Freeze-dried nucleic acid-loaded lipid nanoparticle and reconstitution method thereof
A controlled lyophilization process stabilizes mRNA-LNPs for ambient storage, addressing the temperature constraints of mRNA-LNP vaccines and ensuring stability and distribution.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- KUDO BIOTECHNOLOGY INC
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines require ultra-low temperature storage, posing a barrier to efficient and wide distribution.
A lyophilization method involving controlled freezing, primary and secondary drying steps under specific temperature and pressure conditions to stabilize mRNA-LNPs, allowing storage at ambient or subambient temperatures.
Maintains mRNA integrity, size, and encapsulation efficiency, enabling stable storage and distribution of mRNA-LNPs without the need for ultra-low temperature.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025131844-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025131844-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025131844-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
FREEZE-DRIED NUCLEIC ACID-LOADED LIPID NANOPARTICLE AND RECONSTITUTION METHOD THEREOFBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Although mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines have demonstrated their safety and efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemics, there is still a critical limitation with this novel vaccine platform: it requires a specialized cold-chain system (ultra-low temperature) for long-term storage of the LNP vaccine. This limitation has presented a significant obstacle to the efficient and wide distributions of mRNA vaccine worldwide.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention described herein provides a lyophilization method for preserving mRNA vaccines under less harsh conditions by means of sublimating water from drug formulations under vacuum at low temperature -thereby increasing the stability and shelf life of mRNA vaccines. According to the method of the invention, in a lyophilized form, mRNA-LNP vaccines or similar nucleic acid-based drugs could be conveniently preserved and distributed worldwide without the need for ultra-low temperature (e.g., -60℃ to -80℃) storage.
[0003] The method of the invention promotes stabilization of pharmaceutical compositions such as mRNA-LNPs. The method is scalable, reproducible, and applicable for the production of such pharmaceuticals in a time- and cost-efficient manner.
[0004] The invention provides a method for lyophilization of a pharmaceutical composition (e.g., mRNA-LNPs) that preserves the integrity and the biological activity of the pharmaceutical composition.
[0005] The invention also provides a lyophilized pharmaceutical composition (e.g., mRNA-LNP) which is suitable for storage at ambient or subambient temperatures for over extended periods as dried solid with increased storage stability compared to equivalent compositions that have not undergone lyophilization.
[0006] Thus, in one aspect, the invention described herein provides a method of producing a lyophilized nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) through freeze-drying. The method comprises freezing an aqueous nucleic acid-containing LNP formulation prior to a primary drying step, followed by a secondary drying step, wherein: (1) the aqueous nucleic acid-containing LNP formulation comprises a nucleic acid composition formulated with a cryoprotectant in a formulation buffer; (2) the freezing is carried out by gradually reducing the temperature of the formulation to about -40℃ to -50℃ (e.g., about -45℃) , at a rate of about 0.2-1℃ / min. (e.g., about 0.5℃ / min. ) , to generate a frozen formulation; (3) the primary drying step comprises sublimating the frozen formulation by gradually raising the temperature of the frozen formulation to a level below the collapse temperature (Tc) of the frozen formulation (e.g., about -25℃ to -35℃ (e.g., about -30℃) at a rate of about 0.2-1℃ / min. (e.g., about 0.5℃ / min) , under a pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) , to generate a primary dried formulation; and, (4) the secondary drying step comprises desorbing unfrozen bound water from the primary dried formulation by gradually raising the temperature of the primary dried formulation to about 10-30℃ (e.g., about 25℃) at a rate of about 0.1-0.5℃ / min (e.g., about 0.2℃ / min. ) and under the pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) , thereby generating the lyophilized LNP formulation; optionally, the freezing step does not comprise an annealing step.
[0007] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for producing a nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) from the lyophilized nucleic acid-containing LNP of the invention. The method comprises reconstituting the lyophilized nucleic acid-containing LNP of the invention in a reconstitution buffer, wherein the reconstitution buffer comprises a salt-containing buffer at pH of about 7.2-8.0
[0008] Yet another aspect of the invention provides a lyophilized nucleic acid-containing LNP prepared by the method of the invention.
[0009] A further aspect of the invention provides a reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) prepared by the method of the invention. It should be understood that any embodiment of the invention described herein, including embodiments described only in the examples or claims, can be combined with one or more additional embodiments of the invention, unless such combination is improper or expressly disclaimed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 shows a representative profile of the lyophilization process of the disclosure.
[0011] FIG. 2 shows a representative cake appearance.
[0012] FIG. 3 shows a representative profile of the lyophilization process of the disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 4 shows a representative cake appearance.
[0014] FIG. 5 shows a representative profile of the lyophilization process of the disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 6 shows a representative profile of the lyophilization process of the disclosure for CicRNA-LNP.
[0016] FIG. 7 shows lyophilized CircRNA-LNP formulations of the invention (as described in Example 4) , in vials after lyophilization and subsequent reconstitution.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0017] 1. Overview
[0018] Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, is a widely used process for preserving biological or pharmaceutical compositions. During lyophilization, water present in a pharmaceutical substance is first converted to ice in an initial freezing step, and then removed from the pharmaceutical substance by direct sublimation under low-pressure conditions during a primary drying step. However, not all of the water is transformed into ice during freezing; Some portion is trapped in a matrix of solids, which may include formulation components and / or the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) . Therefore, an additional drying step (a secondary drying step) at an elevated temperature is used to remove residual moisture to achieve the required moisture level. Although lyophilization has been used to preserve various pharmaceutical compositions in the past, the process is complex for mRNA-loaded LNPs. This complexity arises partly from the challenge in protecting LNP size, polydispersity index (PDI) , integrity, and encapsulation efficiency from stresses caused by the freezing and dehydration steps of the lyophilization process. The water sublimation during the primary drying step is believed to induce significant and irreversible changes in the structure of mRNA LNP. Current lyophilization methods often result in larger LNP particle size (e.g., size >120 nm) and / oigher PDI (e.g., PDI >0.2) as measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) , lower mRNA integrity (e.g., <80%) , reduced encapsulation efficiency (e.g., <90%) , and lower potency (e.g. relative potency < 50%) compared to freshly prepared LNPs that have not undergone lyophilization. These undesirable changes likely affect mRNA delivery both in vitro and in vivo.
[0019] The invention described herein provides lyophilization methods and accompanying reconstitution methods to produce lyophilized pharmaceutical substances, such as mRNA LNPs, which maintain good size, PDI, mRNA integrity, and encapsulation efficiency. These mRNA LNPs can subsequently be reconstituted without significant deterioration in quality measurements such as particle size, PDI, mRNA integrity, encapsulation efficiency, and potency.
[0020] Thus, in one embodiment, the invention described herein provides a method of producing a lyophilized pharmaceutical substance- (e.g., nucleic acid- containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) through freeze-drying. The method comprises freezing an aqueous nucleic acid-containing LNP formulation prior to a primary drying step followed by a secondary drying step, wherein: (1) the aqueous nucleic acid-containing LNP formulation comprises a nucleic acid composition formulated with a cryoprotectant in a formulation buffer; (2) the freezing is carried out by gradually reducing the temperature of the formulation to about -40℃ to -50℃ (e.g., about -45℃) at a rate of about 0.2-1℃ / min (e.g., about 0.5℃ / min. ) to generate a frozen formulation; (3) the primary drying step comprises sublimating the frozen formulation by gradually raising the temperature of the frozen formulation to a temperature below the collapse temperature (Tc) of the frozen formulation (e.g., to about -25℃ to -35℃, such as about -30℃) at a rate of about 0.2-1℃ / min (e.g., about 0.5℃ / min. ) and under a pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) , to generate a primary dried formulation; and, (4) the secondary drying step comprises desorbing unfrozen bound water in the primary dried formulation by gradually raising the temperature of the primary dried formulation to about 10-30℃ (e.g., about 25℃) at a rate of about 0.1-0.5℃ / min (e.g., about 0.2℃ / min. ) and under a pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) , thereby generating the lyophilized LNP formulation; optionally, the freezing step does not include an annealing step.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the method of the invention can also be used to produce a lyophilized pharmaceutical substance-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) . The pharmaceutical substance may comprise a protein, a peptide, a polysaccharide, a small molecule, a natural product, a nucleic acid, an immunogen, a vaccine, a polymer, a chemical compound, or a combination thereof.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical substance is nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, RNA / DNA hybrids, and aptamers.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid composition comprises mRNA, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, guide RNA for CRISPR / Cas, circular RNA, double strain DNA, single strain DNA, a modified variant thereof (such as a variant comprising a nucleotide with a modified sugar ring , e.g., 2’-O-methyl or 2’-F modification) , and / or modified inter-nucleotide linkage (e.g., phosphonothioate linkage) , or a mixture thereof. Additional modifications to the nucleic acid composition, including any sugar ring modifications, modification of the linkage between adjacent nucleotides, and base modifications, are described in further details below.
[0024] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid composition comprises mRNA. The mRNA used for the formulation can be prepared by any art recognized means, such as chemical synthesis or in vitro translation. The produced mRNA can then be adjusted to the desired concentration with a suitable buffer, such as citrate buffer, to a desired pH, for example, pH4.0.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the aqueous nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation further comprises a salt. In one embodiment, the salt is sodium salt. In a preferred embodiment, the salt is NaCl.
[0026] In certain embodiments, the aqueous nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation further comprises a surfactant, a preservative, an excipient, and / or a combination thereof. As used herein, “excipient” includes, but is not limited to, one or more antioxidants, glutathione, EDTA, methionine, desferal, antioxidants, metal scavengers, or free radical scavengers.
[0027] In certain embodiments, the surfactant, preservative, excipient and / or combination thereof is selected from sterile water for injection (sWFI) , bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI) , saline, dextrose solution, polysorbates, poloxamers, Triton, divalent cations, Ringer’s lactate, amino acids, sugars, polyols, polymers, or cyclodextrins. In certain embodiments, the LNP formulation contains various concentrations of the pharmaceutical substance. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical substance is present at a concentration of < 1 mg / mL. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical substance is present at a concentration of at least about 0.05 mg / mL. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical substance is present at a concentration of at least about 0.5 mg / mL. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical substance is present at a concentration of at least about 1 mg / mL. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical substance concentration ranges from about 0.05 mg / ml to about 0.5 mg / mL. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical substance is present at a concentration of at least 10 mg / mL. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical substance is present at a concentration of at least 50 mg / mL.
[0028] In certain embodiments, the LNP formulation contains mRNA at a concentration of between about 0.01-1 mg / mL, or about 0.2-0.5 mg / mL of mRNA.
[0029] In some embodiments, the present invention is particularly useful for preparing liquid formulations containing a pharmaceutical substance at high concentrations. For example, liquid formulations suitable for the present invention may contain a pharmaceutical substance of interest at a concentration of 75 mg / mL, at least about 100 mg / mL, at least about 150 mg / mL, at least about 200 mg / mL, at least about 250 mg / mL, at least about 300 mg / mL, or at least about 400 mg / mL.
[0030] In certain embodiments, the cryoprotectant (also referred to herein as “lyoprotectant” or “stabilizing agent” ) is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, mannose, sorbitol, raffinose, trehalose, mannitol, inositol, sodium chloride, arginine, lactose, hydroxyethyl starch, dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycine, or a combination thereof.
[0031] In certain embodiments, the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent is sucrose. In certain embodiments, the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent is trehalose. In certain embodiments, the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant or stabilizing agent is a combination of sucrose and trehalose.
[0032] In certain embodiments, the concentration of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent ranges, but is not limited to, from about 10 mg / mL to about 400 mg / mL, from about 100 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL, or from 50 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL.
[0033] In certain embodiments, the concentration of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent (e.g., sucrose, trehalose, or a combination of sucrose and trehalose) is, but is not limited to, from about 1% w / v to about 20% w / v, from about 5% w / v to about 15% w / v, from about 5% w / v to about 10% w / v, about 5% w / v, or about 10% w / v. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent is a combination of sucrose and trehalose, present at about equal % w / v, or at a ratio of between 1: 2 and 2: 1 (e.g., 5% sucrose + 10% trehalose, or 10% sucrose + 5% trehalose) .
[0034] In certain embodiments, the mass ratio of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent to the pharmaceutical substance is specified. In one embodiment, the ratio of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent to the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 5000 : 1, 2000: 1, 1000: 1, 500: 1, 100: 1, 50: 1, 10: 1, 1: 1, 0.5: 1, or 0.1: 1.
[0035] In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 2000. In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 1000. In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 500. In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 100. In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 50. In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 10. In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 1. In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 0.5. In another embodiment, the ratio of the mass amount of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance is no greater than 0.1.
[0036] In certain embodiments, the mass ratio of the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, or stabilizing agent to the pharmaceutical substance is between about 200: 1 and about 2000: 1.
[0037] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical substance is mRNA, and the cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant or stabilizing agent is sucrose.
[0038] In certain embodiments, the formulation buffer comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of about 1-50 mM Tris buffer, at pH 6.8-8.5, about 1-10 mM Tris buffer, at pH 7.2 ~8.0, or about 10 mM Tris buffer at pH7.5. The aqueous nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation can be produced using any art-recognized method. In certain embodiments, the aqueous LNP formulation is prepared by first preparing a lipid mixture by calculating the amount of the required lipids, considering at least the following:
[0039] Amount of mRNA to be encapsulated
[0040] Charge ratio of N / P (+ / -, ratio of moles of cationic lipid to moles of mRNA) , and
[0041] Flow rate ratio of the mRNA to lipid mixture
[0042] Then each lipid is dissolved completely in a suitable solvent, such as ethanol, using ultrasonication for ≥20min. The dissolved lipids are mixed in a new container and are filtrated with 0.2 μm filters.
[0043] To generate mRNA-LNP formulation at a desired generation scale (e.g., using Precision Ignite for small-scale LNP generation or IJM for large-scale LNP generation) , buffer exchange may be used to adjust formulation buffer (pH > PKa of cationic lipid) after LNP generation using TFF or dialysis method. The mRNA LNP concentration can then be adjusted to the desired level with buffer.
[0044] Following this, a lyophilization protectant can be introduced by adding a lyoprotectant stock solution to the formulations prior to the next stage treatment.
[0045] The LNP bulk, once mixed with the desired cryoprotectant, can be sterile-filtrated before being filled into proper containers (e.g., vials) and partially stopped. These prepared vials are then used for lyophilization. Lyophilization typically involves three steps: freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying.
[0046] In certain embodiments, the freezing step solidifies the aqueous mRNA LNP formulation, converting the water into ice crystals.
[0047] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the primary drying step. The step functions to sublimate ice crystals formed during freezing. Here, heat is applied to the frozen LNP solution and directed to the subliming front. The sublimed ice transitions into vapor, which goes through the dehydrated portion to the top of the sample and into the chamber, where it is collected by the condenser. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the formulation in primary drying is maintained below Tc, which can be determined by methods, e.g., DSC, prior to lyophilization.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the secondary drying step. The secondary drying step desorbs any bound water, which does not freeze and remains as liquid after it frozen.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises both the primary drying and secondary drying step.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the aqueous nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation is maintained at about 1-10℃ (such as 5℃) for at least about 20-60 minutes (e.g., about 30 minutes) before said freezing step.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the cooling rate during the freezing step is from about 0.02℃ / min to 37℃ / min. In certain embodiments, the cooling rate is about 0.2-1℃ / min, or about 0.5℃ / min. In certain embodiments, the cooling rate is about 0.2℃ / min or about 0.5℃ / min.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the shelf temperature during the freezing step is from about -30℃ to about -60℃, from about -40℃ to about -50℃ (e.g., about -45℃) .
[0053] In certain embodiments, the frozen formulation is maintained at about -40℃ to -50℃ (e.g., about -45℃) for about 3-5 hours (e.g., about 4 hours) prior to the primary drying step.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the frozen formulation is subjected to a pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) for at least about 5-30 minutes (e.g., about 15 minutes) just prior to the primary drying step.
[0055] In certain embodiments, the cooling rate during the primary drying step is (i) a precooled shelf (PCS) at about 4℃ / min, (ii) about 1℃ / min, (iii) about 0.5~1℃ / min, or (iv) about 0.5℃ / min.
[0056] In certain embodiments, the shelf temperature during the primary drying step is from about -15℃ to about -30℃, or from -25℃ to -35℃. In certain embodiments, the shelf temperature is about -25℃ or about -30℃.
[0057] In certain embodiments, the vacuum pressure during the primary drying step is from about 25 mTorr to about 100 mTorr, or from about 50 mTorr to about 100 mTorr. In certain embodiments, the vacuum pressure is about 50 mTorr, or about 75 mTorr.
[0058] In certain embodiments, the primary dried formulation is maintained at the temperature below the collapse temperature (Tc) (e.g., about -30℃) for about 40-60 hours (e.g., about 48 hours) prior to the secondary drying step.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the Tc is determined by DSC prior to the primary drying step.
[0060] In certain embodiments, the heating rate of the secondary drying step is from about 0.05℃ / min to about 1℃ / min, or from about 0.1℃ / min to about 0.5℃ / min. In certain embodiments, the heating rate is about 0.2℃ / min.
[0061] In certain embodiments, the vacuum pressure during the secondary drying step is from about 25 mTorr to about 100 mTorr, or from about 50 mTorr to about 100 mTorr. In certain embodiments, the vacuum pressure is about 50 mTorr, or about 75 mTorr.
[0062] In certain embodiments, the secondary drying step comprises maintaining temperature at about 10-30℃ (e.g., about 25℃) for about 5-20 hours (e.g., about 10 hours) under the pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) .
[0063] In certain embodiments, the method does not comprise an annealing step after the initial freezing step.
[0064] As used herein, “annealing” is referring to a thermal treatment process that is useful for amorphous substances form a metastable glass with incomplete crystallization upon initial freezing. During annealing, the product temperature is cycled (for example: from -40℃ to -20℃ for a few hours and then back to -40℃) to obtain more complete crystallization. Annealing may in some cases have added advantage of promoting larger crystal growth and corresponding shorter drying times under certain circumstances. In certain embodiments, the annealing (that is not included after the initial freezing step) temperature is from about -5℃ to about -25℃. In certain embodiments, the annealing (that is not included after the initial freezing step) temperature is about -10℃.
[0065] At the completion of the lyophilization cycles, the air inside the vials containing the lyophilized product is extruded with inert gas, for example, nitrogen gas. The vials can then be fully stopped, and aluminum caps are added for sealing, labeling, packaging, and transferring to storage.
[0066] Thus, in certain embodiments, the method further comprises replacing the air in contact with the lyophilized LNP formulation with nitrogen (N2) gas or an inert gas.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the lyophilized product – the lyophilized pharmaceutical substance (e.g., nucleic acid- containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) , comprises amorphous materials.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the aqueous LNP formulation remains amorphous in the freeze concentrate upon freezing, with the freezing temperature during the freezing step set below the glass transition temperature (Tg’ ) of the freeze concentrate. The term “freeze concentrate” refers to all materials in the frozen liquid formulation, excluding the majority of the ice.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the aqueous LNP formulation is partially crystalline upon freezing, with the freezing temperature set below the eutectic melting temperature (Te) or a secondary melting temperature of the frozen solution. In frozen aqueous multi-component solutions, the term “secondary melting” implies the simultaneous melting of solutes crystallized during freezing and / or annealing and the ice phase, as defined by the supplemented phase diagram. The term is analogous to eutectic melting in the case of a frozen aqueous binary solution where both ice and solute crystallize. Primary melting refers to the melting of the ice phase only, as defined by a supplemented phase diagram. The term is analogous to ice melting in the case of a frozen aqueous binary solution where both ice and solute crystallize (Shalaev and Franks, Solid-liquid state diagrams in pharmaceutical lyophilisation: Crystallisation of solutes. In: Levine H, editor. Amorphous food and pharmaceutical systems. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, pp 200- 215, 2002) . In certain embodiments, the lyophilized product comprises amorphous materials. In certain embodiments, the lyophilized product comprises partly crystalline and partly amorphous materials. After storage and prior to use, the lyophilized products can be reconstituted in saline buffer to achieve a desired / target mRNA concentration. In certain embodiments, the reconstituted samples are clear or opalescent in appearance, with no visible solids.
[0070] Thus, another aspect of the invention provides a method of producing a nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) using the lyophilized nucleic acid-containing LNP of the invention, the method comprises reconstituting the lyophilized nucleic acid-containing LNPs of the invention in a reconstitution buffer, wherein the reconstitution buffer comprises a salt-containing buffer at pH of about 7.2-8.0.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the reconstitution buffer comprises about 0.1-2% salt, such as NaCl.
