Systems and methods for uplink power control
A DRL-based power control mechanism with a directional interference adjustment factor addresses interference challenges in integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, enhancing communication reliability and spectral efficiency by dynamically adjusting transmit power based on directional interference.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-05
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing power control mechanisms in wireless networks, particularly in integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial systems, fail to effectively minimize interference and optimize spectral efficiency due to the high-dimensional and continuous nature of the interference problem, leading to inefficient resource use and misinterpretation of directional interference.
Implementing a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based approach that incorporates a directional interference adjustment factor (DIAF) to dynamically adjust transmit power, considering orbital parameters and location information of interfering devices, using techniques like multiple signal classification, eigenvector decomposition, and beamforming to minimize interference.
This approach enhances signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, leading to more reliable communication and improved data rates by accurately adjusting power levels based on directional interference, thus reducing interference and optimizing resource use.
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Figure CN2024129933_15052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR UPLINK POWER CONTROLTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates, generally, to power control mechanisms in wireless networks and, in particular implementations, to systems and methods for uplink power control.BACKGROUND
[0002] Network entities in wireless communication networks include implementations of power control mechanisms. The power control mechanisms are generally used to adjust a transmission power based on several factors. The factors may include, for example, path loss, transmission bandwidth and various power control parameters.SUMMARY
[0003] Mitigation of interference between terrestrial networks (TN) and non-terrestrial networks (NTN) in integrated communication systems may be achieved by reducing the interference at both networks such that co-channel inter-system interference may be minimized and spectral efficiency may be improved. Additionally, by improving spectrum sharing between TN and NTN, higher throughput may be achieved and user coverage may be expanded. By integrating a determination of a directional interference adjustment factor (DIAF) into a power control mechanism, an entity may make more informed and precise adjustments to its transmit power. By considering the DIAF, the entity may dynamically adjust power to, thereby, minimize interference with other networks or users.
[0004] It is known to attempt to adjust power control mechanisms using a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) -based approach. However, the these approached are limited in that the problem is defined to be continuous and high-dimensional and these approaches are better suited to finite decision processes. Other known models ignore the impact of the directional interference on pathloss calculations, misinterpret interference, create more interference, increase power ineffectively and use resources inefficiently.
[0005] Minimization of interference, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, is especially convenient in environments where multiple networks share the same spectrum. Adjusting power based on the DIAF helps to maintain a better signal to interference and noise ratio, leading to more reliable communication and better data rates.
[0006] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method includes receiving assistance information for use by a first device, determining directional interference originating at a second device based on the assistance information and transmitting a signal with a power selected based on the directional interference. In other aspects of the present disclosure, a communication apparatus and a first device are provided configured to carry out this method. Additionally, a computer-readable medium is provided to allow a processor to carry out this method.
[0007] In aspects of the present disclosure, the first device belongs to a first network and the second device belongs to a second network or the first device belongs to a first network and the second device belongs to the first network. In aspects of the present disclosure, the assistance information is orbital parameters for the second device, location information for the second device or an interference compensation factor, which may have a value between 0 and 1. In aspects of the present disclosure, the determining the directional interference involves determining a directional interference adjustment factor (DIAF, which may be a term representative of a received power from a direction associated with an interfering signal and may be determined by estimating interference experienced by the first device using a reference signal for an active downlink bandwidth part) , determining a direction associated with an interfering signal, determining an angle associated with an interfering signal. The direction associated with the interfering signal may be calculated based on one or more of: multiple signal classification techniques; eigenvector decomposition techniques; Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) ; beamforming techniques; Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) techniques; techniques that use phase differences between signals received at different antennas to calculate an angle of arrival; and techniques that use maximum likelihood estimation statistical methods that estimate the direction by maximizing a likelihood function for the interfering signal. In aspects of the present disclosure, the first device is a first terminal device, the second device is a network device or the second device is a second terminal device.
[0008] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method includes transmitting assistance information for use by a first device and receiving, from the first device, a signal with a power selected based on a first directional interference originating at a second device, wherein the first directional interference is based on the assistance information. In other aspects of the present disclosure, a communication apparatus and a first device are provided configured to carry out this method. Additionally, a computer-readable medium is provided to allow a processor to carry out this method. The method may include, prior to the transmitting the assistance information, receiving, from a third device, additional assistance information, wherein the transmitting the assistance information further comprises transmitting the additional assistance information. The assistance information may be an interference compensation factor with a value between 0 and 1. The assistance information may be one or more of: satellite orbital parameters; a location of the third device; a signal quality indicator of received signals; transmission power level information; and Quality of Service prioritization information. The signal quality indicator may be one of more of: a signal-to-noise ratio; a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio; and a received signal strength indicator. The method may include determining the interference compensation factor through coordination with a network device. The first device may be a first terminal device and the second device may be one of: a first network device; and a second network device. The third device may be one of: a second network device; and a third network device.
[0009] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method includes determining, at a second device, an interference compensation factor for use at a first device and transmitting, to the first device, an indication of the interference compensation factor.
[0010] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method includes obtaining, at a third device in a third network, assistance information for use, in an enhanced power control mechanism, at a second device in a second network, the second network sharing spectrum with the first network and transmitting the assistance information to the second device. The second device may be a first network node. The third device may be a second network node. The second device may be a terminal device. The assistance information may include one or more of orbital parameters and a location of the second device.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] For a more complete understanding of the present implementations, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0012] FIG. 1 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, a communication system in which implementations of the disclosure may occur, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices and multiple example transmit receive points along with various networks;
[0013] FIG. 2 illustrates, in a block diagram, the communication system of FIG. 1, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices, an example terrestrial transmit receive point and an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point along with various networks;
[0014] FIG. 3 illustrates, as a block diagram, an example of an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus in the communication system of FIG. 1, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0015] FIG. 4 illustrates, as a block diagram, an example of an apparatus that may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device in the communication system of FIG. 1, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0016] FIG. 5 illustrates, as a block diagram, an example apparatus that may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0017] FIG. 6 illustrates an example network in which terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) are communicating with non-terrestrial TRPs (NT-TRPs) that are part of a satellite constellation, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0018] FIG. 7 illustrates an example network in which the satellite constellation effectively acts as the gateway for the T-TRPs on the ground, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0019] FIG. 8 illustrates an example network in which the NT-TRPs communicate with the T-TRPs through a core network, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0020] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a channel model of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0021] FIG. 10 illustrates a base station in communication with a user equipment (UE) , in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0022] FIG. 11 illustrates, in a flow diagram, signaling involved within a network that integrates a TN and an NTN that operate on the same spectrum, in accordance with aspects of the present application; and
[0023] FIG. 12 illustrates, in a flow diagram, signaling involved within a network that integrates a TN and an NTN that operate on the same spectrum, in accordance with aspects of the present application.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] For illustrative purposes, specific example implementations will now be explained in greater detail in conjunction with the figures.
[0025] The implementations set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0026] Moreover, it will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device / apparatus or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement a method, an application or a module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0027] In FIG. 1, which is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure, there is shown a communication system 100 that includes a radio access network (RAN) 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (collectively referred to as 110) , a core network 130, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RAN 120 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , a NextGen RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 120 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but are not limited to, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) for 2G, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA2000 for 3G, LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) for 4G, and NR (New Radio) for 5G. In some implementations, The RAN 120 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 110 and the RAN 120. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . These networks will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with various implementations. The one or more communication EDs 110 (also referred to as “user equipment” ) are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. The core network (CN) 130 is a part of the communication system 100 and comprises of network nodes (e.g., 170a, 170b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 130 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 100. In other implementations, the CN 130 may be access-agnostic, i.e., the CN 130 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 100. There are different types of CN 130, for different 3GPP system generations. For example, the CN 130 is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS) . In another example, the CN 130 is the 5G Core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G System (5GS) . The CN 130 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations and referring to FIG. 1, the CN 130 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 in the communication system 100.
[0028] In general, the communication system 100 facilitates interaction between of multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 may transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 100 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0029] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) services, Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) services, Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, Ultra-massive Machine-Type Communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other applications, such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, and the like.
[0030] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered as sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0031] FIG. 2 illustrates another example for the communication system 100. As described earlier, the communication system 100 includes EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (collectively referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, one or more CNs 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150 and other networks 160. Additionally, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a and 120b may include network nodes 170a and 170b respectively. Examples of network nodes 170a, 170b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) . In this context, the terms “TRP” and “base station” are used interchangeably unless otherwise specified. For simplicity, this disclosure primarily refers to network nodes as base stations; however, unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to TRP are considered non-limiting and interchangeable. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as a base station 172, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0032] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to ground, for example, as in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include, but is not limited to, an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as a quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0033] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP. ” The NTN 120c may be considered a RAN, sharing operational aspects with RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, communicating with the ED 110 via the NTN device. Additionally, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device to facilitate communication with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located within the same device.
[0034] A base station 170 (also referred to as a TRP, as stated above) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 170 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0035] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area. ” The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a (cell) identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD mode or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ one or more transceivers to provide services to one or more sectors. Some implementations may include pico or femto cells if supported by the radio access technology. In some implementations, one or more transceivers could be used for each cell, such as with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a-120b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 100.
[0036] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements, distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may be known by different names, but their functions are understood by a person skilled in the art. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0037] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) , or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as “sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) ” in this disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like “receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) ” may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in this disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms “send” and “transmit” may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure.
[0038] The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0039] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0040] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of:connection availability; and connection necessity.
[0041] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRP 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with a station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110d may communicate using a UL and / or a DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with the NT-TRP 172.
[0042] An air interface (such as, for example, 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, that may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0043] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or more NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or more NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0044] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) , Low Density Signature Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) , Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) , Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) , and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) .
