Communication method and apparatus, electronic device, and related products
By enabling AMP tags to access multiple channels for random access, the method improves channel access efficiency and throughput in IEEE 802.11 networks, addressing inefficiencies in existing communication methods.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication methods in IEEE 802.11 networks, such as CSMA/CA and EDCA, face inefficiencies in channel access, particularly for AMP tags lacking carrier sensing abilities, leading to reduced throughput and increased collision risks.
Implementing a communication method that allows AMP tags to access multiple channels for random access, with the first AMP frame indicating these channels, enabling flexible channel selection and improved throughput by allowing more tags to participate in random access and facilitating efficient data transmission.
Enhances channel access efficiency and tag reading throughput by allowing multiple AMP tags to access multiple channels, reducing collisions and improving overall communication performance.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024130585_15052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMMUNICATION METHOD AND APPARATUS, ELECTRONIC DEVICE, AND RELATED PRODUCTSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of communication technologies, and more particularly to communication methods and apparatuses, electronic devices, and related products.BACKGROUND
[0002] Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) is the predominant method of channel access in 802.11, in which STAs attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be “idle” . If the channel is sensed to be “busy” , each STA chooses a random duration to defer the subsequent transmission attempt (known as random backoff procedure) , thereby reducing the chances of collision. The basic version of the medium access protocol in IEEE 802.11 that uses CSMA / CA is called distributed coordination function (DCF) . A more advance version, called enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) is used by 802.11 STAs that support quality of service (QoS) .
[0003] Some solutions have been proposed to improve performance during channel access. However, there remains room for further optimization and exploration.SUMMARY
[0004] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide communication methods and apparatuses, electronic devices, and related products.
[0005] According to a first aspect, a communication method is described. The method may be applied at an ambient power (AMP) tag, for example, an AMP tag, a component (e.g., a circuit, a chip, or a chip system) in an AMP tag, or a logical module or software that can implement all or some functions of an AMP tag.
[0006] The method comprises: receiving a first AMP frame, wherein the first AMP frame indicates to initiate random access for one or more tags including the tag, and the first AMP frame comprises a first field indicating multiple channels; and transmitting a first response on a first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame.
[0007] Compared to solutions where there in only one given channel for random access of all the AMP tags communicating with an AMP reader, in these embodiments of the present disclosure, the first AMP frame includes the first field indicating multiple channels for random access of multiple tags. In a case where the multiple tags are to participate in random access, since the multiple tags have access to the multiple channels instead of only one channel, more tags may be able to participate in random access in a given time period, so that the efficiency of random channel access may be improved. In addition, since the AMP tag also transmits the first response on the first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame, the AMP reader may be able to read more information from the AMP tag, and thus the tag reading throughput may further be improved.
[0008] In a possible design, the first response further carries a temporary identification of the AMP tag.
[0009] In this way, the AMP tag may inform the AMP reader of the AMP tag’s temporary identification, and the temporary identification may be used in subsequent communication.
[0010] In a possible design, the first channel is randomly selected by the AMP tag from the multiple channels.
[0011] In this case, flexibility for selecting channel during random access may be improved.
[0012] In a possible design, the first field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels.
[0013] In this way, the AMP tag may know the position of each channel.
[0014] In a possible design, the first field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels relative to a reference frequency.
[0015] In this way, the AMP tag may know the position of each channel.
[0016] In a possible design, the reference frequency is a center frequency of a second channel transmitting the first AMP frame, and the second channel is different from the multiple channels.
[0017] In a possible design, the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel and a second part of the channel, the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0018] In this case, the AMP tag may use the channel for backscattering transmission.
[0019] In a possible design, the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel, a second part of the channel, a third part of the channel, and a fourth part of the channel; the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency; the offset comprises a first offset and a second offset, wherein the first offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency, and the second offset is an offset of a center frequency of the third part of the channel relative to the reference frequency; and the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are used for transmitting first data, and the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are used for transmitting second data.
[0020] In this case, the AMP tag may use the channel for backscattering transmission, and the communication performance may be improved since different data are transmitted in different parts of a channel.
[0021] In a possible design, the first AMP frame comprises a field indicating quantity of the multiple channels.
[0022] In this way, the AMP tag may know the quantity of the channels, and efficiency of selecting the channel randomly may be improved.
[0023] In a possible design, the first field comprises a field indicating multiple RTcals and a field indicating number of the multiple RTcals, wherein each RTcal is used to compute the center frequency of a channel in the multiple channels.
[0024] In a possible design, the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether the first field exists.
[0025] In a possible design, the first AMP frame further comprises a Random Access Type field indicating a type of the random access, and the type of the random access comprises at least one of: time-slot based random access with a carrier signal, time-slot based random access without a carrier signal, or back-off based random access.
[0026] In this case, the AMP tag may know the type of the random access, and may participate in the random access accordingly.
[0027] In a possible design, the method further comprises: initializing a slot counter upon receiving the first AMP frame in a case where the AMP tag is capable of performing the random access with the type indicated in the Random Access Type field; and wherein transmitting the first response on the first channel comprises: transmitting the first response on the first channel based on the value of the slot counter.
[0028] In this case, the AMP tag may participate in the random access according to the type of the random access and its capability. In addition, the AMP tag may determine the time to transmit the first response.
[0029] In a possible design, wherein the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is to be added to the first response.
[0030] In this way, the AMP tag may know whether the CRC is to be added to the first response, and may generate the first response accordingly.
[0031] In a possible design, the method further comprises: receiving a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, wherein the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of the AMP tag.
[0032] In this case, the AMP tag may know whether to participate in a scheduled transmission according to the temporary identification of the AMP tag carried in the second AMP frame.
[0033] In a possible design, the method further comprises: transmitting a second response in response to the second AMP frame, wherein the second response carries a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.
[0034] In this case, the AMP tag may transmit information to the AMP reader in response to the second AMP frame.
[0035] In a possible design, transmitting the second response comprises: transmitting the second response on the first channel.
[0036] In this case, both the AMP tag and the AMP reader do not need to determine a specific channel for transmitting the second response, thereby reduce processing or signaling overhead.
[0037] In a possible design, the second AMP frame comprises a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels, and transmitting the second response comprises: transmitting the second response on the third channel.
[0038] In this case, the second AMP frame indicates the third channel for transmitting the second response, and the AMP frame may not transmit the second response using the channel that was used during random access, thereby improving flexibility for transmitting the second response.
[0039] In a possible design, the third field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.
[0040] In this way, the AMP tag may know the position of the third channel.
[0041] In a possible design, the third field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0042] In this way, the AMP tag may know the position of the third channel.
[0043] In a possible design, the second AMP frame comprises a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel.
[0044] In a possible design, the temporary identification is a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by an AMP reader.
[0045] In a possible design, the permanent identification is an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.
[0046] In a possible design, the first AMP frame is a first AMP RFID frame, an AMP Poll frame, or an AMP ReTx-Poll frame.
[0047] In a possible design, the second AMP frame is a second AMP RFID frame, an AMP Request frame.
[0048] According to a second aspect, a communication method is described. The method may be applied at an AMP reader, for example, an AMP reader, a component (e.g., a circuit, a chip, or a chip system) in an AMP reader, or a logical module or software that can implement all or some functions of an AMP reader.
[0049] The method comprises: transmitting a first AMP frame, wherein the first AMP frame indicates to initiate random access for one or more tags including the tag, and the first AMP frame comprises a first field indicating multiple channels; and receiving a first response on a first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame.
[0050] In a possible design, the first response further carries a temporary identification of the AMP tag.
[0051] In a possible design, the first channel is randomly selected by an AMP tag from the multiple channels.
[0052] In a possible design, the first field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels.
[0053] In a possible design, the first field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels relative to a reference frequency.
[0054] In a possible design, the reference frequency is a center frequency of a second channel transmitting the first AMP frame, and the second channel is different from the multiple channels.
[0055] In a possible design, the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel and a second part of the channel, the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0056] In a possible design, the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel, a second part of the channel, a third part of the channel, and a fourth part of the channel; the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency; the offset comprises a first offset and a second offset, wherein the first offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency, and the second offset is an offset of a center frequency of the third part of the channel relative to the reference frequency; and the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are used for transmitting first data, and the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are used for transmitting second data.
[0057] In a possible design, the first AMP frame comprises a field indicating quantity of the multiple channels.
[0058] In a possible design, the first field comprises a field indicating multiple RTcals and a field indicating number of the multiple RTcals, wherein each RTcal is used to compute the center frequency of a channel in the multiple channels.
[0059] In a possible design, the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether the first field exists.
[0060] In a possible design, the first AMP frame further comprises a Random Access Type field indicating a type of the random access, and the type of the random access comprises at least one of: time-slot based random access with a carrier signal, time-slot based random access without a carrier signal, or back-off based random access.
[0061] In a possible design, the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is to be added to the first response.
[0062] In a possible design, the method further comprises: transmitting a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, wherein the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of the AMP tag.
[0063] In a possible design, the method further comprises: receiving a second response in response to the second AMP frame, wherein the second response carries a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.
[0064] In a possible design, receiving the second response comprises: receiving the second response on the first channel.
[0065] In a possible design, the second AMP frame comprises a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels, and receiving the second response comprises: receiving the second response on the third channel.
[0066] In a possible design, the third field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.
[0067] In a possible design, the third field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0068] In a possible design, the second AMP frame comprises a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel.
[0069] In a possible design, the temporary identification is a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by the AMP reader.
[0070] In a possible design, the permanent identification is an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.
[0071] In a possible design, the first AMP frame is a first AMP RFID frame, an AMP Poll frame, or an AMP ReTx-Poll frame.
[0072] In a possible design, wherein the second AMP frame is a second AMP RFID frame, an AMP Request frame.
[0073] According to a third aspect, a communication apparatus is described. The communication apparatus has a function of implementing the first aspect. For example, the communication apparatus includes a corresponding module, unit, or means (means) for performing operations in the first aspect. The module, unit, or means may be specifically implemented by using software, may be implemented by using hardware, or may be implemented by using software in combination with hardware.
[0074] According to a fourth aspect, a communication apparatus is described. The communication apparatus has a function of implementing the second aspect. For example, the communication apparatus includes a corresponding module, unit, or means (means) for performing operations in the second aspect. The module, unit, or means may be specifically implemented by using software, may be implemented by using hardware, or may be implemented by using software in combination with hardware.
[0075] According to a fifth aspect, another a communication apparatus is described. The communication apparatus includes a memory and one or more processors. The memory is configured to store a part or all of a necessary computer program or instructions for implementing a function in the first aspect. The one or more processors may execute the computer program or the instructions, and when the computer program or the instructions is / are executed, the communication apparatus is enabled to implement the method in any possible design or implementation of the first aspect.
[0076] In some embodiments, the communication apparatus may further include an interface circuit, and the processor is configured to communicate with another apparatus or component through the interface circuit.
[0077] According to a sixth aspect, another a communication apparatus is described. The communication apparatus includes a memory and one or more processors. The memory is configured to store a part or all of a necessary computer program or instructions for implementing a function in the second aspect. The one or more processors may execute the computer program or the instructions, and when the computer program or the instructions is / are executed, the communication apparatus is enabled to implement the method in any possible design or implementation of the second aspect.
[0078] In some embodiments, the communication apparatus may further include an interface circuit, and the processor is configured to communicate with another apparatus or component through the interface circuit.
[0079] According to a seventh aspect, a communication system is described, the communication system comprising a first communication apparatus configured to implement the method in any possible design or implementation of the first aspect and a second communication apparatus configured to implement the method in any possible design or implementation of the second aspect.
[0080] According to an eighth aspect, a computer-readable storage medium is described. The computer-readable storage medium stores computer-readable instructions, and when a computer reads and executes the computer-readable instructions, the computer is enabled to perform the method in any one of the possible designs of the first aspect to the second aspect.
[0081] According to a ninth aspect, this application provides a computer program product. When a computer reads and executes the computer program product, the computer is enabled to perform the method in any one of the possible designs of the first aspect to the second aspect.
[0082] This application encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0083] For a better understanding of the present disclosure, as well as other aspects and further features thereof, reference is made to the following description which is to be used in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0084] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication system in accordance with some embodiments.
[0085] FIG. 2 illustrates an example physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) stack architecture of a dual-mode AMP RFID tag.
[0086] FIG. 3 illustrates a conceptual frame exchange for an encapsulation of UHF command and response in AMP RFID frames.
[0087] FIG. 4 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in reading an AMP RFID tag using encapsulated UHF commands.
[0088] FIG. 5 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in singulating of AMP tags using encapsulated UHF commands.
[0089] FIG. 6 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in singulating of AMP tags using non-UHF AMP frames.
[0090] FIG. 7 illustrates a device interaction diagram of a method in accordance with some embodiments.
[0091] FIG. 8 illustrates a conceptual view of transmissions of AMP tags in time and frequency domain grid in accordance with some embodiments.
[0092] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a random access procedure implemented by an AMP tag in accordance with some embodiments.
[0093] FIG. 10 illustrates another device interaction diagram in accordance with some embodiments.
[0094] FIG. 11 illustrates a frequency domain view of channels for AMP tag’s backscattering transmissions in accordance with some embodiments.
[0095] FIGS. 12 and 13 each illustrate uplink channels allocated within the first 26 tone RU in accordance with some embodiments.
[0096] FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate message flows within a dual-mode AMP tag in accordance with some embodiments.
[0097] FIG. 16 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in the singulating of multiple AMP tags encapsulated UHF command in accordance with some embodiments.
[0098] FIGS. 17 to 19 illustrate other message flows within an AMP tag in accordance with some embodiments.
[0099] FIG. 20 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in the singulating of multiple AMP tags without using encapsulated UHF commands in accordance with some embodiments.
[0100] FIG. 21 illustrates another example frame exchange involved in the singulating of multiple AMP tags without using encapsulated UHF commands in accordance with some embodiments.
[0101] FIG. 22 illustrates a format of an example AMP SIG (NDP) field in accordance with some embodiments.
[0102] FIG. 23 illustrates a format of an example Slot SYNC field in accordance with some embodiments.
[0103] FIG. 24 illustrates a format of an example UHF QueryRep command in accordance with some embodiments.
[0104] FIG. 25 illustrates a general format of an example AMP frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0105] FIG. 26 illustrates a format of an unprotected AMP frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0106] FIG. 27 illustrates a format of a protected AMP frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0107] FIG. 28 illustrates a general format of an AMP RFID frame that is used to carry encapsulated UHF commands in accordance with some embodiments.
[0108] FIG. 29 illustrates an example frame format of the first AMP RFID frame in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 30 illustrates an example frame format of the second AMP RFID frame in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 31 illustrates a frame body field of an AMP Poll frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0109] FIG. 32 illustrates format of the AMP ReTx-Poll frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0110] FIG. 33 illustrates the general format of the AMP Request frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0111] FIG. 34A illustrates the format of the FDM Parameters field for implicit BFO signaling in accordance with some embodiments.
[0112] FIG. 34B illustrates an example FDM Parameters field in an AMP Request frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0113] FIG. 35A illustrates an example FDM Parameters field for explicit BFO signaling in accordance with some embodiments.
[0114] FIG. 35B illustrates another example FDM Parameters for explicit BFO signaling in accordance with some embodiments.
[0115] FIG. 36 illustrates an example Slot Information field in an AMP Request frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0116] FIG. 37 illustrates another example Slot Information field in the AMP Request frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0117] FIG. 38 illustrates uplink channel allocation scheme in accordance with some embodiments.