[0072] In certain embodiments, the reconstitution buffer comprises about 1-10 mM Tris buffer at a pH of 7.2-8.0.
[0073] In certain embodiments, the reconstitution buffer comprises PBS or DPBS.
[0074] Another aspect of the invention provides a lyophilized nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) prepared by any of the methods described in the invention.
[0075] Another aspect of the invention provides a reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) prepared by the method described in the invention.
[0076] In certain embodiments, the reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) of the invention has a PDI of less than about 0.25, less than about 0.20, less than about 0.15, less than about 0.10, or less than about 0.05.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) of the invention has an average particle size of about 50-110 nm, about 80-130 nm, about 90-120 nm, about 95-110 nm, about 90-100 nm, under 150 nm, under 140 nm, under 130 nm, under 120 nm, under 110 nm, under 100 nm, under 90 nm, or under 80 nm.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) of the invention has an encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, or 98%.
[0079] The present invention also provides a method for improving the stability of a lyophilized pharmaceutical substance or enhancing the efficiency of the lyophilization cycle. The method comprises lyophilizing the pharmaceutical substance in a liquid formulation using the methods described above.
[0080] The present invention further provides a method for improving the stability of the pharmaceutical substance by depressing the crystallization of the formulation components.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the formulation is stored at ambient or subambient temperatures for a defined period prior to reconstitution.
[0082] As used herein, the term “ambient” refers to room temperature or a temperature between about 15℃ to about 30℃, such as 20-25℃) .
[0083] Additionally, the term “subambient” as used herein refers to a temperature below ambient temperature, including temperatures below, at, or above Tg’ of a frozen formulation.
[0084] In certain embodiments, the formulation is stable as a frozen matrix, a refrigerated liquid, or a refrigerated lyophilized product. In certain embodiments, the formulation is stored above the glass transition temperature of the frozen matrix (Tg’ ) . In certain embodiments, the formulation remains amorphous during storage above Tg’ . In certain embodiments, the storage temperature is < -20℃.
[0085] The present invention also provides a method for improving the stability of the lyophilized composition produced by the method of the invention, comprising adding glutathione, EDTA, methionine, desferal, or other antioxidants or metal scavengers to the liquid formulation prior to lyophilization or during reconstitution of the lyophilized composition in a form suitable for injection.
[0086] The present invention also provides a lyophilized composition produced using the above methods.
[0087] Lyophilized products may be extremely hygroscopic and, in some embodiments, may need to be sealed in airtight containers (e.g. glass vials) after freeze-drying to prevent rehydration from atmospheric exposure.
[0088] In certain embodiments, the lyophilized composition has a cake height of up to 3 cm. In certain embodiments, the lyophilized composition has a cake height ranging from about 0.01 cm to about 3 cm, from about 0.01 cm to about 2.5 cm.
[0089] In certain embodiments, the lyophilized composition has a cake height of from about 0.01 cm to about 2.5 cm. In certain embodiments, the lyophilized composition has a cake height from about 0.01 cm to about 2.2 cm. In certain embodiments, the lyophilized composition has a cake height of about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 or 3 cm. In certain embodiments, the lyophilized composition has a cake height of < 0.01 cm.
[0090] In certain embodiments, the diluent is selected from sterile water for injection (sWFI) , saline, dextrose solution, polysorbates, poloxamers, Triton, divalent cations, Ringer’s lactate, amino acids, sugars, polyols, polymers or cyclodextrins, pH buffered diluents, or preservative containing diluents such as bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI) , 2- phenoxyethanol, m-cresol, or phenol.
[0091] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises storing the lyophilized pharmaceutical substance for a defined period. In certain embodiments, the period is longer than 3 months or 8 months. In certain embodiments, the period is longer than 12 months. In certain embodiments, the period is longer than 18 months. In certain embodiments, the period is longer than 24 months.
[0092] The present invention also provides a stable formulation produced using the method of the invention.
[0093] The present invention also provides a lyophilized composition produced using the method of the invention.
[0094] 2. General Lyophilization and Cycle Optimization
[0095] In certain embodiments, lyophilization includes the sequential steps of freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying. The primary drying step, the longest and most expensive step of the lyophilization process, can be very sensitive to variations in process parameters, such as shelf temperature and chamber pressure.
[0096] Current lyophilization methods for biological and pharmaceutical substances maintain constant shelf temperature and chamber vacuum pressure throughout the primary drying step, which simplifies the primary drying step of the lyophilization process. However, keeping these parameters constant process throughout the step reduces efficiency and increases the cost.
[0097] It may be desirable to reduce the duration, and therefore the expense, of the primary drying step. PCT Publication No. W02008042408 (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) discloses general lyophilization and cycle optimization methods that are useful in the present invention and are described herein.
[0098] According to various embodiments set forth therein, the length of the primary drying step is reduced by adjusting the process parameters, such as shelf temperature and chamber pressure, to maintain the product temperature of the pharmaceutical substance at or just below the target temperature throughout the primary drying step. The product temperature of a pharmaceutical substance refers to the temperature of the pharmaceutical substance at any given time point during lyophilization, often measured at the bottom of the vial in pilot- or laboratory-scale lyophilizers. The target temperature of a pharmaceutical substance refers to the desired temperature of the pharmaceutical substance at any given time point during lyophilization and is typically about 2-3℃ below the collapse temperature.
[0099] The “collapse temperature” of a pharmaceutical substance refers to the temperature during freezing resulting in the collapse of the structural integrity of the pharmaceutical substance.
[0100] The relationship between heat and mass balance during the primary drying step is described by the following equation:
[0101] where:
[0102] Kv = vial heat transfer coefficient;
[0103] Tshelf = shelf temperature (typically inlet temperature of heat transfer liquid) ;
[0104] Tproduct = product temperature (typically measured just above the vial bottom) ;
[0105] ΔHs = specific heat of sublimation;
[0106] Sout = external surface area of vial;
[0107] Sin = internal surface area of vial;
[0108] Psubi = pressure of water vapor over sublimation surface;
[0109] Pchamber = chamber pressure; and
[0110] R (h) i = dry cake resistance at dry layer height (h) i.
[0111] During the primary drying step, the specific heat of sublimation (ΔHs) , the external surface of the vial (Sout) , the internal surface of the vial (Sin) , and the vial heat transfer coefficient (Kv) remain relatively constant. However, as water is removed from the pharmaceutical substance and as the sublimation front moves gradually from the top of the vial to the bottom of the vial, the total cake resistance gradually increases due to the development of a dry layer within the material. Cake resistance is the resistance of dry porous material to the flow of water vapor generated during sublimation. In general, cake resistance depends on the concentration of solids in the material and the nature of the material undergoing lyophilization. Cake resistance increases as the concentration of solids in the material increases.
[0112] However, the solids concentration is not the only factor affecting cake resistance. Materials subject to lyophilization, including, for example, biological agents (e.g., proteins, peptides and nucleic acids) and pharmaceutical agents (e.g., small molecules) , often include bulking agents, stabilizers, buffers and other product formulation components in addition to a solvent.
[0113] Exemplary bulking agents include sucrose, glycine, sodium chloride, lactose and mannitol.
[0114] Exemplary stabilizers include sucrose, trehalose, arginine and sorbitol.
[0115] Exemplary buffers include tris, histidine, citrate, acetate, phosphate and succinate.
[0116] Exemplary additional formulation components include antioxidants, metal scavengers, surface active agents and tonicity components.
[0117] Formulation components can affect the cake resistance of a material and, therefore, the process parameters necessary to efficiently lyophilize a selected material.
[0118] Exemplary solvents include water, organic solvents and inorganic solvents.
[0119] An exemplary material, a 5% sucrose solution, has a lower relative cake resistance than a mannitol-sucrose solution having the same solids concentration. Sucrose is susceptible to partial collapse at temperatures close to -32℃, resulting in the formation of larger pores and, therefore, less resistance to water vapor flow. This may account for the relatively small cake resistance of a 5% sucrose solution as compared to a mannitol-based formulation. As a result, the product temperature of a 5% sucrose solution does not increase more than 5℃ during the primary drying step of lyophilization.
[0120] In the case of the exemplary 5℃ increase in product temperature, the increased complexity of modifying the shelf temperature and / or the chamber pressure of the lyophilizer may outweigh the benefits of decreasing the duration of the primary drying step. Therefore, the process parameters of constant shelf temperature and constant chamber pressure are reasonable for this material. When drying time is critical, adjustment of the shelf temperature and the pressure to optimize duration of cycle is possible.
[0121] In practice, a 5℃ increase in product temperature during the primary drying step of lyophilization is exemplary of a reasonable rise in temperature. Therefore, in the case of a 5% sucrose solution, for example, it is not necessary to change the shelf temperature and / or chamber pressure process parameters during the primary drying step of lyophilization. Similarly, it is not necessary to change the shelf temperature and / or chamber pressure process parameters during the primary drying stage of similar materials with similarly low pharmaceutical substance concentration and relatively small, for example less than 5%, solids concentration. However, as the solids concentration in a material increases, for example, as the pharmaceutical substance concentration increases, the cake resistance of the material also increases. A higher solids concentration also results in a greater increase in product temperature during a primary drying step wherein the shelf temperature and the chamber pressure remain constant.
[0122] The product temperature of the exemplary material can be maintained below the target temperature of -20℃ during the primary drying step of lyophilization by setting the shelf temperature and / or the chamber pressure process parameters to constant, but relatively lower, values. Constant process parameters of shelf temperature and chamber pressure can be calculated using Equation 1 such that the product temperature never exceeds the target temperature at the end of the primary drying step. Although selecting a constant shelf temperature and a constant chamber pressure for lyophilization of certain materials is a safe and simple solution from a manufacturing perspective, this method results in a very long and therefore very expensive primary drying step.
[0123] Analysis of Equation 1 suggests, however, that maintaining a constant shelf temperature and a constant chamber pressure is not the most economical method of conducting the primary drying step for certain materials. Alternatively, either and / or both of the process parameters of shelf temperature and chamber pressure can be modified during the course of the primary drying step to maintain an optimal product temperature of a material during the primary drying step.
[0124] A mathematical model can be constructed based on Equation 1. An exemplary mathematical model describes the relationship between the process parameters of chamber pressure and shelf temperature, the dry product cake resistance, the vial heat transfer coefficient, and the product temperature. The mathematical model can be utilized to calculate a product temperature profile for a selected material. First, the mathematical model can be used to estimate the product temperature of a specific material with known product properties at each time point measurement of the process parameters during the primary drying step. Following estimation of the product temperature, the sublimation rate at each time point of the primary drying step can be calculated using the mathematical model and plotted as a function of time. The total sublimated mass of water at each point of the process can be estimated by integrating the sublimation rate profile until the calculated value of sublimated water reaches the total water content of the material. The optimal product temperature profile can be maintained throughout the course of the primary drying step for a specific material by manipulating the process parameters of shelf temperature and / or chamber pressure during the primary drying step.
[0125] According to a preferred embodiment, the mathematical model based on Equation 1 described above is used to calculate a product temperature profile for a selected material. Any mathematical model which sufficiently describes the product temperature profile during the primary drying step can be used to generate the designed primary drying cycle. A preferred mathematical model calculates a product temperature profile within 1℃ of the actual product temperature and at or within 2℃ below the target temperature of the material during the course of the primary drying step.
[0126] The product temperature profile obtained in the laboratory, pilot or commercial primary drying cycle is used to generate a designed primary drying cycle (based on calculated cake resistance and vial heat transfer coefficients) wherein the product temperature of the material is maintained at a substantially constant temperature and at or just below the target temperature of the selected material during the course of the primary drying step. According to a preferred embodiment, the designed primary drying cycle maintains the product temperature of the material within about 1℃ of the target temperature during the course of the primary drying step. According to another embodiment, the designed primary drying cycle maintains the product temperature of a material with a low collapse temperature, for example, a collapse temperature of about -30℃, within about 5℃ of the target temperature. Exemplary material with a low collapse temperature is sucrose. According to another embodiment, the designed primary drying cycle maintains the product temperature of a material with a relatively higher collapse temperature, for example, a collapse temperature of about -5℃ to -20℃, within about 15℃ of the target temperature.
[0127] The target product temperature is also described as the critical temperature of the material, a temperature normally about 2-3℃ below the collapse temperature of the material. The critical temperature of a material is the temperature above which material degrades much more quickly as compared to normal temperature (blow critical) . Depending on the material, the critical temperature of a material can be the same as the collapse temperature of the material. Maintaining the material at or just below the target temperature of the material results in the shortest and most efficient primary drying step.
[0128] According to one embodiment, the product temperature is maintained at or just below the target temperature of the material by first increasing the shelf temperature to the maximum allowed temperature of the lyophilizer. According to one exemplary embodiment, the maximum allowed temperature of the lyophilizer is in the range of about -30℃ to 60℃, preferably about 0℃ to 60℃, and most preferably about 20℃ to 60℃.
[0129] At the initiation of the primary drying step, cake resistance is not a significant factor in the efficiency of the primary drying rate or sublimation rate; the product temperature is relatively low; and the product temperature depends, for the most part, on chamber pressure. As water is removed from the material, the product dry layer begins to form. When product dry layer begins to form, the product temperature begins to gradually increase until the product temperature reaches the target temperature of the material. At the point when the material reaches its target temperature, either the shelf temperature or the chamber pressure or both process parameters are simultaneously adjusted to maintain the material at a temperature at or just below the target temperature of the material.
[0130] Continuing for the remainder of the primary drying step, the shelf temperature and the chamber pressure are monitored and, optionally and when necessary, adjusted or modified to maintain the product temperature at or just below the target temperature of the material. It is understood that the terms adjust or modify, when applied to a process parameter, contemplate increasing the value of the parameter and / or decreasing the value of the parameter.
[0131] Due to sterility requirements and the automation of load and unload processes in commercial biological and pharmaceutical material lyophilization facilities, it is not practical yet to introduce in-time product temperature sensors into modern commercial-scale lyophilizers. Therefore, it is not widely acceptable in modern manufacturing to measure product temperature at commercial scale and, in response, modify the shelf temperature and / or chamber pressure to maintain an optimal product temperature profile. However, the mathematical model can be used to calculate and / or to validate a designed primary drying cycle for a specific material. A commercial-scale or pilot-scale lyophilizer then can be programmed according to the designed primary drying cycle to modify the shelf temperature and / or the chamber pressure by a predetermined change in value at one or more predetermined time points in the primary drying cycle to optimize the primary drying step for the selected material.
[0132] During the primary drying cycle, three programmed parameters - shelf temperature, chamber pressure and time yield the resulting product temperature profile. These programmed parameters also affect lyophilizer performance, including the rate of sublimation and the rate and efficiency of heat transfer from the shelf to the vial. The optimal process parameters can be measured and / or calculated using a laboratory-scale lyophilizer with an in-time product temperature sensor to create a designed primary drying cycle for pilot-scale or commercial-scale lyophilization of a selected material.
[0133] According to one embodiment, prior to generating in-time process parameter measurements, product properties of the selected material can be defined. Exemplary product properties include product water content, liquid product density, frozen product density, and product cake resistance as a function of dry product height. Vial properties also can be defined. Exemplary vial properties include vial filling volume, vial geometry, and vial heat transfer coefficients as a function of pressure. Lyophilization chamber properties also can be defined. Exemplary lyophilization chamber properties include the heat radiation from the lyophilizer walls or door to the product, also known as edge effect.
[0134] Knowing some or all of the above-identified product, vial and / or chamber properties, additional lyophilization process properties can be calculated using equations known to one of skill in the art. Exemplary additional properties that can be calculated include the heat flux through the layer of frozen material at any given time, the total heat flux for sublimation, the sublimation rate for an individual vial, the sublimation rate as a function of the primary drying time, pressure over the sublimation surface, the temperature of the sublimation surface at various time points in the cycle, the amount of sublimated ice at various time points in the cycle, the thickness of the frozen layer at the beginning of primary drying and at various additional time points in the cycle (also described as the cake height) , and the total sublimation cycle time.
[0135] In certain embodiments, a designed primary drying cycle is created by measuring the process parameters and product properties of a selected material using an in-time product temperature sensor in a laboratory-scale lyophilizer over the course of at least one primary drying cycle followed by optimization of the process parameters according to the mathematical model described in greater detail above. The primary drying cycle is optimized when the product temperature of the material is maintained at or just below, within about 1℃ of the target temperature of the material during the primary drying step.
[0136] Using the mathematical model, an estimation is created of the product temperature profile for the subsequent cycles as a function of the process parameters and product properties throughout the course of the entire primary drying step for the selected material. Using the product temperature profile estimation and known characteristics of the pilot-scale or commercial-scale lyophilizer, including vial heat transfer coefficient and edge effect, a primary drying cycle can be designed for a pilot-scale or commercial-scale lyophilizer for efficiently lyophilizing a selected material.
[0137] According to one embodiment, the chamber pressure of a lyophilizer is adjusted to known values of pressure during the course of at least one primary drying cycle and a product temperature profile is created by optimizing an appropriate and optionally adjustable shelf temperature using the mathematical model. According to another embodiment, the shelf temperature of a lyophilizer is adjusted to known values of temperature during the course of at least one primary drying cycle and a product temperature profile is created by optimizing an appropriate and optionally adjustable chamber pressure using the mathematical model. According to a further embodiment, a product temperature profile is created by optimizing an appropriate and optionally adjustable chamber pressure and shelf temperature using the mathematical model wherein only the product properties of the material and the vial are known.
[0138] Vial heat transfer coefficients are calculated from the weight loss during sublimation during a short period of time. Vial heat transfer coefficients can be calculated using the following equation:
[0139] Where
[0140] Kv = heat transfer coefficient from heat transfer fluid to product in vial;
[0141] ΔHs = heat of ice sublimation;
[0142] (mice) vial = amount of ice in the vial;
[0143] Sout = surface area of the bottom of the vial;
[0144] ΔTi = actual temperature gradient between product and shelf at the i-time point; and
[0145] ti = any given (recorded) time point during sublimation of ice.
[0146] According to one exemplary lyophilizer, vial heat transfer coefficients as a function of chamber pressure were measured for three sizes of commonly used tubing vials, both as vials in the center of the pilot-scale lyophilizer and as vials at the edge of the lyophilizer. In all cases in the exemplary trials, the heat transfer coefficients in the commercial-scale pilot lyophilizers were lower than the heat transfer coefficients measured in the laboratory-scale lyophilizers.
[0147] An exemplary designed primary drying cycle was created by inputting measured values into the mathematical model based on Equation 1.
[0148] The predicted product temperature profile based on the designed primary drying cycle in the commercial-scale pilot lyophilizer was in agreement with the measured product temperature values during laboratory-scale lyophilization of the same selected material, validating the designed primary drying cycle.
[0149] According to one embodiment, the designed primary drying cycle modifies shelf temperature at least once during the course of the primary drying step. According to another embodiment, the designed primary drying cycle modifies chamber pressure at least once during the course of the primary drying step. According to a further embodiment, the designed primary drying cycle modifies each of the shelf temperature and the chamber pressure at least once during the course of the primary drying step. In another aspect, the invention is a commercial-scale lyophilizer, a pilot-scale lyophilizer, or a laboratory-scale lyophilizer programmed to perform a designed primary drying cycle for a selected material.
[0150] According to one embodiment of the programmed lyophilizer, the lyophilizer is programmed to modify the shelf temperature at least once during the primary drying step. According to another embodiment, the lyophilizer is programmed to modify the chamber pressure at least once during the primary drying step. According to a further embodiment, the lyophilizer is programmed to modify each of the shelf temperature and the chamber pressure at least once during the primary drying step.
[0151] 3. Lyophilization Above Collapse Temperature
[0152] The collapse temperature is the product temperature during freeze-drying above which product cake begins to lose its original structure. Above the collapse temperature, a product could experience slow sporadic bubbling, swelling, foaming, cavitation, fenestration, gross collapse, retraction and beading that may have consequences on the appearance of the product. As a result, it is thought that collapse results in poor product stability, long drying times (due to pore’s collapse) , uneven drying and loss of texture (Bellows et al., Cryobiology 9: 559-61, 1972) .
[0153] The present invention provides highly efficient and cost-effective lyophilization methods.
[0154] Lyophilization, also known as freeze-drying, is often used to store pharmaceutical drug products (or pharmaceutical substances) because chemical and physical degradation rates of the drug products may be significantly reduced in the dried state, allowing for longer product shelf life. However, lyophilization typically adds significantly to the cost of drug manufacturing. This cost can be minimized by developing a cycle that consumes the least amount of time without jeopardizing product quality or stability. For example, increasing product temperature by 1℃ during lyophilization could result in 13% decrease of primary drying time. See Pikal et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutics 62: 165-186, 1990.
