Polypeptide complexes comprising il-21 variants and uses thereof
IL-21 variants with reduced potency and toxicity, combined with PD-1 binding moieties, address the limitations of single-agent IL-21 therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, achieving enhanced anti-tumor efficacy.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- WUXI BIOLOGICS (SHANGHAI) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing IL-21 therapies as a single agent show limited efficacy and high toxicity, and many patients do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, necessitating a combination approach to enhance anti-tumor treatment.
Development of IL-21 variants with reduced potency and toxicity, combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors through fusion proteins, specifically targeting PD-1, to enhance anti-tumor efficacy in refractory models.
The IL-21 variants demonstrate reduced toxicity and prolonged pharmacokinetics, showing synergistic anti-tumor effects when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, overcoming treatment resistance.
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Abstract
Description
POLYPEPTIDE COMPLEXES COMPRISING IL-21 VARIANTS AND USES THEREOF
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 132059, filed on November 14, 2024, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD
[0003] This application generally relates to modified IL-21 proteins, fusion proteins and polypeptide complexes comprising any of the IL-21 variants, especially polypeptide complexes comprising the IL-21 variant and PD-1 binding moiety, a method for preparing the same, and the uses thereof.
[0004] SEQUENCE LISTING
[0005] The present application includes a Sequence Listing named Seq. xml, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.BACKGROUND
[0006] Interleukin-21 is a type I cytokine and a member of common γ-chain cytokine family. IL-21 is a potent mitogen and survival factor for activated T cells. IL-21 is produced by CD4+ T cells, NKT cells, and CD8+ T cells. IL-21 signals via IL-21R / common γ-chain complex, leading to the activation of the JAK / STAT signaling pathway. IL-21 can augment the survival of CD8+ T cells, leading to enhanced tumor and viral control.
[0007] In humans, IL-21 has been tested in several cancer indications. Despite the observed clinical activity, the efficacy as a single agent was not favorable enough to obtain approval as a standalone therapy, suggesting a need for combination approaches. More recently in preclinical models, combination of IL-21 cytokine with immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated synergistic effects in anti-tumor treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for a broad range of indications and significantly improved the cancer survival rates. However, a large portion of patients don’ t respond to these treatments. Cytokine based therapies may overcome such treatment resistance and fulfill the huge unmet medical needs.
[0008] There is a need for IL-21 in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors that can serve as a novel immunotherapy agent.SUMMARY
[0009] The present disclosure demonstrates that potency reduced IL-21 variants and complexes comprising the IL-21 variants show reduced potency, reduced toxicity and prolonged PK in preclinical models. In addition, fusion proteins combining anti-PD-1 mAb and IL-21 variants showed anti-tumor efficacy in a preclinical model that is refractory to anti-PD-1 monotherapy.
[0010] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a polypeptide complex comprising an interleukin-21 (IL-21) moiety and an antigen binding moiety, wherein:
[0011] the IL-21 moiety is an IL-21 variant comprising one or more amino acid deletions, one or more amino acid substitutions or both, compared to wild-type IL-21,
[0012] the polypeptide complex has a reduced potency in stimulating or activating immune cells compared to an otherwise identical polypeptide complex comprising wild-type IL-21 (e.g. as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77) or a control IL-21 instead of the IL-21 variant.
[0013] In some embodiments, compared to SEQ ID NO: 77, the IL-21 variant comprises one or more of the following mutations:
[0014] (a) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 5, 9, 75-78 (such as a deletion of amino acids at positions 76-78, a deletion of amino acids at positions 75-77, a deletion of amino acid at position 5 and / or a deletion of amino acid at position 9) ;
[0015] (b) one or more amino acid substitutions at positions P79 (e.g. P79N) , E64 (e.g. E64S) , V24 (e.g. V24T) , E36 (e.g. E36K) , G84 (e.g. G84T) ;
[0016] (c) an introduction of a pair of Cys residues, e.g. by substitutions Q51C and K75C.
[0017] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises (a) the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 78-99 and 101-142, or (b) an amino acid sequence at least 95%identical to any amino acid sequence of (a) .
[0018] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 89, 102, 114, 129-135, 137, 139-142.
[0019] In some embodiments, the polypeptide complex disclosed herein further comprises a first dimerization domain and a second dimerization domain, wherein the first dimerization domain and the second dimerization domain associates together to form a dimer.
[0020] In some embodiments, the antigen binding moiety specifically binds to a target antigen selected from tumor associated antigens, I / O checkpoints, tumor microenvironment targets, as well as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases associated targets,
[0021] optionally the antigen binding moiety is a PD-1 binding moiety, for example in the format of Fab, VHH, Fab’ , (Fab’ ) 2, scFv, or diabody.
