlenecks. For example, current pipeline inspection technologies can only detect a minimum opening width of 0.3 mm and a pinhole diameter of 3 mm for circumferential weld cracks, which cannot accurately detect smaller cracks, buried cracks, or extremely small pinholes. In other words, the detection capability of related technologies is limited, especially for ultra-micro cracks in pipelines at great burial depths, which often cannot be accurately detected.

[0016] 2) The test results of related technologies often require manual analysis and judgment, which is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but also highly subjective and prone to misjudgment and omission.

[0017] As shown in Figure 1, a defect detection sensor based on quantum technology according to an embodiment of this disclosure includes: an orthogonal differential detection unit 1, a quantum magnetometer 3, and a magnetic shielding cylinder 2. The quantum magnetometer 3 is disposed inside the magnetic shielding cylinder 2, and the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is disposed outside the magnetic shielding cylinder 2. The defect detection sensor may further include: a central controller 4. The magnetic shielding cylinder 2 can be a relative zero magnetic shielding cylinder. A relative zero magnetic shielding cylinder is a device that constructs a near-zero magnetic field environment by using multiple layers of highly permeable magnetic materials, shielding against interference from conventional geomagnetic noise signals, effectively improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the quantum magnetometer, and facilitating the specialized analysis of magnetic signals at the defect location.

[0018] The orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is used to: acquire a first magnetic field change signal on the surface of a preset area of ​​a preset component, and transmit the first magnetic field change signal to the quantum magnetometer 3, so as to apply the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer 3. When a defect appears on the surface of the preset area of ​​the preset component, the magnetic field signal changes compared with the surface of other areas without defects, generating a first magnetic field change signal. Specifically, the first magnetic field change signal is input into the quantum magnetometer 3 to generate a corresponding magnetic field signal, causing the alkali metal atoms to undergo Larmor precession. The orthogonal differential detection unit 1 transmits the first magnetic field change signal to the quantum magnetometer 3 through a signal line.

[0019] The quantum magnetometer 3 is used to: irradiate alkali metal atoms with a laser, causing spin polarization of the outer electrons of the alkali metal atoms. When a first magnetic field change signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer 3, it causes Larmor precession of the alkali metal atoms, generating a nuclear magnetic resonance signal. After analyzing the electromagnetic signal in the nuclear magnetic resonance signal, a second magnetic field change signal is obtained, and the second magnetic field change signal is sent to the central controller 4.

[0020] The quantum magnetometer 3 includes a laser excitation source and an electromagnetic signal acquisition source 31. The laser excitation source is used to irradiate alkali metal atoms with a laser, causing the outer electrons of the alkali metal atoms to generate spin polarization. The electromagnetic signal acquisition source 31 is used to acquire the change signal of the second magnetic field when the alkali metal atoms undergo Larmor precession.

[0021] Using a quantum magnetometer 3 (taking an atomic magnetometer as an example) built into a magnetic shielding cylinder 2 as the core sensor, the magnetic field sensitivity of the atomic magnetometer reaches 10. -15T It can accurately detect the quantum state of atoms in a magnetic field.

[0022] The central controller 4 is used to analyze the second magnetic field change signal to determine whether there are defects in a preset area of ​​the preset component. Defects may include cracks, etc.

[0023] In some embodiments, in the above technical solution, the central controller 4 is further configured to: analyze the second magnetic field change signal to determine the location of the defect when a defect exists in a preset area of ​​a preset component.

[0024] The central controller 4 preprocesses and integrates the data, namely the second magnetic field change signal, using noise reduction algorithms such as empirical mode decomposition and machine learning. By leveraging physical mechanism deduction, it accurately acquires various intrinsic material properties of the materials used in the preset components. With the aid of an AI-based defect feature joint detection model, it can achieve high-precision detection of defects and their locations in the preset components. Combined with multi-channel and multi-dimensional image processing algorithms, it can visualize and index the underlying quantum detection information data, providing efficient decision-making information for the application. For example, the first magnetic field change signal is captured by a coil / Hall element, measured in magnetic field strength. Then, after amplification and filtering, the acquired first magnetic field change signal is transmitted to the quantum magnetometer 3. The quantum magnetometer 3 generates a second magnetic field change signal based on the first magnetic field change signal. Finally, based on the second magnetic field change signal, the defect characteristics are quantified by converting the magnetic signal to an electrical signal and using the amplitude of the electrical signal.