[0045] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a, 110b and 110c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130 and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 120a and / or RAN 120b. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and / or 120b or the EDs 110a, 110b and 110c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a, 110b and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 110a, 110b and 110c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a, 110b and 110c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) and / or to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . The EDs 110a, 110b and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies and may incorporate one or multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0046] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0047] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an example of an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 within a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as the ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., network node 170) such as a T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although only one apparatus 310 and one other apparatus 320 are shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or the number of apparatus 320 can vary, potentially including one or more of each. For example, a single ED 110 may be served by a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) , or by multiple T-TRPs 170 (or multiple NT-TRPs 172) . Similarly, a single ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRPs 170 and one or more NT-TRPs 172. Similarly, a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) may serve one or more EDs 110.
[0048] The apparatus 310 may include one or more processors 210. For clarity and to avoid overcrowding the illustration, only a single processor 210 is illustrated. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. For clarity, only a single antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may, alternatively, be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a single unit, for example, as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by one or more antennas 204 or a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the one or more antennas 204. A transceiver may include any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received through wireless or wired communication. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include a memory 208. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 may include multiple memories 208. Only a single transmitter 201, the receiver 203, the processor 210, the memory 208 and the antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the transceiver (or the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0049] The memory 208 is configured to store instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also be configured to store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or operations described herein and that which are executed by the one or more processors 210.
[0050] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces facilitate interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes suitable components for facilitating transmission of information to a user and reception of information from a user, and for various network interface communications. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and the like.
[0051] The processor 210 may be configured to perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform the operations of: a) receiving one or more transport blocks (TBs) ; b) using a resource for decoding at least one of the received TBs; c) releasing the resource for decoding another of the received TBs; and / or d) receiving configuration information configuring a resource. Specifically, the operations may include tasks related to: preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320; processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320; and handling SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, which includes operations for detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0052] Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 210 may either be a part of the transmitter 201 or be a part of the receiver 203 or be a part of both the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the memory 208 may be a part of the processor 210.
[0053] The processor 210, along with the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203, may be implemented by one or more processors that may be the same or different. These processors are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0054] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated) . The apparatus 320 may further include one or more transmitters 252 and one or more receivers 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only a single antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid clutter in the illustration. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a single unit such as, for example, as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may include multiple memories 258. The apparatus 320 may further include a scheduler 253. Only a single transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, however the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In the present disclosure, in some implementations, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0055] In some implementations, various components of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remotely from the equipment housing the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (and therefore also can be viewed as one or more nodes) . These modules, which can be considered as one or more nodes, may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) , sometimes referred to as front haul, such as the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to network-side nodes that perform processing operations such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that which are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatuses 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or through the use of an ORAN system as described above in the disclosure.
[0056] The processor 260 is configured to perform operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310; processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310; preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320; and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, precoding (such as MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 is further configured to generate an indication of beam direction, such as BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by the scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 is configured to perform other network side processing operations described herein, such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling data, to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling data generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may perform higher layer functions such as those at the Medium Access Control (MAC) or Radio Link Control (RLC) layers in addition to physical layer processing.
[0057] In the apparatus 320, the scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated within the processor 260. In some implementations, the scheduler 253 may be integrated within the apparatus 320 or may be operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0058] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 that is configured to store instructions for performing the operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or implementations described herein and that which are executed by the processor 260.
[0059] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may be implemented as part of the transmitter 252 and / or a part of the receiver 254. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253 and the memory 258 may be implemented as part of the processor 260.
[0060] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0061] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, not shown or described herein for the sake of clarity.
[0062] Note that the term “signaling, ” as used herein, may alternatively be referred to as control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a, 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also referred to as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) , which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) , which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) , which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for SL signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. The higher layer signaling may include radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control -control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0063] It should be noted that in the present disclosure, “information, ” when different from “message, ” may be carried within a single message, or may be carried in multiple separate messages.
[0064] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus 410 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 110 or the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus 410 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which, in some instances, may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within the ED 110, or within the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172, or the apparatus 320.
[0065] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method implementations disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality of times for the one or more processors 411 to perform related operations in the method implementations disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with another apparatus or system, such as a radio frequency processing apparatus or another processor. The signal may include or carry information intended as a payload, such as user data, control information, etc. The signal may also include or carry information useful to a receiver, but not necessarily as a payload, such as a pilot signal or reference signal. Communicating the signal may include transmitting the signal to another component or device. Communicating the signal may additionally or alternatively include receiving the signal from another component or device. Transmitting the signal may include outputting the signal to a component or a device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. Receiving the signal may include inputting or obtaining the signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. Optionally, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of the baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0066] The apparatus 410 may be the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or may be included within the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be a baseband chip or may include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further be included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0067] FIG. 5 illustrates example apparatus 510 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. Optionally, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0068] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0069] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 258.
[0070] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0071] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110 –such as a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core –a function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0072] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this disclosure.
[0073] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0074] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0075] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0076] A memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) ; a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) ; a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) ; a phase-change memory (PCM) ; a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) ; a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) ; a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) ; a cache; a register; a read-only memory (ROM) ; a flash memory (flash memory) ; an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) ; a hard disk; and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute implementations may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method implementations disclosed herein.
[0077] An air interface generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices. For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (e.g., data) over a wireless communications link. The wireless communications link may support a link between a radio access network and user equipment (e.g., a “Uu” link) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between device and device, such as between two user equipments (e.g., a “sidelink” ) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between a non-terrestrial (NT) -communication network and user equipment (UE) . The following are some examples for the above components.
[0078] ○ A waveform component may specify a shape and a form of a signal being transmitted. Waveform options may include orthogonal multiple access waveforms and non-orthogonal multiple access waveforms. Non-limiting examples of such waveform options include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , Direct Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-OFDM) , Filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) , Time windowing OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) , Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) , Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) , Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) , Faster Than Nyquist (FTN) Waveform and low Peak to Average Power Ratio Waveform (low PAPR WF) .
[0079] ○ A frame structure component may specify a configuration of a frame or group of frames. The frame structure component may indicate one or more of a time, frequency, pilot signature, code, subcarrier spacing, cyclic prefix length or other parameter of the frame or group of frames. More details of frame structure will be discussed hereinafter.
[0080] ○ A multiple access scheme component may specify multiple access technique options, including technologies defining how communicating devices share a common physical channel, such as: TDMA; FDMA; CDMA; space division multiple access (SDMA) ; OFDMA; SC-FDMA; Low Density Signature Multicarrier CDMA (LDS-MC-CDMA) ; Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) ; Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) ; Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) ; Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) ; and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) . Furthermore, multiple access technique options may include: scheduled access vs. non-scheduled access, also known as grant-free access; non-orthogonal multiple access vs. orthogonal multiple access, e.g., via a dedicated channel resource (e.g., no sharing between multiple communicating devices) ; contention-based shared channel resources vs. non-contention-based shared channel resources; and cognitive radio-based access.
[0081] ○ A hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol component may specify how a transmission and / or a re-transmission is to be made. Non-limiting examples of transmission and / or re-transmission mechanism options include those that specify a scheduled data pipe size, a signaling mechanism for transmission and / or re-transmission and a re-transmission mechanism.
[0082] ○ A coding and modulation component may specify how information being transmitted may be encoded / decoded and modulated / demodulated for transmission / reception purposes. Coding may refer to methods of error detection and forward error correction. Non-limiting examples of coding options include turbo trellis codes, turbo product codes, fountain codes, low-density parity check codes and polar codes. Modulation may refer, simply, to the constellation (including, for example, the modulation technique and order) , or more specifically to various types of advanced modulation methods such as hierarchical modulation and low PAPR modulation.
[0083] In some implementations, the air interface may be a “one-size-fits-all concept. ” For example, the components within the air interface cannot be changed or adapted once the air interface is defined. In some implementations, only limited parameters or modes of an air interface, such as a cyclic prefix (CP) length or a MIMO mode, can be configured. In some implementations, an air interface design may provide a unified or flexible framework to support frequencies below known 6 GHz bands and frequencies beyond the 6 GHz bands (e.g., mmWave bands) for both licensed and unlicensed access. As an example, flexibility of a configurable air interface provided by a scalable numerology and symbol duration may allow for transmission parameter optimization for different spectrum bands and for different services / devices. As another example, a unified air interface may be self-contained in a frequency domain and a frequency domain self-contained design may support more flexible RAN slicing through channel resource sharing between different services in both frequency and time.
[0084] A frame structure is a feature of the wireless communication physical layer that defines a time domain signal transmission structure, e.g., to allow for timing reference and timing alignment of basic time domain transmission units. Wireless communication between communicating devices may occur on time-frequency resources governed by a frame structure. The frame structure may, sometimes, instead be called a radio frame structure.
[0085] Depending upon the frame structure and / or configuration of frames in the frame structure, frequency division duplex (FDD) and / or time-division duplex (TDD) and / or full duplex (FD) communication may be possible. FDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur in different frequency bands. TDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur over different time durations. FD communication is when transmission and reception occurs on the same time-frequency resource, i.e., a device can both transmit and receive on the same frequency resource concurrently in time.
[0086] One example of a frame structure is a frame structure in long-term evolution (LTE) cellular systems, having the following specifications: each frame is 10 ms in duration; each frame has 10 subframes, which subframes are each 1 ms in duration; each subframe includes two slots, each of which slots is 0.5 ms in duration; each slot is for the transmission of seven OFDM symbols (assuming normal CP) ; each OFDM symbol has a symbol duration and a particular bandwidth (or partial bandwidth or bandwidth partition) related to the number of subcarriers and subcarrier spacing; the frame structure is based on OFDM waveform parameters such as subcarrier spacing and CP length (where the CP has a fixed length or limited length options) ; and the switching gap between uplink and downlink in TDD has to be the integer time of OFDM symbol duration.
[0087] Another example of a frame structure is a frame structure in new radio (NR) having the following specifications: multiple subcarrier spacings are supported, each subcarrier spacing corresponding to a respective numerology; the frame structure depends on the numerology, but the frame length is set at 10 ms and each frame comprises ten subframes, each subframe of 1 ms duration; a slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols; and slot length depends upon the numerology. For example, the NR frame structure for normal CP 15 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 1” ) and the NR frame structure for normal CP 30 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 2” ) are different. For 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 1 ms and, for 30 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 0.5 ms. The NR frame structure may have more flexibility than the LTE frame structure.