[0118] FIG. 39 illustrates another example frame exchange involved in the singulating of multiple AMP tags in accordance with some embodiments.
[0119] FIG. 40 illustrates an example format of an AMP Poll frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0120] FIG. 41 illustrates an example format of an AMP Request frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0121] FIG. 42 illustrates an example Slot Information field in an AMP Request frame in accordance with some embodiments.
[0122] FIG. 43 illustrates another frequency domain view of multiple channels in accordance with some embodiments.
[0123] FIG. 44 illustrates allocation of uplink channels in accordance with some embodiments.
[0124] FIG. 45 illustrates another allocation of uplink channels in accordance with some embodiments.
[0125] FIG. 46 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in singulating of multiple AMP tags in accordance with some embodiments.
[0126] FIG. 47 shows a schematic structural diagram of a communication apparatus in accordance with some embodiments.
[0127] FIG. 48 shows another schematic structural diagram of a communication apparatus in accordance with some embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0128] Numerous details are described herein to provide a thorough understanding of the example embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. However, some embodiments may be practiced without many of the specific details, and the scope of the claims is only limited by those features and aspects specifically recited in the claims. Furthermore, well-known processes, components, and materials have not necessarily been described in exhaustive detail so as to avoid obscuring pertinent aspects of the embodiments described herein.
[0129] The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to wireless local area network (WLAN) systems, such as Wi-Fi systems. The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a series of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) protocols, such as IEEE 802.11 protocols (e.g., the 802.11a / b / g protocol, the 802.11n protocol, the 802.11ac protocol, the 802.11ax protocol, the 802.11be / Wi-Fi 7 / EHT protocol, the IEEE 802.11bn / UHR / Wi-Fi 8 protocol, the IEEE 802.11bf / sensing protocol) , IEEE 802.15 / UWB protocol, or IEEE Integrated mmWave / IMMW protocol. The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a spark link / near link protocol, or a future-generation protocol, which is not limited here.
[0130] A Wi-Fi system may include one or more basic service sets (BSSs) , and a BSS may include an access point (AP) and a station (STA) . The AP is a provider of the Wi-Fi network, which allows access of other wireless device (s) , and provides data access for the accessed device (s) . The STA is a device that accesses the Wi-Fi network. The STA in the Wi-Fi network can also be referred to as a user unit, access terminal, mobile station, mobile station, remote station, remote terminal, mobile device, user terminal, terminal, wireless communication device, user agent, user device, or user equipment (UE) . An electronic device that supports a Wi-Fi function can be used as the STA. The STA may be a cellular phone, cordless phone, session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, wireless local loop (WLL) station, personal digital assistant (PDA) , handheld device with wireless local area network (WLAN) communication function, wearable device, computing device, or other processing device connected to a wireless modem.
[0131] The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure may also be applied to the wireless personal area network (WPAN) based on the millimeter wave (MMW) and ultra-wideband (UWB) technologies, e.g., the 802.15.4z protocol, the 802.15.4ab protocol, etc. The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure may also be applied to communication systems such as Internet of Things (IoT) systems, vehicle to everything (V2X, X may represent anything) systems, device to device (D2D) systems, narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) systems, long term evolution (LTE) systems, the fifth generation (5G) communication system, or other communication systems in future. For example, the V2X system may include vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication, vehicle to pedestrian (V2P) communication, vehicle to network (V2N) communication, etc.
[0132] In order to facilitate the understanding of the solutions of the present disclosure, some terms mentioned herein are first introduced.
[0133] 1. AMbient Power (AMP)
[0134] AMP is a task group (802.11bp) within the IEEE 802.11 working group that is studying the support of ambient power communication in IEEE 802.11 network. The goal is to address the need of ambient power-enabled Wi-Fi IoT devices (e.g., AMP IoT STAs) . The group is exploring power harvesting technologies that can significantly increase the battery lifespan of the AMP IOT STAs, such as RF power harvesting (or backscattering) , power harvesting using light, motion, etc.
[0135] 2. AMP AP STA
[0136] An AMP AP STA is an AP that can transmit and receive AMP physical protocol data unit (PPDU) , and can communicate with AMP non-AP STAs. An AMP AP STA may be abbreviated as an AMP AP or AP.
[0137] 3. AMP non-AP STA
[0138] An AMP non-AP STA is a non-AP STA that can transmit and receive AMP PPDU, and can communicate with an AMP AP or another AMP non-AP STA. AMP non-AP STA may be abbreviated as AMP STA or STA. AMP non-AP STAs that can communicate using mainstream 802.11 protocols such as IEEE 802.11 protocols (e.g., the 802.11a / b / g protocol, the 802.11n protocol, the 802.11ac protocol, the 802.11ax protocol, the 802.11be / Wi-Fi 7 / EHT protocol, the IEEE 802.11bn / UHR / Wi-Fi 8 protocol) , may be known as regular AMP non-AP STAs or AMP assisting non-AP STA, while AMP non-AP STAs that can only communicate using the AMP protocol or AMP protocol and limited legacy 802.11 protocol (e.g., 11b / 11n) may be known as AMP assisted non-AP STAs.
[0139] 4. AMP Reader
[0140] An AMP reader is an AMP AP STA or AMP non-AP STA that is able to receive and decode a backscattered signal from a backscattering AMP non-AP STA or an uplink signal from an active AMP non-AP STA and is able to transmit downlink control signal to active AMP non-AP STAs and downlink control signal and carrier signal to backscatter AMP non-AP STAs. The AMP reader may be an AMP AP, an AMP relay, an AMP energizer, a smartphone with AMP capabilities, etc. AMP reader may be abbreviated as reader.
[0141] 5. AMP Carrier Source
[0142] An AMP carrier source is an AMP non-AP STA that transmits a carrier signal to allow another AMP non-AP STA to backscatter its signal. The AMP carrier source may be an AMP relay, an AMP energizer, a smartphone with AMP capabilities, etc. AMP carrier source may be abbreviated as carrier source.
[0143] 6. Backscattering AMP non-AP STA
[0144] A backscattering AMP non-AP STA is an AMP non-AP STA that requires carrier signal to backscatter its signal to another device.
[0145] 7. Active AMP non-AP STA
[0146] An active AMP non-AP STA is an AMP non-AP STA that supports low power transceiver operations and also possesses some sort of small energy source (e.g., large capacitor, or ambient power source) and is capable of active transmitting without any backscattering carrier signal. Active AMP non-AP STA may also be known simply as AMP active tag.
[0147] 8. AMP Energizer
[0148] An AMP energizer is an AMP non-AP STA that provides energy using wireless power transfer (WPT) for another AMP non-AP STA.
[0149] 9. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
[0150] RFID is a well-known technology that is widely used in many industries for automated identification. While it may never totally replace the ubiquitous barcode tag, it is already replacing or complimenting barcode tags in some industries such as apparel retail, logistics, etc. RFID tags may be classified as active or passive based on whether the tags carry their own power source or they require power from an external source (such as RF power or backscattering) . The tags may also be classified based on the frequency of the wireless signal used to operate the tags:
[0151] Low Frequency (LF) tags: Operate at 125 KHz and 134 KHz (typically at 134.2 KHz) using near-field inductive coupling and are used for animal tracking, automotive industry, etc. The LF tags are passive tags and have a short-read range of a few inches.
[0152] High Frequency (HF) tags: Operate between 3 to 30 MHz (typically at 13.56 MHz) using near-field inductive coupling. HF tags are passive tags and have short-read range, typically less than 3 feet.
[0153] Ultra High Frequency (UHF) tags: Typically operate at the 433 MHz and 860 to 960 MHz. The 433 MHz frequency is used for active tags, while the 860 to 960 MHz range is used mostly for passive tags and some semi-passive tags. The passive and the semi-passive tags in this frequency range use far-field radiative coupling, or backscatter coupling and have a read range of about 15 feet. Passive UHF tags are the mostly commonly used RFID tags in the apparel industry.
[0154] Microwave tags: Typically operate at 2.45 GHz and are available as passive, semi-passive, and active types. Passive microwave tags are usually smaller than passive UHF tags and have the same read range of about 15 feet. The semi-passive microwave tags have a read range of about 100 feet, while the active microwave tags have a read range of about 350 feet.
[0155] 10. AMP RFID Tag
[0156] An AMP RFID tag is a backscatter AMP non-AP STA that supports low power transceiver operations but requires a carrier signal for backscattering. The AMP RFID tag supports the AMP protocol and optionally also supports the UHF RFID protocol.
[0157] 11. Dual-Mode AMP RFID Tag
[0158] A dual-mode AMP RFID tag is an UHF RFID tag that can operate at both the sub-GHz band (e.g., 860 to 960 MHz) and the 2.4 GHz band.
[0159] 12. Single-Mode AMP RFID Tag
[0160] A single-mode AMP RFID tag is an AMP RFID tag that can only operate in the 2.4 GHz band.
[0161] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0162] A simple network in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied is illustrated in FIG. 1. This network is only an example to explain a possible deployment and is not meant to be restrictive. In the examples in later figures, the AMP STA types need not be the same as shown in FIG. 1.
[0163] In FIG. 1, each of a first AMP reader which is an AMP AP and a second AMP reader which is an AMP non-AP STA may interact with three AMP non-AP STAs in the form of tags: AMP non-AP STA 1 (i.e., AMP Tag 1) , AMP non-AP STA 2 (i.e., AMP Tag 2) and AMP non-AP STA 3 (i.e., AMP Tag 3) . The AMP non-AP STA 1 and the AMP non-AP STA 2 are backscattering AMP non-AP STAs and require carrier signals to backscatter their signals to the first AMP reader or the second AMP reader, while the AMP non-AP STA 3 is an active transmitter device and can communicate with the first AMP reader or the second AMP reader without requiring any carrier signal. The AMP non-AP STA 4 may also act as an AMP energizer and provide wireless power transfer (WPT) to the AMP non-AP STA 3.
[0164] The second AMP reader and the first AMP reader each communicate with the backscattering AMP non-AP STAs (i.e., AMP non-AP STA 1 and AMP non-AP STA 2) in a mono-static backscatter scenario and a bi-static backscatter scenario.
[0165] In the mono-static backscatter scenario, the second AMP reader is near to the backscattering AMP non-AP STAs (i.e., AMP non-AP STA 1 and AMP non-AP STA 2) . The second AMP reader may transmit carrier signals to the backscattering AMP non-AP STAs and receive backscattered signals from the backscattering AMP non-AP STAs.
[0166] In the bi-static backscatter scenario, the first AMP reader is far from the backscattering AMP non-AP STAs (i.e., AMP non-AP STA 1 and AMP non-AP STA 2) , and the first AMP reader may not be able to correctly decode the backscattered signal if the first AMP reader also transmits carrier signals to the backscattering AMP non-AP STAs due to the large difference in power between the transmitted carrier signal and the received backscattered signals. In order to overcome this, the AMP non-AP STA 4 (i.e., an AMP carrier source) is employed to transmit the carrier signal to the backscattering AMP non-AP STAs while the first AMP reader focuses on receiving the backscattered signals. The first AMP reader and AMP non-AP STA 4 are capable of communicating with each other using mainstream 802.11 standard (e.g., 802.11n, 11ac, 11ax, 11be, etc. ) .
[0167] In FIG. 1, the longer dashed lines represent communication over the mainstream 802.11 link while the shorter dashed lines represent communication over the AMP links, including the transmission of the carrier signals to the AMP tags and the transmission of the backscattered signals from the AMP tags.
[0168] The first AMP reader or the second AMP reader may communicate with one or more AMP tags on the downlink and uplink. The downlink is the communication link from the AMP reader to the AMP tags, and the uplink is the communication link from the AMP tags to the AMP reader.
[0169] As mentioned above, a dual-mode AMP RFID tag is an UHF RFID tag that can operate at both the sub-GHz band (e.g., 860 to 960 MHz) and the 2.4 GHz band. In such case, the UHF RFID technology and the AMP communication may be combined to implement the dual-mode AMP RFID tag. A dual-mode AMP RFID tag can be accessed (read and written) both with an UHF reader as well as with an AMP reader. An example physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) stack architecture of such a dual-mode AMP RFID tag is illustrated in FIG. 2.
[0170] For any RFID tag, an important component is non-volatile memory which stores the tag’s unique identification information as well as other user information. For example, in case of a GS1 electronic product code (EPC) UHF tag (e.g., as standardized by GS1 EPC tag data standard (TDS) ) , the memory may include Access Password, Kill Password, an EPC, Tag Identification (TID) bits, and also user defined information.
[0171] As shown in FIG. 2, to enable a dual-mode tag, the memory may be accessible directly (path 1) via the UHF PHY and MAC, or indirectly (path 2 and path 3) via the AMP PHY and MAC. Each of the three lines depicts a path that an incoming over-the-air RFID read command (from a reader) takes via the PHY and MAC to reach the memory and continues as an outgoing response (to the reader) via the MAC and PHY and over the air to the reader.
[0172] Path 1 represents a path used by traditional UHF readers to access an UHF RFID tag’s memory (i.e., common memory) . Over-the-air UHF RFID commands (e.g., as standardized by the EPCTM Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID Standard) are received by the UHF RFID PHY and passed on to the UHF RFID MAC which can access the memory directly. An outgoing UHF response is passed by the UHF RFID MAC to the UHF RFID PHY which backscatters it to the UHF reader. Here it is assumed that the UHF RFID PHY and the UHF RFID MAC follow the UHF RFID protocol as defined by the EPCTM Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID Standard including tag states, all applicable commands, link timing parameters, etc. Since this is an existing UHF operation, this is not discussed further.
[0173] Path 2 represents a path used by an AMP reader to access an AMP RFID tag’s memory (i.e., common memory) using encapsulated GS1 UHF command. To simplify the access protocol, instead of the AMP RFID MAC directly accessing the memory, AMP RFID frames may encapsulate GS1 UHF commands and responses. When over-the-air AMP RFID frames are received by the AMP RFID PHY, they are forwarded to the AMP RFID MAC, which extracts the encapsulated GS1 UHF commands and forwards them to the UHF RFID MAC which can access the memory directly. In this case, the UHF RFID MAC maintains a flag to remember that the GS1 RFID commands came from the AMP RFID MAC (and not the UHF RFID MAC) . In the reverse direction, once the response is ready, the UHF RFID MAC passes the response to the AMP RFID MAC which in turn forwards the response to the AMP RFID PHY to backscatter it to the AMP reader.
[0174] FIG. 2 is meant to an abstract representation of a dual-mode AMP tag and it is possible that the layers may be simplified in actual implementation, for example simply consisting of a physical layer, a logical layer and a memory. The interactions between the AMP MAC layer and the UHF MAC layer as described in this disclosure may be implemented as functions of the logical layer.
[0175] Path 3 represents a path used by an AMP reader to directly access an AMP RFID tag’s memory using time slot based random channel access.
[0176] Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) is the predominant method of channel access in 802.11, in which STAs attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be “idle” . If the channel is sensed to be “busy” , each STA chooses a random duration to defer the subsequent transmission attempt (known as random backoff procedure) , thereby reducing the chances of collision. The basic version of the medium access protocol in IEEE 802.11 that uses CSMA / CA is called distributed coordination function (DCF) . A more advance version, called enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) is used by 802.11 STAs that support quality of service (QoS) .