[0022] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding moiety is in Fab format and comprises: a heavy chain CDR (HCDR) 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150; a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151; a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152; a light chain CDR (LCDR) 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153; a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154; and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155.
[0023] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding moiety comprises:
[0024] (A) a heavy chain variable region (VH) :
[0025] (i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; or
[0026] (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least 85% (e.g. at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 156; and
[0027] (B) a light chain variable region (VL) :
[0028] (i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157; or
[0029] (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence at least 85% (e.g. at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 157.
[0030] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding moiety is in VHH format and comprises: a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146; a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147; and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148.
[0031] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding moiety comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149 or an amino acid sequence at least 85% (e.g. at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0032] In some embodiments, the first dimerization domain and the second dimerization domain are two Fc domains of an immunoglobulin Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region is a human Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region is a human IgG4, IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3 Fc region, and optionally comprises one or more substitutions compared to wild type human Fc, e.g. to alter effector function, to promote heterodimerization or homodimerization, to extend half-life or to remove N-glycosylation.
[0033] In some embodiments, the Fc region is selected from:
[0034] (a) a human IgG1 Fc region, optionally engineered to comprise one or more of the following: L234A / L235A mutations, M252Y / S254T / T256E mutations, G236R / L328R mutations and a “knob into hole” structure; and
[0035] (b) a human IgG4 Fc region, optionally engineered to comprise one or more of the following: S228P mutation, F234A / L235A mutations, M252Y / S254T / T256E mutations and a “knob into hole” structure.
[0036] In some embodiments, the polypeptide complex disclosed herein comprises two heavy chains and two light chains that associate with the heavy chains respectively, wherein the first heavy chain comprises, from N terminal to C terminal: (a) the heavy chain of a PD-1 binding Fab; (b) optionally, a linker (such as a hinge region) ; (c) a Fc domain; (d) optionally, a linker; (e) the IL-21 moiety;
[0037] the second heavy chain comprises, from N-terminal to C-terminal: (f) the heavy chain of the PD-1 binding Fab; (g) optionally, a linker (such as a hinge region) ; (h) a Fc domain; and
[0038] the light chains each comprises the light chain of the PD-1 binding Fab.
[0039] In some embodiments, the polypeptide complex disclosed herein comprises two polypeptide chains, wherein the first chain comprises, from N terminal to C terminal: (a) a PD-1 binding VHH; (b) optionally, a linker (such as a hinge region) ; (c) a Fc domain; (d) optionally, a linker; and (e) the IL-21 moiety;
[0040] the second chain comprises, from N-terminal to C-terminal: (f) the PD-1 binding VHH; (g) optionally, a linker (such as a hinge region) ; and (h) a Fc domain.
[0041] In some embodiments, the linker is a GS series linker such as (GS) n, (G2S) n, (G3S) n, (G4S) n, (GGXGS) n with n=1-5.
[0042] In some embodiments, the first heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-69, the second heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0043] For example, in certain embodiments, the IL-21 variant is operably linked to the heavy chain as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; in some other embodiments, the IL-21 variant is operably linked to the heavy chain as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some exemplary embodiments, the IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein comprise two heavy chains and two light chains, the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 4-69, and the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0044] For example, in certain embodiments, the IL-21 variant is operably linked to one chain as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 143; in some other embodiments, the IL-21 variant is operably linked to the other chain as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 70. In some exemplary embodiments, the IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein comprise two chains, the first chain comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 71-76, and the second chain comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 70.
[0045] In some embodiments, the first chain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 71-76, the second chain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70.
[0046] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an IL-21 variant, wherein the IL-21 variant has a reduced binding affinity to IL-21R and / or reduced potency compared to wild-type IL-21 protein, and comprises one or more of the following mutations:
[0047] (a) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 76-78, 75, 5, 9 (such as a deletion of amino acids at positions 76-78, a deletion of amino acid at position 5 and / or 9) ;
[0048] (b) one or more amino acid substitutions at positions V24 (e.g. V24T) , E36 (e.g. E36K) , E64 (e.g. E64S) , P79 (e.g. P79N) , G84 (e.g. G84T) ;
[0049] (c) an introduction of a pair of Cys residues, e.g. by substitutions Q51C and K75C.
[0050] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant disclosed herein comprises an amino acid sequence at least 95%identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89, 139-142, 78-88, 90-99, and 101-138. In some preferred embodiments, the IL-21 variant disclosed herein comprises an amino acid sequence at least 95%identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89, 102, 114, 129-135, 137, 139-142.
[0051] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a fusion protein comprising the IL-21 variant as disclosed herein operably linked to a heterogeneous protein, optionally the heterogeneous protein is selected from an Fc region, human serum albumin (HSA) and anti-HSA moiety.
[0052] In some embodiments, the fusion protein is a monomer, dimer or multimer.