[0088] Another example of a frame structure is an example flexible frame structure, e.g., for use in a 6G network or a later network. In a flexible frame structure, a symbol block may be defined as the minimum duration of time that may be scheduled in the flexible frame structure. A symbol block may be a unit of transmission having an optional redundancy portion (e.g., CP portion) and an information (e.g., data) portion. An OFDM symbol is an example of a symbol block. A symbol block may alternatively be called a symbol. Implementations of flexible frame structures include different parameters that may be configurable, e.g., frame length, subframe length, symbol block length, etc. A non-exhaustive list of possible configurable parameters, in some implementations of a flexible frame structure, includes:
[0089] 1) A frame length parameter: The frame length need not be limited to 10 ms and the frame length may be configurable and change over time. In some implementations, each frame includes one or multiple downlink synchronization channels and / or one or multiple downlink broadcast channels and each synchronization channel and / or broadcast channel may be transmitted in a different direction by different beamforming. The frame length may be more than one possible value and configured based on the application scenario. For example, autonomous vehicles may require relatively fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 5 ms for autonomous vehicle applications. As another example, smart meters on houses may not require fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 20 ms for smart meter applications.
[0090] 2) A subframe duration parameter: A subframe might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. For example, a frame may be defined to include slots, but no subframes. In frames in which a subframe is defined, e.g., for time domain alignment, then the duration of the subframe may be configurable. For example, a subframe may be configured to have a length of 0.1 ms or 0.2 ms or 0.5 ms or 1 ms or 2 ms or 5 ms, etc. In some implementations, if a subframe is not needed in a particular scenario, then the subframe length may be defined to be the same as the frame length or not defined.
[0091] 3) A slot configuration parameter: A slot might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. In frames in which a slot is defined, then the definition of a slot (e.g., in time duration and / or in number of symbol blocks) may be configurable. In one implementation, the slot configuration is common to all UEs or a group of UEs. For this case, the slot configuration information may be transmitted to the UEs in a broadcast channel or common (or group) control channel (s) . In other implementations, the slot configuration may be UE specific, in which case the slot configuration information may be transmitted in a UE-specific control channel. In some implementations, the slot configuration signaling can be transmitted together with frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In other implementations, the slot configuration may be transmitted independently from the frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In general, the slot configuration may be system common, base station common, UE group common or UE specific.
[0092] 4) A subcarrier spacing (SCS) parameter: The SCS parameter is one parameter of scalable numerology that may allow the SCS to possibly range from 15 KHz to 480 KHz. The SCS may vary with the frequency of the spectrum and / or maximum UE speed to minimize the impact of Doppler shift and phase noise. In some examples, there may be separate transmission and reception frames and the SCS of symbols in the reception frame structure may be configured independently from the SCS of symbols in the transmission frame structure. The SCS in a reception frame may be different from the SCS in a transmission frame. In some examples, the SCS of each transmission frame may be half the SCS of each reception frame. If the SCS between a reception frame and a transmission frame is different, the difference does not necessarily have to scale by a factor of two, e.g., if more flexible symbol durations are implemented using inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) instead of fast Fourier transform (FFT) . Additional examples of frame structures can be used with different SCSs.
[0093] 5) A parameter indicative of a flexible transmission duration of a basic transmission unit: The basic transmission unit may be a symbol block (alternatively called a symbol) , which, in general, includes a redundancy portion (referred to as the CP) and an information (e.g., data) portion. In some implementations, the CP may be omitted from the symbol block. The CP length may be flexible and configurable. The CP length may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and the CP length may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling. The information (e.g., data) portion may be flexible and configurable. Another possible parameter relating to a symbol block that may be defined is ratio of CP duration to information (e.g., data) duration. In some implementations, the symbol block length may be adjusted according to: a channel condition (e.g., multi-path delay, Doppler) ; and / or a latency requirement; and / or an available time duration. As another example, a symbol block length may be adjusted to fit an available time duration in the frame.
[0094] 6) A Flexible switch gap parameter: A frame may include both a downlink portion, for downlink transmissions from a base station, and an uplink portion, for uplink transmissions from UEs. A gap may be present between each uplink and downlink portion, which gap is referred to as a switching gap. The switching gap length (duration) may be configurable. A switching gap duration may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and a switching gap duration may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling.
[0095] A device, such as a base station, may provide coverage over a cell. Wireless communication with the device may occur over one or more carrier frequencies. A carrier frequency will be referred to as a carrier. A carrier may alternatively be called a component carrier (CC) . A carrier may be characterized by its bandwidth and a reference frequency, e.g., the center frequency of the carrier, the lowest frequency of the carrier or the highest frequency of the carrier. A carrier may be on a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. Wireless communication with the device may also, or instead, occur over one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) . For example, a carrier may have one or more BWPs. More generally, wireless communication with the device may occur over spectrum. The spectrum may comprise one or more carriers and / or one or more BWPs.
[0096] A cell may include one or multiple downlink resources and, optionally, one or multiple uplink resources. A cell may include one or multiple uplink resources and, optionally, one or multiple downlink resources. A cell may include both one or multiple downlink resources and one or multiple uplink resources. As an example, a cell might only include one downlink carrier / BWP, or only include one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs. In some implementations, a cell may, instead or additionally, include one or multiple sidelink resources, including sidelink transmitting and receiving resources.
[0097] A BWP is a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on a carrier, or a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on multiple carriers, or a set of non-contiguous or contiguous frequency subcarriers, which may have one or more carriers.
[0098] In some implementations, a carrier may have one or more BWPs, e.g., a carrier may have a bandwidth of 20 MHz and comprises of one BWP or a carrier may have a bandwidth of 80 MHz and comprises of two adjacent contiguous BWPs, etc. In other implementations, a BWP may have one or more carriers, e.g., a BWP may have a bandwidth of 40 MHz and comprises of two adjacent contiguous carriers, where each carrier has a bandwidth of 20 MHz. In some implementations, a BWP may comprise non-contiguous spectrum resources, which comprises of non-contiguous multiple carriers, where the first carrier of the non-contiguous multiple carriers may be in mmW band, the second carrier may be in a low band (such as 2 GHz band) , the third carrier (if it exists) may be in THz band and the fourth carrier (if it exists) may be in visible light band. Resources in one carrier which belong to the BWP may be contiguous or non-contiguous. In some implementations, a BWP has non-contiguous spectrum resources on one carrier.
[0099] Wireless communication may occur over an occupied bandwidth. The occupied bandwidth may be defined as the width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage, β / 2, of the total mean transmitted power, for example, the value of β / 2 is taken as 0.5%.
[0100] The carrier, the BWP or the occupied bandwidth may be signaled by a network device (e.g., by a base station) dynamically, e.g., in physical layer control signaling such as the known DCI, or semi-statically, e.g., in radio resource control (RRC) signaling or in signaling in the medium access control (MAC) layer, or be predefined based on the application scenario; or be determined by the UE as a function of other parameters that are known by the UE, or may be fixed, e.g., by a standard.
[0101] A terrestrial communication system may also be referred to as a land-based or ground-based communication system, although a terrestrial communication system can also, or instead, be implemented on or in water. A wireless communications system may support communications between a UE and non-terrestrial devices, which is also called as a non-terrestrial communication system. The non-terrestrial communication system may bridge coverage gaps in underserved areas by extending the coverage of cellular networks through the use of non-terrestrial nodes, which will be key to establishing global, seamless coverage and providing mobile broadband services to unserved / underserved regions. In the current case, it is hardly possible to implement terrestrial access-points / base-stations infrastructure in areas like oceans, mountains, forests, or other remote areas.
[0102] The terrestrial communication system may be a wireless communications system using 5G technology and / or later generation wireless technology (e.g., 6G or later) . In some examples, the terrestrial communication system may also accommodate some wireless technologies (e.g., 3G or 4G wireless technology) . The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using satellite constellations, like Geo-Stationary Orbit (GEO) satellites, which utilize broadcast public / popular contents to a local server. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which are known to establish a better balance between large coverage area and propagation path-loss / delay. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using stabilized satellites in very low earth orbits (VLEO) technologies, thereby substantially reducing the costs for launching satellites to lower orbits. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using high altitude platforms (HAPs) , which are known to provide a low path-loss air interface for the users with limited power budget. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (or unmanned aerial system, “UAS” ) achieving a dense deployment, since their coverage can be limited to a local area, such as airborne, balloon, quadcopter, drones, etc. In some examples, GEO satellites, LEO satellites, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be horizontal and two-dimensional. In some examples, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be coupled to integrate satellite communications to cellular networks. Emerging 3D vertical networks comprises many moving (other than geostationary satellites) and high altitude access points such as UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs.
[0103] One possible scenario is that T-TRPs 170 are communicating with NT-TRPs 172 that are part of a satellite constellation, as shown in an example network 800 illustrated in FIG. 6. A satellite constellation comprises a plurality of satellites in satellite orbits that are arranged such that Earth is provided with wireless coverage from the satellites. Each satellite orbit may have a plurality of satellites therein. The T-TRPs 170 may be connected to the core network 130 through terrestrial ( “TN” ) gateways 802, while the NT-TRPs 172, in the satellite constellations, may be connected to the core network 130 through dedicated, non-terrestrial ( “NTN” ) gateways 804. Devices, such as UEs, may connect and communicate with a T-TRP 170 or with an NT-TRP 172 depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0104] Another possible scenario may be envisioned wherein the satellite constellation effectively acts as the gateway for the T-TRPs 170 on the ground, as shown in an example network 900 illustrated in FIG. 7. The NT-TRPs 172 in the satellite constellation communicate with the core network 130 through NTN gateways 804 located on the ground using a wireless link, while the NTN gateways 804 on the ground may use a wired link (e.g., a fiber optic link) to communicate with the core network 130. The T-TRPs 170 communicate with satellites using a wireless link and satellites communicate between each-other using free space optical links (using, e.g., lasers) . Devices, such as UEs, may connect and communicate with a T-TRP 170 or with an NT-TRP 172, depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0105] Another possible scenario may be envisioned where the NT-TRPs 172 communicate with the T-TRPs 170 through the core network 130, as shown in an example network 1000 illustrated in FIG. 8. The NT-TRPs 172 may first communicate with dedicated non-terrestrial gateways 804, which then communicate with the core network 130. The core network 130 may then relay information from the NT-TRPs 172 to the T-TRPs 170 via dedicated terrestrial gateways 802. Devices, such as UEs, may connect and communicate with a T-TRP 170 or with an NT-TRP 172, depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0106] In the scenarios above, a link between a UE and a NT-TRP 172 may be called a service link and links between the NT-TRPs 172 and the NTN gateway 804 may be called feeder links. In addition, a link between two NT-TRPs 172 may be called an inter-satellite link (ISL) (not shown in FIG. 6, 7 or 8) . Each NT-TRP 172 may be associated with one or more NTN gateways 804.