[0177] However, as mentioned above, AMP non-AP STAs, such as AMP RFID tags, may not be able to transmit the legacy 802.11 preamble. It is also expected that the AMP non-AP STAs will operate at a much lower channel bandwidth (e.g., 4 MHz) . In addition, the carrier sensing ability of a certain class of AMP non-AP STAs may be limited due to hardware constraints and / or inability to sense transmissions of other STAs, e.g., due to the presence of a stronger signal (e.g., backscattering carrier signal) . This means that such AMP non-AP STAs without carrier sensing ability may not use the 802.11 medium access protocols such as DCF and EDCA.
[0178] In view of this, some solutions have been proposed for random channel access of AMP tags.
[0179] For example, a solution has been proposed for random channel access of AMP non-AP STAs without carrier sensing abilities in which time slot based random channel access in the 2.4 GHz band (i.e., non-UHF) is applied. Path 3 in FIG. 2 may be used by an AMP reader to access an AMP RFID tag’s memory using time slot based random channel access.
[0180] Another solution has been proposed for random channel access of dual mode AMP RFID tags in which GS1 UHF commands and responses are encapsulated in AMP frames and the UHF protocol is reused to access the dual mode AMP RFID tags. This solution is illustrated as Path 2 in FIG. 2.
[0181] FIG. 3 illustrates a conceptual frame exchange for an encapsulation of UHF command and response in AMP RFID frames. In FIG. 3, an AMP RFID frame is used to encapsulate a GS1 UHF command. The frame exchange is initiated by an AMP RFID reader that transmits a carrier signal (CS) to provide an AMP RFID tag with energy for its operation and to decode control signal. Subsequently, the AMP RFID reader transmits an AMP RFID frame encapsulating the UHF command to the AMP RFID tag. The AMP RFID reader continues to transmit a carrier signal immediately following the AMP RFID frame. The carrier signal is used by the AMP RFID tag for its’s backscattered response (if any) . If the encapsulated UHF command requires response from the AMP RFID tag, the AMP RFID tag backscatters UHF response modulated in AMP waveform. The time gap (Tn, n = 1 to 7) between the two frames (i.e., the AMP RFID frame and the UHF response) follows link timing specified by the EPCTM Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID Standard. Although not shown in FIG. 3, an AMP preamble (and other AMP PHY header) is transmitted in front of the AMP RFID frame as well as the UHF response.
[0182] FIG. 4 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in reading an AMP RFID tag using encapsulated UHF commands. An AMP RFID reader may select a group of AMP tags for subsequent read operation by transmitting an UHF Select command encapsulated in an AMP RFID frame. The UHF Select command may assert the select (SL) flag of the AMP tags. After a duration of T4 (as defined in the GS1 UHF specification) , the AMP RFID reader transmits an UHF Query command encapsulated in another AMP RFID frame. Upon receiving the UHF Query command, AMP tags with the SL flag assert loading their slot counters with a randomly chosen value and it may happen that one of the AMP tags’ slot counters (SCs) is initialized to zero. Since the AMP tag’s slot counter is zero, the AMP tag responds to the UHF Query command with RN16 (i.e., a 16-bits long random number) . After a gap of T2, the AMP RFID reader transmits an UHF ACK command that carries the same RN16 encapsulated in yet another AMP RFID frame. Upon receiving the UHF ACK command, the AMP tag responds with its EPC, thereby completing the read operation. This process may be referred to as singulation or singulating which refers to a method by which an AMP RFID reader identifies an AMP tag with a specific serial number from a number of AMP tags in its field.
[0183] FIG. 5 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in singulating of AMP tags using encapsulated UHF commands.
[0184] In FIG. 5, the slot_counter refers to a slot counter maintained by UHF RFID MAC of each AMP RFID tag. In each AMP RFID tag, received encapsulated UHF commands are passed by the AMP RFID MAC to the UHF RFID MAC. The transition of tag states and slot_counter are triggered by the reception of the UHF command at the UHF RFID MAC following the UHF protocol as defined by the UHF RFID Standard. As explained earlier, it is also possible that the interactions between the AMP MAC layer and the UHF MAC layer may also be implemented as functions of the logical layer of the AMP tag. This is especially likely in single-mode AMP RFID tags and AMP active tags that implement the logical interface of the UHF protocol as part of its logical layer but do not differentiate it as a distinct UHF RFID MAC layer.
[0185] Once the AMP reader wins the wireless medium contention and obtains a transmit opportunity (TXOP) , it may transmit a clear to send to self (CTS-to-Self) frame to protect the TXOP. After a short interframe space (SIFS) following the CTS-to-Self frame, the AMP reader transmits another PPDU carrying a carrier signal as well as one or more AMP frames. The PPDU starts with the legacy 802.11 preamble (i.e., the 802.11a preamble made up of the L-STF, L-LTF and L-SIG) followed by carrier signals and AMP frames. Each AMP frame may also be preceded by an AMP SYNC field used by the AMP tags to synchronize as well as an AMP SIG field carrying information required to decode the AMP frame (data rate, etc. ) . In FIG. 5, the carrier signal and the AMP fields and AMP frames as well as the AMP tag’s responses are shown narrower than the legacy 802.11 preamble to represent the possible that the AMP portion of the signal may be transmitted at a narrower bandwidth (i.e., less than 20 MHz) , but it is not meant to be restrictive and may also be same bandwidth (i.e., 20 MHz) . Upon receiving the carrier signal for sufficient time (e.g., 1 ms) , each tag may power on and its tag state may be in the ready state.
[0186] An AMP RFID frame encapsulating a UHF Query command is used to start a new random access session. The UHF Query command indicates a size of a contention window (Q) which in turn may indicate how many random access slots are provided in this random access session (identified by Session ID) . For example, the number of random access slots = 2Q. In this example, the Q = 2, i.e., there will be four random access slots. Upon receiving the encapsulated UHF Query command, each AMP tag randomly picks a slot counter (SC) in the range [0, 3] . AMP Tag-1 picks a SC = 1, AMP Tag-2 picks a SC = 2, and AMP Tag-3 picks a SC = 3. Since the SCs of all the AMP tags are larger than zero, there is no response from the AMP tags in a first slot (slot 0) . At an end of the first slot, the AMP reader transmits a special downlink signal (Slot SYNC) with the session ID set as a Session field of the UHF Query command, to indicate a start of a next slot. The Slot SYNC is meant to emulate the UHF QueryRep command in this case is described later in FIG. 23. Upon receiving the Slot SYNC, the AMP tag generates a UHF QueryRep command with the Session field set as the session indicated in the Slot SYNC. Upon receiving the UHF QueryRep command, each AMP tag decrements its SC (to 0, 1 and 2 respectively) . Since AMP Tag-1’s SC = 0, the AMP Tag-1 proceeds to transmit a random 16-bit number (RN16) in slot 1 and changes its tag state to reply. Upon receiving the RN16, the AMP reader transmits an AMP RFID frame encapsulating a UHF Ack command with a RN field set as the RN16. Following the AMP RFID frame, the AMP reader transmits a carrier signal to allow the responding AMP tags to transmit their backscattered responses.
[0187] Upon receiving the encapsulated UHF Ack command, since AMP Tag-1 finds the RN field matches its RN16, it proceeds to backscatter its EPC and changes its tag state to acknowledged. Tag states of the other AMP tags remain in arbitrate. Although not shown in the figures, the EPC includes a CRC-16.
[0188] While the time taken to complete the above tag reading procedure depends on factors such as a duration of each PPDU and a data rate used, without loss of generality, using an assumed data rate of 250 Kbps, it can be roughly calculated that it takes around 2.5 ms to singulate one AMP tag, which works out to be 400 tags per second. While this may look like a decent tag read throughput, in reality due to AMP channel access being assigned the lowest access category (AC_BK) , in presence of other 802.11 traffic, the AMP reader may not be able to obtain TXOP so frequently, which may drastically reduce the tag read throughput. This is illustrated visually in FIG. 5 by the long gap (marked with “xx ms” ) between TXOP-1 and TXOP-2. Even more seriously, in dense deployment scenarios in which many AMP tags may contend during the random access session, it may be challenging to singulate even a single within a TXOP due to collisions between the tags.
[0189] The efficiency of the example shown in FIG. 5 may be further improved by making some changes to the UHF protocol. For example, the AMP tag’s unique serial number (either EPC or TID) is not solicited immediately upon receiving a valid RN16 from the AMP tag as is done in the UHF protocol but instead is done in batches. An example is illustrated in FIG. 6 using non-UHF AMP frames (i.e., without using encapsulated UHF command) . An AMP Poll frame (the AMP equivalent of the UHF Query command) is used to start a new random access session. The AMP Poll frame indicates a size of a contention window (ECW) which in turn may decide how many random access slots are provided in this random access session (identified by the Session ID) . For example, the number of random access slots = 2ECW. In this example, the ECW = 2, i.e., there will be four random access slots. The response type is set as RN16, which means that the AMP tags are requested to transmit a random 16-bit number. In this example, the random access session initiated by the AMP Poll frame doesn’t stop upon receiving the first RN16 but instead continues for the entire number of allocated random access slots. The procedure till the transmission of the AMP Poll frame is the same as described in FIG. 5 for the transmission of the AMP RFID frame encapsulating the UHF query command and is not repeated here.
[0190] Upon receiving the AMP Poll frame (ECW = 2) , each of the three responding AMP tags randomly picks a slot counter (SC) in the range [0, 3] and changes the tag state to arbitrate. AMP Tag-1 picks a SC = 1, AMP Tag-2 picks a SC = 2, and AMP Tag-3 picks a SC = 3. Since the SCs of all the AMP tags are larger than zero, there is no response from the AMP tags in the first slot (slot 0) . At an end of the first slot, the AMP reader transmits a Slot SYNC with the session set as the session field of the AMP Poll frame, to indicate a start of a next slot. Upon receiving the Slot SYNC, each AMP tag decrements its SC (to 0, 1 and 2 respectively) . Since AMP Tag-1’s SC = 0, the AMP Tag-1 proceeds to transmit a random 16-bit number (RN16-1) in slot 1 and changes its tag state to reply.
[0191] Upon receiving the RN16-1, the AMP reader does not transmit an AMP Request frame (the AMP equivalent of the UHF Ack command) but instead continues to transmit a carrier signal to allow the other AMP tags to transmit their RN16s. At the end of slot 1 and slot 2, the AMP reader transmits a Slot SYNC with the session set as the Session field of the AMP Poll frame, to indicate a start of a next slot. Upon receiving the Slot SYNC, each AMP tag decrements its SC (AMP Tag-2 and AMP Tag-3 to 0 and 1 at the start of slot 2 respectively and AMP Tag-3 to 0 at the start of slot 3) . Since AMP Tag-2’s SC =0, the AMP Tag-2 proceeds to transmit a random 16-bit number (RN16-2) in slot 2 and changes its tag state to reply. Similarly, AMP Tag-3 proceeds to transmit a random 16-bit number (RN16-3) in slot 3 and changes its tag state to reply. At an end of slot 3, all three AMP tags are in the reply state and the AMP reader has collected three RN16s. Next, the AMP reader transmits an AMP Request frame to schedule the transmission of the three AMP tags. A Response Type field in the AMP Request frame indicates that the EPC is requested. Since the AMP Request frame is addressed to more than one AMP tag, in the AMP Request frame, a Receiver ID field may be omitted or if present, it is set as a broadcast ID (0xFFFF) and a Slot Information field is included in a Type Dependent Payload field. In addition, in the AMP Request frame, a Number of Slots field in a Slot Control field indicates the number of time-slots assigned for scheduled transmission and is set as 3. In the AMP Request frame, an Assignment Type field indicates the assignment scheme used. In this example, the Assignment Type field is set as 0. That is, STA ID List based assignment is used and a STA ID List field carries RN16-1, RN16-2 and RN16-3, indicating that AMP Tag-1, AMP Tag-2 and AMP Tag-3 are scheduled to transmit their EPCs in slots 0, 1 and 2, respectively.
[0192] Upon receiving the AMP Request frame, since AMP Tag-1 finds its RN16 (i.e., RN16-1) assigned to a first time slot allocated by the AMP Request frame (i.e., slot 0) , AMP Tag-1 proceeds to backscatter its EPC (EPC-1) in slot 0 and changes its tag state to acknowledged. Similarly, since AMP Tag-2 finds its RN16 (i.e., RN16-2) assigned to a second time slot allocated by the AMP Request frame (i.e., slot 1) , AMP Tag-2 proceeds to backscatter its EPC (EPC-2) in slot 1 and changes its tag state to acknowledged. Similarly, since AMP Tag-3 finds its RN16 (i.e., RN16-3) assigned to a third time slot allocated by the AMP Request frame (i.e., slot 2) , AMP Tag-3 proceeds to backscatter its EPC (EPC-3) in slot 3 and changes its tag state to acknowledged. Since the AMP reader is able to read the information such as EPCs from multiple AMP tags within one TXOP, the uplink (i.e., the backscatter) data rate is expected to higher than that of the downlink data rate, and the efficiency of accessing the AMP tags as described in FIG. 6 may be improved.
[0193] However, it has to be noted that UHF protocol requires the UHF Ack command to be received within 20.0 Tpri (~125 μS) after a tag backscatters its RN16, else the tag’s state will return to the arbitrate state and the tag will not respond to the UHF Ack command in the arbitrate state. While this constraint may be relaxed for non-UHF RFID tags, for dual-mode UHF tags, this constraint may determine how many AMP Tags can be accessed in one batch.
[0194] The time slot based random channel access may be more efficient than the UHF protocol based random channel access. However, because only a small number of tags can participate in random channel access or can be read within one transmission opportunity (TXOP) , the efficiency of random channel access or tag reading throughput may still be relatively low.
[0195] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, solutions are proposed to solve at least one of the above problems. In some embodiments, during random channel access, the AMP reader indicates multiple available uplink channels for random channel access of AMP tags. In some embodiments, the AMP tags may randomly choose one of the uplink channels for uplink transmission. In some embodiments, during scheduled access, the AMP reader may schedule AMP tags to transmit in different uplink channels.
[0196] Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below by way of example. Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which illustrates a device interaction diagram of a method in accordance with some embodiments. The method 700 may be performed by an AMP reader and an AMP tag. The AMP reader may be an AMP AP, an AMP relay, an AMP energizer, a smartphone with AMP capabilities. The AMP tag may be a backscattering AMP non-AP STA (also referred to as backscattering AMP tag) , an active AMP non-AP STA (also referred to as active AMP tag) , an AMP RFID tag, a dual-mode AMP RFID tag, or a single-mode AMP RFID tag, and the AMP tag is not limited thereto.
[0197] In step 701, the AMP reader transmits a first AMP frame to the AMP tag. Accordingly, the AMP tag receives the first AMP frame. The first AMP frame indicates to initiate random access for one or more tags including the tag, and the first AMP frame carries includes a first field indicating multiple channels.
[0198] Each of the multiple channels may include a certain range of radio frequency. Frequency ranges or bandwidths of different channels may not overlap. The multiple channels may be referred to as uplink channels, and such channel scheme may be referred to as frequency division multiple access (FDMA) . In a case where the AMP tag is a backscattering AMP non-AP STA, the channels may be called backscatter link channels or simply backscatter channels.
[0199] The first AMP frame may be a first AMP RFID frame, an AMP Poll frame, or an AMP ReTx-Poll frame.
[0200] In step 702, the AMP tag transmits a first response on a first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame. Accordingly, the AMP reader receives the first response.
[0201] The first response may be a backscattered response or an active transmission.