[0155] In certain embodiments, the product temperature is maintained below its collapse temperature (Tc) during primary drying in order to keep intact microscopic structure of solid materials present in the frozen solution. It is this structure that makes up the freeze-dried cake with a relatively high surface area, allowing low residual moisture and rapid reconstitution after freeze-drying.
[0156] As used herein, the term “collapse temperature (Tc) ” refers to a temperature (e.g., product temperature) during freeze-drying at or above which the collapse occurs.
[0157] As used herein, the term “collapse” refers to loss of an intact structure or change of the original structure of lyophilized cake. In some embodiments, collapse includes loss of a microscopic structure (also referred to as micro-collapse) . In some embodiments, micro-collapse is visually undetectable. In some embodiments, micro-collapse refers to loss of less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1 %, 0.05%, or 0.01%) of the original intact structure (e.g., a lyophilized cake structure) . In some embodiments, the temperature at or above which the micro-collapse occurs is referred to as the micro-collapse temperature. In some embodiments, collapse includes loss of gross structures (also referred to as gross collapse or macro-collapse) . In some embodiments, the temperature at or above which the gross collapse occurs is referred to as the gross collapse temperature (or macro-collapse temperature) . Typically, gross collapse or macro-collapse results in visually detectable collapse in the lyophilized product.
[0158] As used herein, the terms “gross collapse, ” “macro-collapse, ” and “visually detectable collapse” are used interchangeably. In some embodiments, gross collapse, macro-collapse or visually detectable collapse refers to loss of at least 0.1% (e.g., at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) of the original intact structure (e.g., a lyophilized cake structure) .
[0159] In some embodiments, the temperature at which collapse occurs may not be discreet. Instead, collapse may be a gradual process that takes place over a temperature range with the intact cake structure progressively disappearing over the temperature range. Typically, the initial change or loss of the intact structure during the lyophilization process is considered the onset of the collapse. The temperature at which this initial change was observed is typically referred to as the onset collapse temperature. The temperature at which the loss of the structure or the structure change appeared to be complete throughout the cake is referred to as the collapse complete temperature.
[0160] Collapse in the product during lyophilization may be detected by various instruments including, but not limited to, product temperature measurement devices, freeze-drying microscopy or instruments detecting electrical resistance. Collapse in lyophilized products (e.g., cake) may be detected manually by visual inspection, residual moisture, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) , BET surface area. In certain embodiments, collapse (and thus Tc) in lyophilized products (e.g., cake) may be detected by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) .
[0161] Collapse phenomenon is sensitive to the nature of the materials involved. For example, sucrose dominated formulations are very sensitive to collapse especially if they also contain small molecular species such as salts and buffers (Shalaev et al., Pharmaceutical Research 19 (2) : 195-201, 2002) . In these formulations, collapse usually occurs at temperature close to the mid-point of glass transition. The viscosity of amorphous sucrose- salt-buffer systems is very low resulting in massive collapse of structure when product temperature exceeds this critical temperature during primary drying. Thus, traditionally, lyophilization is carried out under Tg’ whenever possible. When product concentration increases, it changes the structural resistance of cake to collapse.
[0162] The present invention may be utilized to lyophilize liquid formulations containing various product concentrations. In some embodiments, the present invention is particularly useful to lyophilize liquid formulations containing pharmaceutical substances at high concentrations.
[0163] For example, liquid formulations suitable for the present invention may contain a pharmaceutical substance of interest (e.g., mRNA-loaded LNP) at a concentration of at least about 0.1mg / mL, at least about 1 mg / ml, at least about 10 mg / ml, at least about 20 mg / ml, at least about 30 mg / ml, at least about 40 mg / ml, at least about 50 mg / ml, at least about 75 mg / ml, at least about 100 mg / ml, at least about 150 mg / ml, at least about 200 mg / ml, at least about 250 mg / ml, at least about 300 mg / ml, at least about 400 mg / ml.
[0164] In some embodiments, liquid formulations suitable for the present invention may contain a pharmaceutical substance of interest (e.g., mRNA-loaded LNP) at a concentration less than 1 mg / ml, or in the range of about 1 mg / ml to 400 mg / ml (e.g., about 1 mg / ml to 50 mg / ml, 1 mg / ml to 60 mg / ml, 1 mg / ml to 70 mg / ml, 1 mg / ml to 80 mg / ml, 1 mg / ml to 90 mg / ml, 1 mg / ml to 100 mg / ml, 100 mg / ml to 150 mg / ml, 100 mg / ml to 200 mg / ml, 100 mg / ml to 250 mg / ml, or 100 mg / ml to 300 mg / ml, or 100 mg / ml to 400 mg / ml) .
[0165] In some embodiments, a suitable formulation contains one or more stabilizing agents (e.g., sucrose, mannose, sorbitol, raffinose, trehalose, glycine, mannitol, sodium chloride, arginine, lactose, hydroxyethyl starch, dextran or polyvinylpyrolidone) .
[0166] In some embodiments, the ratio of the mass amount of the stabilizing agent and the pharmaceutical substance (e.g., mRNA-loaded LNP) is no greater than 1000 (e.g., no greater than 500, no greater than 250, no greater than 100, no greater than 50, no greater than 10, no greater than 1 , no greater than 0.5, no greater than 0.1 ) .
[0167] In some embodiments, suitable liquid formulations further include one or more bulking agents such as sodium chloride, lactose, mannitol, glycine, sucrose, trehalose and hydroxyethyl starch. In some embodiments, suitable liquid formulations contain buffering agents such as tris, histidine, citrate, acetate, phosphate and succinate.
[0168] In some embodiments, liquid formulations suitable for the present invention contain amorphous materials. In some embodiments, liquid formulations suitable for the present invention contain a substantial number of amorphous materials (e.g., sucrose-based formulations) . In some embodiments, liquid formulations suitable for the present invention contain partly crystalline / partly amorphous materials.
[0169] Lyophilized products in accordance with the present invention can be assessed based on product quality analysis, reconstitution time, quality of reconstitution, high molecular weight, moisture, glass transition temperature, and biological or biochemical activity. Typically, assays for product quality analysis, including product degradation rate analysis, include, but are not limited to, size exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) , cation exchange- HPLC (CEX-HPLC) , X-ray diffraction (XRD) , modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) , reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) , multi-angle light scattering detector (MALS) , fluorescence, ultraviolet absorption, nephelometry, capillary electrophoresis (CE) , SDS- PAGE, and combinations thereof.
[0170] In some embodiments, evaluation of lyophilized does not include a step of evaluating cake appearance.
[0171] Additionally, lyophilized product may be assessed based on biological or biochemical activities of the product, typically, after reconstitution.
[0172] Methods in accordance with the present invention can be utilized to lyophilize any materials, in particular, pharmaceutical substances (e.g., mRNA-loaded LNP) .
[0173] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical substances” refers to any compounds or entities that alter, inhibit, activate, or otherwise affect biological or chemical events in vivo or in vitro. For example, pharmaceutical substances may include, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids (e.g., RNAs, DNAs, or RNA / DNA hybrids, aptamers) , chemical compounds, polysaccharides, small molecules, drug substances, natural products, immunogens, vaccines, carbohydrates, and / or other products.
[0174] The quality of lyophilized vaccine components can be assessed and determined by their ability to form a conjugate vaccine. For example, the quality of lyophilized polysaccharides can be determined by their ability to couple or conjugate to a carrier protein. Similarly, the quality of lyophilized carrier proteins can be determined by their ability to couple or conjugate to a polysaccharide. Various methods are known in the art to conjugate a polysaccharide to a carrier protein and the conjugation efficiency can be determined by various analytical methods including, but not limited to, percentage free protein, percentage free polysaccharide, molecular size distribution, saccharide-to- protein ratio ( “SPR” ) and yield rate. Exemplary methods for determining conjugation efficiency are described in the Examples.
[0175] Additional pharmaceutical substances may include, but are not limited to, anti-AIDS substances, anti-cancer substances, antibiotics, immunosuppressants, anti-viral substances, enzyme inhibitors, neurotoxins, opioids, hypnotics, anti-histamines, lubricants, tranquilizers, anti-convulsants, muscle relaxants and anti-Parkinson substances, antispasmodics and muscle contractants including channel blockers, miotics and anticholinergics, anti-glaucoma compounds, anti-parasite and / or anti-protozoal compounds, modulators of cell-extracellular matrix interactions including cell growth inhibitors and anti- adhesion molecules, vasodilating agents, inhibitors of DNA, RNA or protein synthesis, antihypertensives, analgesics, anti-pyretics, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anti-angiogenic factors, anti-secretory factors, anticoagulants and / or antithrombotic agents, local anesthetics, ophthalmics, prostaglandins, anti-depressants, anti-psychotic substances, anti-emetics, and imaging agents.
[0176] A more complete listing of pharmaceutical substances and specific drugs suitable for use in the present invention may be found in “Pharmaceutical Substances: Syntheses, Patents, Applications” by Axel Kleemann and Jurgen Engel, Thieme Medical Publishing, 1999; the “Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, ” Edited by Susan Budavari et al., CRC Press, 1996, and the United States Pharmacopeia-25 / National Formulary-20, published by the United States Pharmcopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville Md., 2001 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0177] Lyophilization may be performed in a container, such as a tube, a bag, a bottle, a tray, a vial (e.g., a glass vial) , syringe or any other suitable containers or as a bulk in case of spray freeze-drying. As opposed to vial / container freeze-drying when solution is filled into mentioned above containers and freeze-dried under vacuum, in spray freeze-drying solution is spayed into the cold (below -100℃) column to form frozen pellets which are dried as a bulk. In spray freeze-drying process dry pellets then filled into any type of container. The containers may be disposable. Controlled freeze and / or thaw may also be performed on a large scale or small scale. Inventive methods in accordance with the present invention can be carried out using various lyophilizers, such as, commercial-scale lyophilizers, pilot-scale lyophilizers, or laboratory-scale lyophilizers.
[0178] 4. Lyophilized Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs)
[0179] The present disclosure provides, among other aspects, methods of stabilizing a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) , polyplex and lipoplex formulations upon application of stress, before or when the stress is applied. In some embodiments, the stress includes any stress applied to the formulation when producing, purifying, packing, storing, transporting and using the formulation, such as heat, shear, excessive agitation, membrane concentration polarization (change in charge state) , dehydration, freezing stress, drying stress, freeze / thaw stress, nebulization stress, etc. For example, the stress can cause one or more undesired property changes to the formulation, such as an increased amount of impurities, of sub-visible particles, or both, an increase in LNP size, a decrease in encapsulation efficiency, in therapeutic efficacy, or both, and a decrease in tolerability (e.g., an increase in immunogenicity) .
[0180] In some embodiments, the stress applied is from freezing or lyophilizing a LNP formulation. Accordingly, the disclosure also features a method of freezing or lyophilizing a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation, comprising freezing or lyophilizing a first LNP formulation in the presence of a cryoprotectant to obtain a second LNP formulation. For example, the second LNP formulation has substantially no increase in LNP mean size as compared to the first LNP formulation. For example, the second LNP formulation has an increase in LNP mean size of about 20% or less (e.g., about 15%, about 10%, about 5% or less) as compared to the first LNP formulation. For example, the second LNP formulation has substantially no increase in polydispersity index as compared to the first LNP formulation.
[0181] For example, the second LNP formulation has an increase in polydispersity index of about 20% or less (e.g., about 15%, about 10%, about 5% or less) as compared to the first LNP formulation. In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method of producing a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation such that the method can influence and / or dictate physical (e.g., LNP stability) , chemical (e.g., nucleic acid stability) , and / or biological (e.g. efficacy, intracellular delivery, immunogenicity) properties of the LNP formulation.
[0182] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure mitigates an undesired property change from the produced lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation. In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure mitigates an undesired property change from the produced lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation as compared to the LNP formulation produced by a comparable method (e.g., a method without one or more of the steps as disclosed herein) .
[0183] In some embodiments, the undesired property change is caused by stress upon the LNP formulation or the LNP therein. In some embodiments, the stress is induced during producing, purifying, packing, storing, transporting, and / or using the LNP formulation. In some embodiments, the stress is heat, shear, excessive agitation, membrane concentration polarization (change in charge state) , dehydration, freezing stress, drying stress, stress due to crystallization of excipients during freezing, drying or storage, freeze / thaw stress, and / or nebulization stress. In some embodiments, the stress is induced during freezing or lyophilizing a LNP formulation.
[0184] In some embodiments, the undesired property change is a reduction of the physical stability of the LNP formulation. In some embodiments, the undesired property change is an increase of the number of impurities and / or sub-visible particles, or an increase in the average size of the LNP in the LNP formulation.
[0185] In some embodiments, the undesired property change is a reduction of the physical stability of the LNP formulation. In some embodiments, the undesired property change is an increase of the number of impurities and / or sub-visible particles, or an increase in the average size of the LNP in the LNP formulation.
[0186] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure mitigates a reduction of the physical stability (e.g., an increase in the average size of the LNP) from the produced LNP formulation as compared to the LNP formulation produced by a comparable method as disclosed herein.
[0187] In some embodiments, the LNP formulation produced by the method of the present disclosure has an average LNP diameter being about 99% or less, about 98% or less, about 97% or less, about 96% or less, about 95% or less, about 90% or less, about 85% or less, about 80% or less, about 75% or less, about 70% or less, about 65% or less, about 60% or less, about 55% or less, about 50% or less, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, or about 10% or less as compared to the average LNP diameter of the LNP formulation produced by a comparable method as disclosed herein.
[0188] In some embodiments, the undesired property change is a reduction of the chemical stability of the LNP formulation. In some embodiments, the undesired property change is a reduction of the integrity of the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA (e.g., mRNA) ) in the LNP formulation.
[0189] In some embodiments, the undesired property change is a reduction of the biological property of the LNP formulation. In some embodiments, the undesired property change is a reduction of efficacy, intracellular delivery, and / or immunogenicity of the LNP formulation.
[0190] In some embodiments, the LNP formulation produced by the method of the present disclosure has an efficacy, intracellular delivery, and / or immunogenicity being higher than the efficacy, intracellular delivery, and / or immunogenicity of the LNP formulation produced by a comparable control method as disclosed herein.
[0191] In some embodiments, the LNP formulation produced by the method of the present disclosure has an efficacy, intracellular delivery, and / or immunogenicity being higher than the efficacy, intracellular delivery, and / or immunogenicity of the LNP formulation produced by a comparable method by about 5% or higher, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 1 folds or more, about 2 folds or more, about 3 folds or more, about 4 folds or more, about 5 folds or more, about 10 folds or more, about 20 folds or more, about 30 folds or more, about 40 folds or more, about 50 folds or more, about 100 folds or more, about 200 folds or more, about 300 folds or more, about 400 folds or more, about 500 folds or more, about 1000 folds or more, about 2000 folds or more, about 3000 folds or more, about 4000 folds or more, about 5000 folds or more, or about 10000 folds or more.
[0192] In some embodiments, the LNP formulation produced by the method of the present disclosure exhibits a nucleic acid expression (e.g., the mRNA expression) higher than the nucleic acid expression (e.g., the mRNA expression) of the LNP formulation produced by a comparable method.
[0193] 5. Methods of Producing Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) Formulations
[0194] In some embodiments, the LNP formulation produced by the method of the present disclosure exhibits a nucleic acid expression (e.g., the mRNA expression) higher than the nucleic acid expression (e.g., the mRNA expression) of the LNP formulation produced by a comparable method by about 5% or higher, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 1 folds or more, about 2 folds or more, about 3 folds or more, about 4 folds or more, about 5 folds or more, about 10 folds or more, about 20 folds or more, about 30 folds or more, about 40 folds or more, about 50 folds or more, about 100 folds or more, about 200 folds or more, about 300 folds or more, about 400 folds or more, about 500 folds or more, about 1000 folds or more, about 2000 folds or more, about 3000 folds or more, about 4000 folds or more, about 5000 folds or more, or about 10000 folds or more.
[0195] In some respects, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation, comprising: (i) providing a LNP suspension comprising a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) , wherein the LNP comprises a nucleic acid and an ionizable lipid; and (ii) processing the LNP suspension, thereby forming the LNP formulation.
[0196] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) composition, the method comprising: (i) mixing an aqueous buffer solution and an organic solution, thereby forming a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation comprising a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulating a nucleic acid; and (ii) processing the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation, thereby forming the lipid nanoparticle composition; wherein the organic solution comprises an organic solvent-soluble nucleic acid and an ionizable lipid in an organic solvent.
[0197] Typical lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formation procedures involve the controlled mixing of hydrophobic lipid components dissolved in an organic solvent such as ethanol with an aqueous buffer solution containing the oligonucleotide to be loaded into the resulting particle. Due to the complexity of mixing, and the various ionic interactions necessary to successfully entrap the oligonucleotide in the particle core, there are a large number of variables at play throughout the particle forming process which can impact the quality, stability, and function of the resultant particle.
[0198] In some embodiments, the method includes steps to purify, pH adjusts, buffer exchange, and / or concentrate LNPs. For example, the method may include: filtering the LNP suspension. In some embodiments, the filtration removes an organic solvent (e.g., an alcohol or ethanol) from the LNP suspension. In some embodiments, the processing comprises tangential flow filtration (TFF) . In some embodiments, upon removal of the organic solvent (e.g. an alcohol or ethanol) , the LNP suspension is converted to a solution buffered at a neutral pH, pH 6.5 to 7.8, pH 6.8 to pH 7.5, preferably, pH 7.0 to pH 7.4 (e.g., a phosphate or HEPES buffer) . In some embodiments, the resulting LNP suspension is preferably sterilized before storage or use, e.g., by filtration (e.g., through a 0.1-0.45 μm filter) .
[0199] In some embodiments, the cryoprotectant is added to the LNP suspension prior to the lyophilization. In some embodiments, the cryoprotectant comprises one or more cryoprotective agents, and each of the one or more cryoprotective agents is independently a polyol (e.g., a diol or a triol such as propylene glycol (i.e., 1, 2-propanediol) , 1, 3-propanediol, glycerol, (+ / -) -2- methyl-2, 4-pentanediol, l, 6-hexanediol, 1, 2-butanediol, 2, 3-butanediol, ethylene glycol, or diethylene glycol) , a nondetergent sulfobetaine (e.g., NDSB-201 (3- (l- pyridino) -l-propane sulfonate) , an osmolyte (e.g., L-proline or trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate) , a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) , PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 1000, PEG 3350, PEG 4000, PEG 8000, PEG 10000, PEG 20000, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 550 (mPEG 550) , mPEG 600, mPEG 2000, mPEG 3350, mPEG 4000, mPEG 5000, polyvinylpyrrolidone (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone K 15) , pentaerythritol propoxylate, or polypropylene glycol P 400) , an organic solvent (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or ethanol) , a sugar (e.g., D- (+) -sucrose, D- sorbitol, trehalose, D- (+) -maltose monohydrate, meso-erythritol, xylitol, myo-inositol, D- (+) - raffinose pentahydrate, D- (+) -trehalose dihydrate, or D- (+) -glucose monohydrate) , or a salt (e.g., lithium acetate, lithium chloride, lithium formate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, magnesium acetate, sodium chloride, sodium formate, sodium malonate, sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, or any hydrate thereof) , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cryoprotectant comprises sucrose.
[0200] An exemplary general method for making lipid nanoparticles is as follows. To achieve size reduction and / or to increase the homogeneity of size in the particles, the skilled person may use the method steps set out below, experimenting with different combinations. Additionally, the skilled person could employ sonication, filtration or other sizing techniques which are used in liquid-based formulations, including suspensions.
[0201] The process for making a composition of the invention typically comprises providing an aqueous solution, such as citrate buffer, comprising a biologically active agent (e.g., a nucleic acid) in a first reservoir, providing a second reservoir comprising an organic solution, such as an organic alcohol, for example ethanol, of the lipid (s) and then mixing the aqueous solution with the organic lipid solution. The first reservoir is optionally in fluid communication with the second reservoir. The mixing step is optionally followed by an incubation step, a filtration or dialysis step, and a dilution and / or concentration step. The incubation step comprises allowing the solution from the mixing step to stand in a vessel for about 0 to about 100 hours (preferably about 0 to about 24 hours) at about room temperature and optionally protected from light. In one embodiment, a dilution step follows the incubation step. The dilution step may involve dilution with aqueous buffer (e.g. citrate buffer or pure water) e.g., using a pumping apparatus (e.g. a peristaltic pump) . The filtration step may include, for example, ultrafiltration or dialysis. Ultrafiltration comprises concentration of the diluted solution followed by diafiltration, e.g., using a suitable pumping system (e.g. pumping apparatus such as a peristaltic pump or equivalent thereof) in conjunction with a suitable ultrafiltration membrane (e.g. GE Hollow fiber cartridges or equivalent) . Dialysis comprises solvent (buffer) exchange through a suitable membrane (e.g. 10,000 mwco membrane) . In one embodiment, the mixing step provides a clear single phase. In one embodiment, after the mixing step, the organic solvent is removed to provide a suspension of particles, wherein the biologically active agent is encapsulated by the lipid (s) .