[0107] Multiple-input-multiple-output technology (sometimes simply referred to as “MIMO” ) allows an antenna array having multiple antennas to perform enhanced signal transmissions and receptions, which can result in higher data transmission rates. The ED 110 and the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 may use MIMO to communicate over physical layer wireless resources. MIMO utilizes multiple antennas at a transmit apparatus and / or receive apparatus to transmit and / or receive data in a same physical layer resource block over multiple parallel wireless signals. It follows that multiple antennas may be utilized at the receiver. MIMO may involve beamforming parallel wireless signals for reliable multipath transmission of data in the resource block. MIMO may involve bonding parallel wireless signals that transport different data, thereby effectively increasing the data rate of the data carried in a resource block.
[0108] In recent years, a MIMO wireless communication system with the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 configured with a large number of antennas (known as a large-scale MIMO or massive MIMO, for example) has gained wide attention from academia and industry. In the large-scale MIMO system, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172, are generally configured with more than ten antennas (such as 128 antennas or 256 antennas) and serve dozens of the ED 110 (such as 40 devices) . By having a large number of antennas, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 can greatly increase the degree of spatial freedom of wireless communications, improve transmission rates, spectrum efficiency and power efficiency and minimize or largely eliminate interference between cells. Using the degree of spatial freedom provided by the large number of antennas, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 of each cell can communicate with many ED 110 in the cell on a same frequency resource at a same time (that is, on a same time-frequency resource) , thus greatly increasing the spectrum efficiency of the system. By having a large number of antennas, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 also enable each user to have better spatial directivity for uplink and downlink transmission. This can further result in a reduction of transmission power at one or more of the T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172 and the ED 110, thus improving overall power efficiency in the system.
[0109] MIMO technology may include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) , where signals on multiple spatial layers are transmitted to a same ED 110, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) , where multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple EDs 110.
[0110] A MIMO system may include a receive apparatus (ED 110 for a downlink transmission, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 for an uplink transmission, for example) connected to one or more receive (RX) antennas, a transmit apparatus (the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 for a downlink transmission, or ED 110 for an uplink transmission, for example) connected to one or more transmit (TX) antennas. For instance, a plurality of RX antennas may form an antenna array in which the plurality of RX antennas are arranged in line at even intervals, which may be known as a uniform linear array (ULA) .
[0111] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a channel model of a MIMO system. A transmit apparatus 1102 is connected to four TX antennas, labelled x1, x2, x3 and x4. A receive apparatus 1104 is connected to four RX antennas, labelled y1, y2, y3 and y4. A transmission channel may be formed between each TX antenna and each RX antenna pair. For example, a signal transmitted from the TX antenna labelled x1 may be received by the RX antenna labelled y2 through channel h21. A signal transmitted through the TX antenna labelled x3 may be received by the RX antenna labelled y1 through channel h13.
[0112] A beam may also be expressed as spatial filter or spatial parameters correspondingly. A beam may be formed by performing amplitude and / or phase weighting on data transmitted or received by at least one antenna port. A beam may be formed by using another method; for example, adjusting a related parameter of an antenna. The beam may include a Tx beam and / or a Rx beam. A beam used to transmit a signal may be referred to as a transmit beam (Tx beam) and can be expressed as spatial domain transmit filter or spatial transmit parameters, correspondingly. The transmit beam indicates distribution of signal strength formed in different directions in space after a signal is transmitted through an antenna. A beam used to receive a signal may be referred to as a receive beam (Rx beam) , and can be expressed as spatial domain receive filter or spatial receive parameters. The receive beam indicates distribution of signal strength that is of a wireless signal received from an antenna and that is in different directions in space. Beam information may include a beam identifier, an antenna port (s) identifier, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource identifier, a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource identifier, a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource identifier or other reference signal resource identifier.
[0113] Beamforming technology can be used to form, shape or steer a beam. Beam forming can also be expressed in terms of spatial filtering, directional transmission or directional reception. For example, the beamforming technology may be specifically a digital beamforming technology, an analog beamforming technology, a hybrid digital / analog beamforming technology, or the like. The beamforming may relate to the adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna ports. The adjustments may include amplitude offsets, phase offsets or both of the signals and may be defined by a beamforming weight set.
[0114] A beam alignment mechanism between the transmitting apparatus and the receiving apparatus to ensure communication quality can be called beam management. A beam management mechanism detects and predicts beam failure and mitigates beam failure. Such mechanism should facilitate agile beam recovery and autonomously track, refine and adjust beams. Beam management mainly includes one or more of the following: beam sweeping; beam tracking; beam measurement and reporting; beam prediction; beam switching; beam failure and recovery (BFR) ; and the like.
[0115] For beam sweeping, a base station (e.g., T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172) may sequentially transmit signals by using beams of different directions and search for an optimal transmit beam aligned with a UE by traversing and sweeping all beams. When performing beam sweeping via beams, the transmitting apparatus sends reference signals via the beams, in a number of different directions, while the receiving apparatus searches for reference signals transmitted by the transmitting apparatus, also in a number of different directions. Examples of a type of reference signal that is transmitted by a transmitting apparatus, may be a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) or a positioning reference signal (PRS) . An example of a type of reference signal that may be transmitted by a receiving apparatus may be a sounding reference signal (SRS) . Beam sweeping overhead involves a number of beam pairs (atransmitting apparatus beam and a receiving apparatus beam forming a beam pair) that are searched in order to find one or more beam pairs that have preferred characteristics (e.g., best signal strength) for data communication between the transmitting apparatus and receiving apparatus. Besides the number of beam pairs, the beam sweeping overhead also depends on a duration to perform the measurement (e.g., measurement of the receive signal strength) .
[0116] Beam tracking may be a functionality used by a UE (e.g., ED 110) to make informed decisions about selecting a different beam or beam pair.
[0117] Beam measurements are important for proper data transmission and decoding as well as beam and cell association, as communication parameters may be configured based, at least partly, on the beam measurement values. In some scenarios, a UE periodically reports, to an associated base station, such as a base station serving the UE, a base station that may be a potential handover candidate, a base station that may be used as part of beam failure recovery, the beam measurement values, for example the measured beam reference signal received power (RSRP) , signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , interference power, and / or signal power. Whenever a UE changes its location, speed, or orientation, the beam to be reported to the associated base station may have different RSRP values, because the beam is configured to be transmitted at one or more particular angles or to a specific area. The UE may report, to the base station, measured RSRP values for different types of beams. For example, serving beams, beams that may be used for beam switching, beams that may be used for BFR, and / or beams that may be used for potential handover (HO) .
[0118] Beam prediction may, potentially, reduce the latency for beam switching and, thereby, fluctuations experienced in link quality. Beam prediction may be performed at the base station or at the UE, or both.
[0119] BFR further includes beam failure detection, discovery of new beams and beam recovery procedures.
[0120] A beam pairing relationship may be understood to refer to a pairing relationship between a transmit beam and a receive beam. A beam pairing relationship may also be understood to refer to a pairing relationship between a spatial transmit filter and a spatial receive filter. Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. For example, parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit beam or a receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived or inferred from information about a first beam (e.g., a Tx beam or an Rx beam) for a first reference signal. A relatively large beamforming gain can be obtained by transmitting a signal between a transmit beam and a receive beam that have a beam pairing relationship.
[0121] An antenna panel may also be called a panel. Each antenna panel may be configured with one or more receive beams and one or more transmit beams. Therefore, the antenna panel can be understood or correspondingly referred to as a unit of an antenna group, a unit of an antenna array or a unit of an antenna sub-array, which can control its Tx or Rx beam independently. A base station, or a UE, may receive a signal by using a receive beam on an antenna panel or may transmit a signal by using a transmit beam on the antenna panel.
[0122] In some implementations, for the UE, antenna panels are distinguished by resources of an uplink reference signal. For example, when the uplink reference signal is a sounding reference signal (SRS) , one antenna panel may correspond to one SRS resource set identifier (ID) . In other words, one SRS resource set ID indicates one antenna panel.
[0123] In some implementations, base stations are distinguished by panel IDs. For example, the panel ID may be carried in a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) .
[0124] An antenna port, which may also be referred to as a port for short, is a transmit antenna identified by a receiving apparatus or a transmit antenna that can be distinguished in a spatial domain. For each virtual antenna, one antenna port may be configured and each virtual antenna may be a weighted combination of multiple physical antennas. Each antenna port may correspond to one reference signal port.
[0125] Two antenna ports are said to be quasi co-located (QCLed) if large-scale properties (or channel features) of the channel over which a symbol on one antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the other antenna port is conveyed. The large-scale properties (or channel features) may include one or more of: delay spread; Doppler spread; Doppler shift; average delay; average gain; and spatial RX parameter. The spatial RX parameter may include, for example, angle of arrival (AOA) , average AOA, AOA spread, angle of departure (AOD) , average AOD, AOD spread, RX antenna spatial correlation parameter, TX antenna spatial correlation parameter, transmit beam, receive beam, resource identifier, and the like.