[0025] As shown in Figure 2, this embodiment of the present disclosure provides a defect detection system (probe), which includes a defect detection sensor and a communication module. The defect detection sensor includes an orthogonal differential detection unit 1, a quantum magnetometer 3, and a magnetic shielding cylinder 2. The quantum magnetometer 3 is disposed inside the magnetic shielding cylinder 2, and the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is disposed outside the magnetic shielding cylinder 2.

[0026] The orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is used to: collect the first magnetic field change signal on the surface of the preset area of ​​the preset component, and transmit it to the quantum magnetometer 3, so as to apply the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer.

[0027] The quantum magnetometer 3 is used to: generate a second magnetic field change signal when a first magnetic field change signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer, so as to determine whether there is a defect in a preset area of ​​a preset component based on the second magnetic field change signal.

[0028] Communication module 5 is used to send a second magnetic field change signal.

[0029] The defect detection system also includes a personal computer. This personal computer is used to receive the second magnetic field change signal sent by the communication module 5.

[0030] In one embodiment, the central controller 4 transmits the second magnetic field change signal to the PC (Personal Computer) terminal 6 via the communication module 5, either via wired or wireless communication. The PC terminal 6 analyzes the second magnetic field change signal to determine whether a defect exists in a preset area of ​​the preset component. When a defect exists in the preset area of ​​the preset component, the PC terminal 6 analyzes the second magnetic field change signal to determine the location of the defect.

[0031] The PC client 6 can use image processing software to visually display the location of defects in preset areas of preset components, making it easier to view, understand, and apply.

[0032] When the central controller 4 sends the second magnetic field change signal to the PC 6 through the communication module 5, TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) can be used. Furthermore, the communication module 5 can send signals through multiple channels to facilitate parallel data transmission and improve data transmission efficiency.

[0033] Alternatively, the orthogonal differential detection unit 1, the magnetic shielding cylinder 2, and the quantum magnetometer 3 can be integrated together as an electromagnetic detection module.

[0034] The default component can be an oil and gas pipeline, or it can be specified according to the actual situation.

[0035] In some embodiments, in the above technical solution, the first magnetic field change signal includes magnetic field change signals in different directions. The orthogonal differential detection unit 1 (also called a triaxial differential detection coil) includes three sets of mutually orthogonal detection coils. The coils in each set of detection coils are placed in parallel and connected in reverse series. Each set of detection coils collects magnetic field change signals in different directions. The structure of the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is shown in Figure 3. The three sets of mutually orthogonal detection coils are: a set of coils 9 for collecting magnetic field change signals in the X-axis direction, a set of coils 10 for collecting magnetic field change signals in the Y-axis direction, and a set of coils 11 for collecting magnetic field change signals in the Z-axis direction. The set of coils 9 for collecting magnetic field change signals in the X-axis direction includes at least one coil, the set of coils 10 for collecting magnetic field change signals in the Y-axis direction includes at least one coil, and the set of coils 11 for collecting magnetic field change signals in the Z-axis direction includes at least one coil. The magnetic field change signals collected by the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 are further collected by the electromagnetic signal acquisition source 31 of the quantum magnetometer 3. By adopting a three-axis differential detection coil reverse series connection method, conventional signal noise is reduced, the detection capability of multi-dimensional spatial magnetic field is improved, and the occurrence of missed detection is prevented.

[0036] The orthogonal differential detection unit 1 consists of three sets of mutually orthogonal detection coils, which respectively collect magnetic fields in the X, Y, and Z directions. The coils in each set are placed in parallel and connected in reverse series. The orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is connected to a quantum magnetometer 3 inside the magnetic shielding cylinder 2. Under normal pipe wall detection conditions, the differential detection signals from the three sets of coils connected in reverse series have zero difference. When the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 passes a defect, the spatial magnetic field disturbance generated at the defect is collected by the three sets of mutually orthogonal detection coils, obtaining magnetic field change signals in the X, Y, and Z directions. The magnetic field changes in the three directions are significantly different; the direction with the most significant magnetic field change is selected for feature extraction to characterize the magnetic field change value at the defect. Obtaining the three-dimensional spatial magnetic field changes in XYZ provides a more comprehensive detection dimension for defects.

[0037] In some embodiments, in the above technical solution, when multiple orthogonal differential detection units 1 are included, each orthogonal differential detection unit 1 transmits the first magnetic field change signal collected by it on the surface of different preset regions of a preset component to the quantum magnetometer 3 through a time-division multiplexing module. Then, the quantum magnetometer 3 can collect the second magnetic field change signal, and the time-division multiplexing module is used to send the signal data collected by each orthogonal differential detection unit 1 to the quantum magnetometer 3 in turn according to a preset order.