[0053] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a conjugate comprising the IL-21 variant disclosed herein conjugated to a non-IL-21 moiety selected from lipids, carbohydrates, a detectable label, and a half-life extending moiety (e.g. PEGs) .
[0054] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence (s) encoding the polypeptide complex as disclosed herein or the IL-21 variant as disclosed herein.
[0055] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule as disclosed herein.
[0056] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule or the vector as disclosed herein.
[0057] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an immunoconjugate comprising the polypeptide complex as disclosed herein or the fusion protein disclosed herein conjugated to a chemotherapeutic agent, radioactive particle or toxin.
[0058] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the polypeptide complex as disclosed herein or the fusion protein as disclosed herein, or the nucleic acid molecule disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0059] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for producing the polypeptide complex as disclosed herein comprising the steps of:
[0060] -expressing the polypeptide complex in a host cell comprising a vector (s) encoding the polypeptide complex; and
[0061] -isolating the polypeptide complex from the host cell culture.
[0062] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the polypeptide complex disclosed herein or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein to the subject, wherein the disease or condition is selected from a cancer, an infectious disease and an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a PD-1 related disease or condition.
[0063] In some embodiments, the cancer may be selected from melanoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, lung cancer, renal cell cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, mesothelioma, sarcoma, lymphoma, kidney carcinoma, liver cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia and multiple myeloma. The infectious disease may be selected from vaccinia virus infection, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, HIV infection, HBV infection, HCV infection, polyomavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2 infection, SIV infection, influenza virus, tuberculosis, malaria, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis. The inflammatory disease may be selected from atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus, psoriasis, syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, aplastic anemia, coeliac disease, type1 diabetes, graves’ disease, scleroderma.
[0064] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of the polypeptide complex disclosed herein or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject, wherein the disease or condition is selected from a cancer, an infectious disease and an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a PD-1 related disease or condition.
[0065] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to the polypeptide complex disclosed herein or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein for use in treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject, wherein the disease or condition is selected from a cancer, an infectious disease and an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a PD-1 related disease or condition.
[0066] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a container comprising the polypeptide complex disclosed herein or the fusion protein disclosed herein.
[0067] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0068] Figure 1 shows the exemplary formats Z24 and F126 for polypeptide complexes comprising IL-21 and an PD-1 binding moiety as disclosed herein.
[0069] Figures 2A-2E illustrate IL-21 activity of variants on Hut78 cell monitored by STAT3 Phosphorylation.
[0070] Figures 3A-3D illustrate IL-21 activity of variants on W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool cells monitored by STAT3 Phosphorylation.
[0071] Figure 4 illustrates IL-21 activity of variants on Human primary CD8+ T cell subtypes monitored by STAT3 Phosphorylation.
[0072] Figure 5 illustrates IL-21 activity of variants on Human primary CD4+ T cell subtypes monitored by STAT3 Phosphorylation.
[0073] Figure 6 illustrates IL-21 activity of variants on Human T cell subtypes monitored by STAT3 Phosphorylation.
[0074] Figure 7 illustrates IL-21 activity of variants on Human memory T cell subtypes monitored by STAT3 Phosphorylation.
[0075] Figure 8 illustrates IL-21 activity of variants on Human NK cell subtypes monitored by STAT3 Phosphorylation.
[0076] Figure 9 illustrates IL-21 activity of variants on Human CD14+ monocyte cell subtypes monitored by STAT3 Phosphorylation.
[0077] Figure 10 illustrates IL-21 activity of variants on Human CD19+ B cell subtypes monitored by STAT3 phosphorylation.
[0078] Figures 11A-11B show FACS binding of IL-21 variants on W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1 cell.
[0079] Figures 12A-12B show FACS binding of IL-21 variants on W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cell.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0080] While the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms, disclosed herein are specific illustrative embodiments thereof that exemplify the principles of the disclosure. It should be emphasized that the present disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments illustrated. Moreover, any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
[0081] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. More specifically, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a protein” includes a plurality of proteins; reference to “a cell” includes mixtures of cells, and the like. In this application, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “comprising, ” as well as other forms, such as “comprises"and “comprised, ” is not limiting. In addition, ranges provided in the specification and appended claims include both end points and all points between the end points.
[0082] Generally, nomenclature used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. The methods and techniques of the present disclosure are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification unless otherwise indicated. See, e.g., Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 6th ed., W. B. Saunders Company (2010) ; Sambrook J. &Russell D. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (2000) ; Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, John &Sons, Inc. (2002) ; Harlow and Lane Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (1998) ; and Coligan et al., Short Protocols in Protein Science, Wiley, John &Sons, Inc. (2003) . The nomenclature used in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0083] Definitions
[0084] In order to better understand the disclosure, the definitions and explanations of the relevant terms are provided as follows.