[0126] The angle mentioned above may be a decomposition value of different dimensions or a combination of decomposition values of different dimensions. The two antenna ports mentioned above may be antenna ports with different antenna port numbers and / or antenna ports with a same antenna port number that send or receive information in different time and / or frequency and / or code domain resources and / or antenna ports that have different antenna port numbers to send or receive information in different time and / or frequency and / or code domain resources. The resource identifier may include, for example, a CSI-RS resource identifier, an SRS resource identifier, a synchronization signal / synchronization signal block resource identifier, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) resource identifier or resource identifier of preamble sequence transmitted on physical random access channel (PRACH) .
[0127] In a MIMO system, to implement functions such as system synchronization, channel information feedback and data transmission, channel estimation may be performed on an UL channel or a DL channel. Channel estimation refers to the process of reconstructing or restoring received signals to compensate for signal distortion caused by channel fading and noise. In channel estimation, a reference signal sent by a transmitting apparatus may be used to track a change in the time domain and / or frequency domain of a channel, so as to reconstruct or restore a received signal. The reference signal may also be referred to as a pilot signal, a reference sequence or the like and may be described as a reference signal in the following for ease of understanding. The reference signal may comprise, for example, a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) , a sounding reference signal (SRS) or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) .
[0128] The CSI-RS is mainly used for DL channel estimation. For example, a receiving apparatus (e.g., a UE) may perform channel estimation based on a CSI-RS sent by a transmitting apparatus (e.g., a base station) , to feedback channel state information (CSI) based on a channel estimation result. The CSI may include related information such as a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a layer indicator (LI) , and a rank indicator (RI) . The CSI is used to reconstruct or precode the DL channel.
[0129] Referring to FIG. 10, which illustrates a base station 1202 in communication with a UE 1204, in some implementations, a process in which the base station 1202 obtains CSI may include: sending (step 1210) , by the base station 1202 to the UE 1204, a reference signal; obtaining (step 1212) , by the UE 1204, an estimated CSI value according to the received reference signal; selecting (step 1214) , by the UE 1204, a precoding vector from a codebook according to the estimated CSI value; transmitting, by the UE 1204, feedback including the index of the precoding vector to the base station; and obtaining (step 1216) , by the base station 1202, a CSI reconstruction value with reference to the index of the precoding vector. The CSI reconstruction value can be a CSI closest to the true value of the CSI that can be obtained by the base station.
[0130] In some power control mechanisms, transmission power of a UE 110 may be adjusted based on several factors. The factors may include: path loss; transmission bandwidth; and power control parameters. If a UE 110 transmits a PUSCH on an active UL BWP, b, of a carrier, f, of a serving cell, c, using a parameter set configuration with an index, j, a PUSCH transmission occasion, i, and a PUSCH power control adjustment state with an index, l, a required transmit power, PPUSCH, b, f, c (i, j, qd, l) , at the UE 110 may be determined as:
[0131] Where PCMAX, f, c (i) represents a maximum allowed transmission power and represents a pre-configured received power target assuming full pathloss compensation. Additionally, μ represents a particular numerology, such that μ having a value of {0, 1, 2, 3} may be understood to correspond to subcarrier spacing of {15, 30, 60, 120} kHz. It may be understood that a higher numerology is associated with wider bandwidth and, hence, a higher power. Furthermore, represents the bandwidth of the PUSCH resource assignment expressed as a number of resource blocks. Even further, αb, f, c (j) is used as a fractional path loss compensation factor. Still further, a PLb, f, c (qd) term is used to represent a downlink pathloss estimate, in dB, determined by the UE 110 using a reference signal (RS) with an index, qd, for the active DL BWP, b, of the carrier, f, in the serving cell, c. Even still further, ΔTF, b, f, c (i) represents a transmit power control (TPC) command for a transport format and fb, f, c (i, l) represents a closed-loop power control adjustment.
[0132] When multiple transmitters (e.g., transmitters other than serving T-TRPs 170 or serving NT-TRPs 172) operate on the same spectrum, interference signals may be produced. The produced interference signals may cause a signal received at the UE 110 to become weaker due to reference signal power being mixed with interference signal power. It follows that measured RSRP becomes lower than the RSRP that would have been in an interference-free environment. The path loss may be determined as a difference between a target received power (the power level desired at the receiver) and the measured RSRP. Thus, when the measured RSRP has been reduced due to interference, a determined path loss may be overestimated which can negatively impact the network performance.
[0133] Some research has explored methods aimed at uplink power management framework for Self-Organizing Networks (SON) . These methods advocate for building a pathloss-based traffic distribution model that maps traffic distribution onto the space of propagation conditions (i.e., propagation path loss) to construct pathloss-based traffic distribution. These methods then make power control decisions based on the model. Pathloss-based Traffic Distribution (PLTD) aggregates traffic based on the propagation condition of traffic, defined as the pathloss between the position generating the traffic and surrounding cells. Power control parameters are calculated with the pathloss-based traffic distribution in decision-making. Updated power control parameters are provided for reconfiguration, for example, via an Operation And Maintenance (OAM) System.
[0134] Despite these advancements, these approaches have notable weaknesses and there are continuous and high-dimensional problems in the wireless communication network model (s) . Since the state (e.g., information available) is infinite, it is seen that the Q-Learning algorithm, which is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm used to find the optimal action-selection policy for a given finite Markov decision process (MDP) , cannot solve continuous domain problems.
[0135] In some methods, referenced herein as the “DQN method, ” a neural network is used to approximate a Q-function, Q (s, a) . However, the Q-value estimates predicted by the neural network and the target values that are derived using the Q-value estimates are mutually dependent. Therefore, it is challenging for the neural network to learn stably without proper techniques to manage this interdependence.
[0136] Furthermore, some models ignore an impact of directional interference on pathloss calculations. The overestimation of pathloss can be problematic in different conditions. For example, there may be interference misinterpretation in that, if a power control algorithm reacts to a lower RSRP caused by interference by increasing transmission power, the power control algorithm may interpret the lower RSRP as a sign of higher path loss rather than interference.
[0137] In some scenarios, there may be more interference, in that increasing the transmission power in response to interference can worsen the interference situation. Higher power levels from one transmitter can cause increased interference for other users sharing the same spectrum, creating a feedback loop of rising interference and power levels.
[0138] In some scenarios, there may be a non-effective power increase, in that if the interference is dominant, merely increasing the power of the desired signal may not significantly improve the RSRP because the interference power will also increase proportionally. This means the SINR might not improve enough to justify the increased power.
[0139] In some scenarios, there may be inefficient resource usage, in that continuously increasing power in response to interference may lead to inefficient use of spectrum and energy resources. Continuously increasing power may also reduce battery life for mobile devices and increase operational costs for base stations. Therefore, solutions are desired which address at least the problems discussed above.
[0140] Aspects of the present application relate to mitigation of interference between two wireless networks, e.g., terrestrial networks (TN) and non-terrestrial networks (NTN) in integrated communication systems. By reducing the interference at both networks (e.g., TN and NTN) , co-channel inter-system interference may be minimized and spectral efficiency may be improved. Additionally, by improving spectrum sharing between TN and NTN, higher throughput may be achieved and user coverage may be expanded. Aspects of the present application relate to integrating a directional interference adjustment factor (DIAF) into a power control mechanism, so that the UE 110 can make more informed and precise adjustments to its transmit power. By considering the DIAF, the system may dynamically adjust power to, thereby, minimize interference with other networks or users. Minimization of interference is especially convenient in environments where multiple networks share the same spectrum. Adjusting power based on the DIAF helps maintain a better SINR, leading to more reliable communication and better data rates. This dynamic power adjustment may also lead to more efficient use of spectrum, as dynamic power adjustment establishes that power levels are kept optimal, reducing unnecessary interference and enhancing overall network performance.
[0141] Improving spectrum sharing can lead to cost savings for both network operators and end-users. By leveraging existing infrastructure and spectrum resources more efficiently, operators can avoid the expenses associated with deploying separate networks or upgrading UE components. Operators of UEs 110 may also benefit from reduced costs, as there is a reduced incentive to invest in expensive RF front-end adjustments to access multiple networks.
[0142] By considering the DIAF when dynamically adjusting the transmission power of TN UEs and NTN UEs, the overall power consumption at the UEs may be precisely adjusted, thereby leading to improvements in energy efficiency at both networks.
[0143] Aspects of the present application introduce an enhanced coordination mechanism for scenarios with shared spectra between non-terrestrial devices (e.g., satellites) and terrestrial gNBs. Aspects of the present application discuss an enhanced power control for UL transmissions by employing the impact of directional interference in power control mechanisms. Aspects of the present application introduce directional interference compensation factor that can be adjusted dynamically with coordination within two networks. In some implementations, by leveraging satellite orbital parameters and location awareness, UEs can intelligently adjust their transmission power to reduce contention within two networks.
[0144] In some aspects of the application, the existence of multi-beam non-terrestrial devices is assumed, wherein the same non-terrestrial device may cover multiple terrestrial devices under a single beam. A non-terrestrial device, in certain scenarios, can function transparently by facilitating communication between UEs and base stations without subjecting the communication to demodulation or remodulation. In some scenarios, a non-terrestrial device may operate regeneratively, utilizing on-board processing capabilities to, for instance, demodulate uplink signals and modulate downlink signals between UEs and base stations. References herein to functions typically performed by a base station may also, in some scenarios, be carried out by a UE or another type of network access point (AP) in the wireless terrestrial network in a given scenario.
[0145] In some implementations, UEs or terrestrial devices may receive updates on a MAC CE, an RRC message, a downlink control indicator (DCI) , etc. and / or a dedicated signal. Additionally, in the discussed model, terrestrial network devices and non-terrestrial network devices such as satellites, can be used to describe access nodes across various network generations, including 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and, potentially, future generation of networks (e.g., 6G) . These access nodes provide connectivity between the UE 110 and the core network 130 and may encompass, but are not limited to, gateways, base stations, gNBs or TRPs.
[0146] Aspects of the present application relate to TN UEs and NTN UEs taking directional interference into consideration in power control mechanisms. In an integrated TN-NTN environment, overestimating the path loss becomes a critical factor due to the directional nature of transmissions, especially from satellites.
[0147] In some implementations, the DIAF may be obtained from a function that takes into account the Direction of Arrival (DoA) information and / or the AoA information to estimate the loss experienced due to the interfering signals. This approach provides a more accurate assessment of signal quality and interference by considering how the orientation and directional properties of antennas affect signal reception.