[0202] Compared to solutions where there is only one given channel for random access of all the AMP tags communicating with an AMP reader, in these embodiments of the present disclosure, the first AMP frame includes the first field indicating multiple channels for random access of multiple tags. In a case where the multiple tags are to participate in random access, since the multiple tags have access to the multiple channels instead of only one channel, more tags may be able to participate in random access in a given time period, so that the efficiency of random channel access may be improved. In addition, since the AMP tag also transmits the first response on the first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame, the AMP reader may be able to read more information from the AMP tag, and thus the tag reading throughput may further be improved.
[0203] FIG. 8 illustrates a conceptual view of transmissions of six AMP tags in time and frequency domain grid with five time-slots (slot 0 to slot 4) and three uplink channels (UCH1, UCH2, and UCH3) . As shown in FIG. 8, AMP Tag 1 transmits in time-slot 1 and UCH1, AMP Tag 2 transmits in time-slot 2 and UCH2, AMP Tag 3 transmits in time-slot 2 and UCH3, AMP Tag 4 transmits in time-slot 3 and UCH1 while both AMP Tag 4 and AMP Tag 5 transmit in time-slot 3 and UCH3. As compared to the case with a single uplink channel, the frequency domain multiplexing may dramatically improve the efficiency of the AMP tag transmissions by enabling concurrent transmission of multiple tags in the same time-slot.
[0204] In some embodiments, the first channel is randomly selected by the AMP tag from the multiple channels.
[0205] In some embodiments, the AMP tag may initialize a slot counter upon receiving the first AMP frame, and the AMP tag may transmit the first response on the first channel based on the value of the slot counter.
[0206] FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a random access procedure implemented by an AMP tag, in accordance with some embodiments.
[0207] In step 901, the procedure starts when an AMP tag receives a qualifying AMP frame (e.g., AMP Poll frame or an encapsulated UHF Query command) that starts or initiates a random access session. The AMP frame indicates a list of uplink channels (UCHs) and Q which represents a range of available time-slots.
[0208] In step 902, the AMP tag initializes an internal variable, e.g., slot_counter (SC) to a random value in [0, (2Q –1) ] and randomly chooses an UCH from the list of UCHs.
[0209] In step 903, the AMP tag determines whether SC is equal to zero.
[0210] If the SC is equal to zero, in step 904, the AMP tag transmits a response in a time-slot in the chosen UCH; else in step 905, the AMP tag decrements the SC in the next time-slot and repeats the process in step 903 until its SC reaches 0 at which time the AMP tag transmits a response in the time-slot in the chosen UCH, or the random access session ends.
[0211] The transmission scheme shown in FIG. 9 is also applicable for scheduled transmission case in which an AMP tag transmits a response at a particular time-slot and an uplink channel as instructed by the AMP reader.
[0212] In a possible design, the first AMP frame further includes a Random Access Type field indicating a type of the random access, and the type of the random access comprises at least one of: time-slot based random access with a carrier signal, time-slot based random access without a carrier signal, or back-off based random access.
[0213] In this case, the AMP tag may initialize the slot counter upon receiving the first AMP frame if the AMP tag is capable of performing the random access with the type indicated in the Random Access Type field. The AMP tag may transmit the first response on the first channel based on the value of the slot counter. For example, the AMP tag may transmit the first response on the first channel when slot counter reaches zero.
[0214] In some embodiments, the first response further carries a temporary identification of the AMP tag. The temporary identification may be a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by a reader. In an example, the random number is a random 16-bit number (RN16) . In this way, the AMP tag may inform the AMP reader of the AMP tag’s temporary identification, and the temporary identification may be used in subsequent communication.
[0215] In a possible design, the first field may include a field indicating a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels.
[0216] In a possible design, the first field may include a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels relative to a reference frequency.
[0217] In some embodiments, the reference frequency is a center frequency of a second channel transmitting the first AMP frame, and the second channel is different from the multiple channels. In an example, the reference frequency may be a DC frequency.
[0218] Refer to FIG. 10 which illustrates another device interaction diagram in accordance with some embodiments.
[0219] In step 1001, the AMP reader transmits a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, and the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of the AMP tag. Accordingly, the AMP tag receives the second AMP frame.
[0220] The second AMP frame may be a second AMP RFID frame or an AMP Request frame, type of which is not limited thereto.
[0221] In step 1002, the AMP tag transmits a second response in response to the second AMP frame. The second response may carry a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.
[0222] It will be appreciated that steps 1001 and 1002 may be performed after steps 701 and 702, or may be performed independent of steps 701 and 702.
[0223] The permanent identification may be an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.
[0224] In an implementation, the AMP tag transmits the second response on the first channel. As described above, the first channel is used to transmit the first response. In other words, the first channel is the uplink channel used for previous random access session. The previous random access session may be the most recent random access session or the latest random access session.
[0225] The second AMP frame may include a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel. In a case where the field indicates that the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel, the AMP tag may transmit the second response on the first channel like described above. In a case where the field indicates that the second response is not to be transmitted on the first channel, the second AMP frame may indicate the AMP tag to transmit the second response on another channel.
[0226] In an implementation, the second AMP frame includes a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels. Accordingly, the AMP tag may transmit the second response on the third channel.
[0227] In a possible design, the third field may include a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.
[0228] In another possible design, the third field may include a field an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0229] As described above, the first field indicates multiple channels. The multiple channels may be defined or allocated in various ways.
[0230] Design 1: two parts of a channel is symmetric about the reference frequency.
[0231] In some embodiments, the multiple channels each include a first part of a channel and a second part of the channel, the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, and the offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0232] FIG. 11 illustrates a frequency domain view of two channels (i.e., channel 1 and channel 2) for AMP tag’s backscattering transmissions. Since backscattered response may occur at both sides (lower and higher) of the direct current (DC) frequency (0) , each uplink channel may include two parts, and each part is at one side of the DC frequency. As shown in FIG. 11, channel 1 includes two parts centered at X and -X MHz respectively, and channel 2 includes two parts centered at Y and -Y MHz respectively. The two channels may be used for backscattering AMP tags (e.g., backscattering AMP tag-1 and backscattering AMP tag-2) ’ uplink transmissions. For example, backscattering AMP tag-1’s backscatter response uses channel 1 while backscattering AMP tag-2’s backscatter response uses channel 2. The carrier signal transmitted by the AMP reader is centered around the DC frequency. The carrier signal may be transmitted by a carrier source or the AMP reader to the AMP tags.
[0233] In some embodiments, the first AMP frame comprises a field indicating quantity of the multiple channels.
[0234] In some embodiments, the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether the first field exists.
[0235] FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate two examples of allocating multiple uplink channels in backscattering case. The method may be easily adapted for use of dual-mode AMP tags that are compliant with existing UHF RFID tags and also for use of single-mode AMP RFID tags. Again, these are provided only as examples and are not meant to be restrictive. In all the figures, the baseband signal is illustrated with the DC frequency shown at 0. When translated to the carrier frequency, the DC frequency would be located at the center of the 20 MHz channel used by the AMP reader, e.g., at 2412 MHz for the 802.11n channel 1 at 2.4 GHz.
[0236] In both FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, multiple uplink channels are allocated within a 26 tone resource unit (RU) close to the DC subcarrier (0) . For brevity, only the positive axis and parts of channels with higher frequency than the DC frequency are shown in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 but it is to be understood that both FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 are symmetrical about the DC frequency and the channels also occur in the frequency lower than the DC frequency.
[0237] A 26 tone RU refers to a smallest RU that can be allocated by an 802.11ax complaint device and is made up of 26 tones (subcarriers) in the range [-16: -4, 4: 16] . Existing hardware (e.g., used in UHF RFID tags) may only allow frequency shifting for backscatter responses to ~ 1 MHz, which is the reason to restrict the uplink channels within the first 26 tone RU. However, if more advanced AMP tags are capable of achieving higher frequency shifts (e.g., > 1 MHz) , the uplink channels may also be allocated in other 26 tone RUs further away from the DC subcarrier.
[0238] It is to be noted that the channel allocation in FIGS. 12 and 13 are shown to align with the 11ax tone plan to make it simpler for the AMP reader (which is expected to be complaint with 802.11ax) to receive the responses from the AMP tags. However, if the AMP reader has capability to receive the responses at frequencies not aligned with the 11ax tone plan, such restriction is not necessary. At the AMP tag side, the tags will likely not be aware of 11ax tone plan and only care about the center frequencies of the uplink channels.
[0239] An example in which four uplink channels are allocated within the first 26 tone RU is depicted in FIG. 12, each uplink channel covering three 11ax tones (bandwidth = 156.25 KHz) on each side of the DC subcarrier. The first uplink channel (UCH1) covers tones [-6, -5, -4, 4, 5, 6] and is centered on tones ± 5 (± 390.625 KHz) . The second uplink channel (UCH2) covers tones [-9, -8, -7, 7, 8, 9] and is centered on tones ± 8 (± 625 KHz) . The third uplink channel (UCH3) covers tones [-13, -12, -11, 11, 12, 13] and is centered on tones ± 12 (± 937.5 KHz) . The fourth uplink channel (UCH4) covers tones [-16, -15, -14, 14, 15, 16] and is centered on tones ± 15 (± 1171.875 KHz) .
[0240] In the example shown in FIG. 12, the 11ax pilot tones [-10, 10] are not included in the uplink channels.
[0241] In terms of signaling, the AMP reader may indicate the uplink channels using backscatter frequency offset (BFO) which indicates an offset of the center of each uplink channel from 0. The number of the uplink channels and exact locations of the uplink channels may be decided by the AMP reader based on deployment considerations and the capability of AMP tags (for example, the fourth uplink channel (UCH4) may not be allocated if AMP tags are not able to achieve frequency shift higher than 1 MHz) . The carrier signal transmitted by the AMP reader is centered at DC tone 0. An AMP tag backscatters a response on one of the uplink channels with bandwidth of ~156.25 KHz on each side of the DC subcarrier such that all the 11ax tones that make up the chosen uplink channel are covered but does not overlap the 11ax tones of an adjacent uplink channel.
[0242] The decoding of the backscatter signal depends on the modulation scheme used for the backscatter signal but one possible option may be that the AMP reader decodes the backscatter signal as:
[0243] 0: Energy in the uplink channel sub-carriers < threshold value;
[0244] 1: Energy in the uplink channel sub-carriers > threshold value;
[0245] Another similar example in which three uplink channels are allocated within the first 26 tone RU is depicted in FIG. 13, each uplink channel covering four 11ax tones (bandwidth = 234.375 KHz) on each side of the DC subcarrier. The first uplink channel (UCH1) covers tones [-7: -4, 4: 7] and is centered between tones ± 5 and ± 6 (± 429.687 KHz) . The second uplink channel (UCH2) covers tones [-11: -8, 8: 11] and is centered between tones ± 9 and ± 10 (± 742.1875 KHz) . The third uplink channel (UCH3) covers tones [-15: -12, 12: 15] and is centered between tones ± 13 and ± 14 (± 1093.75 KHz) .
[0246] In the example shown in FIG. 13, the 11ax pilot tones [-10, 10] are also included in the uplink channels. An AMP tag backscatters a response on one of the uplink channels with bandwidth of ~ 234.375 KHz on each side of the DC subcarrier such that all the 11ax tones that make up the uplink channel are covered but does not overlap the 11ax tones of an adjacent uplink channel.
[0247] FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate message flows within a dual-mode AMP tag in accordance with some embodiments. In this example, encapsulated UHF commands are used by the AMP reader.
[0248] FIG. 14 illustrates message flows for random access as follows:
[0249] In step 1401, when FDMA is enabled, in addition to an encapsulated UHF command that initiates random access (e.g., Query) , an AMP reader also indicates two or more backscatter frequency offsets (BFOs) in the AMP RFID frame, each BFO corresponding to one uplink channel.
[0250] In step 1402, upon receiving the AMP RFID frame, AMP RFID MAC of an AMP tag randomly selects one of the available BFOs.
[0251] In step 1403, the AMP RFID MAC passes the encapsulated UHF command (Query) to UHF RFID MAC of the AMP tag.
[0252] In step 1404, the UHF RFID MAC loads a SC with a random value in the range [0, (2Q-1) ] .
[0253] In step 1405, when the SC = 0, the UHF RFID MAC generates a random 16-bit number (RN16) and passes it to the AMP RFID MAC. The AMP RFID MAC saves the RN16 and the BFO.
[0254] In step 1406, the AMP tag backscatters the RN16 with the selected BFO.
[0255] FIG. 15 illustrates message flows for scheduled transmission as follows:
[0256] In step 1501, when FDMA is enabled, in addition to an encapsulated UHF command (e.g., Ack) that schedules uplink transmission, the AMP RFID frame indicates one or more additional RN16s, each RN16 corresponding to one AMP tag. The encapsulated UHF Ack command may include one RN16.
[0257] In step 1502, upon receiving the AMP RFID frame, AMP RFID MAC of an AMP tag checks whether any of the included RN16s matches the RN16 transmitted by the AMP tag in the most recent random access session. If yes, the AMP RFID MAC passes the encapsulated UHF command (Ack) along with the RN16 to the UHF RFID MAC. The AMP tag also retrieves the saved BFO that was selected in the most recent random access session. Else, the AMP tag ignores the AMP RFID frame.
[0258] In step 1503, the UHF RFID MAC retrieves the requested information from its memory (e.g., EPC) .
[0259] In step 1504, the UHF RFID MAC passes the requested information (e.g., EPC) to the AMP RFID MAC.
[0260] In step 1505, the AMP tag backscatters the requested information (e.g., EPC) with the selected BFO.
[0261] As explained earlier, it is also possible that the interactions between the AMP MAC layer and the UHF MAC layer is implemented as functions of the logical layer of the AMP tag. This is especially likely in single-mode AMP RFID tags and AMP active tags that implement the logical interface of the UHF protocol as part of its logical layer but do not differentiate it as a distinct UHF RFID MAC layer.
[0262] An example frame exchange involved in the singulating of multiple AMP tags using FDMA and encapsulated UHF command is illustrated in FIG. 16. The procedure till the transmission of the AMP RFID frame encapsulating the UHF Query command as well as the general random access scheme is the same as described in FIG. 5 and is not repeated here. Some key different behaviors will be described below.
[0263] The frequency domain higher than the DC subcarrier is expanded here to visually illustrate the multiple uplink channels. While the legacy preamble, the carrier signal (CS) as well as the downlink AMP frames are shown to transmitted in wide band, it is not meant to be restrictive. For example, the majority of the energy of the carrier signal may be focused around the DC frequency. The key point is that the AMP tag’s backscattered responses may be much narrower than the base 802.11 20 MHz channel.
[0264] Along with the encapsulated UHF command that initiates random access (e.g., Query) , the AMP RFID frame also indicates multiple RTcals. That is, since one RTcal is always included even in non-FDMA case, a total of three RTcals are included in the AMP RFID frame. Each RTcal is used to calculate a corresponding backscatter frequency offset (BFO) by: BFO = DR / TRcal, where TRcal = RTcal *TRcal_fcator) , each BFO corresponding to one uplink channel. Since BFO can be calculated from the RTcals, BFOs (i.e., BFO1, BFO2, and BFO3) are shown in FIG. 16.
[0265] Since SCs of all the AMP tags are larger than zero in the first slot (slot 0) , there is no response from the AMP tags in the first slot (slot 0) . At an end of the first slot, the AMP reader transmits an encapsulated UHF QueryRep command to continue the random access session.