[0038] The time-division multiplexing module is a data acquisition card (data acquisition device) capable of simultaneously acquiring and transmitting multiple data streams. A data acquisition card adapted to the specific situation can be selected as the time-division multiplexing module. The number of sensors that can be deployed can be expanded through the time-division multiplexing module.

[0039] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG4, the defect detection sensor based on quantum technology further includes a protective shell 7. The orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is located inside the protective shell 7, and the preset component is an oil and gas pipeline.

[0040] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG4, the quantum technology-based defect detection sensor further includes an arc-shaped ceramic wear-resistant plate 8. The arc-shaped ceramic wear-resistant plate 8 is embedded as a substrate in the bottom of the protective shell 7. When performing defect detection on oil and gas pipelines, the arc-shaped ceramic wear-resistant plate 8 contacts the inner wall of the oil and gas pipeline, providing protection.

[0041] When the preset component is an oil and gas pipeline, the arc-shaped ceramic wear-resistant plate 8 can be designed with the corresponding arc according to the inner diameter of the oil and gas pipeline. This can be used to reduce the wear of the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 during long-term sliding. The contour structure ensures the fit between the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 and the pipe wall, reduces the sensor lift-off value, and reduces travel vibration. The ceramic material ensures the wear resistance and stability of the sensor during long-distance operation, which can effectively extend the service life of the product.

[0042] To improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio and anti-interference capability, the magnetic shielding cylinder 2 contains a quantum magnetometer 3 with ultra-high sensitivity. The magnetic field change signals in three directions detected by the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 are transmitted to the quantum magnetometer 3 after passing through the magnetic shield. The quantum magnetometer 3 is based on quantum spin measurement and utilizes the principles of optical excitation and photodetection to measure the magnetic field. By exciting atoms in the atomic gas chamber and measuring the changes in their polarization states, the strength and direction of the surrounding magnetic field can be indirectly measured, exhibiting high sensitivity and fast response.

[0043] The beneficial effects of the quantum technology-based defect detection sensor disclosed herein are as follows: The atomic magnetometer features high sensitivity and rapid response, capable of measuring magnetic field changes at sub-microtesla (pT) or even lower levels, enabling the pickup of electromagnetic signal changes from microcracks and pinholes. This technology boasts a wide detection frequency domain and, through low-frequency high-penetration technology, ensures the detection and reconstruction rates of pipeline burial defect detection signals. Furthermore, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and anti-interference capability of the detection signal, a combination of a magnetic shielding cylinder and an orthogonal differential detection unit is employed. This ensures the stability of the detection signal at non-abnormal pipeline locations and the significantness and readability of electromagnetic signal changes at locations of pipeline anomalies. This overcomes the shortcomings of traditional pipeline electromagnetic internal detection technologies, such as insufficient sensitivity, low detection frequency bandwidth, complex structure, and high power consumption. It improves the sensitivity and reliability of internal detection in oil and gas pipelines, significantly reducing the missed detection rate of pipeline defects.

[0044] As shown in Figure 5, this disclosure provides a defect detection method using a quantum technology-based defect detection sensor, including the following S1 to S3.

[0045] In step S1, the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 of the defect detection sensor based on quantum technology acquires the first magnetic field change signal on the surface of a preset area of ​​a preset component and transmits it to the quantum magnetometer 3, applying the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer 3. The quantum magnetometer 3 is located inside the magnetic shielding cylinder 2, and the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is located outside the magnetic shielding cylinder 2.

[0046] In S2, alkali metal atoms are irradiated with a laser using a quantum magnetometer 3, causing spin polarization of the outer electrons. When a first magnetic field change signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms in the quantum magnetometer 3, Larmor precession occurs, generating a nuclear magnetic resonance signal. After analyzing the nuclear magnetic resonance signal, a second magnetic field change signal is obtained and sent to the central controller 4 in the quantum technology-based defect detection sensor.

[0047] In S3, the central controller 4 analyzes the second magnetic field change signal to determine whether there is a defect in the preset area of ​​the preset component.

[0048] In some embodiments, the defect detection method further includes S4 in the above technical solution.

[0049] In S4, when a defect exists in a preset area of ​​a preset component, the central controller 4 analyzes the second magnetic field change signal to determine the location of the defect.