[0148] In some implementations, a “direction” of a signal may refer to the path or trajectory along which the signal propagates from source to destination. The direction of a signal describes an orientation or a vector relevant to transmission or reception of the signal. The direction of a signal may be represented in terms of azimuth (horizontal direction) and elevation (vertical direction) angles.
[0149] In some implementations, an “angle” of a signal may refer to a specific angular measurement that defines a direction of signal propagation relative to a reference point or axis. The angle of a signal may be described in two main ways: azimuth angle; and elevation angle. The azimuth angle (horizontal angle) represents an angle measured in the horizontal plane, typically relative to the north direction. The azimuth angle specifies the direction of the signal in the horizontal plane. The elevation angle (vertical angle) represents an angle measured in the vertical plane, relative to the horizon. The elevation angle specifies a degree to which the signal deviates from a horizontal plane.
[0150] Together, these angles define the complete spatial orientation of the signal as it travels through space.
[0151] To incorporate the DIAF, the power control formula may be updated as follows:
[0152] Where DIAF is representative of a received power from the direction and / or angle, θ, of the interfering signal (the signal that is generated by the other network) . In some implementations, DIAF can be determined based on the RS index, qd. In some implementations, determining DIAFb, f, c involves estimating the interference experienced by the UE 110 using the RS index, qd, for the active DL BWP, b, of the carrier, f, of the serving cell, c.
[0153] The term, γ (i) , represents an interference compensation factor (e.g., between 0 and 1) , which can be dynamically adjusted by gNBs (e.g., TN and / or NTN) responsive to monitoring the signal quality across the transmission path. In some implementations, a gNB may increase the interference compensation factor, γ (i) , based on an extent to which two networks are to compensate the directional interference and the significance of directional interference over the corresponding direction. In some implementations, a gNB may reduce the interference compensation factor, γ (i) , if directional interference is minimal or well-managed.
[0154] In some implementations, to effectively set the interference compensation factor, γ, between two networks (e.g., terrestrial gNBs and non-terrestrial gNBs) , one and / or more of the following information may be explicitly exchanged between the gNBs: signal quality indicators; directional interference level information; transmission power level information; frequency band and channel use information; interference source identification information; traffic load data; current γ values and adjustments; channel condition updates; and quality of service (QoS) prioritization information.
[0155] The signal quality indicators may provide information on SNR, SINR and / or Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) to allow the gNB to assess the current quality of the received signals. This assessment helps each gNB understand the interference impact from the other network and adjust the interference compensation factor, γ, accordingly.
[0156] The directional interference level information may relate to detected directional interference from each gNB, allowing both terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks to evaluate and manage interference in specific directions.
[0157] The transmission power level information may relate to current power settings of transmissions from each gNB. By knowing each other’s power levels, the gNBs can better predict potential interference and decide on an appropriate interference compensation factor, γ, setting.
[0158] The frequency band and channel use information may include details on the frequency bands and channels in use by each gNB. This enables efficient coordination to reduce interference in overlapping or adjacent frequencies.
[0159] The interference source identification may include identifiers or locations of known interference sources from each network, thereby helping each gNB distinguish and prioritize significant interference sources when setting the interference compensation factor, γ.
[0160] The traffic load data may include information on current traffic load or congestion levels at each gNB. By sharing load data, the gNBs may dynamically adjust the interference compensation factor, γ, to, thereby, respond to periods of higher or lower network usage.
[0161] The current γ values and adjustments information may include existing or recently adjusted values of the interference compensation factor, γ, shared between the gNBs to maintain consistency and avoid conflicts in compensation strategies.
[0162] The channel condition updates may include real-time channel state information, such as path loss, fading or multipath effects, which influence interference and help each gNB refine the interference compensation factor, γ, settings based on shared channel characteristics.
[0163] The QoS prioritization information may include any QoS requirements or thresholds, particularly for critical or delay-sensitive applications, which may require tailored interference compensation factor, γ, values to ensure service levels are maintained.
[0164] In some implementations, a lower value for DIAF may be understood to indicate that the interference signal received is not significant, suggesting good isolation and minimal impact from the interfering direction. In some implementations, a higher value for DIAF may be understood to indicate a higher interference impact, suggesting that the DoA and / or the AoA of the interfering signal significantly affects the overall reception quality.
[0165] In some implementations, the combination of DIAF and the downlink pathloss term, PLb, f, c (qd) , helps isolate the impact of the direction of the interfering signal by distinguishing between the desired and interfering signals based on their respective DoA and / or AoA and their respective antenna patterns.
[0166] The DoA and / or AoA of an undesired signal may be obtained at a corresponding UE. Spatial receivers may be employed with multiple antennas to, thereby, exploit spatial diversity to attenuate the TN interference or the NTN interference. This would let the receivers obtain / estimate DoA and / or AoA of desired and / or undesired signals, which can be determined at UEs 110 in various ways.
[0167] For example, non-terrestrial devices may obtain information about terrestrial devices. The information may include the terrestrial device location and / or the DoA and / or AoA of undesired signals from the terrestrial device and / or the variation, over time, of undesired signals from the terrestrial device. The non-terrestrial devices may transmit this information to the corresponding NTN UE or to a group of NTN UEs.
[0168] In some implementations, a given NTN UE, based on orbital parameters for a given non-terrestrial device, may take into account that signals arriving from directions other than the location of the given non-terrestrial device may be considered to be undesired signals. Accordingly, the given NTN UE may adjust a receiving beam in a way that nulls undesired signals arriving from directions distinct from the direction at which signals from the given non-terrestrial device are expected to arrive.
[0169] In NTNs that rely on satellites for communication, ephemeris data may be considered to be useful for successful connections. Ephemeris data, in some implementations, for a given satellite may be considered to act as a celestial map that details precise orbital trajectories of the given satellite. The ephemeris data may include specific parameters that define a path of the given satellite around the Earth. These parameters may include one or more of: orbital plane parameters; and specific satellite location parameters. The orbital plane parameters may include one or more of: a semi-major axis; an eccentricity; an inclination; a right ascension of the ascending node; and an argument of periapsis. The semi-major axis may define an overall size and shape of an elliptical orbit. The eccentricity may describe a degree to which the elliptical orbit is circular (the eccentricity is 0 for a perfectly circular orbit) . The inclination may be a representation of an angle between an orbital plane for the given satellite and the Earth’s equator. The right ascension of the ascending node may represent a point where the given satellite crosses the equator moving northward. The argument of periapsis may indicate a point in the elliptical orbit closest to Earth. The Specific Satellite Location Parameters may include one or more of: a mean anomaly at a reference time; and an epoch. The mean anomaly at a reference time may represent an average angular position of the given satellite in the elliptical orbit at a specific point in time. The epoch may represent a reference time for the mean anomaly. With ephemeris data for the given satellite, a network device may locate and connect to the given satellite. However, some approaches are known to use high-precision numbers, thereby leading to bulky data files.
[0170] To address the bulky data files, in some implementations, communication between the satellites and network devices may rely upon efficient signaling techniques, such as: baseline ephemeris data; signaling specific satellite location; RRC signaling; and Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements. The idea behind the baseline ephemeris data involves network devices being pre-provisioned with a subset of data, like the orbital plane parameters. The subset acts as a starting point, allowing the network device to identify potential satellite locations within a specific orbital plane. The idea behind the signaling specific satellite location involves the given satellite, itself, transmitting additional information, once a potential location has been identified. The additional information may be transmitted during an initial contact between the network device and the satellite. The additional information may be precise data, including mean anomaly and epoch, and may help the network device to pinpoint an exact position within the orbital plane for the given satellite. The RRC signaling may be utilized by the given satellite to efficiently guide network devices to relevant stored ephemeris data. This signaling may, for example, leverage indexed and quantized orbital plane information. During the RRM measurements, the network devices may receive an orbital plane index of a target cell. Using the baseline data, the network devices may then locate the target cell within the known orbital plane.
[0171] By employing these signaling techniques, and ephemeris data, network devices may effectively locate and connect to satellites for successful network access, and smooth communication in NTNs may be achieved.
[0172] In some implementations, a non-terrestrial device may transmit, to TN UEs or gNBs, orbital parameters for the given non-terrestrial device. Accordingly, in a case wherein signals generated by the given non-terrestrial device may be considered, by the TN UEs, to be undesired signals, the TN UEs may use the orbital parameters to determine the direction of arrival of the undesired signals. In some implementations, the terrestrial devices may obtain orbital parameters for a given non-terrestrial device. The terrestrial devices may then determine information, such as a DoA and / or AoA of undesired signals and / or a variation, over time, of undesired signals. The terrestrial devices may then transmit, to the corresponding TN UE or to a group of TN UEs, the information.
[0173] In some implementations, the DoA and / or AoA of the TN signals and / or the NTN signals may be estimated through advanced techniques, such as, but not limited to, Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) or Eigenvector Decomposition. In some implementations, T-gNBs locations and / or satellite orbital parameters can be signaled to UEs for estimating the DoA and / or the AoA of the interfering signals. In some implementations, some techniques for estimating the DoA and / or the AoA may include one or more of Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) , beamforming techniques, techniques based on Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) , techniques that use phase differences between signals received at different antennas to calculate the angle of arrival and techniques that use maximum likelihood estimation statistical methods to estimate the DoA and / or the AoA by maximizing the likelihood function for the received signal.
[0174] UEs may leverage a spatial correlation between signals received by different antennas, since signals arriving from the same direction will exhibit a higher correlation compared to signals arriving from different directions. In some implementations, by calculating a spatial correlation matrix and analyzing eigenvectors of the spatial correlation matrix, the DOA and / or the AoA of a TN signal or an NTN signal may be identified.