[0266] In the next slot, SCs of AMP tags 1, 4 and 5 happen to be zero and the AMP tag 1 randomly chooses BFO2 and backscatters its RN16 (RN16-1) in the second uplink channel (centered at BFO2) while the AMP tag 4 and AMP tag 5 both choose BFO1 and backscatter their RN16s in the first uplink channel (centered at BFO1) , causing a collision at the AMP reader. The AMP reader receives RN16-1 but is unable to receive the RN16s of AMP tags 4 and 5 because of the collision, and thus the AMP reader proceeds to transmit an AMP RFID frame encapsulating a UHF Ack command with a RN field set as the RN16-1.
[0267] Following the AMP RFID frame, the AMP reader transmits a carrier signal to allow the responding AMP tags to transmit their backscattered responses.
[0268] Upon receiving the encapsulated UHF Ack command, since AMP tag-1 finds that the RN field matches its RN16, it proceeds to backscatter its EPC in the same uplink channel in which it transmitted the RN16, i.e., the first uplink channel. Upon receiving the EPC from AMP tag-1, the AMP reader transmits another encapsulated UHF QueryRep command to continue the random access session. In the next slot, SCs of AMP tags 2, 3 and 6 happen to be zero. The AMP tag 2 randomly chooses BFO1 and backscatters its RN16 (RN16-2) in the first uplink channel (centered at BFO1) , the AMP tag 3 randomly chooses BFO2 and backscatters its RN16 (RN16-3) in the second uplink channel (centered at BFO2) , while the AMP tag 6 randomly chooses BFO3 and backscatters its RN16 (RN16-6) in the third uplink channel (centered at BFO3) .
[0269] The AMP reader receives the RN16s from all three AMP tags and so proceeds to transmit an AMP RFID frame encapsulating a UHF Ack command with a RN field set as one of the RN16s (e.g., RN16-2) and also includes the other two RN16s (RN16-3 and RN16-6) in an Additional Parameters field of the AMP RFID frame. Following the AMP RFID frame, the AMP reader transmits a carrier signal to allow the responding AMP tags to transmit their backscattered responses. Upon receiving the encapsulated UHF Ack command, since AMP tag 2, AMP tag 3 and AMP tag 6 find their RN16s carried in the AMP RFID frame, each proceeds to backscatter its EPC in the same uplink channel in which it transmitted the respective RN16. In this manner, it can be seen that even when the RN16s of AMP tag 4 and AMP tag 5 collide, the AMP reader is still able to singulate 4 AMP tags within the same TXOP.
[0270] FIGS. 17 to 19 illustrate other message flows within an AMP tag in accordance with some embodiments. In these embodiments, encapsulated UHF commands are not used. The AMP tag may be a single mode AMP RFID tag, a dual-mode AMP RFID tag, or an active AMP tag such as a non-RFID AMP tag.
[0271] FIG. 17 illustrates message flows for random access as follows:
[0272] In step 1701, when FDMA is enabled, an AMP frame that initiates random access (e.g., AMP Poll frame) indicates multiple backscatter frequency offsets (BFOs) , and each BFO corresponding to one uplink channel. The AMP Poll frame further indicates a value of a contention window (ECW) which is used to determine the quantity of slots provided in this random access session.
[0273] In step 1702, upon receiving the AMP Poll frame, the AMP tag randomly selects one of the multiple BFOs and randomly determines a time slot for uplink transmission (e.g., by choosing a SC with a random value in the range [0, (2ECW-1) ] ] .
[0274] In step 1703, at the chosen time slot (e.g., the SC is decremented in each slot and when the SC is decremented to 0) , the AMP tag backscatters the requested response (e.g., its ID) using the channel corresponding to the selected BFO.
[0275] FIG. 18 illustrates message flows for slot based scheduled transmission as follows:
[0276] In step 1801, when FDMA is enabled, an AMP frame (e.g., AMP Request frame) that initiates scheduled access indicates IDs of one or more AMP tags, slots for AMP tags’ transmission, and BFOs of channels for AMP tags’ transmission. As such, the AMP reader schedules the AMP tag to transmit in a particular time slot with a particular BFO.
[0277] In step 1802, upon receiving the AMP frame, the AMP tag extracts, from the AMP frame, the instructed time-slot and BFO.
[0278] In step 1803, the AMP tag transmits or backscatters the requested information (e.g., EPC) in the instructed time-slot and use the channel corresponding to the instructed BFO.
[0279] FIG. 19 illustrates message flows for scheduled transmission without using time slots as follows:
[0280] In step 1901, when FDMA is enabled, an AMP frame that initiates scheduled access without slots (e.g., AMP Request frame without Slot Information field) indicates one or more IDs of the AMP tags, each ID corresponding to one AMP tag.
[0281] In step 1902, upon receiving the AMP frame, the AMP tag checks whether any of the included IDs matches its ID. If yes, it retrieves the saved BFO (i.e., latest BFO) that was selected in the most recent random access session. Else, the AMP tag ignores the AMP frame.
[0282] In step 1903, the AMP tag transmits or backscatters the requested information (e.g., EPC) with the latest BFO.
[0283] FIG. 20 illustrates an example frame exchange involved in the singulating of multiple AMP tags using FDMA based AMP channel access protocol without using encapsulated UHF commands. The example is similar to the example in FIG. 16 except that control frames used are AMP frames used for AMP channel access protocol instead of AMP RFID frames encapsulating UHF commands. Description of FIG. 20 may be referred to FIG. 16, details of which will not be repeated here.
[0284] FIG. 21 illustrates another example frame exchange involved in the singulating of multiple AMP tags using FDMA based AMP channel access protocol without using encapsulated UHF commands. FIG. 21 shows parts of uplink channels with frequency higher than the DC frequency. It will be appreciated that in backscattering case, the channel shown in the positive axis may be mirrored to the negative axis, that is, channels are symmetrical about the DC frequency.
[0285] The procedure till the transmission of the AMP Poll frame as well as the general random access scheme is the same as that described in FIG. 16 and is not repeated here.
[0286] In the example shown in FIG. 21, since SCs of all the AMP tags are larger than zero, there is no response from the AMP tags in the first slot (slot 0) . At the end of the first slot, the AMP reader transmits an AMP SIG (NDP) indicating the start of the next time slot and causing the AMP tags to decrement the SC. The function of the AMP SIG is similar to the Slot SYNC in FIG. 5 or the AMP Re-Poll frame or the UHF QueryRep command.
[0287] In the next slot, SCs of AMP tags 1, 4 and 5 happen to be zero and the AMP tag 1 randomly chooses BFO2 and backscatters its RN16 (RN16-1) in uplink channel 2 (centered at BFO2) while the AMP tag 4 and AMP tag 5 both choose BFO1 and backscatter their RN16s in uplink channel 1 (centered at BFO1) , causing a collision at the AMP reader. The AMP reader receives RN16-1 but is unable to receive the RN16s of the AMP tags 4 and 5.
[0288] Since only a single RN16 was read, instead of proceeding to the scheduled access phase, the AMP reader chooses to continue the random access session by transmitting another AMP SIG (NDP) . In the next slot, SCs of AMP tags 2, 3 and 6 happen to be zero. The AMP tag 2 randomly chooses BFO1 and backscatters its RN16 (i.e., RN16-2) in uplink channel 1 (centered at BFO1) , the AMP tag 3 randomly chooses BFO 2 and backscatters its RN16 (i.e., RN16-3) in uplink channel 2 (centered at BFO2) while the AMP tag 6 randomly chooses BFO 3 and backscatters its RN16 (RN16-6) in the uplink channel 3 (centered at BFO3) .
[0289] Having collected four RN16s, the AMP reader decides to proceed to the scheduled access phase and transmits an AMP Request frame for scheduling AMP tag 2 and AMP tag 1 to transmit in the first slot in uplink channel 1 and uplink channel 2 respectively, and scheduling AMP tag 6 and AMP tag 3 to transmit in the second slot in uplink channel 1 and uplink channel 2 respectively. Scheduling uplink transmission of the AMP tags in concentrated channels (i.e., uplink channel 1 and uplink channel 2) instead of distributed channels (i.e., all of uplink channel 1, uplink channel 2, and uplink channel 3) may help improve spectrum efficiency.
[0290] Upon receiving the AMP Request frame, the AMP tag 1 and AMP tag 2 find themselves scheduled in the first time slot and the AMP tag 3 and AMP tag 6 find themselves scheduled in the second time slot in the AMP Request frame. The AMP tag 1 and AMP tag 2 proceed to backscatter the EPCs in the first time slot in uplink channel 2 and uplink channel 1, respectively. At the end of the first time slot, the AMP reader continues the scheduled access session by transmitting an AMP SIG (NDP) . The AMP tag 6 and AMP tag 3 proceed to backscatter the EPCs in the second time slot in uplink channel 1 and uplink channel 2, respectively.
[0291] In this example, the four AMP tags may be singulated more efficiently in a shorter time frame.
[0292] FIGS. 22 to 42 each illustrate a frame format with key fields of different frames in accordance with some embodiments. Frames shown in FIGS. 22 to 42 may be applied in Design 1.
[0293] FIG. 22 illustrates a format of an example AMP SIG (NDP) field. The AMP SIG (NDP) field is a special version of the AMP SIG field and when carried in a separate AMP PPDU, is used to indicate that the AMP PPDU only carries an AMP preamble (i.e., an AMP SYNC field and an AMP SIG field) but does not carry any data field. A NDP Indication bit in the AMP SIG, when set to 1, indicates that the AMP PPDU does not carry any data field. In this case, 2 bits in the AMP SIG carry a Session field which is set to the same value as the Session field in the AMP Poll frame. When carried in an AMP PPDU carrying a mix of carrier signal and one or more downlink signals (e.g., as shown in FIG. 16 or FIG. 21) , the AMP SIG (NDP) field signals that a data field does not exist immediately after the AMP SIG (NDP) field. Although not shown in the figure, an AMP SYNC precedes an AMP SIG (NDP) field.
[0294] FIG. 23 illustrates a format of an example Slot SYNC field. The Slot SYNC field is an alternative to an AMP SYNC followed by an AMP SIG (NDP) field and includes a Header Sequence field, an ID Type field and an ID field.
[0295] The Header Sequence field of fixed bit-sequence is used to distinguish the Slot SYNC from other DL commands. Ideally, the bit-sequence should be unique sequence that unambiguously indicates the start of slot boundary. Alternatively, the same bit-sequence that is used as the AMP SYNC in an AMP PPDU may also be used as the Header Sequence field of the Slot SYNC.
[0296] The ID Type field indicates a type of information carried in the ID field, e.g., 00: Slot Sync.
[0297] The ID field carries the ID information as indicated by the ID Type field. The ID field allows the AMP tags to obtain more relevant information regarding the slots. For example, Session ID indicates session related to the Slot SYNC.
[0298] FIG. 24 illustrates a format of an example UHF QueryRep command.
[0299] The UHF QueryRep command is used to continue the random access session initiated by an UHF Query or QueryX command. The Command field is set as “00” to indicate the QueryRep command while the Session field is set to the same value as the Session field in the UHF Query or QueryX command.
[0300] FIG. 25 illustrates a general format of an example AMP frame.
[0301] FIG. 25 illustrates a general format of an AMP frame. The AMP frame may be a protected AMP frame or unprotected AMP frame.
[0302] The AMP frame of the general format includes a MAC Header field, a Frame Body field and an FCS field. The Frame Body field includes a Type Dependent Control field and a Type Dependent Payload field.
[0303] FIG. 26 illustrates a format of an unprotected AMP frame. In unprotected AMP frames, the FCS field carries cyclic redundancy check (CRC) . For the unprotected AMP frame, the MAC Header field includes a Frame Control field, and may further include at least one of a Transmitter ID field, a Receiver ID field, or a Length field.
[0304] The Transmitter ID field as well as the Receiver ID field are optionally present in the MAC Header field, and their presence is indicated by a respective bit in the Frame Control field.
[0305] The Length field, when present, indicates a size of the Frame Body field in octets.
[0306] The Frame Control field includes a Frame Type field, a Protected field, a Transmitter ID Present field, a Receiver ID Present field, and a Length Present field.
[0307] The Frame Type field specifies a type of the AMP frame and indicates the type of AMP frame as shown in Table 1.
[0308] Table 1
[0309] The Transmitter ID Present field indicates whether the Transmitter ID field is present, the Receiver ID Present field indicates whether the Receiver ID field is present, and the Length Present field indicates whether the Length field is present.
[0310] FIG. 27 illustrates a format of a protected AMP frame. In the protected AMP frames, the FCS field is used to carry the message integrity code (MIC) (truncated 16 bits of the MIC output of the Counter Mode (CTR) with cipher-block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) protocol (CCMP) encryption procedure) . The MAC Header field of the protected AMP frame is the same as that of the unprotected AMP frame except that the Protected field of the Frame Control field is always set as 1 in protected AMP frames and the Protection Control field is present in the MAC header field. In addition, the Protection Control field carries information required for protection. An Encrypted field in the Protection Control field when 0 indicates that the AMP frame is authenticated and when 1 indicates that the AMP frame is encrypted. The Frame Body field carries the payload of the AMP frame and its format depends on the Frame Type field. When the Encrypted field is 1, the content of the Frame Body field is encrypted as described later.
[0311] While an unprotected AMP frame is directly translated into a corresponding UHF command as described earlier, a protected AMP frame is translated either to a UHF AuthComm command or a UHF SecureComm command that encapsulates the corresponding translated UHF command. An authenticated AMP frame is translated into a UHF AuthComm command while an encrypted AMP frame is translated into a UHF SecureComm command.
[0312] As described above, the first AMP frame may be a first AMP RFID frame, and the second AMP frame may be a second AMP RFID frame. The first and second AMP RFID frames may be used to carry encapsulated UHF commands respectively.
[0313] In a possible design, the first field comprises a field indicating multiple RTcals and a field indicating number of the multiple RTcals, wherein each RTcal is used to compute the center frequency of a channel in the multiple channels.
[0314] FIG. 28 illustrates a general format of an AMP RFID frame that is used to carry encapsulated UHF commands. Some key fields of the AMP RFID frame are described below.
[0315] A Frame Type field in a Frame Control field is set as 5, which means that the AMP frame is the AMP RFID frame.
[0316] A RFID Control field includes a Link Timing Parameters Present field and an Additional Parameters Present field that are used to indicate presence or absence of a Link Timing Parameters field and an Additional Parameters field in the Frame Body field respectively.
[0317] A UHF Command field encapsulates a GS1 EPC UHF command as defined in the GS1 structure except the CRC field of the Command.
[0318] The Link Timing Parameters field carries parameters that are required for an AMP RFID tag to compute parameters related to link timings as defined by the EPCTM Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID Standard.
[0319] The Link Timing Parameters filed carries information regarding GS1 UHF RTcal and TRcal parameters. RTcal is an Interrogator-to-Tag calibration symbol while TRcal is a Tag-to-Interrogator calibration symbol. In GS1 UHF, some of the parameters required by the RFID tag to transmit a response (e.g., Data Rate (DR) , Modulation (M) , Presence / Absence of Pilot tones (TRext) , etc. ) are communicated with an UHF command (e.g., Query command) . However, some other information, namely the RTcal and TRcal, is communicated in the UHF preamble that precedes the UHF Query command.
[0320] In the case of the AMP RFID frame, since the UHF command is encapsulated within the AMP RFID frame (in this case, the UHF command may be a specific example of the aforementioned RFID command) , the UHF preamble does not exist and hence these parameters need to be explicitly carried in the Link Timing Parameters field of the AMP RFID frame.