[0085] The term “IL-21” , as used herein, refers to interleukin-21 and is intended to encompass wild-type IL-21 proteins and IL-21 variants. A wild-type IL-21 is a type I cytokine that signals via a receptor composed of IL-21R (CD360) and the common cytokine receptor γ-chain, γc (CD132) . IL-21 is primarily produced by CD4+ T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells, but it has pleiotropic actions on both adaptive and innate immune cells, including T, B, NK, NKT, and dendritic cells. IL-21 activates multiple signaling pathways, including the JAK-STAT, PI 3-kinase (PI3K) , and MAPK pathways. The JAK-STAT pathway has been most extensively studied. IL-21 induces phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK3, which in turn phosphorylate STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 and initiate the transcription of regulated genes. An example of the amino acid sequence of human wild-type IL-21 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0086] The term “variant” , with regard to polypeptide or protein, means a biologically active polypeptide which includes one or more amino acid mutations in the native protein sequence. Optionally, the one or more amino acid mutations include amino acid substitution, insertion and deletion at certain positions within the amino acid sequence. A variant has preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 90%, and more preferably at least about 95%amino acid sequence identity with the corresponding native sequence polypeptide. Such variants include, for instance, polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are deleted or substituted as compared to the origin polypeptide. Variants thereof for use in the disclosure can be prepared by a variety of methods well known in the art, such as synthesizing or recombinantly generating the DNA encoding the variant, and thereafter expressing the DNA in cell culture. In certain embodiments as disclosed herein, an IL-21 variant is substituted by one or more amino acid residues and / or deleted with one or more amino acid residues compared to the wild-type IL-21 protein. The IL-21 variants may also refer to polypeptide complexes or fusion proteins comprising the IL-21 variants.
[0087] The term “modification” , with respect to an amino acid residue / position as used herein, refers to a change of a primary amino acid sequence as compared to a starting amino acid sequence, wherein the change results from a sequence alteration involving said amino acid residue / positions. For example, typical modifications include substitution of the residue (or at said position) with another amino acid (e.g., a conservative or non-conservative substitution) , and insertion of one or more amino acids adjacent to said residue / position. An “amino acid substitution” , or variation thereof, refers to the replacement of an existing amino acid residue in a predetermined (starting) amino acid sequence with a different amino acid residue. Generally, the modification results in alteration in at least one physico-biochemical activity of the variant polypeptide compared to a polypeptide comprising the starting (or “wild type” ) amino acid sequence. For example, in an IL-21 variant, a physico-biochemical activity that is altered can be binding affinity, binding capability and / or binding effect upon a target molecule. As used herein, two or more substitutions and / or in an amino acid sequence may be expressed with “+” or “ / ” between each substitution.
[0088] The term “Fc” , as used herein, has a same meaning as used with regard to an antibody, which refers to that portion of the antibody comprising the second (CH2) and third (CH3) constant regions of a first heavy chain bound to the CH2 and CH3 of a second heavy chain via disulfide bonding. The Fc region may also comprise part or whole of the hinge region. The Fc region of the antibody is responsible for various effector functions such as ADCC and CDC, but does not function in antigen binding. In the present disclosure, the term “Fc” includes both wild-type Fc and Fc variants.
[0089] The term “Fab” with regard to an antibody refers to that portion of the antibody consisting of a single light chain (both variable and constant regions) associating to the variable region and first constant region (CH1) of a single heavy chain by a disulfide bond.
[0090] The term “immunoglobulin single variable domain” or “single variable domain” or “VHH domain” or “VHH” or “heavy chain only antibody variable domain” may be used interchangeably herein and refers to a single chain antigen binding domain that is capable of binding to an antigen or epitope, independently of a different variable domain. A VHH domain (e.g. variable domain of a heavy chain antibody) represents the smallest known antigen-binding unit generated by adaptive immune responses (Koch-Nolte F. et al., FASEB J. Nov; 21 (13) : 3490-8. Epub 2007 Jun 15 (2007) ) . A VHH domain may be a human domain, but also includes a single domain from other species such as rodent, nurse shark and Camelid VHH domains. Camelid VHH are immunoglobulin single variable domain polypeptides that are derived from species including camel, llama, alpaca, dromedary, and guanaco, which produce heavy chain antibodies naturally devoid of light chains. Such VHH domains may be humanized according to standard techniques available in the art and are considered as “single domain antibodies” ( “sdAb” ) . As used herein, VHH includes camelid VHH domains and humanized VHH domains.