[0175] In some implementations, gNBs of both networks may signal specific muted periods during which their respective UEs may perform measurements by excluding the desired signal from respective interference measurements. The UEs may use the measurement gaps (e.g., muted periods) to obtain measurement information for signals from the other network (e.g., a TN UEs may measure NTN signals and vice versa) . The measurement information, including one or more of, for example, signal strength (RSSI) , Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) and direction of arrival, may be obtained using advanced antenna techniques. The UEs may use the measurement information to distinguish undesired signals (signals from other network) from desired signals based on the undesired signal characteristic (such as but not limited to, direction of arrival, angle of arrival, signal strength, modulation and coding scheme, beamforming and spatial characteristics, and signal patterns) which is identified in the previous step.
[0176] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to determining the received directional interference power. There are several implementations / methods by which a first entity in a first network may measure received directional interference power from a second entity in a second network.
[0177] One method / implementation involves energy detection. By considering the DoA and / or the AoA of desired signals and / or the DoA and / or the AoA of undesired (interfering) signals, energy detection techniques may be employed to estimate the power of the interfering signals. The employment of these energy detection techniques may involve the first entity measuring a total received power and subtracting a known received power, where the known received power is associated with known transmissions in the first network.
[0178] One method / implementation involves a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) . Devices within a given network obtain a value for a RSSI, which will be expected to include contributions, over a specific range of receiving directions, from desired signals from known transmitters within the given network and interfering signals from transmitters within another network. By comparing the measured RSSI with the expected RSSI from the known transmitters, additional power, attributable to interference, may be estimated.
[0179] One method / implementation involves beacon signals. An entity in a first network may, periodically, transmit beacon signals that are known to an entity in a second network. The entity in the second network may measure power of received versions of the beacon signals to estimate the interference that may originate at the entity in the first network.
[0180] One method / implementation involves pilot signals. Similar to the implementation using beacon signals, an entity in a first network may, periodically, transmit pilot signals with characteristics that are known to an entity in a second network. The entity in the second network may measure power of received versions of the pilot signals to estimate the interference that may originate at the entity in the first network.
[0181] By employing these methods, entities in one network can effectively measure the received interference power from entities in another network, even when both entities and networks operate independently.
[0182] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to signaling involved within a network that integrates a TN and an NTN that operate on the same spectrum. More particularly, some aspects relate to an enhanced power control mechanism being employed from a perspective of a TN UE.
[0183] FIG. 11 illustrates, in a flow diagram, signaling involved within a network that integrates a TN and an NTN that operate on the same spectrum. FIG. 11 includes an NTN UE 1310-N, a TN UE 1310-T, a T-gNB 1370 and a satellite 1372. It should be clear, to a person of ordinary skill, that the entities represented in FIG. 11 are merely examples. Indeed, the satellite 1372 may be, alternatively, referenced as a non-terrestrial network device. Similarly, the T-gNB 1370 may be, alternatively, referenced as a terrestrial network device. In some implementations, the NTN UE 1310-N may be referred to as a first network device. In some implementations, the TN UE 1310-T may be referred to as a first network device. In some implementations, the satellite 1372 may be referred to as a second network device. In some implementations, the T-gNB 1370 may be referred to as a second network device. In some implementations, when the first device is the NTN UE 1310-N, the second device may be a t-gNB 1370. In some implementations, when the first device is the TN UE 1310-T, the second device is the satellite 1372. Aspects of the present application may also be applied to an interference management in a device to device type communication (e.g., sidelink, etc. ) and / or vehicular networks (like C-V2X or 5G V2X) , where devices may communicate directly with each other without routing data through a network node (e.g., base station, etc. ) . In these systems, sidelink may refer to a direct communication link between devices, such as between two vehicles or mobile devices, etc. The sidelink communication may operate in the same spectrum as regular uplink and / or downlink transmissions (e.g., as used by the devices in the scenario in FIG. 11) . Further, since multiple devices may use the same frequency bands for sidelink communication, interference can occur when their signals overlap, causing performance degradation. In some implementations, for example in a device to device type communications, the first device may be one or more of the NTN UE1310-N and TN UE 1310-T and the second device may be one or more of other TN / NTN UEs (e.g., other terminal devices) , signals from which are interfering with the first device. It should be clear, to a person of ordinary skill, that which exact entity is referred to in a particular implementation / scenario.
[0184] As illustrated in FIG. 11, the TN UE 1310-T may transmit (step 1320) a reference signal, which is subsequently received (step 1322) by the T-gNB 1370. Similarly, the NTN UE 1310-N may transmit (step 1324) a reference signal, which is subsequently received (step 1326) by the satellite 1372.
[0185] The T-gNB 1370 may transmit (step 1328) , to the TN UE 1310-T, orbital parameters for the satellite 1372. In one implementation, the T-gNB 1370 may have received the orbital parameters responsive to the orbital parameters having been transmitted (step 1321A) by the satellite 1372. That is, prior to the transmitting (step 1328) assistance information (e.g., orbital parameters) , the T-gNB 1370 may receive, from a third device (e.g., the satellite 1372) , additional assistance information (e.g., orbital parameters) , such that the transmitting the assistance information further comprises transmitting the additional assistance information. Optionally, the satellite 1372 may transmit / broadcast (step 1321B) the orbital parameters such that the orbital parameters are received (step 1330) by the TN UE 1310-T. In another implementation, the T-gNB 1370 may derive the orbital parameters using machine learning and / or artificial intelligence models. Upon receiving / obtaining (step 1330) the orbital parameters, the TN UE 1310-T may obtain a DoA and / or an AoA to associate with undesired signals that may arrive, at the TN UE 1310-T, from the satellite 1372.
[0186] The T-gNB 1370 may transmit (step 1332) coordination information that is received (step 1334) by the satellite 1372. Similarly, the satellite 1372 may transmit (step 1336) coordination information that is received (step 1338) by the T-gNB 1370. Indeed, the exchange of coordination information represented by steps 1332, 1334, 1336 and 1338 may be repeated as the T-gNB 1370 and the satellite 1372 coordinate to adjust the interference compensation factor, γ.
[0187] The T-gNB 1370 may set a value for the interference compensation factor, γ, on the basis of monitoring signal quality (e.g., SINR, RSSI) of the uplink reference signal transmissions received (step 1322) from the TN UE 1310-T and other TN UEs (not shown) . Using DoA information and / or AoA information, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may estimate a loss experienced by interfering signals. Based on the monitored signal quality and the obtained received interference, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may determine whether a current level of interference compensation is adequate. Upon determining that directional interference is significant, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may increase the value of the interference compensation factor, γ. Conversely, upon determining that directional interference is minimal or well-managed, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may decrease the value of the interference compensation factor, γ. Through the exchange of coordination information represented by steps 1332, 1334, 1336 and 1338, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may communicate their proposed changes to the value of the interference compensation factor, γ, with each other. Furthermore, the T-gNB 1370 may transmit (step 1340) , to the TN UE 1310-T, an indication of the value of the interference compensation factor, γ. The TN UE 1310-T may then receive (step 1342) the indication of the value of the interference compensation factor, γ.
[0188] The T-gNB 1370 may, optionally, transmit (step 1344) , to the TN UE 1310-T, a reference signal. The TN UE 1310-T may then receive (step 1346) the reference signal.
[0189] Furthermore, the T-gNB 1370 may transmit (step 1348) , to the TN UE 1310-T, a set of terms for use in the power control mechanism. The TN UE 1310-T may then receive (step 1350) the terms. The T-gNB 1370 may, for example, transmit (step 1348) the set of terms in a SIB2 message or an RRC message. The set of terms may, for example, include the pre-configured received power target, the bandwidth of the PUSCH resource assignment, and the fractional path loss compensation factor, α.
[0190] Based on having obtained a DoA and / or an AoA of undesired signals, the TN UE 1310-T may determine (step 1356) a DIAF and update power control circuitry so that the given UE 110 may transmit (step 1358) at a power that takes into account the DIAF. That is, the TN UE 1310-T may then dynamically adjust the power control circuitry responsive to monitoring the signal quality across the transmission path. That is, the TN UE 1310-T may reduce the transmission power responsive to determining that a significant directional interference has been detected that negatively impacts signal quality over the corresponding direction. Conversely, the TN UE 1310-T may increase power responsive to determining that directional interference is minimal or well-managed.
[0191] The TN UE 1310-T may, optionally, also transmit (step 1358) , to the T-gNB 1370, an indication of the updates made to the power control circuitry at the TN UE 1310-T. Subsequently, the T-gNB 1370 receives (step 1360) the indication of the updates made to the power control circuitry.
[0192] Notably, the TN UE 1310-T and the satellite 1372 depicted in FIG. 11 are intended to represent network devices that may function as access nodes, thereby providing connectivity between a generic UE 110 (either the TN UE 1310-T or the NTN UE 1310-N) and the core network 130. Network devices that may function as access nodes may include, but are not limited to, network devices that are referenced as gateways, base stations, Transmission and Reception Points (TRPs) and gNBs.
[0193] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to signaling involved within a network that integrates a TN and an NTN that operate on the same spectrum. More particularly, some aspects relate to an enhanced power control mechanism being employed from a perspective of an NTN UE.
[0194] FIG. 12 illustrates, in a flow diagram, signaling involved within a network that integrates a TN and an NTN that operate on the same spectrum. In common with FIG. 11, FIG. 12 includes the NTN UE 1310-N, the TN UE 1310-T, the T-gNB 1370 and the satellite 1372.
[0195] As illustrated in FIG. 12, the TN UE 1310-T may, optionally, transmit (step 1420) a reference signal, which is subsequently received (step 1422) by the T-gNB 1370. Similarly, the NTN UE 1310-N may transmit (step 1424) a reference signal, which is subsequently received (step 1426) by the satellite 1372.
[0196] The T-gNB 1370 may transmit (step 1428) , to the satellite 1372, an indication of the location of the T-gNB 1370. The satellite 1372 then receives (step 1430) the indication of the location of the T-gNB 1370.
[0197] The T-gNB 1370 may transmit (step 1432) coordination information that is received (step 1434) by the satellite 1372. Similarly, the satellite 1372 may transmit (step 1436) coordination information that is received (step 1438) by the T-gNB 1370. Indeed, the exchange of coordination information represented by steps 1432, 1434, 1436 and 1438 may be repeated as the T-gNB 1370 and the satellite 1372 coordinate to adjust the interference compensation factor, γ.