[0202] In one embodiment, the method includes: (a) introducing a first stream comprising an anionic macromolecules (e.g., polynucleic acid) in a first solvent into a microchannel; wherein the microchannel has a first region adapted for flowing one or more streams introduced into the microchannel and a second region for mixing the contents of the one or more streams; (b) introducing a second stream comprising transfection reagent composition in a second solvent in the microchannel to provide first and second streams flowing in the device, wherein the transfection reagent composition comprises an ionizable cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a sterol and a surfactant and wherein the first and second solvents are not the same; (c) flowing the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams from the first region of the microchannel into the second region of the microchannel; and (d) mixing of the contents of the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams flowing in the second region of the microchannel to provide a third stream comprising lipid nanoparticles with encapsulated anionic macromolecules.
[0203] The selection of an organic solvent will typically involve consideration of solvent polarity and the ease with which the solvent can be removed at the later stages of particle formation. The organic solvent, which is also used as a solubilizing agent, is preferably in an amount sufficient to provide a clear single-phase mixture of biologically active agents and lipids. The organic solvent may be selected from one or more (e.g. two) of chloroform, dichloromethane, diethylether, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, benzene, toluene, methanol, and other aliphatic alcohols (e.g. C1 to C8) such as ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, tert-butanol, iso-butanol, pentanol and hexanol. The mixing step can take place by any number of methods, e.g., by mechanical means such as an impinging jet mixer.
[0204] The methods used to remove the organic solvent will typically involve diafiltration or dialysis or evaporation at reduced pressures or blowing a stream of inert gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon) across the mixture.
[0205] In other embodiments, the method further comprises adding nonlipid polycations which are useful to effect the transformation of cells using the present compositions. Examples of suitable nonlipid polycations include, but are limited to, hexadimethrine bromide (sold under the brand name from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis., USA) or other salts of hexadimethrine. Other suitable polycations include, e.g., salts of poly-L-ornithine, poly-L-arginine, poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, polyallylamine and polyethyleneimine. In certain embodiments, the formation of the lipid nanoparticles can be carried out either in a mono-phase system (e.g. a Bligh and Dyer monophase or similar mixture of aqueous and organic solvents) or in a two-phase system with suitable mixing.
[0206] The lipid nanoparticle may be formed in a mono- or a bi-phase system. In a mono-phase system, the cationic lipid (s) and biologically active agent are each dissolved in a volume of the mono-phase mixture. Combining the two solutions provides a single mixture in which the complexes form. In a bi-phase system, the cationic lipids bind to the biologically active agent (which is present in the aqueous phase) , and “pull” it into the organic phase. In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticles are prepared by a method which comprises: (a) contacting the biologically active agent with a solution comprising noncationic lipids and a detergent to form a compound-lipid mixture; (b) contacting cationic lipids with the compound-lipid mixture to neutralize a portion of the negative charge of the biologically active agent and form a charge- neutralized mixture of biologically active agent and lipids; and (c) removing the detergent from the charge-neutralized mixture.
[0207] In one group of embodiments, the solution of neutral lipids and detergent is an aqueous solution. Contacting the biologically active agent with the solution of neutral lipids and detergent is typically accomplished by mixing together the first solution of the biologically active agent and a second solution of the lipids and detergent. Preferably, the biologically active agent solution is also a detergent solution. The amount of neutral lipids which is used in the present method are typically determined based on the amount of cationic lipid used, and is typically of from about 0.2 to 5 times the amount of cationic lipid, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2 times the amount of cationic lipid used.
[0208] The biologically active agent-lipid mixture thus formed is contacted with cationic lipids to neutralize a portion of the negative charge which is associated with the molecule of interest (or other polyanionic materials) present. The amount of cationic lipids used is typically 3-8-fold more than the calculated molar ratio of negative charge (phosphates) .
[0209] The methods used to remove detergent typically involve dialysis. When organic solvents are present, removal is typically accomplished by diafiltration or evaporation at reduced pressures or by blowing a stream of inert gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon) across the mixture.
[0210] 6. Lipid Nanoparticles
[0211] In an exemplary method, LNPs can be formed, for example, by a rapid process which entails micro-mixing the lipid components dissolved in ethanol with an aqueous solution using a confined volume mixing apparatus. The lipid solution contains one or more cationic lipids, one or more noncationic lipids (e.g., DSPC) , PEG-DMG, and optionally cholesterol, at specific molar ratios in ethanol. The aqueous solution may include a sodium citrate or sodium acetate buffered salt solution with pH in the range of 2-6, preferably 3.5-5.5. The two solutions are heated to a temperature in the range of 25℃-45℃, preferably 30℃-40℃, and then mixed in a confined volume mixer thereby instantly forming the LNP. When a confined volume T-mixer is used, the T-mixer may have an internal diameter (ID) range from 0.25 to 1 . 0 mm. The alcohol and aqueous solutions are delivered to the inlet of the T-mixer using programmable syringe pumps, and with a total flow rate from 10-600 mL / minute. The alcohol and aqueous solutions may be combined in the confined-volume mixer with a ratio in the range of 1 : 1 to 1 : 3 vol / vol. The combination of ethanol volume fraction, reagent solution flow rates and T-mixer tubing ID utilized at this mixing stage has the potential effect of controlling the particle size of the LNPs between 30 and 300 nm. The resulting LNP suspension is twice diluted into higher pH buffers in the range of 6-8 in a sequential, multi-stage in-line mixing process. For example, for the first dilution, the LNP suspension may be mixed with a buffered solution at a higher pH (pH 6-7.5) . The resulting LNP suspension is further mixed with a buffered solution at a higher pH, e.g., 6-8. This later buffered solution is at a temperature in the range of 15-40℃, targeting 16-25℃. The mixed LNPs are held from 30 minutes to 2 hours prior to an anion exchange filtration step. After incubation, the LNP suspension may be filtered. The LNPs may be concentrated and diafiltered via an ultrafiltration process where the alcohol is removed, and the buffer is exchanged for the final buffer solution such as phosphate buffered saline or a buffer system suitable for cryopreservation (for example containing sucrose, trehalose or combinations thereof) .
[0212] The ultrafiltration process uses a tangential flow filtration format (TFF) . This process may use a membrane nominal molecular weight cutoff range from 30-500 KD, targeting 100 KD. The membrane format can be hollow fiber or flat sheet cassette. The TFF processes with the proper molecular weight cutoff retain the LNP in the retentate and the filtrate or permeate contains the alcohol and final buffer wastes.
[0213] In one embodiment, the TFF process is a multiple step process with an initial concentration to a lipid concentration of 20-30 mg / mL. Following concentration, the LNP suspension is diafiltered against the final buffer (for example, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with pH 7-8, 10 mM Tris, 140 mM NaCI with pH 7-8, or 10 mM Tris, 70 mM NaCI, 5 wt% sucrose, with pH 7-8) for 5-20 volumes to remove the alcohol and perform buffer exchange. The material is then concentrated an additional 1-3-fold via ultrafiltration. The final steps of the LNP manufacturing process are to sterile filter the concentrated LNP suspension into a suitable container under aseptic conditions. Following filtration, the vialed LNP product is stored under suitable storage conditions (2℃-8℃, or -20℃, or <=-60℃ if frozen formulation) .
[0214] Lipid nanoparticles may include a lipid component and one or more additional components, such as therapeutic and / or prophylactic. A LNP may be designed for one or more specific applications or targets. The elements of a LNP may be selected based on a particular application or target, and / or based on the efficacy, toxicity, expense, ease of use, availability, or other features of one or more elements. Similarly, one particular formulation of LNP may be selected for a particular application or target according to, for example, the efficacy and toxicity of particular combinations of elements. The efficacy and tolerability of LNP formulation may be affected by the stability of the formulation.
[0215] Lipid nanoparticles may be designed for one or more specific applications or targets. For example, an LNP may be designed to deliver a therapeutic and / or prophylactic such as an RNA to a particular cell, tissue, organ, or system or group thereof in a mammal’s body.
[0216] Physiochemical properties of lipid nanoparticles may be altered in order to increase selectivity for particular bodily targets. For instance, particle sizes may be adjusted based on the fenestration sizes of different organs. The therapeutic and / or prophylactic included in a LNP may also be selected based on the desired delivery target or targets. For example, a therapeutic and / or prophylactic may be selected for a particular indication, condition, disease, or disorder and / or for delivery to a particular cell, tissue, organ, or system or group thereof (e.g., localized or specific delivery) . In certain embodiments, an LNP may include an mRNA encoding a polypeptide of interest capable of being translated within a cell to produce the polypeptide of interest. Such a composition may be designed to be specifically delivered to a particular organ. In some embodiments, a composition may be designed to be specifically delivered to a mammalian liver. In some embodiments, a composition may be designed to be specifically delivered to a lymph node. In some embodiments, a composition may be designed to be specifically delivered to a mammalian spleen.
[0217] A LNP may include one or more components described herein. In some embodiments, the LNP formulation of the disclosure includes at least one lipid nanoparticle component. Lipid nanoparticles may include a lipid component and one or more additional components, such as a therapeutic and / or prophylactic, such as a nucleic acid. A LNP may be designed for one or more specific applications or targets. The elements of a LNP may be selected based on a particular application or target, and / or based on the efficacy, toxicity, expense, ease of use, availability, or other features of one or more elements. Similarly, one particular formulation of LNP may be selected for a particular application or target according to, for example, the efficacy and toxicity of particular combination of elements. The efficacy and tolerability of a LNP formulation may be affected by the stability of the formulation.
[0218] In some embodiments, for example, a polymer may be included in and / or used to encapsulate or partially encapsulate an LNP. A polymer may be biodegradable and / or biocompatible.
[0219] A polymer may be selected from, but is not limited to, polyamines, polyethers, polyamides, polyesters, poly carbamates, polyureas, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyimides, polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyacetylenes, polyethylenes, polyethyleneimines, polyisocyanates, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, and polyarylates. For example, a polymer may include poly (caprolactone) (PCL) , ethylene vinyl acetate polymer (EVA) , poly (lactic acid) (PLA) , poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) , poly (gly colic acid) (PGA) , poly (lactic acid-co-gly colic acid) (PLGA) , poly (L-lactic acid-co-gly colic acid) (PLLGA) , poly (D, L-lactide) (PDLA) , poly (L- lactide) (PLLA) , poly (D, L-lactide-co- caprolactone) , poly (D, L-lactide-co-caprolactone-co- glycolide) , poly (D, L-lactide-co-PEO- co-D, L-lactide) , poly (D, L-lactide-co-PPO-co-D, L-lactide) , polyalkyl cyanoacrylate, polyurethane, poly-L-lysine (PLL) , hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) , polyethyleneglycol, poly-L-glutamic acid, poly (hydroxy acids) , polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, poly (ester amides) , polyamides, poly (ester ethers) , polycarbonates, polyalkylenes such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyalkylene glycols such as poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) , polyalkylene oxides (PEG) , polyalkylene terephthalates such as poly (ethylene terephthalate) , polyvinyl alcohols (PVA) , polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl esters such as poly (vinyl acetate) , polyvinyl halides such as poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) , polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) , polysiloxanes, polystyrene, polyurethanes, derivatized celluloses such as alkyl celluloses, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, nitro celluloses, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polymers of acrylic acids, such as poly (methyl (meth) acrylate) (PMMA) , poly (ethyl (meth) acrylate) , poly (butyl (meth) acrylate) , poly (isobutyl (meth) acrylate) , poly (hexyl (meth) acrylate) , poly (isodecyl (meth) acrylate) , poly (lauryl (meth) acrylate) , poly (phenyl (meth) acrylate) , poly (methyl acrylate) , poly (isopropyl acrylate) , poly (isobutyl acrylate) , poly (octadecyl acrylate) and copolymers and mixtures thereof, polydioxanone and its copolymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polypropylene fumarate, polyoxymethylene, poloxamers, poloxamines, poly (ortho) esters, poly (butyric acid) , poly (valeric acid) , poly (lactide-co- caprolactone) , trimethylene carbonate, poly (N-acryloylmorpholine) (PAcM) , poly (2- methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOX) , poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOZ) , and polyglycerol.
[0220] Surface altering agents may include, but are not limited to, anionic proteins (e.g., bovine serum albumin) , surfactants (e.g., cationic surfactants such as dimethyldioctadecyl- ammonium bromide) , sugars or sugar derivatives (e.g., cyclodextrin) , nucleic acids, polymers (e.g., heparin, polyethylene glycol, and poloxamer) , mucolytic agents (e.g., acetylcysteine, mugwort, bromelain, papain, clerodendrum, bromhexine, carbocisteine, eprazinone, mesna, ambroxol, sobrerol, domiodol, letosteine, stepronin, tiopronin, gelsolin, thymosin 4, dornase alfa, neltenexine, and erdosteine) , and DNases (e.g., rhDNase) . A surface altering agent may be disposed within a nanoparticle and / or on the surface of a LNP (e.g., by coating, adsorption, covalent linkage, or other process) . A LNP may also comprise one or more functionalized lipids. For example, a lipid may be functionalized with an alkyne group that, when exposed to an azide under appropriate reaction conditions, may undergo a cycloaddition reaction. In particular, a lipid bilayer may be functionalized in this fashion with one or more groups useful in facilitating membrane permeation, cellular recognition, or imaging. The surface of an LNP may also be conjugated with one or more useful antibodies. Functional groups and conjugates useful in targeted cell delivery, imaging, and membrane permeation are well known in the art.
[0221] In addition to these components, lipid nanoparticles may include any substance useful in pharmaceutical compositions. For example, lipid nanoparticle may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or accessory ingredients such as, but not limited to, one or more solvents, dispersion media, diluents, dispersion aids, suspension aids, surface active agents, buffering agents, preservatives, and other species.
[0222] Surface active agents and / or emulsifiers may include, but are not limited to, natural emulsifiers (e.g., acacia, alginic acid, sodium alginate, cholesterol, and lecithin) , sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monolaurate [TWEENO20] , polyoxy ethylene sorbitan polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monooleate sorbitan monopalmitate sorbitan monostearate sorbitan tristearate glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate ) , polyoxyethylene esters (e.g., polyoxyethylene monostea’rate polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and ) , sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g., ) , polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g., polyoxyethylene lauryl ether ) , poly (vinyl-pyrrolidone) , diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, F 68, 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, and / or combinations thereof.
[0223] Examples of preservatives may include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, chelating agents, free radical scavengers, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and / or other preservatives.
[0224] Examples of antioxidants include, but are not limited to, alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and / or sodium sulfite.
[0225] Examples of chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) , citric acid monohydrate, disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaric acid, and / or trisodium edetate.
[0226] Examples of antimicrobial preservatives include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and / or thimerosal.
[0227] Examples of antifungal preservatives include, but are not limited to, butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and / or sorbic acid.
[0228] Examples of alcohol preservatives include, but are not limited to, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and / or phenylethyl alcohol.
[0229] Examples of acidic preservatives include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and / or phytic acid. Other preservatives include, but are not limited to, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) , butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) , ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) , sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) , sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, GLYDANT methylparaben, 115, NEOLONETM, KATHONTM, and / or An exemplary free radical scavenger includes butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT or butylhydroxytoluene) or deferoxamine.
[0230] Examples of buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, d- gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, calcium lactobionate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, amino-sulfonate buffers (e.g., HEPES) , magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer’s solution, ethyl alcohol, and / or combinations thereof.
[0231] In some embodiments, the formulation including a LNP may further include a salt, such as a chloride salt. In some embodiments, the formulation including a LNP may further include a sugar such as a disaccharide. In some embodiments, the formulation further includes a sugar but not a salt, such as a chloride salt. ln some embodiments, a LNP may further include one or more small hydrophobic molecules such as a vitamin (e.g., vitamin A or vitamin E) or a sterol. Carbohydrates may include simple sugars (e.g., glucose) and polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen and derivatives and analogs thereof) .
[0232] The characteristics of a LNP may depend on the components thereof. For example, an LNP including cholesterol as a structural lipid may have different characteristics than a LNP that includes a different structural lipid. As used herein, the term “structural lipid” refers to sterols and also to lipids containing sterol moieties. As defined herein, “sterols” are a subgroup of steroids consisting of steroid alcohols. In some embodiments, the structural lipid is a steroid. In some embodiments, the structural lipid is cholesterol. In some embodiments, the structural lipid is an analog of cholesterol. In some embodiments, the structural lipid is alpha-tocopherol.
[0233] In some embodiments, the characteristics of a LNP may depend on the absolute or relative amounts of its components. For instance, an LNP including a higher molar fraction of a phospholipid may have different characteristics than a LNP including a lower molar fraction of a phospholipid. Characteristics may also vary depending on the method and conditions of preparation of the lipid nanoparticle. In general, phospholipids comprise a phospholipid moiety and one or more fatty acid moieties.
[0234] A phospholipid moiety can be selected, for example, from the non-limiting group consisting of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, 2-lysophosphatidyl choline, and sphingomyelin. A fatty acid moiety can be selected, for example, from the non-limiting group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, erucic acid, phytanoic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, behenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Particular phospholipids can facilitate fusion of a membrane. In some embodiments, a cationic phospholipid can interact with one or more negatively charged phospholipids of a membrane (e.g., a cellular or intracellular membrane) . Fusion of a phospholipid to a membrane can allow one or more elements (e.g., a therapeutic agent) of a lipid-containing composition (e.g., LNPs) to pass through the membrane permitting, e.g., delivery of the one or more elements to a target tissue. Non-natural phospholipid species including natural species with modifications and substitutions including branching, oxidation, cyclization, and alkynes are also contemplated. In some embodiments, a phospholipid can be functionalized with or cross-linked to one or more alkynes (e.g., an alkenyl group in which one or more double bonds is replaced with a triple bond) . Under appropriate reaction conditions, an alkyne group can undergo a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition upon exposure to an azide. Such reactions can be useful in functionalizing a lipid bilayer of a nanoparticle composition to facilitate membrane permeation or cellular recognition or in conjugating a nanoparticle composition to a useful component such as a targeting or imaging moiety (e.g., a dye) . Phospholipids include, but are not limited to, glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidyl-ethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidy glycerols, and phosphatidic acids. Phospholipids also include phosphosphingolipid, such as sphingomyelin. In some embodiments, a phospholipid useful or potentially useful in the present invention is an analog or variant of DSPC.
[0235] Lipid nanoparticles may be characterized by a variety of methods. For example, microscopy (e.g., transmission electron microscopy or scanning electron microscopy) may be used to examine the morphology and size distribution of LNP. Dynamic light scattering or potentiometry (e.g., potentiometric titrations) may be used to measure zeta potential. Dynamic light scattering may also be utilized to determine particle sizes. Instruments such as the Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) may also be used to measure multiple characteristics of a LNP, such as particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential.
[0236] The mean size of an LNP may be between 10nm and 130nm, e.g., measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) . For example, the mean size may be from about 40 nm to about 150 nm, such as about 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, or 150 nm. In some embodiments, the mean size of a LNP may be from about 50 nm to about 100 nm, from about 50 nm to about 90 nm, from about 50 nm to about 80 nm, from about 50 nm to about 70 nm, from about 50 nm to about 60 nm, from about 60 nm to about 100 nm, from about 60 nm to about 90 nm, from about 60 nm to about 80 nm, from about 60 nm to about 70 nm, from about 70 nm to about 100 nm, from about 70 nm to about 90 nm, from about 70 nm to about 80 nm, from about 80 nm to about 100 nm, from about 80 nm to about 90 nm, or from about 90 nm to about 100 nm. In certain embodiments, the mean size of a LNP may be from about 70 nm to about 100 nm. In a particular embodiment, the mean size may be about 80 nm. In other embodiments, the mean size may be about 100 nm.