[0091] The term “fusion protein” , as used herein, refers to a polypeptide having two (or more) portions operably linked together, where each of the portions is a polypeptide having a different property. The property may be a biological property, such as activity in vitro or in vivo. The property may also be a simple chemical or physical property, such as binding to a target antigen, catalysis of a reaction, etc. The two portions may be linked directly via a single peptide bond or indirectly via a linker, such as a peptide linker containing one or more amino acid residues. Generally, the two portions and the peptide linker will be in reading frame with each other. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein consists of three portions, an antigen binding moiety, an Fc region, and an IL-21 protein domain. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein consists of two portions, an Fc region, and an IL-21 protein domain. As disclosed herein, the term “IL-21 variant comprising fusion proteins” can be used interchangeably with “IL-21 variant comprising polypeptide complexes” .
[0092] The term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition, with or without a spacer or linker or intervening sequence, of two or more biological sequences of interest in such a way that they are in a relationship permitting them to function in an intended manner. When used with respect to polypeptides, it is intended to mean that the polypeptide sequences are linked in such a way that permits the linked product to have the intended biological function, whether retaining the respective functions of each of the polypeptide sequence or leading to a reduced function of one of the polypeptide sequences via steric hinderance imposed by other polypeptide sequence (s) . For example, an antibody variable region may be operably linked to a constant region so as to provide for a stable product with antigen-binding activity; an IL-21 domain may be operably linked (directly or indirectly via a linker) to the Fc domain. The term may also be used with respect to polynucleotides. For one instance, when a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide is operably linked to a regulatory sequence (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer sequence, etc. ) , it is intended to mean that the polynucleotide sequences are linked in such a way that permits regulated expression of the polypeptide from the polynucleotide.
[0093] The term “fusing” , “fused” or “fusion” , with respect to an amino acid sequence (such as peptide, polypeptide or protein) as used herein, refers to the combination of two or more amino acid sequences, for example, by chemical bonding or recombination, to form a single amino acid sequence that is non naturally occurring. The fused amino acid sequence may be produced by the genetic recombination of two polynucleotide-encoding sequences, and may be expressed by introducing a construct containing the recombinant polynucleotide into the host cell.
[0094] The term “vector, ” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid vehicle which can have a polynucleotide inserted therein. When the vector allows for the expression of the protein encoded by the polynucleotide inserted therein, the vector is called an expression vector. The vector can have the carried genetic material elements expressed in a host cell by transformation, transduction, or transfection into the host cell. Vectors are well known by a person skilled in the art, including, but not limited to plasmids, phages, cosmids, artificial chromosome such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) ; phage such as λ phage or M13 phage and animal virus. The animal viruses that can be used as vectors, include, but are not limited to, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus (such as herpes simplex virus) , pox virus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, papova virus (such as SV40) . A vector may comprise multiple elements for controlling expression, including, but not limited to, a promoter sequence, a transcription initiation sequence, an enhancer sequence, a selection element and a reporter gene. In addition, a vector may comprise origin of replication.
[0095] The term “host cell, ” as used herein, refers to a cellular system which can be engineered to generate proteins, protein fragments, or peptides of interest. Host cells include, without limitation, cultured cells, e.g., mammalian cultured cells derived from rodents (rats, mice, guinea pigs, or hamsters) such as CHO, BHK, NSO, SP2 / 0, YB2 / 0; or human tissues or hybridoma cells, yeast cells, and insect cells, and cells comprised within a transgenic animal or cultured tissue. The term encompasses not only the particular subject cell but also the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not be identical to the parent cells, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” .
[0096] The term “identity, ” as used herein, refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more polypeptide molecules or two or more nucleic acid molecules, as determined by aligning and comparing the sequences. “Percent identity” means the percent of identical residues between the amino acids or nucleotides in the compared molecules and is calculated based on the size of the smallest of the molecules being compared. For these calculations, gaps in alignments (if any) are preferably addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e., an “algorithm” ) . Methods that can be used to calculate the identity of the aligned nucleic acids or polypeptides include those described in Computational Molecular Biology, (Lesk, A. M., ed. ) , 1988, New York: Oxford University Press; Biocomputing Informatics and Genome Projects, (Smith, D. W., ed. ) , 1993, New York: Academic Press; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds. ) , 1994, New Jersey: Humana Press; von Heinje, G., 1987, Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, New York: Academic Press; Sequence Analysis Primer, (Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds. ) , 1991, New York: M. Stockton Press; and Carillo et al, 1988, SIAMJ. Applied Math. 48: 1073.
[0097] The term “subject” includes any human or nonhuman animal, preferably mammals, more preferably humans.
[0098] The term “cancer, ” as used herein, refers to any or a tumor or a malignant cell growth, proliferation or metastasis-mediated, solid tumors and non-solid tumors such as leukemia and initiate a medical condition.
[0099] The term “treatment, ” “treating” or “treated, ” as used herein in the context of treating a condition, pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal, in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, regression of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition. Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis, prevention) is also included. For cancer, “treating” may refer to dampen or slow the tumor or malignant cell growth, proliferation, or metastasis, or some combination thereof. For tumors, “treatment” includes removal of all or part of the tumor, inhibiting or slowing tumor growth and metastasis, preventing or delaying the development of a tumor, or some combination thereof.