[0198] The satellite 1372 may set a value for the interference compensation factor, γ, on the basis of monitoring signal quality (e.g., SINR, RSSI) of the uplink reference signal transmissions received (step 1426) from the NTN UE 1310-N and other NTN UEs (not shown) . Using DoA information and / or AoA information, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may estimate a loss experienced by interfering signals. Based on the monitored signal quality and the obtained received interference, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may determine whether a current level of interference compensation is adequate. Upon determining that directional interference is significant, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may increase the value of the interference compensation factor, γ. Conversely, upon determining that directional interference is minimal or well-managed, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may decrease the value of the interference compensation factor, γ. Through the exchange of coordination information represented by steps 1432, 1434, 1436 and 1438, the T-gNB 1370 and / or the satellite 1372 may communicate their proposed changes to the value of the interference compensation factor, γ, with each other. Furthermore, the satellite 1372 may transmit (step 1440) , to the NTN UE 1310-N, an indication of the value of the interference compensation factor, γ. The NTN UE 1310-N may then receive (step 1442) the indication of the value of the interference compensation factor, γ.
[0199] Additionally, the satellite 1372 may transmit (step 1444) , to the NTN UE 1310-N, a reference signal. The NTN UE 1310-N may then receive (step 1446) the reference signal.
[0200] Furthermore, the satellite 1372 may transmit (step 1448) , to the NTN UE 1310-N, a set of terms for use in determining a DIAF. The NTN UE 1310-N may then receive (step 1450) the terms. The satellite 1372 may, for example, transmit (step 1448) the set of terms in a SIB2 message or an RRC message. The set of terms may, for example, include the pre-configured received power target, the bandwidth of the PUSCH resource assignment, and the fractional path loss compensation factor, α.
[0201] Additionally, based upon the T-gNB 1370 having shared its location (step 1428) with the satellite 1372, the satellite 1372 may, subsequently, transmit (step 1452) , to the NTN UE 1310-N, an indication of the location of the T-gNB 1370. The NTN UE 1310-N may then receive (step 1454) the indication of the location of the T-gNB 1370.
[0202] When the NTN UE 1310-N is located within the vicinity of the T-gNB 1370, the NTN UE 1310-N may determine, based on the location of the T-gNB 1370, the DoA and / or the AoA of undesired signals.
[0203] Based on the DoA and / or the AoA of the undesired signals, the NTN UE 1310-N may determine (step 1456) a DIAF and update power control circuitry so that the NTN UE 1310-N may transmit (step 1458) at a power that takes into account the DIAF.
[0204] The NTN UE 1310-N may then dynamically adjust the power control responsive to monitoring the signal quality across the transmission path. That is, the NTN UE 1310-N may reduce the transmission power responsive to determining that a significant directional interference has been detected that negatively impacts signal quality over the corresponding direction. Conversely, the NTN UE 1310-N may increase power responsive to determining that directional interference is minimal or well-managed.
[0205] The NTN UE 1310-N may also transmit (step 1458) , to the satellite 1372, an indication of the updates made to the power control circuitry at the NTN UE 1310-N. Subsequently, the satellite 1372 receives (step 1460) the indication of the updates made to the power control circuitry.
[0206] In some implementations, a DIAF has been discussed as being determined as a function of the DoA and / or the AoA, θ, of an interfering signal. This function may be represented as DIAF (θ) . However, in some implementations, the DIAF may, alternatively, be determined as a function of the index, qd, of the reference signal (RS) . This function may be represented as DIAF (qd) . This implementation relies upon measurements made of the reference signals received from devices in a given network to estimate interference power. The UE 110 may measure the power of the reference signals associated with a given RS index, qd. The power in the interference signals may be estimated based on the received power of the reference signals for a specific RS index, qd. This estimate may be arrived at by comparing measured reference signal power to a predefined threshold or a predefined reference level. The value determined for DIAF (qd) may be used to adjust the downlink pathloss term, PLb, f, c (qd) .
[0207] In general, aspects of the present application relate to a method that includes receiving assistance information for use by a first device, determining directional interference originating at a second device based on the assistance information and transmitting a signal with a power selected based on the directional interference. In one implementation, the first device belongs to a first network and the second device belongs to a second network. In another implementation, the first device belongs to a first network and the second device also belongs to the first network. In some implementations, the first network may be a TN and the second network may be an NTN. In other implementations, both the first network and the second network may be a TN or the first network and the second network may be an NTN. When the first network and the second network are the same, communication between devices may rely upon sidelink (SL) communication protocols.
[0208] It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the implementation methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, data may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. Data may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. Data may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. The respective units / modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units / modules may be an integrated circuit, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . It will be appreciated that where the modules are software, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances as required, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0209] Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated implementations, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various implementations of this disclosure. In other words, a system or method designed according to an implementation of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example implementation may be combined with selected features of other example implementations.
[0210] Although this disclosure has been described with reference to illustrative implementations, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative implementations, as well as other implementations of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or implementations.
[0211] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” and “an” are defined to mean “at least one. ” That is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0212] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially, ” “generally” and “about, ” which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example implementation, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of the example implementation for its intended application.
[0213] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled, ” and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical or any combinations thereof.
[0214] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match, ” “matching” and “matched, ” including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially, ” “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0215] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on. ” That is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” and, so, should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on, ” “representative of, ” “indicative of, ” “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0216] In the present disclosure, the terms “system” and “network” may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this application. “At least one” means one or more and “a plurality of” means two or more. The term “and / or” describes an association relationship of associated objects and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: only A exists; both A and B exist; and only B exists; where A and B may be singular or plural. The character “ / ” indicates an “or” relationship between associated objects. “At least one of the following items (pieces) ” or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, “at least one of A, B, or C” includes: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. “at least one of A, B, and C” may also be understood as including: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in implementations of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0217] A person skilled in the art should understand that implementations of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only implementation, a software-only implementation, or an implementation with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0218] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device and enable a machine to execute the instructions. When executed by any computer or the processor of a programmable data processing device, the instructions cause the apparatus to implement specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0219] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the another programmable device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or on another programmable device provide steps for implementing specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0220] It is clear that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This application is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this disclosure provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
Claims
1.A method comprising:receiving assistance information for use by a first device;determining directional interference originating at a second device based on the assistance information; andtransmitting a signal with a power selected based on the directional interference.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first device belongs to a first network and the second device belongs to a second network.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the first device belongs to a first network and the second device belongs to the first network.4.The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the assistance information comprises orbital parameters for the second device.5.The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the assistance information comprises location information for the second device.6.The method of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the determining the directional interference comprises determining a directional interference adjustment factor (DIAF) .7.The method of claim 6, wherein the determining the directional interference comprises determining a direction associated with an interfering signal.8.The method of claim 6, wherein the determining the directional interference comprises determining an angle associated with an interfering signal.9.The method of claim 6, wherein the DIAF comprises a term representative of a received power from a direction associated with an interfering signal.10.The method of claim 6, wherein the determining the DIAF comprises estimating interference experienced by the first device using a reference signal for an active downlink bandwidth part.11.The method of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the assistance information comprises an interference compensation factor.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the interference compensation factor has a value between 0 and 1.13.The method of claim 7, wherein the direction associated with the interfering signal is calculated based on one or more of:multiple signal classification techniques; eigenvector decomposition techniques; Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) ; beamforming techniques; Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) techniques; techniques that use phase differences between signals received at different antennas to calculate an angle of arrival; and techniques that use maximum likelihood estimation statistical methods that estimate the direction by maximizing a likelihood function for the interfering signal.14.The method of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the first device is a first terminal device.15.The method of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the second device is a network device.16.The method of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the second device is a second terminal device.17.A communication apparatus, configured to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 16.18.A first device comprising:one or more processors; anda memory storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the first device to:receive, assistance information for use by the first device;determine, based on the assistance information, directional interference originating at a second device; andtransmit a signal with a power selected based on the directional interference.19.A method comprising:transmitting assistance information for use by a first device; andreceiving, from the first device, a signal with a power selected based on a first directional interference originating at a second device, wherein the first directional interference is based on the assistance information.20.The method of claim 19, further comprising, prior to the transmitting the assistance information, receiving, from a third device, additional assistance information, wherein the transmitting the assistance information further comprises transmitting the additional assistance information.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the assistance information comprises an interference compensation factor.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the interference compensation factor has a value between 0 and 1.23.The method of claim 20, wherein the assistance information comprises one or more of: satellite orbital parameters, a location of the third device, a signal quality indicator of received signals, transmission power level information and Quality of Service prioritization information.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the signal quality indicator comprises one of more of: a signal-to-noise ratio; a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio; and a received signal strength indicator.25.The method of claim 21, further comprising determining the interference compensation factor through coordination with a network device.26.The method of any one of claims 19 to 25, wherein the first device is a first terminal device.27.The method of any one of claims 19 to 26, wherein the second device is one of: a first network device; and a second network device.28.The method of any one of claims 20 to 27, wherein the third device is one of: a second network device; and a third network device.29.A communication apparatus, configured to perform the method according to any one of claims 19 to 28.30.A computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 16 or any one of claims 19 to 28.31.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 16 or any one of claims 19 to 28.32.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first device configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 16 and a second device configured to perform the method of any one of claims 19 to 28.33.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; anda memory storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:transmit assistance information for use by a first device; andreceive, from the first device, a signal with a power selected based on a first directional interference originating at a second device, wherein the first directional interference is based on the assistance information.34.A method comprising:determining, at a second device, an interference compensation factor for use at a first device; andtransmitting, to the first device, an indication of the interference compensation factor.35.A method comprising:obtaining, at a third device in a third network, assistance information for use at a second device in a second network, the second network sharing spectrum with the first network; andtransmitting the assistance information to the second device.36.The method of claim 35, wherein the second device is a first network node.37.The method of claim 36, wherein the third device is a second network node.38.The method of claim 36, wherein the second device is a terminal device.39.The method of claim 36, wherein the assistance information comprises one or more of orbital parameters and a location of the second device.