[0321] A backscatter link frequency (BLF) that is used to determine the timing of the AMP RFID tag’s response symbol is calculated as DR / TRcal. RTcal is used to compute the link timing parameters such as a time gap between the UHF command and UHF response. The GS1 EPC UHF Standard defines TRcal as 1.1 RTcal <= TRcal <= 3 RTcal. Hence, instead of carrying the TRcal, the Link Timing Parameters field carries the TRcal_factor field which together with the RTcal field is used to compute TRcal as TRcal = RTcal *TRcal_factor. While the RTcal is always necessary for the AMP RFID tag, the TRcal is only necessary when the AMP RFID tag is required to generate a response. Hence the Link Timing Parameters field always carries the RTcal while the TRcal_factor field is optionally present.
[0322] Table 2 shows encoding used for the RTcal field to signal RTcal from 15 μS to 78 μS.
[0323] Table 2: RTcal Encoding
[0324] Alternatively, instead of the above Table 2, there may be other manners for indicating values of RTcal and TRcal_factor. For example, a value of RTcal may also be calculated as:
[0325] RTcal = 15 + value of the RTCal field.
[0326] In addition, a value of TRcal_factor may also be expressed as:
[0327] TRcal_factor = 1.0 + (value of the RTCal field) / 10.
[0328] The RTcal carried in the main body of the Link Timing Parameters field and the corresponding TRcal are used to compute the base BFO = DR / TRcal and represents the default BFO. The divide ratio (DR) is a parameter carried in the Query command. BFO is equivalent to the backscatter link frequency (BLF) used in UHF protocol.
[0329] A Padding field is optionally present and is intended to make the Frame Body field align with octet boundary.
[0330] The Additional Parameters field is optionally present and carries additional parameters that are specific to a particular UHF command and are used to extend the usage of the UHF command beyond the usage defined by the UHF specification. When an AMP RFID frame is intended to be used for FDMA, the Additional Parameters Present field in the RFID Control field is set as 1, indicating that the optional Additional Parameters field is included in the Frame Body field. The Additional Parameters field is used to carry parameters related to FDMA and its content depends on the encapsulated UHF command.
[0331] FIGS. 29 and 30 illustrate two examples of AMP RFID frame format with encapsulated UHF commands.
[0332] FIG. 29 illustrates an example frame format of the first AMP RFID frame. In this example, the first AMP RFID frame encapsulates a UHF command that initiates a random access session.
[0333] When carrying an encapsulated UHF command that initiates a random access session (e.g., Query or QueryX) using FDMA, the Link Timing Parameters field includes the TRcal_factor field and the Additional Parameters field is included in the Frame Body field. The Additional Parameters field carries additional RTcals that are used to calculate the additional BFO (or BLF) to be used for FDMA. The Number of RTcals field indicates the number of RTcals included in the RTcal List field. In this case, since one RTcal corresponds to one uplink channel, the number of RTcals included in the RTcal List field also reflects the quantity of the multiple channels.
[0334] FIG. 30 illustrates an example frame format of the second AMP RFID frame. In this example, the second AMP frame encapsulates a UHF command for scheduled access.
[0335] When carrying an encapsulated UHF command for scheduled access (e.g., Ack, Req_RN, Read, Write, etc. ) using FDMA, the Link Timing Parameters field does not include the TRcal_factor field, but the Frame Body field includes the Additional Parameters field. The Additional Parameters field carries additional RNs that are used to identify the AMP tags scheduled for FDMA. The Number of RNs field indicates the number of RNs included in the RN List field.
[0336] As described above, in some embodiments, the first AMP frame and the second AMP may each be an AMP trigger frame.
[0337] The AMP trigger frame may be of different types and may be indicated by a Sub-Type field in a Frame Body field of the AMP Trigger frame. The Sub-Type field in the Frame Body field of the AMP Trigger frame is shown in Table 3 and indicates one of: AMP Poll, AMP Re-Poll, AMP ReTx-Poll or the AMP Request variants of the AMP Trigger frame. The AMP Poll, AMP Re-Poll and AMP ReTx-Poll frames may be used in random access while the AMP Request frame may be used to solicit or schedule uplink transmission from one or more designated AMP non-AP STAs.
[0338] Table 3
[0339] As described above, the first AMP frame may be an AMP Poll frame or an AMP ReTx-Poll frame.
[0340] In an example where the first AMP frame is an AMP Poll frame that is used to initiate a new random access session, a frame body field of the AMP Poll frame is shown in FIG. 31.
[0341] In this example, a Sub-Type field is set as 0 to indicate the AMP Poll frame. A Short Sub-Type Control field includes various presence fields to indicate the presence or absence of fields in a Type Dependent Payload field: a Link Parameters Present field, a Slot Info Present field, and a Reserved field. The Link Parameters Present field indicate whether a Link Parameter field is present in the Type Dependent Payload field. The Slot Info Present field indicate whether a Slot Information field is present in the Type Dependent Payload field.
[0342] In a possible design, the AMP Poll frame further includes a Random Access Type field indicating a type of the random access, and the type of the random access includes at least one of: time-slot based random access with a carrier signal, time-slot based random access without a carrier signal, or back-off based random access.
[0343] The Random Access Type field that indicates the type of random access initiated by the AMP Poll frame is set as shown in Table 4.
[0344] Table 4
[0345] The carrier signal mentioned in Table 4 and elsewhere provides the wireless signal used by backscattering STAs to backscatter their responses and may be known as various names such as carrier wave, excitation signal, etc.
[0346] When the Random Access Type field is set to 0 (i.e., time-slot based with carrier signal) , the AMP Poll frame initiates random access for backscattering AMP non-AP STAs. Non-backscattering AMP non-AP STAs shall ignore the AMP Poll frame and shall not participate in the random access.
[0347] When the Random Access Type field is set to 1 (i.e., time-slot based without carrier signal) , the AMP Poll frame initiates random access for AMP non-AP STAs that can transmit without a carrier signal (i.e., active transmission) . Backscattering AMP non-AP STAs shall ignore the AMP Poll frame and shall not participate in the random access.
[0348] When the Random Access Type field is set to 2 (i.e., back-off based) , the AMP Poll frame initiates random access for AMP non-AP STAs that are capable of participating in back-off based random access (i.e., they have carrier sensing capability) . AMP non-AP STAs that are not capable of participating in back-off based random access shall not participate in the random access.
[0349] The AMP reader uses the Random Access Type field to control the type of AMP non-AP STAs that participate in a random access session. When singulating AMP tags in a mixed deployment where both backscattering and active transmitter AMP tags may be present in the radio coverage of the AMP reader, the AMP reader may initiate different random access sessions, each session targeting a different category of AMP tags.
[0350] The Random Access Type field is set to 0 (i.e., time-slot based with carrier signal) in the AMP Poll frame in all examples except the example in FIG. 46 in the present disclosure, and the contents of the Access Parameters field and the Link Parameters field in FIG. 31 are relevant for the backscatter case.
[0351] The Access Parameters field carries various parameters related to the channel access and the response. The Response Type field indicates the solicited response type as listed in Table 5.
[0352] Table 5
[0353] Sel, Session and Target fields are the same as defined for the UHF Query command by the UHF specification.
[0354] An ECW field specifies a size of a contention window. Number of random access slots available in the random access session = 2ECW. When used for UHF command, the ECW is the same as the Q parameter of the UHF Query command.
[0355] In an implementation, the AMP Poll frame further includes a field indicating whether a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is to be added to the first response. The field may be an Include CRC field. In this case, the Include CRC field indicate whether a CRC should be added to a response and if a CRC is added, whether it is CRC-5 or CRC-16:
[0356] 0: None;
[0357] 1: either CRC-5 or CRC-16 depending on the Response; e.g., CRC-16 for EPC or TID and CRC-5 for the rest.
[0358] The Backscatter Mode field is set as 0 to indicate mono-static backscatter and set as 1 to indicate bi-static backscatter.
[0359] The Link Parameters field carries various parameters related to the backscatter link:
[0360] Backscatter Frequency Offset (BFO) field indicates a frequency offset of a backscatter response measured from the frequency of the carrier signal.
[0361] The BFO may be translated to Backscatter link frequency (BLF) when used for UHF tags. When used for FDMA, the BFO carried in the main body of the Link Parameters field may be referred to as the base BFO and represents the default BFO used by an AMP tag when the Additional BFOs field in not included in the AMP frame. BFO field, when values 0 to 11, represents BFOs that are centered on an 11ax Tone index (as shown in FIG. 12) ; the BFO representing a backscatter channel centered at the BFO with a bandwidth of 156.25 KHz. The BFO field, when values 12 to 15, represents BFOs that are centered between two 11ax Tone indices (as shown in FIG. 13) ; the BFO representing a backscatter channel centered at the BFO with a bandwidth of 234.375 KHz.
[0362] Example frequency offsets of a backscatter response measured from the frequency of the carrier signal are listed in Table 6.
[0363] Table 6
[0364] DR and M fields are the same as that defined for the UHF Query command by the UHF specification.
[0365] A TRcal_factor field encodes the TRcal_factor used to compute the TRcal from the RTcal and vice versa. TRcal =RTcal x TRcal_factor. If RTcal is not carried in the frame and the BFO is directly signaled (as shown in FIG. 16) , the TRcal can be calculated as TRcal = DR / BFO and RTcal = TRcal / TRcal_factor.
[0366] Table 7 shows encoding used for the TRcal_factor field to signal values from 1.0 to 4.1.
[0367] Table 7: TRcal_factor Encoding
[0368] When used for non-FDMA, the Number of Additional BFOs field is set as zero in which case the Additional BFOs field is not included in the Link Parameters field. When used for FDMA, the Number of Additional BFOs field is set as non-zero in which case the Additional BFOs field is included in the Link Parameters field and carries a list of additional BFOs. The BFO List field carries one or more BFOs and the Padding field is optionally included to align with octet boundary. The BFO List field may indicate frequency offset of a backscatter response measured from the frequency of the carrier signal as listed in Table 6.
[0369] The Slot Information field is used to indicate Slot Information when used in time-slot based channel access (e.g., in the example shown in FIG. 21) , and its length is variable. The Slot Information field includes the following fields.
[0370] A Slot Control field is used to indicate slot related control information, and its length is 8 bits. The Slot Control field includes a Slot Duration Present field, a Slot Range Present field and a Slot Sync Info field. The Slot Duration Present field is used to indicate whether a Slot Duration field exists, and its length is 1 bit. The Slot Range Present field is used to indicate whether a Slot Range field exists, and its length is 1 bit. The Slot Sync Info field is used to indicate slot synchronization related information, and its length is 2 bits. The Slot Sync Info field includes a Slot SYNC Transmitted field and a Dynamic Slot field. The Slot SYNC Transmitted field is used to indicate whether the AMP reader transmits a PPDU to indicate start of slots, and its length is 1 bit. The Dynamic Slot field is used to indicate whether the AMP reader may dynamically adjust the duration of slots, and its length is 1 bit.
[0371] The Slot Duration field is used to indicate duration of the slots, and when present, its length is 8 bits.
[0372] The Slot Range field indicates the range of slots allocated in the current TXOP.
[0373] In another example, the first AMP frame is an AMP ReTx-Poll frame that is used to initiate a new random access session for retransmission. The format of the AMP ReTx-Poll frame is illustrated in FIG. 32. Some key fields of the AMP ReTx-Poll frame are described below.
[0374] A ReTx_ECW field indicates a size of a contention window for retransmissions. Number of random access slots for retransmission = 2ReTx_ECW. The rest of the parameters of the random access (including the additional BFOs if applicable) for the retransmission is assumed to be the same as that of the random access referenced by the Session field.
[0375] A NACK Slot Index field indicates an index of a slot for which retransmission is solicited. Alternatively, the NACK Slot Index field may include a bitmap or a list that indicates one or more slots for which retransmission is solicited.
[0376] Upon receiving an AMP ReTx-Poll frame, if an AMP tag had participated in the random access session referenced by the Session field, and its initial slot counter in the random access matches the value of the NACK Slot Index field, i.e., if it had transmitted in the time slot indicated by the NACK Slot Index field, the AMP tag participates in the retransmission random access by randomly choosing a new slot counter in the range [0, (2ReTx_ECW –1) ] and transmitting in a randomly chosen BFO (from the list of BFOs indicated in the AMP Poll frame corresponding to the original random access session) when the slot counter reaches zero.
[0377] As described above, the second AMP frame may be an AMP Request frame that is used to solicit triggered response from one or more AMP non-AP STAs. The general format of the AMP Request frame is shown in FIG. 33. The AMP Request frame may be used to encapsulate other AMP commands in the AMP Command field.
[0378] The AMP Request frame that is used for triggered transmission with a single STA in non-FDMA or with multiple STAs in a single time slot with FDMA is as shown in FIG. 33 except that the Slot Information field is not present. An absence of the Slot Info field (i.e., with the Slot Info Present field set to 0) indicates that the AMP Request frame is used for triggered transmission with a single STA in non-FDMA or with multiple STAs in a single time slot with FDMA. In this case, the AMP Request frame does not carry the Slot Information field and its absence is indicated by the Slot Info Present field in the Short Sub-type Control field set to 0.
[0379] When used in a single time slot for FDMA, the FDM Parameters Present field in the Short Sub-type Control field is set as 1, indicating that the optional FDM Parameters field is included in the Type Dependent Payload field. The FDM Parameters field carries parameters related to FDMA.
[0380] The Response Type field in the Response Control field contains a bitmap, with one bit to indicate the type of response that is solicited, e.g., RN16, EPC, Tag ID (TID) , Available Energy, Payload Size, Energy Storage capacity, Current energy level, small sensor data, etc. as listed in Table 8. A bitmap is used (instead of an encoded field as in Table 5) to allow the frame to indicate more than one requested response type.
[0381] Table 8
[0382] The FDM Parameters field carries additional STA IDs that are used to identify the AMP tags scheduled for FDMA. Two BFO signaling methods are defined as indicated by the BFO Assignment field:
[0383] 0 (Implicit) : BFO is not included in the FDM Parameters field and during FDMA, AMP tags will use the same BFO that was most recently used by the AMP tags (e.g., during the most recent random access) .
[0384] 1 (Explicit) : BFO is included in the FDM Parameters field and during FDMA, AMP tags will use the indicated BFO.
[0385] The Number of Assignments field indicates the number of Assignments (NA) included in the FDM Assignment List field. There may be (NA + 1) FDM Assignments where NA is the value indicated by the Number of Assignments field. That is, if NA = 0, there is 1 FDM Assignment.
[0386] The format of the FDM Parameters field for implicit BFO signaling is shown in FIG. 34A. In this case, the FDM Assignment List field carries IDs of two or more AMP STAs.
[0387] An example FDM Parameters field using the implicit BFO signaling used in the second AMP Request frame in FIG. 20 is shown in FIG. 34B.
[0388] The format of the FDM Parameters field for explicit BFO signaling is shown in FIG. 35A. In this case, the FDM Assignment List field carries two or more FDM assignments, each FDM assignment including one BFO and the ID that the AMP STA scheduled to transmit on that BFO.
[0389] An example FDM Parameters field using the explicit BFO signaling used in the second AMP Request frame in FIG. 20 is shown in FIG. 35B.
[0390] In a case where the AMP Request frame is used for time-slot based scheduled response from two or more AMP non-AP STAs, the Slot Information field is included in the Type Dependent Payload field as shown in FIG. 36. The Slot Information field includes a Slot Control field, a Slot Duration field and a Slot Assignment field.