[0100] The term “an effective amount, ” as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage form comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen. For instance, the “an effective amount, ” when used in connection with treatment of diseases or conditions such as cancers, refers to an active agent, a drug or an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof in an amount or concentration effective to treat the said diseases or conditions.
[0101] The term “prevent, ” “prevention” or “preventing, ” as used herein, with reference to a certain disease condition in a mammal, refers to preventing or delaying the onset of the disease, or preventing the manifestation of clinical or subclinical symptoms thereof.
[0102] The term “EC50, ” as used herein, which is also termed as “half maximal effective concentration” refers to the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time. In the context of the application, EC50 is expressed in the unit of “nM” .
[0103] The term “isolated, ” as used herein, refers to a state obtained from natural state by artificial means. If a certain “isolated” substance or component is present in nature, it is possible because its natural environment changes, or the substance is isolated from natural environment, or both. For example, a certain un-isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide naturally exists in a certain living animal body, and the same polynucleotide or polypeptide with a high purity isolated from such a natural state is called isolated polynucleotide or polypeptide. The term “isolated” excludes neither the mixed artificial or synthesized substance nor other impure substances that do not affect the activity of the isolated substance.
[0104] The term “transfection, ” as used herein, refers to the process by which nucleic acids are introduced into eukaryotic cells, particularly mammalian cells. Protocols and techniques for transfection include but not limited to lipid transfection and chemical and physical methods such as electroporation. A number of transfection techniques are well known in the art and are disclosed herein. See, e.g., Graham et al., 1973, Virology 52: 456; Sambrook et al., 2001, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, supra; Davis et al., 1986, Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier; Chu et al, 1981, Gene 13: 197. In a specific embodiment of the disclosure, human IL-21 gene was transfected into 293F cells.
[0105] The term “fluorescence-activated cell sorting” or “FACS, ” as used herein, refers to a specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell (FlowMetric. “Sorting Out Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting” . Retrieved 2017-11-09) . Instruments for carrying out FACS are known to those of skill in the art and are commercially available to the public. Examples of such instruments include FACS Star Plus, FACScan and FACSort instruments from Becton Dickinson (Foster City, Calif. ) Epics C from Coulter Epics Division (Hialeah, Fla. ) and MoFlo from Cytomation (Colorado Springs, Colo. ) .
[0106] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable, ” as used herein, means that the vehicle, diluent, excipient and / or salts thereof, are chemically and / or physically is compatible with other ingredients in the formulation, and the physiologically compatible with the recipient.
[0107] As used herein, the term “a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient” refers to a carrier and / or excipient pharmacologically and / or physiologically compatible with a subject and an active agent, which is well known in the art (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Edited by Gennaro AR, 19th ed. Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Company, 1995) , and includes, but is not limited to pH adjuster, surfactant, adjuvant and ionic strength enhancer. For example, the pH adjuster includes, but is not limited to, phosphate buffer; the surfactant includes, but is not limited to, cationic, anionic, or non-ionic surfactant, e.g., Tween-80; the ionic strength enhancer includes, but is not limited to, sodium chloride.
[0108] As used herein, the term “adjuvant” refers to a non-specific immunopotentiator, which can enhance immune response to an antigen or change the type of immune response in an organism when it is delivered together with the antigen to the organism or is delivered to the organism in advance. There are a variety of adjuvants, including, but not limited to, aluminium adjuvants (for example, aluminum hydroxide) , Freund’s adjuvants (for example, Freund’s complete adjuvant and Freund’s incomplete adjuvant) , coryne bacterium parvum, lipopolysaccharide, cytokines, and the like. Freund's adjuvant is the most commonly used adjuvant in animal experiments now. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is more commonly used in clinical trials.
[0109] IL-21 variants
[0110] The present disclosure provides IL-21 variants which comprise one or more modification (s) , e.g. one or more substitution (s) and / or one or more deletion (s) , compared to the wild-type IL-21 protein, such as human wild-type IL-21 protein. An amino acid sequence of the mature form of human wild-type IL-21 protein is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 77. The IL-21 variants herein have at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77. Preferably, the IL-21 variants have a reduced binding affinity to IL-21R and a reduced potency in stimulating immune cells (e.g. CD8+ T cells) , leading to a potentially reduced toxicity in vivo. This may be achieved by e.g. modifying one or more amino acids located at the IL-21 / Rα binding interface or altering the locations of disulfide bonds within the protein.
[0111] The IL-21 variant as disclosed herein may have up to 10 amino acids deleted, or up to 5 amino acid substitutions, or both, compared to wild-type IL-21 protein. In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises up to 10 (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10) amino acid deletions. In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises up to 5 (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises up to 10 (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10) amino acid deletions, in combination with up to 5 (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) amino acid substitutions elsewhere in the IL-21 protein.