[0237] A LNP may be relatively homogenous. A polydispersity index may be used to indicate the homogeneity of a LNP, e.g., the particle size distribution of the lipid nanoparticles. A small (e.g., less than 0.3) polydispersity index generally indicates a narrow particle size distribution. A LNP may have a polydispersity index from about 0 to about 0.25, such as 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, or 0.25. In some embodiments, the polydispersity index of an LNP may be from about 0.10 to about 0.20. The zeta potential of a LNP may be used to indicate the electrokinetic potential of the composition. For example, the zeta potential may describe the surface charge of an LNP. Lipid nanoparticles with relatively low charges, positive or negative, are generally desirable, as more highly charged species may interact undesirably with cells, tissues, and other elements in the body. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of a LNP may be from about -10 mV to about +20 mV, from about -10 mV to about +15 mV, from about -10 mV to about +10 mV, from about - 10 mV to about +5 mV, from about -10 mV to about 0 mV, from about -10 mV to about - 5 mV, from about -5 mV to about +20 mV, from about -5 mV to about +15 mV, from about -5 mV to about +10 mV, from about -5 mV to about +5 mV, from about -5 mV to about 0 mV, from about 0 mV to about +20 mV, from about 0 mV to about +15 mV, from about 0 mV to about +10 mV, from about 0 mV to about +5 mV, from about +5 mV to about +20 mV, from about +5 mV to about +15 mV, or from about +5 mV to about +10 mV.
[0238] The efficiency of encapsulation of a therapeutic and / or prophylactic describes the amount of therapeutic and / or prophylactic that is encapsulated or otherwise associated with a LNP after preparation, relative to the initial amount provided. The encapsulation efficiency is desirably high (e.g., close to 100%) . The encapsulation efficiency may be measured, for example, by comparing the amount of therapeutic and / or prophylactic in a solution containing the lipid nanoparticle before and after breaking up the lipid nanoparticle with one or more organic solvents or detergents. Fluorescence may be used to measure the amount of free therapeutic and / or prophylactic (e.g., RNA) in a solution. For the lipid nanoparticles described herein, the encapsulation efficiency of a therapeutic and / or prophylactic may be at least 50%, for example 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. In some embodiments, the encapsulation efficiency may be at least 80%. In certain embodiments, the encapsulation efficiency may be at least 90%.
[0239] A LNP may optionally comprise one or more coatings. For example, a LNP may be formulated in a capsule, film, or tablet having a coating. A capsule, film, or tablet including a composition described herein may have any useful size, tensile strength, hardness, or density.
[0240] Formulations comprising amphiphilic polymers and lipid nanoparticles may be formulated in whole or in part as pharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions may include one or more amphiphilic polymers and one or more lipid nanoparticles. For example, a pharmaceutical composition may include one or more amphiphilic polymers and one or more lipid nanoparticles including one or more different therapeutics and / or prophylactics. Pharmaceutical compositions may further include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or accessory ingredients such as those described herein. General guidelines for the formulation and manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and agents are available, for example, in Remington’s The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st Edition, A. R. Gennaro; Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2006. Conventional excipients and accessory ingredients may be used in any pharmaceutical composition, except insofar as any conventional excipient or accessory ingredient may be incompatible with one or more components of a LNP or the one or more amphiphilic polymers in the formulation of the disclosure. An excipient or accessory ingredient may be incompatible with a component of a LNP or the amphiphilic polymer of the formulation if its combination with the component or amphiphilic polymer may result in any undesirable biological effect or otherwise deleterious effect.
[0241] In some embodiments, one or more excipients or accessory ingredients may make up greater than 50% of the total mass or volume of a pharmaceutical composition including an LNP. For example, one or more excipients or accessory ingredients may make up 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more of a pharmaceutical convention. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use in humans and for veterinary use. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved by United States Food and Drug Administration. In some embodiments, an excipient is pharmaceutical grade. In some embodiments, an excipient meets the standards of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) , the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) , the British Pharmacopoeia, and / or the International Pharmacopoeia. Relative amounts of the one or more amphiphilic polymers, the one or more lipid nanoparticles, the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and / or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present disclosure will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and / or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (wt wt) of one or more lipid nanoparticles. As another example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise between 0.1% and 15% (wt / vol) of one or more amphiphilic polymers (e.g., 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, or 12.5% w / v) .
[0242] In certain embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles and / or pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure are refrigerated or frozen for storage and / or shipment (e.g., being stored at a temperature of 4 ℃ or lower, such as a temperature between about -150 ℃ and about 0 ℃ or between about -80℃ and about -20℃ (e.g., about -5 ℃, -10 ℃, -15 ℃, -20 ℃, -25 ℃, -30 ℃, -40 ℃, -50 ℃, -60 ℃, -70 ℃, -80 ℃, -90 ℃, -130 ℃ or -150 ℃) . For example, the pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more amphiphilic polymers and one or more lipid nanoparticles is a solution or solid (e.g., via lyophilization) that is refrigerated for storage and / or shipment at, for example, about -20℃, -30℃, -40℃, -50℃, -60℃, -70℃, or -80℃. In certain embodiments, the disclosure also relates to a method of increasing stability of the lipid nanoparticles by adding an effective amount of an amphiphilic polymer and by storing the lipid nanoparticles and / or pharmaceutical compositions thereof at a temperature of 4℃ or lower, such as a temperature between about -150℃ and about 0℃ or between about -80℃ and about -20℃, e.g., about -5℃, -10℃, -15℃, -20℃, -25℃, -30℃, -40℃, -50℃, -60℃, -70℃, -80℃, -90℃, -130℃ or -150℃) .
[0243] The chemical properties of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation of the present disclosure may be characterized by a variety of methods. In some embodiments, electrophoresis (e.g., capillary electrophoresis) or chromatography (e.g., reverse phase liquid chromatography) may be used to examine the mRNA integrity.
[0244] In some embodiments, the LNP integrity of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation of the present disclosure is about 20% or higher, about 25% or higher, about 30% or higher, about 35% or higher, about 40% or higher, about 45% or higher, about 50% or higher, about 55% or higher, about 60% or higher, about 65% or higher, about 70% or higher, about 75% or higher, about 80% or higher, about 85% or higher, about 90% or higher, about 95% or higher, about 96% or higher, about 97% or higher, about 98% or higher, or about 99% or higher.
[0245] In some embodiments, the LNP integrity of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation of the present disclosure is higher than the LNP integrity of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation produced by a comparable method by about 5% or higher, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 1 folds or more, about 2 folds or more, about 3 folds or more, about 4 folds or more, about 5 folds or more, about 10 folds or more, about 20 folds or more, about 30 folds or more, about 40 folds or more, about 50 folds or more, about 100 folds or more, about 200 folds or more, about 300 folds or more, about 400 folds or more, about 500 folds or more, about 1000 folds or more, about 2000 folds or more, about 3000 folds or more, about 4000 folds or more, about 5000 folds or more, or about 10000 folds or more.
[0246] In some embodiments, the Tx% of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation of the present disclosure is about 12 months or longer, about 15 months or longer, about 18 months or longer, about 21 months or longer, about 24 months or longer, about 27 months or longer, about 30 months or longer, about 33 months or longer, about 36 months or longer, about 48 months or longer, about 60 months or longer, about 72 months or longer, about 84 months or longer, about 96 months or longer, about 108 months or longer, about 120 months or longer.
[0247] In some embodiments, the Tx% of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation of the present disclosure is longer than the Tx% of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation produced by a comparable method by about 5% or higher, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 1 folds or more, about 2 folds or more, about 3 folds or more, about 4 folds or more, about 5 folds or more.
[0248] In some embodiments, the T1 / 2 of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation of the present disclosure is about 12 months or longer, about 15 months or longer, about 18 months or longer, about 21 months or longer, about 24 months or longer, about 27 months or longer, about 30 months or longer, about 33 months or longer, about 36 months or longer, about 48 months or longer, about 60 months or longer, about 72 months or longer, about 84 months or longer, about 96 months or longer, about 108 months or longer, about 120 months or longer.
[0249] In some embodiments, the T1 / 2 of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation of the present disclosure is longer than the T1 / 2 of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation produced by a comparable method by about 5% or higher, about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 1 folds or more, about 2 folds or more, about 3 folds or more, about 4 folds or more, about 5 folds or more.
[0250] As used herein, “Tx” refers to the amount of time lasted for the nucleic acid integrity (e.g., mRNA integrity) of a LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation to degrade to about X of the initial integrity of the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) used for the preparation of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation. For example, “T80%” refers to the amount of time lasted for the nucleic acid integrity (e.g., mRNA integrity) of a LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation to degrade to about 80% of the initial integrity of the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) used for the preparation of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation. For another example, “T1 / 2” refers to the amount of time lasted for the nucleic acid integrity (e.g., mRNA integrity) of a LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation to degrade to about 1 / 2 of the initial integrity of the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) used for the preparation of the LNP, LNP suspension, lyophilized LNP composition, or LNP formulation.
[0251] Lipid nanoparticles may include a lipid component and one or more additional components, such as a therapeutic and / or prophylactic, such as a nucleic acid. An LNP may be designed for one or more specific applications or targets. The elements of a LNP may be selected based on a particular application or target, and / or based on the efficacy, toxicity, expense, ease of use, availability, or other features of one or more elements. Similarly, the particular formulation of a LNP may be selected for a particular application or target according to, for example, the efficacy and toxicity of particular combination of elements. The efficacy and tolerability of a LNP formulation may be affected by the stability of the formulation.
[0252] 7. Lipids
[0253] Suitable ionizable lipids for the methods of the present disclosure are further disclosed herein. The lipid component of a LNP may include, for example, a cationic lipid, a phospholipid (such as an unsaturated lipid, e.g., DOPE or DSPC) , a PEG lipid, and a structural lipid. The elements of the lipid component may be provided in specific fractions.
[0254] In some embodiments, the LNP further comprises a phospholipid, a PEG lipid, a structural lipid, or any combination thereof. Suitable phospholipids, PEG lipids, and structural lipids for the methods of the present disclosure are further disclosed herein.
[0255] In some embodiments, the lipid component of a LNP includes a cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a PEG lipid, and a structural lipid.
[0256] In certain embodiments, the lipid component of the lipid nanoparticle includes about 30 mol % to about 60 mol % cationic lipid, about 0 mol % to about 30 mol % phospholipid, about 18.5 mol % to about 48.5 mol % structural lipid, and about 0 mol % to about 10 mol % of PEG lipid, provided that the total mol % does not exceed 100%.
[0257] In some embodiments, the lipid component of the lipid nanoparticle includes about 35 mol % to about 55 mol % compound of cationic lipid, about 5 mol % to about 25 mol % phospholipid, about 30 mol % to about 40 mol % structural lipid, and about 0 mol % to about 10 mol % of PEG lipid.
[0258] In a particular embodiment, the lipid component includes about 50 mol % said cationic lipid, about 10 mol % phospholipid, about 38.5 mol % structural lipid, and about 1.5 mol % of PEG lipid.
[0259] In another particular embodiment, the lipid component includes about 40 mol % said cationic lipid, about 20 mol % phospholipid, about 38.5 mol % structural lipid, and about 1.5 mol % of PEG lipid.
[0260] In some embodiments, the phospholipid may be DOPE or DSPC. In other embodiments, the PEG lipid may be PEG-DMG and / or the structural lipid may be cholesterol.
[0261] The amount of a therapeutic and / or prophylactic in a LNP may depend on the size, composition, desired target and / or application, or other properties of the lipid nanoparticle as well as on the properties of the therapeutic and / or prophylactic. For example, the amount of RNA useful in a LNP may depend on the size, sequence, and other characteristics of the RNA. The relative amounts of a therapeutic and / or prophylactic (i.e. pharmaceutical substance) and other elements (e.g., lipids) in a LNP may also vary. In some embodiments, the wt / wt ratio of the lipid component to a therapeutic and / or prophylactic in a LNP may be from about 5: 1 to about 60: 1, such as 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 12: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1, 15: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 25: 1, 30: 1, 35: 1, 40: 1, 45: 1, 50: 1, and 60:1.
[0262] For example, the wt / wt ratio of the lipid component to a therapeutic and / or prophylactic may be from about 10: 1 to about 40: 1. In certain embodiments, the wt / wt ratio is about 20: 1. The amount of a therapeutic and / or prophylactic in a LNP may, for example, be measured using absorption spectroscopy (e.g., ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy) .
[0263] In some embodiments, the ionizable lipid is a compound of Formula (IL-I) :
[0264] their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein:
[0265] R1 is selected from the group consisting of C5-30 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR” , -YR” , and - R”M’R’;
[0266] R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-4 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle;
[0267] R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C3-6 carbocycle, - (CH2) nQ, - (CH2) nCHQR, -CHQR, -CQ (R) 2, and unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, -OR, -O (CH2) nN (R) 2, -C (O) OR, -OC (O) R, -CX3, -CX2H, -CXH2, -CN, -N (R) 2, -C (O) N (R) 2, -N (R) C (O) R, -N (R) S (O) 2R, - N (R) C (O) N (R) 2, -N (R) C (S) N (R) 2, -N (R) Re, N (R) S (O) 2R8, -O (CH2) nOR, -N (R) C (=NR9) N (R) 2, - N (R) C (=CHR9) N (R) 2, -0C (O) N (R) 2J -N (R) C (O) 0R, -N (OR) C (O) R, -N (OR) S (O) 2R, -N (OR) C (O) OR, - N (OR) C (O) N (R) 2, -N (OR) C (S) N (R) 2, -N (OR) C (=NR9) N (R) 2, -N (OR) C (=CHR9) N (R) 2, - C (=NR9) N (R) 2, - C (=NR9) R, -C (O) N (R) OR, and -C (R) N (R) 2C (O) OR, and
[0268] each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;
[0269] each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;
[0270] each Re is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;
[0271] M and M’ are independently selected from -C (O) O-, -OC (O) -, -OC (O) -M” -C (O) O-, -C (O) N (R’) -, -N (R’) C (O) -, -C (O) -, -C (S) -, -C (S) S-, -SC (S) -, -CH (OH) -, - P (O) (OR’) O-, -S (O) 2-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group, in which M” is a bond, C1-13 alkyl or C2-13 alkenyl;
[0272] R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;
[0273] Re is selected from the group consisting of C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
[0274] R9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO2, C1-6 alkyl, -OR, -S (O) 2R, -S (O) 2N (R) 2, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;
[0275] each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;
[0276] each R’ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and H;
[0277] each R” is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-15 alkyl and C3-15 alkenyl;
[0278] each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl;
[0279] each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle;
[0280] each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I;
[0281] and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13;
[0282] and wherein when R4 is - (CH2) nQ, - (CH2) nCHQR, -CHQR, or -CQ (R) 2, (i) Q is not -N (R) 2 when n is 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5, or (ii) Q is not 5, 6, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl when n is 1 or 2.
[0283] The lipid component of a lipid nanoparticle composition may include one or more molecules comprising polyethylene glycol, such as PEG or PEG-modified lipids. Such species may be alternately referred to as PEGylated lipids. A PEG lipid is a lipid modified with polyethylene glycol. A PEG lipid may be selected from the non-limiting group including PEG- modified phosphatidylethanolamines, PEG-modified phosphatidic acids, PEG-modified ceramides, PEG-modified dialkylamines, PEG-modified diacylglycerols, PEG-modified dialkylglycerols, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, a PEG lipid may be PEG-c- DOMG, PEG-DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPE lipid. As used herein, the term “PEG lipid” refers to polyethylene glycol (PEG) -modified lipids.
[0284] Non-limiting examples of PEG lipids include PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG-CerCI4 or PEG-CerC20) , PEG- modified dialkylamines and PEG-modified l, 2-diacyloxypropan-3 -amines. Such lipids are also referred to as PEGylated lipids.
[0285] In some embodiments, a PEG lipid can be PEG-c-DOMG, PEG- DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG- DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPE lipid. In some embodiments, the PEG-modified lipids are a modified form of PEG DMG. In some embodiments, the PEG-modified lipid is PEG lipid with the formula (IV) :
[0286] wherein R8 and R9 are each independently a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain containing from 10 to 30 carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl chain is optionally interrupted by one or more ester bonds; and w has a mean value ranging from 30 to 60.
[0287] 8. Polynucleotides and nucleic acids
[0288] In some embodiments, a LNP includes one or more polynucleotide or nucleic acid (e.g., ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid) .
[0289] The term “polynucleotide, ” in its broadest sense, includes any compound and / or substance that is or can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide chain. Exemplary polynucleotides for use in accordance with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, one or more of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) , ribonucleic acid (RNA) including messenger mRNA (mRNA) , hybrids thereof, RNAi-inducing agents, RNAi agents, siRNAs, shRNAs, miRNAs, antisense RNAs, ribozymes, catalytic DNA, RNAs that induce triple helix formation, aptamers, vectors, etc.
[0290] In some embodiments, a therapeutic and / or prophylactic is an RNA.
[0291] RNAs useful in the compositions and methods described herein can be selected from the group consisting of, but are not limited to, shortmers, antagomirs, antisense, ribozymes, small interfering RNA (siRNA) , asymmetrical interfering RNA (aiRNA) , microRNA (miRNA) , Dicer-substrate RNA (dsRNA) , small hairpin RNA (shRNA) , transfer RNA (tRNA) , messenger RNA (mRNA) , self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) , and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the RNA is an mRNA. In certain embodiments, the RNA is a circular RNA.
[0292] In certain embodiments, a therapeutic and / or prophylactic is an mRNA.
[0293] An mRNA may encode any polypeptide of interest, including any naturally or non-naturally occurring or otherwise modified polypeptide. A polypeptide encoded by an mRNA may be of any size and may have any secondary structure or activity. In some embodiments, a polypeptide encoded by an mRNA may have a therapeutic effect when expressed in a cell.
[0294] In other embodiments, a therapeutic and / or prophylactic is an siRNA.
[0295] An siRNA may be capable of selectively knocking down or down regulating expression of a gene of interest. For example, an siRNA could be selected to silence a gene associated with a particular disease, disorder, or condition upon administration to a subject in need thereof of a LNP including the siRNA. An siRNA may comprise a sequence that is complementary to an mRNA sequence that encodes a gene or protein of interest. In some embodiments, the siRNA may be an immunomodulatory siRNA.
[0296] In some embodiments, a therapeutic and / or prophylactic is an shRNA or a vector or plasmid encoding the same. An shRNA may be produced inside a target cell upon delivery of an appropriate construct to the nucleus. Constructs and mechanisms relating to shRNA are well known in the relevant arts.
[0297] Nucleic acids and polynucleotides useful in the disclosure typically include a first region of linked nucleosides encoding a polypeptide of interest (e.g., a coding region) , a first flanking region located at the 5’-terminus of the first region (e.g., a 5’-UTR) , a second flanking region located at the 3’-terminus of the first region (e.g., a 3’-UTR) , at least one 5’-cap region, and a 3’-stabilizing region.
[0298] In some embodiments, a nucleic acid or polynucleotide further includes a poly-A region or a Kozak sequence (e.g., in the 5’-UTR) .
[0299] In some cases, polynucleotides may contain one or more intronic nucleotide sequences capable of being excised from the polynucleotide.
[0300] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide or nucleic acid (e.g., an mRNA) may include a 5’ cap structure, a chain terminating nucleotide, a stem loop, a poly A sequence, and / or a polyadenylation signal.
[0301] Any one of the regions of a nucleic acid may include one or more alternative components (e.g., an alternative nucleoside) . For example, the 3’-stabilizing region may contain an alternative nucleoside such as an L-nucleoside, an inverted thymidine, or a 2’-O-methyl nucleoside and / or the coding region, 5’-UTR, 3’-UTR, or cap region may include an alternative nucleoside such as a 5-substituted uridine (e.g., 5-methoxyuridine) , a 1-substituted pseudouridine (e.g., 1-methyl-pseudouridine) , and / or a 5-substituted cytidine (e.g., 5-methyl- cytidine) .
[0302] Generally, the shortest length of a polynucleotide can be the length of the polynucleotide sequence that is sufficient to encode for a dipeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the polynucleotide sequence is sufficient to encode for a tripeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the polynucleotide sequence is sufficient to encode for a tetrapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the polynucleotide sequence is sufficient to encode for a pentapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the polynucleotide sequence is sufficient to encode for a hexapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the polynucleotide sequence is sufficient to encode for a heptapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the polynucleotide sequence is sufficient to encode for an octapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the polynucleotide sequence is sufficient to encode for a nonapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the polynucleotide sequence is sufficient to encode for a decapeptide.
[0303] In some cases, a polynucleotide is greater than 30 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide molecule is greater than 35 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the length is at least 40 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 45 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 55 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 50 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 80 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 90 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 100 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 120 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 140 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 160 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 180 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 200 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 250 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 300 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 350 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 400 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 450 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 600 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 700 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 800 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 900 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1000 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1100 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1200 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1300 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1400 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1600 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1800 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 2000 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 2500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 3000 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 4000 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 5000 nucleotides, or greater than 5000 nucleotides.