[0391] The Slot Control field is used to indicate slot related control information, and its length is 8 bits. The Slot Control field includes a Number of Slots field, a Slot Duration Present field, a Slot Assignment Present field and a Slot Sync Info field. The Number of Slots field is used to indicate a quantity of slots for transmission, and its length is 4 bits. There may be (N + 1) slots where N is the value indicated by the Number of Slots field. That is, if N = 0, there is 1 slot. The Slot Duration Present field is used to indicate whether the Slot Duration field exists, and its length is 1 bit. The Slot Assignment Present field is used to indicate whether the Slot Assignment field exists, and its length is 1 bit. The Slot Sync Info field is used to indicate slot synchronization related information, and its length is 2 bits. The Slot Sync Info field includes a Slot SYNC Transmitted field and a Dynamic Slot field. The Slot SYNC Transmitted field is used to indicate whether the AMP Reader transmits a PPDU to indicate start of slots, and its length is 1 bit. The Dynamic Slot field is used to indicate whether the AMP reader may dynamically adjust the duration of slots, and its length is 1 bit.
[0392] The Slot Duration field is used to indicate duration of the slot, and when present, its length is 8 bits.
[0393] The Slot Assignment field includes a Control field and a BFO STAs List field. The Control field is used to indicate slot assignment control information, and its length is 8 bits.
[0394] Further, the Control field includes an Assignment Type field, a Session ID Present field, a Number of BFOs field and a Reserved field.
[0395] The Assignment Type field is used to indicate an STA ID list based transmission, and its length is 2 bits. The value of the Assignment Type field varies. Table 9 shows the description of different values of the Assignment Type field. As shown in the Table 9, when the assignment type value is 0, it indicates that the AMP Request frame is used for STA ID list based assignment; when the assignment type value is 1, the AMP Request frame is used for slot index list based assignment; when the assignment type value is 2, the AMP Request frame is used for group / session based assignment; and "3" is a reserved value.
[0396] Table 9
[0397] Assignment Type field
[0398] In FIG. 36, the value of the Assignment Type field is 0, indicating a STA ID List based assignment. The Session ID Present field is used to indicate whether a Session ID field exists, and its length is 1 bit.
[0399] When used for non-FDMA, the Number of BFOs field is set as zero in which case the BFO STAs List field is not included in the Slot Assignment field but instead a single STA ID List field is included in the Slot Assignment field. When used for FDMA, the Number of BFOs field is set as a non-zero number (NB) in which case the BFO STAs List field is included in the Slot Assignment field and carries NB number BFO STAs field, each field indicating a BFO and the corresponding list of STAs scheduled in that BFO.
[0400] The length of the Reserved field in the Control field is 2 bits.
[0401] The BFO STAs List field carries one or more BFO STAs field. Each BFO STAs field includes a BFO field that indicates the BFO and a STA ID List field carrying the list of IDs of STAs scheduled in that BFO.
[0402] Further, the STA ID List field may include (N + 1) fields, which are an STA ID 1 field, . . ., and an STA ID N+1 field. The STA ID 1 field to STA ID N+1 field are used to represent IDs of the STAs, and each has a length of 16 bits. The STA ID 1 field corresponds to Slot0, and the STA ID N+1 field corresponds to Slot N. In case none of the AMP tags are scheduled in a particular slot, the AMP reader may use an unused / dummy STA ID to signal an empty slot. In FIG. 21, the RN16 transmitted by an AMP tag is used as its STA ID in the subsequent AMP Request frame.
[0403] In the implementation shown in FIG. 21, a possible example of the Slot Information field in the AMP Request frame is shown in FIG. 37. In the example shown in FIG. 37, the Number of Slots field is b0001 (1) , where b0001 indicates 4 bits, i.e., N = 2 indicating that a quantity of slots is 2. The next four bits in the Slot Control field are set as b0011, indicating Slot Duration Present = 1, Slot Assignment present = 1 and Slot Sync Info field = b00. The Slot Duration field is 128 in units of 4 μs, indicating that the duration of each slot is 512 μs. b00010000 indicates 8 bits. The Control field of the Slot Assignment field is set as all b00010000, indicating that Assignment Type is 0, Session ID Present = 0, Number of BFOs (NB) = 2 and the Reserved field is all 0s. Two BFO STAs fields are present. In the first BFO STAs field, the BFO is set as 0 indicating a BFO of 390.625 KHz. The STA ID List field in the BFO STAs field includes an ID-2 and ID-6, indicating that Slot 0 is allocated for the AMP tag-2, Slot 1 is allocated for the AMP tag-6 to reply the respective solicited response (e.g., EPC) using the channel at 390.625 KHz. In the second BFO STAs field, the BFO is set as 3 indicating a BFO of 625 KHz. The STA ID List field in the BFO STAs field includes an ID-1 and ID-3, indicating that Slot 0 is allocated for the AMP tag-1, Slot 1 is allocated for the AMP tag-3 to reply the respective solicited response (e.g., EPC) using the channel at 625 KHz. Here, the RN16s collected during the random access are used as the IDs (ID-1, ID-2, ID-3 and ID-6) in the STA ID List field.
[0404] Design 2: different parts of the channel are used for transmitting different data.
[0405] In some embodiments of design 2, the multiple channels each include a first part of a channel, a second part of the channel, a third part of the channel, and a fourth part of the channel. The first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, and the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency. The offset includes a first offset and a second offset, where the first offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency, and the second offset is an offset of a center frequency of the third part of the channel relative to the reference frequency. The first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are used for transmitting first data, and the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are used for transmitting second data.
[0406] In some cases, the AMP RFID tags may be able to achieve frequency shifting of their backscatter responses flexibly within the 802.11 20 MHz channel in which the carrier signal is received.
[0407] Assuming that an AMP RFID tag can achieve different frequency shift (translations) for “data 0” and “data 1” , i.e., a backscatter response with one frequency shift represents a “data 0” and a backscatter response with another frequency shift represents a “data 1” , using two 26-tone RUs per uplink channel, up to 2 uplink channels can be allocated within one 802.11 20 MHz channel.
[0408] FIG. 38 illustrates one such uplink channel allocation scheme in which two uplink channels are allocated, each including four 26 tone RUs. Uplink channel 1 is comprised of RU3, RU4, RU6 and RU7, among which RU4 and RU6 are used for “data 0” while RU3 and RU7 are used for “data 1” . Similarly, uplink channel 2 is comprised of RU1, RU2, RU8 and RU9, among which RU1 and RU9 are used for “data 0” while RU2 and RU8 are used for “data 1” . AMP Tags may choose to backscatter on one of the uplink channels. AMP reader decodes the backscatter signal as:
[0409] 0: Energy in the uplink channel RU for “0” > threshold;
[0410] 1: Energy in the uplink channel RU for “1” > threshold.
[0411] It is to be understood that this is just one example and other configurations are also possible.
[0412] An example using the two uplink channels as shown in FIG. 38 is illustrated in FIG. 39. The example is similar to the example in FIG. 21 and the details are not repeated here. The key differences are that instead of a single BFO, the uplink channels represent two frequency offsets corresponding to “data 0” and “data 1” , and two uplink channels are allocated in the example shown in FIG. 38. The encoding is described later in Table 10. The uplink channel 8 (RU 3, 4) is used as the first uplink channel (UCH 1) while the uplink channel 0 (RU 1, 2) is used as the second uplink channel (UCH 2) in the example in FIG. 39.
[0413] The format of the AMP Poll frame shown in FIG. 40 and AMP Request frame in time-slot based case shown in FIG. 41 in design 2 are also similar to FIGS. 31 and 36, except that uplink channel (UCH) are used instead of BFOs in all related fields.
[0414] An example Slot Information field used in the AMP Request in the example in FIG. 39 is shown in FIG. 42: AMP tag-1 and AMP tag-3 are scheduled to transmit in the uplink channel 0 at slot 0 and slot 1 respectively, while AMP tag-2 is scheduled to transmit in the uplink channel 1 at slot 0. Since no AMP tag is scheduled to transmit in the uplink channel 1 at slot 1, the STA ID field is set as a dummy ID (e.g., 0xFFFF) .
[0415] The Random Access Type field is set to 0 (i.e., time-slot based with carrier signal) in the AMP Poll frame in all examples except the example in FIG. 46 in this disclosure and the contents of the Access Parameters field and the Link Parameters field in FIG. 31 are relevant for the backscatter case.
[0416] The Uplink Channel (UCH) field and each UCH in the UCH List field in the AMP Poll frame (FIG. 40) as well the UCH field in the UCH STAs List field in the AMP Request frame (FIG. 41) indicate the uplink channel representing two frequency offsets corresponding to “data 0” and “data 1” as shown in Table 10.
[0417] Table 10
[0418] Design 3: Frequency of a channel is either higher or lower than the reference frequency.
[0419] FIG. 43 is a frequency domain view of four channels (channel 1, channel 2, channel 3, and channel 4) , centered at X, Y, -Y and -X MHz respectively. “0” in the x-axis refers to direct current (DC) frequency. The four channels shown in FIG. 43 may be used for active AMP tags (e.g., active AMP tag-1, active AMP tag-2, active AMP tag-3 and active AMP tag-4) ’ uplink transmissions. Active AMP tag-1, active AMP tag-2, active AMP tag-3 and active AMP tag-4 may use channel 1, channel 2, channel 3, and channel 4 for uplink transmissions, respectively. It will be appreciated that in case of active AMP tags, since the active AMP tags are able to tune their transmission frequency at any side of the DC frequency, the uplink channels may be allocated flexibly, channel 1 and channel 4 may or may not be symmetric about DC frequency, and channel 2 and channel 3 may or may not be symmetric about DC frequency.
[0420] Design 3 may be applicable to active transmitter AMP STAs, which may have more flexibility in choosing the uplink channels.
[0421] Assuming that an AMP tag can use any 26-tone RU or 52-tone RU as uplink channel, up to 8 uplink channels can be allocated within the 20 MHz channel and using 52-tones RU as uplink channel, up to 4 uplink channels can be allocated within the 20 MHz channel. AMP Tags may choose to backscatter on one of the uplink channels.
[0422] AMP reader decodes the backscatter signal as:
[0423] 0: Energy in the uplink channel RU < threshold;
[0424] 1: Energy in the uplink channel RU > threshold.
[0425] Two example channel allocations are shown in FIGS. 44 and 45. FIG. 44 shows allocation of four uplink channels, each using one 26-tone RU. FIG. 45 shows another allocation scheme, allocating four uplink channels each using one 52-tone RU.
[0426] As for signaling, in this case, the UCH field and each UCH in the UCH List field in the AMP Poll frame (FIG. 40) as well the UCH field in the UCH STAs List field in the AMP Request Frame (FIG. 41) directly represents the frequency offset corresponding to an uplink channel as shown in Table 11. Values 0 to 8 represent the uplink channels aligned with one of the nine 26-tone RUs, while values 9 to 12 represent the uplink channels aligned with one of the nine 52-tone RUs. Value 4 corresponding to RU 5 is reserved and is not used since RU 5 overlaps the DC frequency.
[0427] Table 11
[0428] An example using four uplink channels as shown in FIG. 44 or FIG. 45 is illustrated in FIG. 46. The example is similar to the example illustrated in FIG. 21 and the details are not repeated here.
[0429] The key difference is that all AMP tags are active transmitter AMP tags and do not require carrier signal from the AMP reader for their transmissions and AMP tags may use uplink channels on either side of the DC frequency. Also, their clock frequency offset is expected to be much higher than backscatter AMP tags and hence the AMP reader may not be required to transmit Slot SYCN or similar downlink signal at each of the slot boundaries. The Random Access Type field is set to 1 (i.e., time-slot based without carrier signal) in the AMP Poll frame in FIG. 46 and initiates random access for AMP non-AP STAs that can transmit without a carrier signal (i.e., active transmission) . Backscattering AMP non-AP STAs shall ignore the AMP Poll frame and shall not participate in the random access. In addition, four uplink channels are allocated in the random access phase while three uplink channels are used in the scheduled access phase.
[0430] FIG. 47 shows a schematic structural diagram of a communication apparatus 4700 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0431] The communication apparatus 4700 may be applied to the AMP tag, and may include:
[0432] a transceiving module 4701, configured to receive a first AMP frame, the first AMP frame indicates to initiate random access for one or more tags including the tag, and the first AMP frame includes a first field indicating multiple channels; and to transmit a first response on a first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame.
[0433] In a possible implementation, the first response further carries a temporary identification of the AMP tag.
[0434] In a possible implementation, the first channel is randomly selected by the AMP tag from the multiple channels.
[0435] In a possible implementation, the first field includes a field indicating a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels.
[0436] In a possible implementation, the first field includes a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels relative to a reference frequency.
[0437] In a possible implementation, the reference frequency is a center frequency of a second channel transmitting the first AMP frame, and the second channel is different from the multiple channels.
[0438] In a possible implementation, the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel and a second part of the channel, the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0439] In a possible implementation, the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel, a second part of the channel, a third part of the channel, and a fourth part of the channel;
[0440] the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency; the offset comprises a first offset and a second offset, wherein the first offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency, and the second offset is an offset of a center frequency of the third part of the channel relative to the reference frequency; and the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are used for transmitting first data, and the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are used for transmitting second data.
[0441] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame comprises a field indicating quantity of the multiple channels.
[0442] In a possible implementation, the first field comprises a field indicating multiple RTcals and a field indicating number of the multiple RTcals, wherein each RTcal is used to compute the center frequency of a channel in the multiple channels.
[0443] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether the first field exists.
[0444] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame further comprises a Random Access Type field indicating a type of the random access, and the type of the random access comprises at least one of: time-slot based random access with a carrier signal, time-slot based random access without a carrier signal, or back-off based random access.
[0445] In a possible implementation, the communication apparatus 4700 further includes a processing module 4702 configured to initialize a slot counter upon receiving the first AMP frame in a case where the AMP tag is capable of performing the random access with the type indicated in the Random Access Type field; and the transceiving module 4701 in further configured to transmit the first response on the first channel based on the value of the slot counter.
[0446] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is to be added to the first response.
[0447] In a possible implementation, the transceiving module 4701 is further configured to receive a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, and the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of the AMP tag.
[0448] In a possible implementation, the transceiving module 4701 is further configured to transmit a second response in response to the second AMP frame, and the second response carries a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.
[0449] In a possible implementation, the transceiving module 4701 is further configured to transmit the second response on the first channel.
[0450] In a possible implementation, the second AMP frame includes a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels, and the transceiving module 4701 is further configured to transmit the second response on the third channel.
[0451] In a possible implementation, the third field includes a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.
[0452] In a possible implementation, the third field includes a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0453] In a possible implementation, the second AMP frame comprises a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel.
[0454] In a possible implementation, the temporary identification is a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by a reader.
[0455] In a possible implementation, the permanent identification is an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.
[0456] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame is a first AMP RFID frame, an AMP Poll frame, or an AMP ReTx-Poll frame.
[0457] In a possible implementation, the second AMP frame is a second AMP RFID frame, an AMP Request frame.
[0458] It should be noted that the communication apparatus provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure can realize all the method steps related to the transmitting device in the method embodiments and can achieve the same technical effects, the same parts and beneficial effects between this embodiment and the method embodiments are not repeated here in detail.
[0459] The communication apparatus 4700 may be applied to the AMP reader, and may include:
[0460] It should be noted that the communication apparatus provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure can realize all the method steps related to the receiving device in the method embodiments and can achieve the same technical effects, the same parts and beneficial effects between this embodiment and the method embodiments are not repeated here in detail.