[0050] In some embodiments, in the above technical solution, the first magnetic field change signal includes magnetic field change signals in different directions. The orthogonal differential detection unit 1 includes three sets of mutually orthogonal detection coils, each set of detection coils is placed in parallel and connected in reverse series, and each set of detection coils collects magnetic field change signals in different directions.

[0051] In some embodiments, in the above technical solution, when multiple orthogonal differential detection units 1 are included, each orthogonal differential detection unit 1 transmits the first magnetic field change signal on the surface of different preset regions of the preset component collected by itself to the quantum magnetometer 3 through a time-division multiplexing module.

[0052] In some embodiments, in the above technical solution, the defect detection sensor based on quantum technology further includes a protective housing 7. An orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is located inside the protective housing 7, and the preset component is an oil and gas pipeline.

[0053] In some embodiments, the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is placed in the oil and gas pipeline to be tested, and the moving speed of the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 is set to 1 m / s to ensure that the orthogonal differential detection unit 1 can perform comprehensive detection of the entire pipeline. Based on FIG6, an example of the defect detection method of this disclosure is illustrated. As shown in FIG6, the example defect detection method includes the following steps S100 to S700.

[0054] In the S100, an atomic magnetometer, serving as the core sensor, is assembled and housed within a relatively zero magnetic shielding cylinder. This instrument achieves a magnetic field sensitivity of 10. -15T It can accurately detect the quantum state of atoms in a magnetic field.

[0055] In S200, a pipeline quantum electromagnetic detection probe is packaged. The probe includes a super-polymerized multifunctional quantum electromagnetic detection module, a central controller, a communication module, and a PC terminal. The central controller is electrically connected to the super-polymerized multifunctional quantum electromagnetic detection module, and the communication module is connected to the central controller and the PC terminal.

[0056] In the S300, the probe is placed in the oil and gas pipeline to be tested, and the probe's moving speed is set to 1 m / s to ensure that the probe can perform a comprehensive inspection of the entire pipeline.

[0057] In the S400, the probe is activated, and the changes in magnetic field, magnetic flux, and magnetic field strength within the pipe are measured using an atomic magnetometer.

[0058] In the S500, the central controller preprocesses the collected data, including noise reduction algorithms such as empirical mode decomposition and machine learning, to reduce noise interference and improve data accuracy.

[0059] In the S600, the central controller transmits the processed data to the communication module. The communication module sets the communication protocol and generates a measurement sequence list to be sent to the PC for viewing and analysis by the application.

[0060] In the S700, the detection results are displayed in an intuitive way through image processing software on the PC, such as a 3D image of the pipeline, which makes it easier for users to understand and use.

[0061] In this disclosure, the terms "first," "second," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined by terms such as "first," "second," etc., may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of those features. In the description of this disclosure, "a plurality of" means at least two, for example, two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0062] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of this disclosure. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and integrate the different embodiments or examples described in this specification, as well as the features of different embodiments or examples.

[0063] Although embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described above, it is to be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A defect detection sensor, comprising an orthogonal differential detection unit, a quantum magnetometer, and a magnetic shielding cylinder, wherein the quantum magnetometer is disposed inside the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the orthogonal differential detection unit is disposed outside the magnetic shielding cylinder; wherein, The orthogonal differential detection unit is used to: collect a first magnetic field change signal on the surface of a preset area of ​​a preset component, and transmit it to the quantum magnetometer, so as to apply the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer; The quantum magnetometer is used to: generate a second magnetic field change signal when the first magnetic field change signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer, so as to determine whether there is a defect in the preset area of ​​the preset component based on the second magnetic field change signal.

2. The defect detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The quantum magnetometer includes a laser excitation source and an electromagnetic signal acquisition source. The laser excitation source is used to irradiate the alkali metal atoms with a laser, causing the outer electrons of the alkali metal atoms to become spin polarized, so that when the first magnetic field change signal is applied to the spin polarized alkali metal atoms, the alkali metal atoms will undergo Larmor precession. The electromagnetic signal acquisition source is used to acquire the second magnetic field change signal generated when the alkali metal atoms undergo Larmor precession.

3. The defect detection sensor according to claim 2 further includes a central controller, the central controller being used to receive a second magnetic field change signal emitted by the quantum magnetometer, to analyze the second magnetic field change signal, and to determine whether a defect exists in a preset area of ​​the preset component based on the electrical signal amplitude of the second magnetic field change signal.

4. The defect detection sensor according to claim 3, wherein, The central controller is also used to: analyze the second magnetic field change signal to determine the location of the defect when there is a defect in the preset area of ​​the preset component.