[0304] In some embodiments, an LNP includes one or more RNAs, and the one or more RNAs, lipids, and amounts thereof may be selected to provide a specific N: P ratio. The N: P ratio of the composition refers to the molar ratio of nitrogen atoms in one or more lipids to the number of phosphate groups in an RNA.
[0305] In general, a lower N: P ratio is preferred. The one or more RNA, lipids, and amounts thereof may be selected to provide an N: P ratio from about 2: 1 to about 30: 1, such as 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7:1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 12: 1, 14: 1, 16: 1, 18: 1, 20: 1, 22: 1, 24: 1, 26: 1, 28: 1, or 30: 1.
[0306] In certain embodiments, the N: P ratio may be from about 2: 1 to about 8: 1. In other embodiments, the N: P ratio is from about 5: 1 to about 8: 1. For example, the N: P ratio may be about 5.0: 1, about 5.5: 1, about 5.67: 1, about 6.0: 1, about 6.5: 1, or about 7.0: 1. For example, the N: P ratio may be about 5.67: 1.
[0307] Nucleic acids and polynucleotides may include one or more naturally occurring components, including any of the canonical nucleotides A (adenosine) , G (guanosine) , C (cytosine) , U (uridine) , or T (thymidine) . In one embodiment, all or substantially all of the nucleotides comprising (a) the 5’-UTR, (b) the open reading frame (ORF) , (c) the 3’-UTR, (d) the poly A tail, and any combination of (a, b, c, or d above) comprise naturally occurring canonical nucleotides A (adenosine) , G (guanosine) , C (cytosine) , U (uridine) , or T (thymidine) .
[0308] Nucleic acids and polynucleotides may include one or more alternative components, as described herein, which impart useful properties including increased stability and / or the lack of a substantial induction of the innate immune response of a cell into which the polynucleotide is introduced. For example, an alternative polynucleotide or nucleic acid exhibits reduced degradation in a cell into which the polynucleotide or nucleic acid is introduced, relative to a corresponding unaltered polynucleotide or nucleic acid. These alternative species may enhance the efficiency of protein production, intracellular retention of the polynucleotides, and / or viability of contacted cells, as well as possess reduced immunogenicity.
[0309] Polynucleotides and nucleic acids may be naturally or non-naturally occurring. Polynucleotides and nucleic acids may include one or more modified (e.g., altered or alternative) nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides, or combinations thereof. The nucleic acids and polynucleotides useful in a LNP can include any useful modification or alteration, such as to the nucleobase, the sugar, or the intemucleoside linkage (e.g., to a linking phosphate / to a phosphodiester linkage / to the phosphodiester backbone) . In certain embodiments, alterations (e.g., one or more alterations) are present in each of the nucleobase, the sugar, and the intemucleoside linkage. Alterations according to the present disclosure may be alterations of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) , e.g., the substitution of the 2’-OH of the ribofuranosyl ring to 2’-H, threose nucleic acids (TNAs) , glycol nucleic acids (GNAs) , peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) , locked nucleic acids (LNAs) , or hybrids thereof. Additional alterations are described herein.
[0310] Polynucleotides and nucleic acids may or may not be uniformly altered along the entire length of the molecule. For example, one or more or all types of nucleotides (e.g., purine or pyrimidine, or any one or more or all of A, G, U, C) may or may not be uniformly altered in a polynucleotide or nucleic acid, or in a given predetermined sequence region thereof. In some instances, all nucleotides X in a polynucleotide (or in a given sequence region thereof) are altered, wherein X may any one of nucleotides A, G, U, C, or any one of the combinations A+G, A+U, A+C, G+U, G+C, U+C, A+G+U, A+G+C, G+U+C or A+G+C.
[0311] Different sugar alterations and / or intemucleoside linkages (e.g., backbone structures) may exist at various positions in a polynucleotide. One of the ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the nucleotide analogs or other alteration (s) may be located at any position (s) of a polynucleotide such that the function of the polynucleotide is not substantially decreased.
[0312] An alteration may also be a 5’- or 3’-terminal alteration. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes an alteration at the 3’-terminus. The polynucleotide may contain from about 1% to about 100% alternative nucleotides (either in relation to overall nucleotide content, or in relation to one or more types of nucleotide, i.e., any one or more of A, G, U or C) or any intervening percentage (e.g., from 1% to 20%, from 1% to 25%, from 1% to 50%, from 1% to 60%, from 1% to 70%, from 1 % to 80%, from 1 % to 90%, from 1% to 95%, from 10% to 20%, from 10% to 25%, from 10% to 50%, from 10% to 60%, from 10% to 70%, from 10% to 80%, from 10% to 90%, from 10% to 95%, from 10% to 100%, from 20% to 25%, from 20% to 50%, from 20% to 60%, from 20% to 70%, from 20% to 80%, from 20% to 90%, from 20% to 95%, from 20% to 100%, from 50% to 60%, from 50% to 70%, from 50% to 80%, from 50% to 90%, from 50% to 95%, from 50% to 100%, from 70% to 80%, from 70% to 90%, from 70% to 95%, from 70% to 100%, from 80% to 90%, from 80% to 95%, from 80% to 100%, from 90% to 95%, from 90% to 100%, and from 95% to 100%) . It will be understood that any remaining percentage is accounted for by the presence of a canonical nucleotide (e.g., A, G, U, or C) .
[0313] Polynucleotides may contain at a minimum zero and at maximum 100% alternative nucleotides, or any intervening percentage, such as at least 5% alternative nucleotides, at least 10% alternative nucleotides, at least 25% alternative nucleotides, at least 50% alternative nucleotides, at least 80% alternative nucleotides, or at least 90% alternative nucleotides. For example, polynucleotides may contain an alternative pyrimidine such as an alternative uracil or cytosine. In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the uracil in a polynucleotide is replaced with an alternative uracil (e.g., a 5-substituted uracil) . The alternative uracil can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures) . In some instances, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the cytosine in the polynucleotide is replaced with an alternative cytosine (e.g., a 5-substituted cytosine) . The alternative cytosine can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures) .
[0314] In some instances, nucleic acids do not substantially induce an innate immune response of a cell into which the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) is introduced. Features of an induced innate immune response include 1) increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, 2) activation of intracellular PRRs (RIG-I, MDA5, etc., and / or 3) termination or reduction in protein translation.
[0315] Nucleic acids can optionally include other agents (e.g., RNAi-inducing agents, RNAi agents, siRNAs, shRNAs, miRNAs, antisense RNAs, ribozymes, catalytic DNA, tRNA, RNAs that induce triple helix formation, aptamers, vectors) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acids may include one or more messenger RNAs (mRNAs) having one or more alternative nucleoside or nucleotides (i.e., alternative mRNA molecules) .
[0316] The alternative nucleosides and nucleotides can include an alternative nucleobase. A nucleobase of a nucleic acid is an organic base such as a purine or pyrimidine or a derivative thereof. A nucleobase may be a canonical base (e.g., adenine, guanine, uracil, thymine, and cytosine) . These nucleobases can be altered or wholly replaced to provide polynucleotide molecules having enhanced properties, e.g., increased stability such as resistance to nucleases. Non-canonical or modified bases may include, for example, one or more substitutions or modifications including but not limited to alkyl, aryl, halo, oxo, hydroxyl, alkyloxy, and / or thio substitutions; one or more fused or open rings; oxidation; and / or reduction.
[0317] Alternative nucleotide base pairing encompasses not only the standard adeninethymine, adenine-uracil, or guanine-cytosine base pairs, but also base pairs formed between nucleotides and / or alternative nucleotides including non-standard or alternative bases, wherein the arrangement of hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors permits hydrogen bonding between a non-standard base and a standard base or between two complementary nonstandard base structures. One example of such non-standard base pairing is the base pairing between the alternative nucleotide inosine and adenine, cytosine, or uracil.
[0318] In some embodiments, the nucleobase is an alternative uracil. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having an alternative uracil include pseudouridine (ψ) , pyridin-4- one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uracil, 6-aza-uracil, 2-thio-5-aza-uracil, 2-thio-uracil (s2U) , 4-thio- uracil (s4U) , 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5 -hydroxy -uracil (ho5U) , 5-aminoallyl- uracil, 5-halo-uracil (e.g., 5-iodo-uracil or 5-bromo-uracil) , 3-methyl-uracil (m U) , 5-methoxy- uracil (mo5U) , uracil 5-oxyacetic acid (cmo5U) , uracil 5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester (mcmo5U) , 5- carboxymethyl-uracil (cm5U) , 1 -carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-carboxyhydroxymethyl- uracil (chm5U) , 5-carboxyhydroxymethyl-uracil methyl ester (mchm5U) , 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl- uracil (mcm5U) , 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thio-uracil (mcm5s2U) , 5-aminomethyl-2-thio-uracil (nmVu) , 5-methylaminomethyl-uracil (mnm5U) , 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil (mnmVu) , 5- methylaminomethyl-2-seleno-uracil (mnm5se2U) , 5-carbamoylmethyl-uracil (ncm5U) , 5- carboxymethylaminomethyl-uracil (cmnm5U) , 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil (cmnmVu) , 5-propynyl-uracil, 1- propynyl-pseudouracil, 5-taurinomethyl-uracil (xm5U) , 1- taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5- taurinomethyl-2-thio-uracil (xm5s2U) , 1 -taurinomethyl-4-thio- pseudouridine, 5-methyl-uracil (m5U, i.e., having the nucleobase deoxythymine) , 1 -methylpseudouridine (mψ) , 5-methyl-2- thio-uracil (m5s2U) , l-methyl-4-thio-pseudouridine (mψ) , 4- thio- 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 3- methyl-pseudouridine (m ψ) , 2 -thio- 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1 -methyl- 1-deaza-pseudouri dine, 2-thio-l -methyl- 1-deaza-pseudouri dine, dihydrouracil (D) , dihydropseudouridine, 5, 6- dihydrouracil, 5-methyl-dihydrouracil (m5D) , 2-thio-dihydrouracil, 2- thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxy-uracil, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uracil, 4-methoxy- pseudouridine, 4-methoxy -2-thio-pseudouridine, Nl-methyl-pseudouridine, 3- (3-amino-3- carboxypropyl) uracil (acp U) , l-methyl-3- (3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (acp ip) , 5- (isopentenylaminomethyl) uracil (inm5U) , 5- (isopentenylaminomethyl) -2-thio-uracil (inm5s2U) , 5, 2’-0-dimethyl-uridine (m5Um) , 2-thio-2’-0_methyl-uridine (s2Um) , 5- methoxycarbonylmethyl- 2’-0-methyl-uridine (mem Um) , 5-carbamoylmethyl-2’-0-methyl- uridine (ncm5Um) , 5- carboxymethylaminomethyl-2’-0-methyl-uridine (cmnm5Um) , 3, 2’-0-dimethyl-uridine (m Um) , and 5- (isopentenylaminomethyl) -2’-0-methyl-uridine (inm5Um) , 1- thio-uracil, deoxythymidine, 5- (2-carbomethoxyvinyl) -uracil, 5- (carbamoylhydroxymethyl) -uracil, 5-carbamoylmethyl-2-thio- uracil, 5-carboxymethyl-2-thio- uracil, 5-cyanomethyl-uracil, 5-methoxy-2-thio-uracil, and 5- [3- (l- E-propenylamino) ] uracil.
[0319] In some embodiments, the nucleobase is an alternative cytosine. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having an alternative cytosine include 5-aza-cytosine, 6- aza- cytosine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytosine (m3C) , N4-acetyl-cytosine (ac4C) , 5- formyl- cytosine (f5C) , N4-methyl-cytosine (m4C) , 5-methyl-cytosine (m5C) , 5-halo- cytosine (e.g., 5- iodo-cytosine) , 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine (hm5C) , 1-methyl- pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo- cytosine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytosine (s2C) , 2- thio-5-methyl-cytosine, 4-thio- pseudoisocy tidine, 4-thio-1-methy 1-pseudoisocy tidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza- pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocyti dine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methy 1-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytosine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytosine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, lysidine (k2C) , 5, 2’-O- dimethyl-cytidine (m5Cm) , N4-acetyl-2’-0-methyl-cytidine (ac4Cm) , N4, 2’-0-dimethyl-cytidine (m4Cm) , 5-formyl-2’-O-methyl-cytidine (f5Cm) , N4, N4, 2’-O-trimethyl-cytidine (m42Cm) , 1-thio-cytosine, 5-hydroxy-cytosine, 5- (3-azidopropyl) -cytosine, and 5- (2- azidoethyl) -cytosine.
[0320] In some embodiments, the nucleobase is an alternative adenine. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having an alternative adenine include 2-amino-purine, 2, 6-diaminopurine, 2-amino-6-halo-purine (e.g., 2-amino-6-chloro-purine) , 6-halo-purine (e.g., 6-chloro-purine) , 2-amino-6-methyl-purine, 8-azido-adenine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-amino-purine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-amino-purine, 7- deaza-2, 6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2, 6-diaminopurine, 1-methy-1-adenine (mlA) , 2-methyl-adenine (m2A) , N6-methyl-adenine (m6A) , 2-methylthio-N6-methyl-adenine (ms2m6A) , N6-isopentenyl-adenine (i6A) , 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyl-adenine (ms2i6A) , N6- (cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenine (io6A) , 2-methylthio-N6- (cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenine (ms2io6A) , N6-glycinylcarbamoyl-adenine (g6A) , N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenine (t6A) , N6-methyl-N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenine (m6t6A) , 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenine (ms2g6A) , N6, N6-dimethyl-adenine (m62A) , N6-hydroxynorvalylcarbamoyl-adenine (hn6A) , 2-methylthio-N6-hydroxynorvalylcarbamoyl-adenine (ms2hn6A) , N6-acetyl-adenine (ac6A) , 7-methyl-adenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, 2-methoxy-adenine, N6, 2’-O-dimethyl-adenosine (m6Am) , N6, N6, 2’-O-trimethyl-adenosine (m62Am) , l, 2’-O-dimethyl-adenosine (ml Am) , 2-amino-N6-methyl-purine, 1-thio-adenine, 8-azido-adenine, N6- (19-amino-pentaoxanonadecyl) -adenine, 2, 8-dimethyl-adenine, N6-formyl-adenine, and N6-hydroxymethyl-adenine.
[0321] In some embodiments, the nucleobase is an alternative guanine. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having an alternative guanine include inosine (I) , 1-methyl-inosine (mil) , wyosine (imG) , methylwyosine (mimG) , 4-demethyl-wyosine (imG-14) , isowyosine (imG2) , wybutosine (yW) , peroxywybutosine (o2yW) , hydroxywybutosine (OHyW) , undermodified hydroxywybutosine (OHyW*) , 7-deaza-guanine, queuosine (Q) , epoxyqueuosine (oQ) , galactosyl-queuosine (galQ) , mannosyl-queuosine (manQ) , 7-cyano-7-deaza-guanine (preQO) , 7-aminomethyl-7-deaza-guanine (preQi) , archaeosine (G+) , 7-deaza-8-aza-guanine, 6- thioguanine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanine, 7-methyl-guanine (m7G) , 6- thio-7-methyl-guanine, 7-methyl-inosine, 6-methoxy-guanine, 1-methyl-guanine (mIG) , N2- methyl-guanine (m2G) , N2, N2-dimethyl-guanine (m22G) , N2, 7-dimethyl-guanine (m2, 7G) , N2, N2, 7-dimethyl-guanine (m2, 2, 7G) , 8-oxo-guanine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanine, 1-methyl-6-thio- guanine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanine, N2, N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanine, N2-methyl-2’-O-methyl- guanosine (m2Gm) , N2, N2-dimethyl-2’-O-methyl-guanosine (m22Gm) , 1 -methyl-2’-O-methyl- guanosine (mIGm) , N2, 7-dimethyl-2’-O-methyl-guanosine (m2, 7Gm) , 2’-O-methyl-inosine (Im) , l, 2’-O-dimethyl-inosine (mllm) , 1 -thio-guanine, and O-6-methyl-guanine.
[0322] The alternative nucleobase of a nucleotide can be independently a purine, a pyrimidine, a purine or pyrimidine analog. For example, the nucleobase can be an alternative to adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil, or hypoxanthine. In another embodiment, the nucleobase can also include, for example, naturally-occurring and synthetic derivatives of a base, including pyrazolo [3, 4-d]pyrimidines, 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C) , 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2- propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2- thiocytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil) , 4-thiouracil, 8-halo (e.g., 8-bromo) , 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxy and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, deazaguanine, 7-deazaguanine, 3-deazaguanine, deazaadenine, 7- deazaadenine, 3 -deazaadenine, pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine, imidazo [l, 5-a] 1, 3, 5 triazinones, 9- deazapurines, imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrazines, thiazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidines, pyrazin-2-ones, 1 , 2, 4- triazine, pyridazine; or 1 , 3, 5 triazine. When the nucleotides are depicted using the shorthand A, G, C, T or U, each letter refers to the representative base and / or derivatives thereof, e.g., A includes adenine or adenine analogs, e.g., 7-deaza adenine) . A polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) may include a 5’-cap structure. The 5’-cap structure of a polynucleotide is involved in nuclear export and increasing polynucleotide stability and binds the mRNA Cap Binding Protein (CBP) , which is responsible for polynucleotide stability in the cell and translation competency through the association of CBP with poly -A binding protein to form the mature cyclic mRNA species. The cap further assists the removal of 5’-proximal introns removal during mRNA splicing.
[0323] Endogenous polynucleotide molecules may be 5’-end capped generating a 5’-ppp-5’-triphosphate linkage between a terminal guanosine cap residue and the 5’-terminal transcribed sense nucleotide of the polynucleotide. These 5’-guanylate caps may then be methylated to generate an N7-methyl-guanylate residue. The ribose sugars of the terminal and / or anteterminal transcribed nucleotides of the 5’ end of the polynucleotide may optionally also be 2’-O-methylated. 5’-decapping through hydrolysis and cleavage of the guanylate cap structure may target a polynucleotide molecule, such as an mRNA molecule, for degradation.
[0324] Alterations to polynucleotides may generate a non-hydrolyzable cap structure preventing decapping and thus increasing polynucleotide half-life. Because cap structure hydrolysis requires cleavage of 5’-ppp-5’ phosphodiester linkages, alternative nucleotides may be used during the capping reaction. For example, a Vaccinia Capping Enzyme from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA) may be used with a-thio-guanosine nucleotides according to the manufacturer’s instructions to create a phosphorothioate linkage in the 5’-ppp-5’ cap.
[0325] Additional alternative guanosine nucleotides may be used such as a-methyl-phosphonate and seleno-phosphate nucleotides. Additional alterations include, but are not limited to, 2’-O-methylation of the ribose sugars of 5’-terminal and / or 5’-anteterminal nucleotides of the polynucleotide (as mentioned above) on the 2’-hydroxy group of the sugar. Multiple distinct 5’-cap structures can be used to generate the 5’-cap of a polynucleotide, such as an mRNA molecule.
[0326] Cap analogs, which herein are also referred to as synthetic cap analogs, chemical caps, chemical cap analogs, or structural or functional cap analogs, differ from natural (i.e., endogenous, wild-type, or physiological) 5’-caps in their chemical structure, while retaining cap function. Cap analogs may be chemically (i.e., non-enzymatically) or enzymatically synthesized and / linked to a polynucleotide. For example, the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap contains two guanosines linked by a 5’-5’-triphosphate group, wherein one guanosine contains an N7-methyl group as well as a 3’-O-methyl group (i.e., N7, 3’-O-dimethyl-guanosine-5’-triphosphate-5’-guanosine, m7G-3’ mppp-G, which may equivalently be designated 3’ O-Me-m7G (5’ ) ppp (5’ ) G) . The 3’-O atoms of the other, unaltered, guanosine becomes linked to the 5’-terminal nucleotide of the capped polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) . The N7- and 3’-O-methylated guanosine provides the terminal moiety of the capped polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) . Another exemplary cap is mCAP, which is similar to ARCA but has a 2’-O-methyl group on guanosine (i.e., N7, 2’-O-dimethyl-guanosine-5’- triphosphate-5’-guanosine, m7Gm- ppp-G) .
[0327] A cap may be a dinucleotide cap analog. As a non-limiting example, the dinucleotide cap analog may be modified at different phosphate positions with a boranophosphate group or a phophoroselenoate group such as the dinucleotide cap analogs described in US Patent No. 8, 519, 110, the cap structures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0328] Alternatively, a cap analog may be a N7- (4-chlorophenoxy ethyl) substituted dinucleotide cap analog known in the art and / or described herein. Non-limiting examples of N7- (4- chlorophenoxy ethyl) substituted dinucleotide cap analogs include a N7- (4- chlorophenoxyethyl) - G (5’ ) ppp (5’ ) G and a N7- (4-chlorophenoxyethyl) -m3’-OG (5’ ) ppp (5’ ) G cap analog (see, e.g., the various cap analogs and the methods of synthesizing cap analogs described in Kore et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2013 21: 4570-4574; the cap structures of which are herein incorporated by reference) . In other instances, a cap analog useful in the polynucleotides of the present disclosure is a 4-chloro / bromophenoxy ethyl analog.