[0461] The communication apparatus 4700 may be applied to the AMP reader, and may include:
[0462] a transceiving module 4701, configured to transmit a first AMP frame, the first AMP frame indicates to initiate random access for one or more tags including the tag, and the first AMP frame comprises a first field indicating multiple channels; and to receive a first response on a first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame.
[0463] In a possible implementation, the first response further carries a temporary identification of the AMP tag.
[0464] In a possible implementation, the first channel is randomly selected by an AMP tag from the multiple channels.
[0465] In a possible implementation, the first field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels.
[0466] In a possible implementation, the first field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels relative to a reference frequency.
[0467] In a possible implementation, the reference frequency is a center frequency of a second channel transmitting the first AMP frame, and the second channel is different from the multiple channels.
[0468] In a possible implementation, the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel and a second part of the channel, the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0469] In a possible implementation, the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel, a second part of the channel, a third part of the channel, and a fourth part of the channel;
[0470] the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency; the offset comprises a first offset and a second offset, wherein the first offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency, and the second offset is an offset of a center frequency of the third part of the channel relative to the reference frequency; and the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are used for transmitting first data, and the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are used for transmitting second data.
[0471] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame comprises a field indicating quantity of the multiple channels.
[0472] In a possible implementation, the first field comprises a field indicating multiple RTcals and a field indicating number of the multiple RTcals, wherein each RTcal is used to compute the center frequency of a channel in the multiple channels.
[0473] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether the first field exists.
[0474] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame further comprises a Random Access Type field indicating a type of the random access, and the type of the random access comprises at least one of: time-slot based random access with a carrier signal, time-slot based random access without a carrier signal, or back-off based random access.
[0475] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is to be added to the first response.
[0476] In a possible implementation, the transceiving module 4701 is further configured to transmit a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, and the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of the AMP tag.
[0477] In a possible implementation, the transceiving module 4701 is further configured to receive a second response in response to the second AMP frame, and the second response carries a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.
[0478] In a possible implementation, the transceiving module 4701 is further configured to receive the second response on the first channel.
[0479] In a possible implementation, the second AMP frame comprises a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels, and the transceiving module 4701 is further configured to receive the second response on the third channel.
[0480] In a possible implementation, the third field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.
[0481] In a possible implementation, the third field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.
[0482] In a possible implementation, the second AMP frame comprises a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel.
[0483] In a possible implementation, the temporary identification is a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by the AMP reader.
[0484] In a possible implementation, the permanent identification is an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.
[0485] In a possible implementation, the first AMP frame is a first AMP RFID frame, an AMP Poll frame, or an AMP ReTx-Poll frame.
[0486] In a possible implementation, the second AMP frame is a second AMP RFID frame, an AMP Request frame.
[0487] It should be noted that the communication apparatus provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure can realize all the method steps related to the receiving device in the method embodiments and can achieve the same technical effects, the same parts and beneficial effects between this embodiment and the method embodiments are not repeated here in detail.
[0488] FIG. 48 shows another structural diagram of a communication apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 48, the communication apparatus 4800 may include: a processor 4801 coupled with a memory 4802 in a communicative way via an interface 4803; where the memory 4802 stores a computer executable instruction; the processor 4801 executes the computer executable instruction stored in the memory 4802 for executing the above communication methods implemented by the transmitting device or the receiving device. It should be noted that, the memory 4802 may be included or excluded from the communication apparatus 4800, depending on actual needs.
[0489] The present disclosure encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.
[0490] Although this disclosure refers to illustrative embodiments, this is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description.
[0491] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular embodiments may also or instead be implemented in other embodiments. Method embodiments, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product embodiments. In addition, although embodiments are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, for example. Such media could store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
[0492] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium) . The computer-readable storage medium has stored thereon program instructions that, when run on a network device / terminal device, cause the network device / terminal device to execute one or more steps of the method for beam management as described in any one of the above embodiments.
[0493] For example, the computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, a magnetic storage device (e.g., a hard disk, a floppy disk or a magnetic tape) , an optical disk (e.g., a compact disk (CD) , or a DVD) , a smart card, and a flash memory device (e.g., an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , a card, a stick or a key driver) . Various computer-readable storage media described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may represent one or more devices and / or other machine-readable storage media, which are used for storing information. The term "computer-readable storage medium" may include, but is not limited to, wireless channels and various other media capable of storing, containing and / or carrying instructions and / or data.
[0494] Some embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a computer program product. The computer program product includes program instructions carried on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. When executed on a network device / terminal device, the computer program instructions cause the network device / terminal device to perform one or more steps of the method for data transmission as described in the above embodiments.
[0495] Beneficial effects of the computer-readable storage medium and the computer program product are the same as the beneficial effects of the method for data transmission as described in some of the above embodiments, and details will not be repeated here.
[0496] The foregoing descriptions are merely specific implementations of the present disclosure, but the protection scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Any changes or replacements within the technical scope of the present disclosure shall be included in the protection scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present disclosure shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
[0497] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions. The instructions, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to implement a method of the present disclosure.
[0498] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit includes one or more logic circuits for executing the steps of the method for data transmission of the present disclosure.
[0499] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus comprising means (e.g., at least one processor) to implement a method of the present disclosure. The apparatus may be device (that is, a terminal device or a network device) or a module or component in the device. The at least one processor may execute instructions stored in a computer-readable medium to implement the method.
[0500] The apparatus may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device. For example, the apparatus implemented in a communication device may be an integrated circuit, which in some contexts may be known by other colloquial names, such as chip, modem, modem chip, baseband chip, or baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus may comprise one or more integrated circuits or comprise one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components.
[0501] It will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device / apparatus or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement a method, an application or a module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0502] It could be noted that the message in the disclosure could be replaced with information, which may be carried in one single message, or be carried in more than one separate message.
[0503] The terms “apparatus” and “device” are used exchangeable.
[0504] The terms "first" , "second" , and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only, and are not to be construed as indicating or implying the relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined with "first" , "second" or "third" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features.
[0505] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0506] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example embodiment, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of the example embodiment for its intended application.
[0507] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0508] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0509] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0510] In the present disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably in different embodiments of this application. "At least one" means one or more, and "a plurality of" means two or more. The term "and / or" describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character " / " indicates an "or" relationship between associated objects. "At least one of the following items (pieces) " or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, "at least one of A, B, or C" includes: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C, and "at least one of A, B, and C" may also be understood as including: only A; only B; only C; A and B;A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as "first" and "second" in embodiments of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0511] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0512] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device and enable a machine to execute the instructions. When executed by any computer or the processor of a programmable data processing device, the instructions cause the apparatus to implement specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0513] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the another programmable device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or on another programmable device provide steps for implementing specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0514] It is clear that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This disclosure is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
Claims
A communication method performed at an ambient power (AMP) tag, the method comprising:receiving a first AMP frame, wherein the first AMP frame indicates to initiate random access for one or more tags including the tag, and the first AMP frame comprises a first field indicating multiple channels; andtransmitting a first response on a first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame.The method of claim 1, wherein the first response further carries a temporary identification of the AMP tag.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first channel is randomly selected by the AMP tag from the multiple channels.The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels.The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels relative to a reference frequency.The method of claim 5, wherein the reference frequency is a center frequency of a second channel transmitting the first AMP frame, and the second channel is different from the multiple channels.The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel and a second part of the channel, the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency.The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel, a second part of the channel, a third part of the channel, and a fourth part of the channel;the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency;the offset comprises a first offset and a second offset, wherein the first offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency, and the second offset is an offset of a center frequency of the third part of the channel relative to the reference frequency; andthe first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are used for transmitting first data, and the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are used for transmitting second data.The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the first AMP frame comprises a field indicating quantity of the multiple channels.The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first field comprises a field indicating multiple RTcals and a field indicating number of the multiple RTcals, wherein each RTcal is used to compute the center frequency of a channel in the multiple channels.The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether the first field exists.The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the first AMP frame further comprises a Random Access Type field indicating a type of the random access, and the type of the random access comprises at least one of: time-slot based random access with a carrier signal, time-slot based random access without a carrier signal, or back-off based random access.The method of claim 12, further comprising:initializing a slot counter upon receiving the first AMP frame in a case where the AMP tag is capable of performing the random access with the type indicated in the Random Access Type field; and wherein transmitting the first response on the first channel comprises:transmitting the first response on the first channel based on the value of the slot counter.The method of any one of claims 5 to 9, wherein the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is to be added to the first response.The method of any one of claims 2 to 14, further comprising:receiving a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, wherein the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of the AMP tag.The method of claim 15, further comprising:transmitting a second response in response to the second AMP frame, wherein the second response carries a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.The method of claim 16, wherein transmitting the second response comprises:transmitting the second response on the first channel.The method of claim 16, wherein the second AMP frame comprises a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels, and transmitting the second response comprises:transmitting the second response on the third channel.The method of claim 18, wherein the third field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.The method of claim 18, wherein the third field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.The method of any one of claims 15 to 20, wherein the second AMP frame comprises a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel.The method of any one of claims 2 to 21, wherein the temporary identification is a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by an AMP reader.The method of any one of claims 16 to 22, wherein the permanent identification is an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.The method of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the first AMP frame is a first AMP RFID frame, an AMP Poll frame, or an AMP ReTx-Poll frame.The method of any one of claims 15 to 24, wherein the second AMP frame is a second AMP RFID frame, an AMP Request frame.A communication method performed at an ambient power (AMP) reader, the method comprising:transmitting a first AMP frame, wherein the first AMP frame indicates to initiate random access for one or more tags including the tag, and the first AMP frame comprises a first field indicating multiple channels; andreceiving a first response on a first channel of the multiple channels in response to the first AMP frame.The method of claim 26, wherein the first response further carries a temporary identification of the AMP tag.The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the first channel is randomly selected by an AMP tag from the multiple channels.The method of any one of claims 26 to 28, wherein the first field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels.The method of any one of claims 26 to 28, wherein the first field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of each channel in the multiple channels relative to a reference frequency.The method of claim 30, wherein the reference frequency is a center frequency of a second channel transmitting the first AMP frame, and the second channel is different from the multiple channels.The method of claim 30 or 31, wherein the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel and a second part of the channel, the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency.The method of claim 30 or 31, wherein the multiple channels each comprises a first part of a channel, a second part of the channel, a third part of the channel, and a fourth part of the channel;the first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency, the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are symmetric about the reference frequency;the offset comprises a first offset and a second offset, wherein the first offset is an offset of a center frequency of the first part of the channel relative to the reference frequency, and the second offset is an offset of a center frequency of the third part of the channel relative to the reference frequency; andthe first part of the channel and the second part of the channel are used for transmitting first data, and the third part of the channel and the fourth part of the channel are used for transmitting second data.The method of any one of claims 26 to 33, wherein the first AMP frame comprises a field indicating quantity of the multiple channels.The method of any one of claims 29 to 34, wherein the first field comprises a field indicating multiple RTcals and a field indicating number of the multiple RTcals, wherein each RTcal is used to compute the center frequency of a channel in the multiple channels.The method of any one of claims 26 to 35, wherein the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether the first field exists.The method of any one of claims 26 to 36, wherein the first AMP frame further comprises a Random Access Type field indicating a type of the random access, and the type of the random access comprises at least one of: time-slot based random access with a carrier signal, time-slot based random access without a carrier signal, or back-off based random access.The method of any one of claims 26 to 37, wherein the first AMP frame further comprises a field indicating whether a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is to be added to the first response.The method of any one of claims 27 to 38, further comprising:transmitting a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, wherein the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of the AMP tag.The method of claim 39, further comprising:receiving a second response in response to the second AMP frame, wherein the second response carries a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.The method of claim 40, wherein receiving the second response comprises:receiving the second response on the first channel.The method of claim 40, wherein the second AMP frame comprises a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels, and receiving the second response comprises:receiving the second response on the third channel.The method of claim 42, wherein the third field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.The method of claim 42, wherein the third field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.The method of any one of claims 40 to 44, wherein the second AMP frame comprises a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel.The method of any one of claims 28 to 45, wherein the temporary identification is a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by the AMP reader.The method of any one of claims 40 to 46, wherein the permanent identification is an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.The method of any one of claims 26 to 47, wherein the first AMP frame is a first AMP RFID frame, an AMP Poll frame, or an AMP ReTx-Poll frame.The method of any one of claims 39 to 48, wherein the second AMP frame is a second AMP RFID frame, an AMP Request frame.A communication method performed at an ambient power (AMP) tag, the method comprising:receiving a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, wherein the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of the AMP tag; andtransmitting a second response in response to the second AMP frame, wherein the second response carries a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.The method of claim 50, wherein transmitting the second response comprises:transmitting the second response on a first channel of the multiple channels, wherein the first channel is used during random access.The method of claim 50, wherein the second AMP frame comprises a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels, and transmitting the second response comprises:transmitting the second response on the third channel.The method of claim 52, wherein the third field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.The method of claim 52, wherein the third field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.The method of any one of claims 51 to 54, wherein the second AMP frame comprises a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel.The method of any one of claims 50 to 55, wherein the temporary identification is a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by an AMP reader.The method of any one of claims 50 to 56, wherein the permanent identification is an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.The method of any one of claims 50 to 57, wherein the second AMP frame is a second AMP RFID frame, an AMP Request frame.A communication method performed at an ambient power (AMP) reader, the method comprising:transmitting a second AMP frame indicating an uplink transmission from the AMP tag, wherein the second AMP frame carries the temporary identification of an AMP tag; andreceiving a second response in response to the second AMP frame, wherein the second response carries a permanent identification of the AMP tag or content of memory of the AMP tag.The method of claim 59, wherein receiving the second response comprises:receiving the second response on a first channel of the multiple channels, wherein the first channel is used during random access.The method of claim 59, wherein the second AMP frame comprises a third field indicating a third channel of the multiple channels, and receiving the second response comprises:receiving the second response on the third channel.The method of claim 61, wherein the third field comprises a field indicating a center frequency of the third channel.The method of claim 61, wherein the third field comprises a field indicating an offset of a center frequency of the third channel relative to the reference frequency.The method of any one of claims 60 to 63, wherein the second AMP frame comprises a field indicating whether the second response it to be transmitted on the first channel.The method of any one of claims 59 to 64, wherein the temporary identification is a random number generated by the AMP tag or an identification assigned to the AMP tag by an AMP reader.The method of any one of claims 59 to 65, wherein the permanent identification is an electronic product code (EPC) or an AMP tag identification (TID) or a Medium Access Control (MAC) address.The method of any one of claims 59 to 66, wherein the second AMP frame is a second AMP RFID frame, an AMP Request frame.A communication apparatus, comprising units for performing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 67.An electronic device comprising processing circuitry for performing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 67.A chip, comprising an input / output (I / O) interface and a processor, wherein the processor is configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to enable a device installed with the chip to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 67.An electronic device, comprising:one or more processors; anda computer-readable storage medium coupled to the one or more processors and storing instructions for execution by the processors, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processors, configure the electronic device to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 67.A computer-readable medium carrying a program code which, when executed by a computer device, causes the computer device to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 67.A computer program product comprising program code for performing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 67 when executed on a computer or a processor.A communication system, comprising a first communication apparatus and a second communication apparatus, wherein the first communication apparatus is configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 25, and the second communication apparatus is configured to perform the method of any one of claims 26 to 49.A communication system, comprising a first communication apparatus and a second communication apparatus, wherein the first communication apparatus is configured to perform the method of any one of claims 50 to 58, and the second communication apparatus is configured to perform the method of any one of claims 59 to 67.