5. The defect detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The orthogonal differential detection unit includes three sets of mutually orthogonal detection coils. The coils in each of the three sets of detection coils are placed in parallel and connected in reverse series. Each set of detection coils collects magnetic field change signals in different directions, so that the first magnetic field change signal includes magnetic field change signals in different directions.

6. The defect detection sensor according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein, When multiple orthogonal differential detection units are included, the first magnetic field change signal on the surface of different preset regions of the preset component collected by each of the multiple orthogonal differential detection units is transmitted to the quantum magnetometer through a time-division multiplexing module.

7. The defect detection sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 6 further includes a protective housing, wherein the orthogonal differential detection unit is located within the protective housing.

8. The defect detection sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising a substrate, wherein, The substrate is fitted to the preset component by means of contouring.

9. The defect detection sensor according to claim 8, wherein, The substrate is made of ceramic material.

10. The defect detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The preset component is an oil and gas pipeline.

11. The defect detection sensor according to claim 10, further comprising a substrate, wherein, The base is arc-shaped to fit the oil and gas pipeline.

12. The defect detection sensor according to claim 1, wherein, The magnetic shielding cylinder is a relative zero magnetic shielding cylinder.

13. A defect detection method, implemented using a defect detection sensor, wherein, The defect detection sensor includes: an orthogonal differential detection unit, a quantum magnetometer, and a magnetic shielding cylinder. The quantum magnetometer is disposed inside the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the orthogonal differential detection unit is disposed outside the magnetic shielding cylinder. The method includes: The orthogonal differential detection unit acquires a first magnetic field change signal on the surface of a preset region of a preset component and transmits it to the quantum magnetometer to apply the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer. When the first magnetic field change signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer, a second magnetic field change signal is generated, and the presence of a defect in a preset area of ​​the preset component is determined based on the amplitude of the electrical signal of the second magnetic field change signal.

14. The defect detection method according to claim 13, wherein, The quantum magnetometer includes a laser excitation source and an electromagnetic signal acquisition source, and the method includes: The alkali metal atoms are irradiated with laser by the laser excitation source, causing the outer electrons of the alkali metal atoms to become spin polarized, so that when the first magnetic field change signal is applied to the spin polarized alkali metal atoms, the alkali metal atoms will undergo Larmor precession. The electromagnetic signal acquisition source acquires the signal of the second magnetic field change generated when the alkali metal atoms undergo Larmor precession.

15. The defect detection method according to claim 14, wherein, The defect detection sensor also includes a central controller, and the method further includes: The central controller receives the second magnetic field change signal emitted by the quantum magnetometer, analyzes the second magnetic field change signal, and determines whether there is a defect in the preset area of ​​the preset component.

16. The defect detection method according to claim 15, wherein, The central controller is also used to: analyze the second magnetic field change signal to determine the location of the defect when there is a defect in the preset area of ​​the preset component.

17. The defect detection method according to claim 13, wherein, The orthogonal differential detection unit includes three sets of mutually orthogonal detection coils. The coils in each of the three sets of detection coils are placed in parallel and connected in reverse series. The method further includes: Each set of detection coils collects magnetic field change signals in different directions, so that the first magnetic field change signal includes magnetic field change signals in different directions.

18. The defect detection method according to any one of claims 13 to 17, wherein, When the defect detection sensor includes multiple orthogonal differential detection units, the method includes: The first magnetic field change signal on the surface of different preset regions of the preset component, collected by each of the multiple orthogonal differential detection units, is transmitted to the quantum magnetometer through the time-division multiplexing module.

19. A defect detection system, comprising a defect detection sensor and a communication module, wherein, The defect detection sensor includes: an orthogonal differential detection unit, a quantum magnetometer, and a magnetic shielding cylinder. The quantum magnetometer is disposed inside the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the orthogonal differential detection unit is disposed outside the magnetic shielding cylinder. The orthogonal differential detection unit is used to: collect a first magnetic field change signal on the surface of a preset area of ​​a preset component, and transmit it to the quantum magnetometer, so as to apply the first magnetic field change signal to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer; The quantum magnetometer is used to: generate a second magnetic field change signal when the first magnetic field change signal is applied to the alkali metal atoms of the quantum magnetometer, so as to determine whether there is a defect in a preset area of ​​the preset component based on the second magnetic field change signal; and The communication module is used to send the second magnetic field change signal.

20. The defect detection system according to claim 19 further includes a personal computer, wherein, The personal computer is used to receive the second magnetic field change signal sent by the communication module.

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