[0329] While cap analogs allow for the concomitant capping of a polynucleotide in an in vitro transcription reaction, up to 20% of transcripts remain uncapped. This, as well as the structural differences of a cap analog from endogenous 5’-cap structures of polynucleotides produced by the endogenous, cellular transcription machinery, may lead to reduced translational competency and reduced cellular stability.
[0330] Alternative polynucleotides may also be capped post-transcriptionally, using enzymes, in order to generate more authentic 5’-cap structures.
[0331] As used herein, the phrase “more authentic” refers to a feature that closely mirrors or mimics, either structurally or functionally, an endogenous or wild type feature. That is, a “more authentic” feature is better representative of an endogenous, wild-type, natural or physiological cellular function, and / or structure as compared to synthetic features or analogs of the prior art, or which outperforms the corresponding endogenous, wild-type, natural, or physiological feature in one or more respects.
[0332] Non-limiting examples of more authentic 5’-cap structures useful in the polynucleotides of the present disclosure are those which, among other things, have enhanced binding of cap binding proteins, increased half-life, reduced susceptibility to 5’-endonucleases, and / or reduced 5’-decapping, as compared to synthetic 5’-cap structures known in the art (or to a wild-type, natural or physiological 5’-cap structure) .
[0333] For example, recombinant Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and recombinant 2’-O-methyltransferase enzyme can create a canonical 5’-5’- triphosphate linkage between the 5’-terminal nucleotide of a polynucleotide and a guanosine cap nucleotide wherein the cap guanosine contains an N7-methylation and the 5’ terminal nucleotide of the polynucleotide contains a 2’-O-methyl. Such a structure is termed the Capl structure. This cap results in a higher translational-competency, cellular stability, and a reduced activation of cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines, as compared, e.g., to other 5’ cap analog structures known in the art.
[0334] Other exemplary cap structures include 7mG (5’ ) ppp (5’ ) N, pN2p (Cap 0) , 7mG (5’ ) ppp (5’ ) NlmpNp (Cap 1) , 7mG (5’ ) -ppp (5’ ) NlmpN2mp (Cap 2) , and m (7) Gpppm (3) (6, 6, 2’ ) Apm (2’ ) Apm (2’ ) Cpm (2) (3, 2’ ) Up (Cap 4) .
[0335] Because the alternative polynucleotides may be capped post-transcriptionally, and because this process is more efficient, nearly 100% of the alternative polynucleotides may be capped. This is in contrast to -80% when a cap analog is linked to a polynucleotide in the course of an in vitro transcription reaction. 5’-terminal caps may include endogenous caps or cap analogs. A 5’-terminal cap may include a guanosine analog.
[0336] Useful guanosine analogs include inosine, Nl-methyl- guanosine, 2’- fluoro-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 2-amino-guanosine, LNA- guanosine, and 2-azido-guanosine.
[0337] In some cases, a polynucleotide contains a modified 5’-cap. A modification on the 5’-cap may increase the stability of polynucleotide, increase the half-life of the polynucleotide, and could increase the polynucleotide translational efficiency. The modified 5’-cap may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following modifications: modification at the 2’- and / or 3’-position of a capped guanosine triphosphate (GTP) , a replacement of the sugar ring oxygen (that produced the carbocyclic ring) with a methylene moiety (CH2) , a modification at the triphosphate bridge moiety of the cap structure, or a modification at the nucleobase (G) moiety.
[0338] A 5’-UTR may be provided as a flanking region to polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) . A 5’-UTR may be homologous or heterologous to the coding region found in a polynucleotide. Multiple 5’-UTRs may be included in the flanking region and may be the same or of different sequences. Any portion of the flanking regions, including none, may be codon optimized, and any may independently contain one or more different structural or chemical alterations, before and / or after codon optimization.
[0339] To alter one or more properties of a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) , 5’-UTRs which are heterologous to the coding region of an alternative polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) may be engineered. The polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) may then be administered to cells, tissue or organisms and outcomes such as protein level, localization, and / or half-life may be measured to evaluate the beneficial effects the heterologous 5’-UTR may have on the alternative polynucleotides (mRNA) . Variants of the 5’-UTRs may be utilized wherein one or more nucleotides are added or removed to the termini, including A, U, C or G. 5 ‘-UTRs may also be codon-optimized, or altered in any manner described herein.
[0340] Polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) may include a stem loop such as, but not limited to, a histone stem loop. The stem loop may be a nucleotide sequence that is about 25 or about 26 nucleotides in length. The histone stem loop may be located 3’-relative to the coding region (e.g., at the 3’-terminus of the coding region) .
[0341] As a non-limiting example, the stem loop may be located at the 3’-end of a polynucleotide described herein. In some cases, a polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) includes more than one stem loop (e.g., two stem loops) . A stem loop may be located in a second terminal region of a polynucleotide. As a nonlimiting example, the stem loop may be located within an untranslated region (e.g., 3’-UTR) in a second terminal region. In some cases, a polynucleotide such as, but not limited to mRNA, which includes the histone stem loop may be stabilized by the addition of a 3’-stabilizing region (e.g., a 3’-stabilizing region including at least one chain terminating nucleoside) . Not wishing to be bound by theory, the addition of at least one chain terminating nucleoside may slow the degradation of a polynucleotide and thus can increase the half-life of the polynucleotide. In other cases, a polynucleotide such as, but not limited to mRNA, which includes the histone stem loop may be stabilized by an alteration to the 3’-region of the polynucleotide that can prevent and / or inhibit the addition of oligo (U) . In yet other cases, a polynucleotide such as, but not limited to mRNA, which includes the histone stem loop may be stabilized by the addition of an oligonucleotide that terminates in a 3’-deoxynucleoside, 2’ , 3’-dideoxynucleoside 3’-O-methylnucleosides, 3’-O-ethylnucleosides, 3’-arabinosides, and other alternative nucleosides known in the art and / or described herein.
[0342] In some instances, the polynucleotides of the present disclosure may include a histone stem loop, a poly-A region, and / or a 5’-cap structure. The histone stem loop may be before and / or after the poly-A region. The polynucleotides including the histone stem loop and a poly-A region sequence may include a chain terminating nucleoside described herein. In other instances, the polynucleotides of the present disclosure may include a histone stem loop and a 5’-cap structure. The 5’-cap structure may include, but is not limited to, those described herein and / or known in the art. In some cases, the conserved stem loop region may include a miR sequence described herein. As a non-limiting example, the stem loop region may include the seed sequence of a miR sequence described herein. In another non-limiting example, the stem loop region may include a miR-122 seed sequence.
[0343] Polynucleotides may include at least one histone stem-loop and a poly-A region or polyadenylation signal. In certain cases, the polynucleotide encoding for a histone stem loop and a poly-A region or a polyadenylation signal may code for a pathogen antigen or fragment thereof. In other cases, the polynucleotide encoding for a histone stem loop and a poly-A region or a polyadenylation signal may code for a therapeutic protein. In some cases, the polynucleotide encoding for a histone stem loop and a poly-A region or a polyadenylation signal may code for a tumor antigen or fragment thereof. In other cases, the polynucleotide encoding for a histone stem loop and a poly-A region or a polyadenylation signal may code for an allergenic antigen or an autoimmune self-antigen.
[0344] A polynucleotide or nucleic acid (e.g., an mRNA) may include a polyA sequence and / or polyadenylation signal. A polyA sequence may be comprised entirely or mostly of adenine nucleotides or analogs or derivatives thereof. A polyA sequence may be a tail located adjacent to a 3’ untranslated region of a nucleic acid. During RNA processing, a long chain of adenosine nucleotides (poly-A region) is normally added to messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to increase the stability of the molecule. Immediately after transcription, the 3’-end of the transcript is cleaved to free a 3’-hydroxy. Then poly-A polymerase adds a chain of adenosine nucleotides to the RNA. The process, called polyadenylation, adds a poly-A region that is between 100 and 250 residues long. Unique poly-A region lengths may provide certain advantages to the alternative polynucleotides of the present disclosure. Generally, the length of a poly-A region of the present disclosure is at least 30 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the poly-A region is at least 35 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the length is at least 40 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 45 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 55 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 70 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 80 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 90 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 100 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 120 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 140 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 160 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 180 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 200 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 250 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 300 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 350 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 400 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 450 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 600 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 700 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 800 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 900 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1000 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1100 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1200 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1300 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1400 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1600 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1700 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1800 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1900 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 2000 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 2500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 3000 nucleotides. In some instances, the poly-A region may be 80 nucleotides, 120 nucleotides, 160 nucleotides in length on an alternative polynucleotide molecule described herein. In other instances, the poly-A region may be 20, 40, 80, 100, 120, 140 or 160 nucleotides in length on an alternative polynucleotide molecule described herein. In some cases, the poly-A region is designed relative to the length of the overall alternative polynucleotide. This design may be based on the length of the coding region of the alternative polynucleotide, the length of a particular feature or region of the alternative polynucleotide (such as mRNA) or based on the length of the ultimate product expressed from the alternative polynucleotide. When relative to any feature of the alternative polynucleotide (e.g., other than the mRNA portion which includes the poly-A region) the poly-A region may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% greater in length than the additional feature. The poly-A region may also be designed as a fraction of the alternative polynucleotide to which it belongs. In this context, the poly-A region may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% or more of the total length of the construct or the total length of the construct minus the poly-A region.
[0345] In certain cases, engineered binding sites and / or the conjugation of polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) for poly-A binding protein may be used to enhance expression. The engineered binding sites may be sensor sequences which can operate as binding sites for ligands of the local microenvironment of the polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) . As a non-limiting example, the polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) may include at least one engineered binding site to alter the binding affinity of poly-A binding protein (PABP) and analogs thereof. The incorporation of at least one engineered binding site may increase the binding affinity of the PABP and analogs thereof.
[0346] Additionally, multiple distinct polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) may be linked together to the PABP (poly-A binding protein) through the 3’-end using alternative nucleotides at the 3’- terminus of the poly-A region. Transfection experiments can be conducted in relevant cell lines at, and protein production can be assayed by ELISA at 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and day 7 post-transfection. As a non-limiting example, transfection experiments may be used to evaluate the effect on PABP or analogs thereof binding affinity as a result of the addition of at least one engineered binding site. In certain cases, a poly-A region may be used to modulate translation initiation. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the poly-A region recruits PABP which in turn can interact with translation initiation complex and thus may be essential for protein synthesis. In some cases, a poly-A region may also be used in the present disclosure to protect against 3‘-5‘-exonuclease digestion. In some instances, a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) may include a polyA-G Quartet. The G-quartet is a cyclic hydrogen bonded array of four guanosine nucleotides that can be formed by G-rich sequences in both DNA and RNA. In this embodiment, the G-quartet is incorporated at the end of the poly-A region. The resultant polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) may be assayed for stability, protein production and other parameters including half-life at various time points. It has been discovered that the polyA-G quartet results in protein production equivalent to at least 75% of that seen using a poly-A region of 120 nucleotides alone. In some cases, a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) may include a poly-A region and may be stabilized by the addition of a 3 ‘-stabilizing region. The polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) with a poly-A region may further include a 5 ‘-cap structure. In other cases, a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) may include a poly-A-G Quartet. The polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) with a poly-A-G Quartet may further include a 5’-cap structure. In some cases, the 3’-stabilizing region which may be used to stabilize a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) includes a poly-A region or poly-A-G Quartet. In other cases, the 3’-stabilizing region which may be used with the present disclosure include a chain termination nucleoside such as 3’-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) , 3’-deoxyuridine, 3’-deoxycytosine, 3’-deoxyguanosine, 3’-deoxy thymine, 2’, 3’-dideoxynucleosides, such as 2’, 3’- dideoxyadenosine, 2’, 3’-dideoxyuridine, 2’, 3’-dideoxycytosine, 2’, 3’- dideoxyguanosine, 2’, 3’-dideoxythymine, a 2’-deoxynucleoside, or an O- methylnucleoside.
[0347] In other cases, a polynucleotide such as, but not limited to mRNA, which includes a polyA region or a poly-A-G Quartet may be stabilized by an alteration to the 3’-region of the polynucleotide that can prevent and / or inhibit the addition of oligo (U) . In yet other instances, a polynucleotide such as, but not limited to mRNA, which includes a poly-A region or a poly-A-G Quartet may be stabilized by the addition of an oligonucleotide that terminates in a 3’-deoxynucleoside, 2’ , 3’-dideoxynucleoside 3’-O- methylnucleosides, 3’-O-ethylnucleosides, 3’-arabinosides, and other alternative nucleosides known in the art and / or described herein.
[0348] 9. Product Attributes of Frozen or Lyophilized Products
[0349] The frozen or lyophilized composition of this invention comprises quality attributes which include, but are not limited to, LNP size, polydispersity index, particle morphology, payload encapsulation, payload integrity, in vitro potency assay, and added cake appearance and residual moisture for lyophilized pharmaceutical substances.
[0350] “LNP size” shall mean average hydrodynamic diameter of the particle population (e.g. dynamic light scattering to measure z-average) .
[0351] “Polydispersity index” shall mean measurement of the heterogeneity of a particle population based on size.
[0352] “Payload encapsulation” shall mean the fraction of the payload (i.e. a pharmaceutical substance with or without one or more stabilizing agent) associated with the nanoparticles determined using an appropriate analytical method (e.g., spectrophotometry to measure free and total payload content) .
[0353] “Payload integrity” shall mean fraction of intact payload determined using an appropriate analytical method (e.g., capillary electrophoresis to determine RNA integrity) .
[0354] “In vitro potency assay” shall mean quantifiable biological response elicited by the pharmaceutical substances in vitro (e.g., employing cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure expression of mRNA) .
[0355] “Cake appearance” shall mean the visual appearance of pharmaceutical substances upon lyophilization.
[0356] “Residual moisture” shall mean the moisture content in the lyophilized solid determined using an appropriate analytical method (e.g., Karl Fischer titration) .
[0357] In certain embodiments, the residual moisture is <1.2%, < 1.1%, <1.0%, <0.9%, <0.8%, <0.7%, <0.6%, <0.5%, <0.4% or less.
[0358] This invention provides a method for producing a frozen or lyophilized formulation and thereof reconstitution, wherein the attributes of the frozen or lyophilized formulation are comparable to a control formulation.
[0359] In one embodiment, the attributes of the frozen or lyophilized product are maintained over a period of from about 3 months to about 24 months.
[0360] 10. Lyophilization of Circular RNA
[0361] While the methods and compositions described herein are generally applicable to any polynucleotides, including DNA and RNA, and their analogs or mimics thereof, they are also suited for circular RNA (circRNA) .
[0362] Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are a class of RNAs that form covalently closed continuous loops. Unlike linear mRNA that has a 5’ cap and a 3’ polyadenylated tail, circRNA is characterized by its closed-loop structure through covalently linked 3’ and 5’ ends. CircRNAs can be generated through a process called back-splicing, where a downstream splice donor site joins with an upstream splice acceptor site, leading to the formation of a circular structure. These molecules are highly stable due to their resistance to exonucleases, making them potential regulators of gene expression. CircRNAs have been implicated in various biological processes, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, protein interaction modulation, and acting as microRNA sponges.
[0363] CircRNA can be synthesized in vitro and has several advantages over linear mRNA including higher stability and longer duration of protein expression. Therefore, circRNA is currently attracting increasing attention as an alternative to linear mRNA vaccines and therapeutics. Similar to linear mRNA, circRNA delivery relies on LNP and the product stability is improved by lyophilization of circRNA-LNP.
[0364] One of the shortcomings of circRNAs is their temperature stability. While circRNAs are known to be more stable than linear RNAs due to their resistance to exonucleases, their stability can vary under different temperature conditions. Listed here are several specific shortcomings related to the temperature stability of circRNAs:
[0365] 1. Denaturation: CircRNAs may denature or unfold at high temperatures, resulting in the loss of their functional structure and potential degradation.
[0366] 2. Temperature Sensitivity: CircRNAs may be sensitive to temperature fluctuations, affecting their stability and function. Extreme temperatures may impact on the integrity of circRNAs.
[0367] 3. Thermal Degradation: High temperatures can accelerate the degradation of circRNAs, reducing their abundance and diminishing their functional activity.
[0368] 4. Temperature-Dependent Functionality: The biological functions of circRNAs may be temperature-dependent, and changes in temperature could potentially alter their regulatory roles in cells.
[0369] 5. Storage Challenges: Preserving the stability of circRNAs during storage at different temperatures can be challenging, particularly for long-term preservation.
[0370] The invention described herein addresses these concerns by applying lyophilization techniques that remove water molecules- a key factor contributing to circRNA instability.
[0371] Similar to linear mRNA-LNP lyophilized products, some of the challenges during developing circRNA-LNP lyophilized vaccines are achieving the desired size, PDI, and encapsulation efficiency after reconstitution, as well as maintaining the potency and stability of the formulation throughout the lyophilization process. By leveraging the selected formulation buffers, optimal lyophilization processes, and reconstitution buffers described herein, as along with the intrinsic nature of circRNA, the stability of circRNA-LNP is significantly enhanced using the process of the invention. In an illustrative or exemplary embodiment, the process of circRNA lyophilization may include the following steps.
[0372] 1. Encapsulating circRNA with LNP to generate an LNP (drug) product;
[0373] 2. Formulating an LNP (drug) product in a buffer containing the desired cryoprotectant solution;
[0374] 3. lyophilizing the LNP (drug) product in a buffer, including:
[0375] a) Freeze;
[0376] b) preliminary drying; and,
[0377] c) secondary drying;
[0378] 4. the resulting lyophilized circRNA-LNP (drug) product can be stored for a period of time, before reconstitution with a desired solution, such as those described herein, to maintain acceptable particle size, PDI, and encapsulation efficiency.
[0379] In one exemplary but non-limiting embodiment, circRNA is prepared by, e.g., diluting a circRNA stock solution to the desired concentration with citrate acid buffer. In certain embodiments, the citrate acid buffer is about 50 mM citrate buffer, with a pH of 4.0.
[0380] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid component of the LNP comprises circRNA, or modified variants thereof.
[0381] In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., CircRNA) is loaded into the LNP composition at about 0.01~1 mg / mL, such as 0.2-0.5mg / mL of CircRNA.
[0382] In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises a PEG lipid, such as a PEG2000 lipid, or DMG-PEG2000. In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises a PEG Lipid ALC-0159. Each lipid can be dissolved in ethyl alcohol completely, with ultrasonication for ≥20 minutes. The dissolved lipids can be mixed in a new container, and optionally filtered with 0.2 μm filters.
[0383] In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises about 40 mol% to 60 mol% of ionizable lipid (e.g., 47.5 mol% of ALC-0315) , about 5 mol% to 15 mol% of phospholipid (e.g., 10 mol% DSPC) , about 20 mol% to 40 mol% of sterol (e.g., 40.7 mol% cholesterol) , and at least 0.5 mol% PEG lipid (e.g., 1.8 mol% PEG Lipid ALC-0159) .
[0384] In certain embodiments, the circRNA-LNP formulation has an average size of about 50-100 nm, about 50-80 nm, about 60-70 nm, or about 65 nm.
[0385] In certain embodiments, the circRNA-LNP formulation has a PDI of about 0.02 – 0.10, such as about 0.03-0.08, about 0.04-0.07, or about 0.05-0.06.
[0386] The RNA-LNP formulation (e.g., the circRNA-LNP formulation) disclosed herein has an encapsulation rate of >90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, >95%, >96%, >97%, >98%, or >99%, or an encapsulation rate of between 90% and 95%, between 90% and 92%, between 90% and 93%, between 90% and 94%, between 91% and 95%, between 92% and 95%, or between 93% and 95%. In certain embodiments, the circRNA-LNP formulation has an encapsulation rate of >90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, >95%, >96%, >97%, >98%, or >99%. In certain embodiments, the circRNA-LNP formulation has an encapsulation rate of between 90% and 95%, between 90% and 92%, between 90% and 93%, between 90% and 94%, between 91% and 95%, between 92% and 95%, or between 93% and 95%.
[0387] In certain embodiments, the LNP composition prior to lyophilization further comprises water, in particular water for injection (WFI) .
[0388] In one exemplary but non-limiting embodiment, the nucleic acid LNP formulation is prepared according to any art-recognized procedure. For example, the LNP formulation can be generated using an LNP generator based on generation scale, e.g., Precision Ignite for small-scale LNP generation and IJM for large-scale LNP generation. In certain embodiments, the generation step further comprises a buffer exchange step post LNP generation to arrive at a desired formulation buffer (pH > PKa of cationic lipid) using techniques such as tangential flow filtration (TFF) or dialysis. In certain embodiments, the final LNP concentration is adjusted to a desired level using buffer.
[0389] In certain embodiments, the LNP formulation is in a formulation buffer, such as 1-50 mM Tris buffer at pH 6.8-8.5, e.g., 1-10 mM Tris buffer at pH 7.2 ~8.0. Alternatively, about 4 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.6 can also serve as the formulation buffer.
[0390] In certain embodiments, the concentration of the TRIS buffer in the composition prior to lyophilization is about 2-15 mM, such as 2.5-10 mM, 2.67-6.67 mM, 3-6.67 mM, 3.5-6.5 mM, 4-6 mM, 4.5-5.5 mM, or about 5 mM.
[0391] In certain embodiments, prior to lyophilization, the LNP formulation is mixed with a cryoprotectant, such as sucrose. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the cryoprotectant, such as sucrose, is about 1% -20%, such as 5-15%. In certain embodiments, the concentration of sucrose in the composition prior to lyophilization is at least about 5% (w / v) , at least about 8% (w / v) , at least about 10% (w / v) , at least about 12% (w / v) , at least about 15% (w / v) , at least about 20% (w / v) , between about 5% to about 20% (w / v) , about and between 5% to about 15% (w / v) , about and between 8% to about 15% (w / v) , about and between 10% to about 15 % (w / v) .
[0392] In certain embodiments, the LNP bulk formulation that is added with cytoprotectant desired (e.g. m sucrose) is sterilized by filtration before being filled into proper vials and partially stopped. The prepared vials are then used for lyophilization.
[0393] In certain embodiments, the lyophilization step is carried out substantially as described herein. For example, the first step of lyophilization comprises a freezing step that freezes aqueous LNP formulation (e.g., circRNA-LNP solution) to solid, with water converting into ice crystals. The freezing step can be carried out at about -40℃ to -50℃, such as at -45℃. The step is carried out at a temperature drop of about 0.2~1 ℃ / min, such as 0.5℃ / min.
[0394] After freezing, a primary drying step follows to sublimate ice crystals. Here, for circRNA-LNP formulations in glass vials placed in trays on a shelf, heat is conducted from the shelf through the tray and subsequently to the frozen solution in the vials, directing it toward the subliming front. The sublimed ice transitions into vapor, which goes through the dehydrated part to the top of the sample and moves through the chamber to the condenser. During the primary drying step, the product temperature should be maintained below Tc, which can be determined by DSC prior to lyophilization.
[0395] In certain embodiments, the primary drying step can be carried out at about -25℃ to -35℃, such as -30℃. In certain embodiments, the primary drying step is carried out by raising the temperature at a rate of about 0.5~1℃ / min, such as 0.5℃ / min. In certain embodiments, the primary drying step is carried out under a pressure of 50~100 mTorr, such as at 75 mTorr.
[0396] After primary drying, a secondary drying step follows to desorb the bound water, which does not freeze and remains in liquid form after freezing. In certain embodiments, the secondary drying step can be carried out at about 10~30℃, such as 25℃. In certain embodiments, the secondary drying step involved a temperature raise at a rate of about 0.1~0.5℃ / min, such as about 0.2℃ / min. In certain embodiments, the secondary drying step is carried out under a pressure of 50~100 mTorr, such as about 75 mTorr.
[0397] Upon completion of lyophilization cycles, the air inside of vials is extruded with nitrogen gas, before the vials are fully stopped, and aluminum caps are added for sealing, labeling, packaging, and transferring to storage.
[0398] The lyophilized circRNA composition can be reconstituted before use. In certain embodiments, the reconstitution comprises adding a reconstitution buffer to the lyophilized circRNA composition. An exemplary but non-limiting reconstitution buffer comprises: salts contained buffers, such as PBS, DPBS, NaCl solution (0.1-2%) , or 1-10 mM Tris (Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylamine) buffer at pH 7.2 ~8.0. Another exemplary but non-limiting reconstitution buffer comprises DPBS, NaCl solution (0.1-2%) , normal sodium, or variants, or combinations thereof.
[0399] The reconstituted lyophilized LNP formulation in saline buffer can be adjusted to a target circRNA concentration and should appear as a clear, opalescent liquid with no visible solids.
[0400] As part of the quality control process, physicochemical characterizations of the reconstituted circRNA-LNP formulation can be measured post lyophilization, including assessments of pH, size / PDI, fragment analysis, encapsulation rate, residual moisture, and potency. In certain embodiments, one or more (e.g., all) of the physicochemical characterizations are substantially the same between the reconstituted circRNA-LNP formulation and the freshly made circRNA-LNP formulation.
[0401] In certain embodiments, the reconstituted circRNA-LNP formulation has an average size of about 60-100 nm, about 70-95 nm, about 75-90 nm, or about 80-90 nm.
[0402] In certain embodiments, the reconstituted circRNA-LNP formulation has a PDI of about 0.09 – 0.20, such as about 0.10-0.18, about 0.12-0.17, or about 0.13-0.16.
[0403] In certain embodiments, the reconstituted circRNA-LNP formulation has an encapsulation rate of about 88-96%, about 89-95%, about 90-95%, or about 92-95%.
[0404] In certain embodiments, the reconstituted circRNA-LNP formulation has an integrity of about 80-95%, about 82-92%, about 85-90%, or about 86-88%, or more than about 90%, more than about 91%, more than about 92%, more than about 93%, more than about 94%, more than about 95%, more than about 96%, more than about 97%, more than about 98%, or more than about 99%.
[0405] Additional freeze-drying methods that may be used include those described in WO2023218019A1, US11649512B2, CN114557971A, CN114401712A, and CN116672316A (all incorporated herein by reference) .
[0406] An exemplary procedure for preparing a circRNA-LNP formulation of the invention is provided below in the Examples.
[0407] It should be understood that the embodiments described above, and the following examples are provided by way of illustration and not limitation. The lyophilization and reconstitution methods in accordance with the present invention can be applied to a wide range of molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc. ) in general. For example, the molecules used in the following examples can include proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, chemical compounds, vaccines, enzymes, polysaccharides, natural products, small molecules, or other types of molecules.
[0408] Various changes and modifications within the scope of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the present description.
[0409] EXAMPLES
[0410] Example 1 mRNA LNP Lyophilization and Formulation Optimization
[0411] LNP Formulations
[0412] Varius formulations are prepared by adjusting mRNA concentrations, buffers and cryoprotectant as outlined in Table 1.
[0413] Table 1 Formulations with different buffers, cryoprotectants, and lipids
[0414] · Tc: collapse temperature of nucleic acid-loaded lipid nanoparticle solution
[0415] Prior to lyophilization, various Tc with different cryoprotectants were determined to provide preliminary data for the lyophilization process. The data indicated that the concentration of mRNA, buffer types, and cryoprotectants had relatively minor effects on Tc results. Based on these findings, the primary freeze temperature was set around -30℃.
[0416] Lyophilization Process
[0417] Lyophilization was performed using a benchtop freeze Dryer (Telstar LyoBeta Mini) with the following settings outlined in Table 2, partly based on the Tc study mentioned above.
[0418] Table 2 Settings of lyophilization process
[0419] Lyophilization Profile
[0420] The lyophilization process is executed according to configuration listed in previous section (Table 2) . The profile was shown in FIG. 1.
[0421] Physicochemical Characterization upon Reconstitution
[0422] The cake appearance of all formulations post-lyophilization was uniform and elegant without collapse, shrinkage, or crack, as shown in FIG. 2. The formulations containing sucrose (particularly Formulations 1#, 2#, and 8#) showed better performances comparing to those with trehalose and maltose, as detailed in Table 1. Trehalose (6# and 9#) and maltose (7# and 10#) as cryoprotectant tended to exhibit lower encapsulation rates (<80% EE) and larger particle sizes (e.g., >150 nm) . Consequently, these two cryoprotectants were not pursued further in the subsequent examples. Corresponding to particle sizes, the formulations with trehalose (6# and 9#) and maltose (7# and 10#) showed higher turbidity post-reconstitution compared to those with sucrose (1#, 2#, and 8#) , as shown in FIG. 2
[0423] Table 3 Physicochemical characterization upon reconstitution with WFI
[0424] %EE: Encapsulation Efficiency.
[0425] Example 2: mRNA LNP Lyophilization with Annealing and Formulation Optimization LNP Formulations
[0426] Varius formulations were prepared with different mRNA concentrations, buffers and cryoprotectant, as shown in
[0427] Table 4.
[0428] Table 4 Formulations with different buffer, cryoprotectant, and lipids.
[0429] Lyophilization Process Settings
[0430] Lyophilization was performed using a benchtop freeze dryer (Telstar LyoBeta Mini) with the configurations shown in Table 5. In this example, an annealing process unit was introduced to evaluate its impact on product quality.
[0431] Table 5 Settings of lyophilization process
[0432] Lyophilization Profile
[0433] Lyophilization was performed as per described above (Table 5) . See profile in FIG. 3.
[0434] Physicochemical Characterization upon Reconstitution
[0435] As shown in Table 6 below, the inclusion of annealing in the frozen process resulted in smaller particle sizes compared to the process without annealing in Example 1 above. Meanwhile, the encapsulation rate significantly dropped to an unacceptable level below 80%. Based on these findings, annealing step was omitted. Additionally, formulations using a combination of sucrose and maltose as cryoprotectant exhibited a cracked cake appearance, as shown in FIG. 4. Consequently, the combination of sucrose and maltose as cryoprotectant was not pursued further in the subsequent examples.
[0436] Table 6 Physicochemical characterization upon reconstitution with WFI
[0437] Example 3: mRNA LNP lyophilization with formulation and reconstitution buffer optimizations.
[0438] LNP Formulations
[0439] Varius formulations were prepared by adjusting mRNA concentrations, buffers, and cryoprotectant concentrations as shown in Table 7Table 1.
[0440] Table 7 Formulations with different buffers, cryoprotectants, and lipids.
[0441] Lyophilization process settings
[0442] Lyophilization was performed using a benchtop freeze dryer (Telstar LyoBeta 4PS) with following configuration as shown in Table 8.
[0443] Table 8 Settings of lyophilization process
[0444] Lyophilization profile
[0445] A lyophilization cycle was performed as described above (Table 8) . The profile was shown in FIG. 5.
[0446] Physicochemical Characterization upon Reconstitution
[0447] Reconstitution with WFI
[0448] The lyophilized products were reconstituted in 0.45 mL of WFI (water for injection) by gentle vertexing to achieve the target mRNA concentration prior to lyophilization. The reconstituted samples were clear and opalescent in appearance, with no visible solids. Formulations (9#, 10#, 11#, and 12#) with a lower Tris / HCl concentration (4 mM) at pH7.5 exhibited higher encapsulation rate and smaller size / PDI, as shown in Table 9. Additionally, variations in mRNA concentration and sucrose concentration (8.75% or 12%) did not significantly impact the results (9#, 10#, 11#, and 12#) .
[0449] Table 9 Physicochemical characterization upon reconstitution with WFI
[0450] Reconstitution with buffers or saline buffers
[0451] Upon reconstitution with buffers or saline solutions, the particle size decreased further to below 100 nm compared to reconstitution with WFI, as shown in Table 10.
[0452] Reference
[0453] 1. Baden, Lindsey R., et al. “Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. ” New England journal of medicine 384.5 (2021) : 403-416.
[0454] 2. Polack, Fernando P., et al. “Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. ” New England journal of medicine 383.27 (2020) : 2603-2615.
[0455] 3. Mohammady, Mohsen, and Gholamhossein Yousefi. “Freeze-drying of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical nanoparticles: The effects of formulation and technique parameters on nanoparticles characteristics. ” Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 109.11 (2020) : 3235-3247.
[0456] 4. Tang, Xiaolin, and Michael J. Pikal. “Design of freeze-drying processes for pharmaceuticals: practical advice. ” Pharmaceutical research 21 (2004) : 191-200.
[0457] 5. Bhatnagar, Bakul Subodh, et al. “Enhanced formulation stabilization and improved lyophilization processes. ” International Publication No. WO 2022 / 101461 A1.
[0458] 6. Coldman, Johnathan, et al. “Lyophilization methods for preparing lipid formulated therapeutics. ” International Publication No. WO 2022 / 232585 A1.
[0459] 7. Lodaya, Rushit, et al. “Freeze-drying of lipid nanoparticles (LNPS) encapsulating RNA and formulations thereof. ” International Publication No. WO 2023 / 021427 A1.
[0460] 8. Bombeke, Iris, et al. “A lyophilized RNA composition” International Publication No. WO 2023 / 218019 A1.
[0461] 9. Muramatsu, Hiromi, et al. “Lyophilization provides long-term stability for a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine. ” Molecular Therapy 30.5 (2022) : 1941-1951.
[0462] 10. Zhao, Pengxuan, et al. “Long-term storage of lipid-like nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. ” Bioactive materials 5.2 (2020) : 358-363.
[0463] 11. Meulewaeter, Sofie, et al. “Continuous freeze-drying of messenger RNA lipid nanoparticles enables storage at higher temperatures. ” Journal of Controlled Release 357 (2023) : 149-160.
[0464] Example 4 CircRNA LNP Lyophilization
[0465] CircRNA-LNP generation
[0466] Nine representative circRNA-LNP formulations were prepared substantially according to the methods / procedures outlined above. The components of these circRNA-LNP formulations are provided in the tables below.
[0467] All formulations used the same circular RNA, which was confirmed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) to be pure, with a single major peak eluted between 4 and 4.5 min (data not shown) . The sequence of the circRNA used in this example is as follows (noted that nucleotide T in DNA is equivalent to U in RNA under the current WIPO ST-26 standard) :
[0468] About 0.5 mg / mL of the circRNA solution was prepared in citrate buffer, pH4.0.
[0469] Meanwhile, lipid mixture was prepared according to the proportions listed below:
[0470] Next, the circRNA-LNP was generated by mixing the aqueous circRNA solution and the lipid mixture, following the settings outlined below. A Lyo InTouch printout is shown in FIG. 6.
[0471] The resulting circRNA-LNP formulations post-generation were further characterized by size and PDI, and the results were shown below.
[0472] Next, each of the nine formulations were dialyzed against the corresponding buffers:
[0473] The resulting circRNA-LNP formulations were then concentrated by using Ultra-15 centrifugal filtration tubes to achieve the target volume and were subsequently filtered with a 0.2 μm filter to sterilize the concentrated circRNA-LNP formulations.
[0474] The resulting CircRNA-LNP formulations possess the following characteristics.
[0475] Before lyophilization, a cryoprotectant was added by first diluting the RNA to the target concentration and then adding the cryoprotectant to reach the desired concentration.
[0476] The lyophilization of the circRNA-LNP formulations was then carried out according to the following parameters.
[0477] * 1 mBar is about 750 mTorr.
[0478] The lyophilized cakes post lyophilization have a uniform and elegant appearance, without signs of collapse, shrinkage, or crack, which could indicate potential changes in circRNA-LNP characteristics. See FIG. 7.
[0479] The lyophilized products were then reconstituted in DPBS Buffer by gentle vertexing to achieve the target circRNA concentration prior to lyophilization. The reconstituted samples displayed a clear and opalescent appearance with no visible solids.
[0480] References
[0481] 1. Zhao et al. Bioactive Materials. 2020; 5 (2) : 358-63.
[0482] 2. Muramatsu et al. Molecular Therapy. 2022; 30 (5) : 1941-51.
[0483] 3. Ball et al. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2017; 12(null) : 305-15.
Claims
1.A method of producing a lyophilized nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) through freeze-drying, said method comprising freezing an aqueous nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation prior to a primary drying step followed by a secondary drying step, wherein: (1) said aqueous nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation comprises: a nucleic acid composition formulated with a cryoprotectant in a formulation buffer;(2) said freezing is carried out by gradually reducing the temperature of the formulation to about -40℃ to -50℃ (e.g., about -45℃) , at a rate of about 0.2-1℃ / min. (e.g., about 0.5℃ / min. ) , to generate a frozen formulation;(3) said primary drying step comprises sublimating said frozen formulation by gradually raising the temperature of the frozen formulation to a temperature below the collapse temperature (Tc) of said frozen formulation, e.g., to about -25℃ to -35℃ (e.g., about -30℃) , at a rate of about 0.2-1℃ / min. (e.g., about 0.5℃ / min. ) and under the pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) , to generate a primary dried formulation; and,(4) said secondary drying step comprises desorbing unfrozen bound water in said primary dried formulation by gradually raising the temperature of the primary dried formulation to about 10-30℃ (e.g., about 25℃) , at a rate of about 0.1-0.5℃ / min. (e.g., about 0.2℃ / min. ) and under the pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) , thereby generating said lyophilized LNP formulation;optionally, said freezing does not comprise an annealing step.2.The method of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation comprises:(a) about 0.01-1 mg / mL of said nucleic acid composition (e.g., about 0.2-0.5 mg / mL of mRNA) ;(b) about 1% -20% of said cryoprotectant (e.g., sucrose, such as 5-15% or 12% sucrose) ; and,(c) about 1-50 mM Tris buffer, pH6.8-8.5 (e.g., about 1-10 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.2 ~8.0) , or 4 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.6 as the formulation buffer.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising said primary drying step.4.The method of claim 3, further comprising said secondary drying step.5.The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein said nucleic acid composition comprises mRNA, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, guide RNA for CRISPR / Cas, circular RNA, double strain DNA, single strain DNA, a modified (e.g., chemically modified) variant thereof (such as a variant comprising a nucleotide having modified sugar ring (e.g., 2’ -O-methyl or 2’ -F modification) and / or modified inter-nucleotide linkage (e.g., phosphorothioate linkage) ) , or a mixture thereof.6.The method of claim 5, wherein said nucleic acid composition comprises mRNA or circular RNA.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein said formulation buffer comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of about 2.67-6.67 mM, about 3-6.5 mM, about 3.5-5 mM, or about 4 mM Tris buffer at about pH7.5 to 7.6.8.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein said aqueous nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation is maintained at about 1-10℃ (such as 5℃) for at least about 20-60 minutes (e.g., about 30 minutes) before said freezing step.9.The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein said frozen formulation is maintained at about -40℃ to -50℃ (e.g., about -45℃) for about 3-5 hours (e.g., about 4 hours) prior to the primary drying step. 10.The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein said frozen formulation is put under a pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) for at least about 5-30 minutes (e.g., about 15 minutes) just prior to the primary drying step. 11.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein said primary dried formulation is maintained at said temperature below the collapse temperature (Tc) (e.g., about -30℃) for about 20-60 hours (e.g., about 14-24 hours) prior to the secondary drying step.12.The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein said Tc is determined by DSC prior to said lyophilization.13.The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein said secondary drying step comprises maintaining temperature at about 10-30℃ (e.g., about 25℃) for about 5-20 hours (e.g., about 10 hours or 11 hours) under the pressure of about 50-100 mTorr (e.g., about 75 mTorr) .14.The method of any one of claims 1-13, further comprising replacing air in contact with the lyophilized LNP formulation with nitrogen (N2) gas or an inert gas.15.A method of producing a nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) using the lyophilized nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) of any one of claims 1-14, said method comprising reconstituting the lyophilized nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) of any one of claims 1-14 in a reconstitution buffer, wherein said reconstitution buffer comprises a salt-containing buffer at pH of about 7.2-8.0.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the reconstitution buffer comprises about 0.1-2% salt, such as NaCl.17.The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the reconstitution buffer comprises about 1-10 mM Tris buffer at pH 7.2-8.0.18.The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the reconstitution buffer comprises PBS or DPBS.19.A lyophilized nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) prepared by any one of claims 1-14.20.A reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) prepared by any one of claims 15-19.21.The reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) of claim 20, having a PDI of less than about 0.25, less than about 0.20, less than about 0.15, less than about 0.10, or less than about 0.05.22.The reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) of claim 20 or 21, having an average particle size of about 50-110 nm, about 80-130 nm, about 90-120 nm, about 95-110 nm, about 90-100 nm, under 150 nm, under 140 nm, under 130 nm, under 120 nm, under 110 nm, under 100 nm, under 90 nm, or under 80 nm.23.The reconstituted nucleic acid-containing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) of any one of claims 20-22, having an encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, or 98%.