[0112] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variants as disclosed herein differ from wild-type IL-21 protein by a deletion of one or more amino acids, such as one or more amino acids at positions selected from 1-10, 76-80, 85-90 and 125-133, wherein the residue numbering is defined with reference to SEQ ID NO: 77. More specifically, one or more amino acids at positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, and 133 are deleted.
[0113] Specifically, the IL-21 variants as disclosed herein may comprise one or more deletions independently selected from the following:
[0114] (1) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 1-10;
[0115] (2) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 76-80;
[0116] (3) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 85-90; and
[0117] (4) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 125-133.
[0118] In some other embodiments, the IL-21 variants as disclosed herein differ from wild-type IL-21 protein by one or more amino acid substitutions, such as substitution at positions 11, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 36, 43, 45, 47, 51, 64, 65, 70, 75, 78, 79, 83, 84, 100, 101, 102, 106, 109, 110, 112, and 117, wherein the residue numbering is defined with reference to SEQ ID NO: 77. The amino acid at each position may be substituted independently by any amino acid other than the original amino acid.
[0119] In some further embodiments, the IL-21 variants as disclosed herein differ from wild-type IL-21 protein by having at least one amino acid substitution and at least one amino acid deletion. For example, the IL-21 variant may have a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, and 133, as well as one or more amino acid substitutions at positions 11, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 36, 43, 45, 47, 51, 64, 65, 70, 75, 78, 79, 83, 84, 100, 101, 102, 106, 109, 110, 112, and 117.
[0120] Residues are designated herein by the one letter amino acid code followed by the IL-21 amino acid position in the human IL-21 mature form sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, e.g., R11 refers to the Arg residue at position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 77. Deletions are designated herein by a symbol Δ followed by the amino acid residue (s) followed by position (s) thereof, e.g., ΔRK (76-77) is the deletion of the Arg and Lys residues at positions 76-77 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77.Substitutions are designated herein by the original one letter amino acid code followed by the IL-21 amino acid position followed by the substituting one letter amino acid code., e.g., R11L is a substitution of the Arg residue at position 11 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77 by a Leu residue.
[0121] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position R11 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Arg (R) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Arg, such as R11C, R11A, R11D, R11E, R11F, R11G, R11H, R11K, R11L, R11M, R11N, R11P, R11Q, R11I, R11S, R11T, R11V, R11W, R11Y, more specifically R11L, R11V or R11I. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 78-80 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0122] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position D15 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Asp (D) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Asp, such as D15C, D15A, D15R, D15E, D15F, D15G, D15H, D15K, D15L, D15M, D15N, D15P, D15Q, D15I, D15S, D15T, D15V, D15W, D15Y, more specifically D15I, D15Q, D15A, D15T or D15V. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 81-85 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0123] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position S70 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Ser (S) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Ser, such as S70C, S70A, S70R, S70E, S70F, S70G, S70H, S70K, S70L, S70M, S70N, S70P, S70Q, S70I, S70D, S70T, S70V, S70W, S70Y, more specifically S70L or S70Y. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 86-87 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0124] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position K75 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Lys (K) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Lys, such as K75C, K75A, K75R, K75E, K75F, K75G, K75H, K75S, K75L, K75M, K75N, K75P, K75Q, K75I, K75D, K75T, K75V, K75W, K75Y, more specifically K75W. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 88 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0125] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant has a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 73 and 75-80 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. Specifically, the amino acids at positions 76-77, 75-77, 76-78, 77-79, 78-80, or 77-80 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77 may be deleted. In some embodiments, the amino acid at positions 73 and 76-77 are deleted. In some embodiments, the amino acid at positions 76-77 and 80 are deleted. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 89-92, 101-104 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0126] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant has a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 84-90 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. Specifically, the amino acids at positions 85-86, 88-90, or 85-90 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77 may be deleted. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 93-95 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0127] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant has a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 76-80 and 84-90 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. Specifically, the amino acids at positions 78-80 or 77-80 may be deleted in combination with deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 84-90 (such as positions 85-90, 84-89 and 84-88) corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 96-98 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0128] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant has a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 125-133 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 99 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0129] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant has a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 1-9 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. Specifically, the amino acids at positions 5, 9, 1-5 or 1-9 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77 may be deleted. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 105-108, 138 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0130] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position D18 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Asp (D) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Asp, such as D18C, D18A, D18R, D18E, D18F, D18G, D18H, D18S, D18L, D18M, D18N, D18P, D18Q, D18I, D18K, D18T, D18V, D18W, D18Y, more specifically D18A or D18K. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 109-110 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0131] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position K117 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Lys (K) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Lys, such as K117C, K117A, K117R, K117E, K117F, K117G, K117H, K117S, K117L, K117M, K117N, K117P, K117Q, K117I, K117D, K117T, K117V, K117W, K117Y, more specifically K117A. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 111 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0132] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position E109 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Glu (E) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Glu, such as E109C, E109A, E109R, E109K, E109F, E109G, E109H, E109S, E109L, E109M, E109N, E109P, E109Q, E109I, E109D, E109T, E109V, E109W, E109Y, more specifically E109R. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 112 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0133] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position K21 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Lys (K) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Lys, such as K21C, K21A, K21R, K21E, K21F, K21G, K21H, K21S, K21L, K21M, K21N, K21P, K21Q, K21I, K21D, K21T, K21V, K21W, K21Y, more specifically K21E. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 113 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0134] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position E36 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Glu (E) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Glu, such as E36C, E36A, E36R, E36K, E36F, E36G, E36H, E36S, E36L, E36M, E36N, E36P, E36Q, E36I, E36D, E36T, E36V, E36W, E36Y, more specifically E36K. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 114 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0135] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position E43 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Glu (E) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Glu, such as E43C, E43A, E43R, E43K, E43F, E43G, E43H, E43S, E43L, E43M, E43N, E43P, E43Q, E43I, E43D, E43T, E43V, E43W, E43Y, more specifically E43K. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 115 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0136] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position E100 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Glu (E) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Glu, such as E100C, E100A, E100R, E100K, E100F, E100G, E100H, E100S, E100L, E100M, E100N, E100P, E100Q, E100I, E100D, E100T, E100V, E100W, E100Y, more specifically E100R. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 116 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0137] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position K101 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Lys (K) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Lys, such as K101C, K101A, K101R, K101E, K101F, K101G, K101H, K101S, K101L, K101M, K101N, K101P, K101Q, K101I, K101D, K101T, K101V, K101W, K101Y, more specifically K101E. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 117 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0138] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position K102 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Lys (K) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Lys, such as K102C, K102A, K102R, K102E, K102F, K102G, K102H, K102S, K102L, K102M, K102N, K102P, K102Q, K102I, K102D, K102T, K102V, K102W, K102Y, more specifically K102E. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 118 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0139] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position E106 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Glu (E) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Glu, such as E106C, E106A, E106R, E106K, E106F, E106G, E106H, E106S, E106L, E106M, E106N, E106P, E106Q, E106I, E106D, E106T, E106V, E106W, E106Y, more specifically E106R. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 119 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0140] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position R110 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Arg (R) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Arg, such as R110C, R110A, R110D, R110E, R110F, R110G, R110H, R110K, R110L, R110M, R110N, R110P, R110Q, R110I, R110S, R110T, R110V, R110W, R110Y, more specifically R110E. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 120 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0141] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position K112 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Lys (K) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Lys, such as K112C, K112A, K112R, K112E, K112F, K112G, K112H, K112S, K112L, K112M, K112N, K112P, K112Q, K112I, K112D, K112T, K112V, K112W, K112Y, more specifically K112E. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 121 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0142] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a pair of introduced Cys residues by substitutions of S45C and A83C, or F47C and P87C, or Q51C and K75C, compared to SEQ ID NO: 77. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 122-124 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0143] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position V24 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Val (V) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Val, such as V24C, V24A, V24R, V24E, V24F, V24G, V24H, V24S, V24L, V24M, V24N, V24P, V24Q, V24I, V24D, V24T, V24K, V24W, V24Y, more specifically V24T. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 125 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0144] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position L27 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Leu (L) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Leu, such as L27C, L27A, L27R, L27E, L27F, L27G, L27H, L27S, L27V, L27M, L27N, L27P, L27Q, L27I, L27D, L27T, L27K, L27W, L27Y, more specifically L27T. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 126 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0145] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position E64 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Glu (E) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Glu, such as E64C, E64A, E64R, E64K, E64F, E64G, E64H, E64S, E64L, E64M, E64N, E64P, E64Q, E64I, E64D, E64T, E64V, E64W, E64Y, more specifically E64S. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 127 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0146] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position R65 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Arg (R) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Arg, such as R65C, R65A, R65D, R65E, R65F, R65G, R65H, R65K, R65L, R65M, R65N, R65P, R65Q, R65I, R65S, R65T, R65V, R65W, R65Y, more specifically R65T. In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 128 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0147] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position P79 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Pro (P) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Pro, such as P79C, P79A, P79D, P79E, P79F, P79G, P79H, P79K, P79L, P79M, P79N, P79R, P79Q, P79I, P79S, P79T, P79V, P79W, P79Y, more specifically P79N.
[0148] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variant comprises a substitution at position G84 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77. The original amino acid Gly (G) can be substituted by any amino acid other than Gly, such as G84C, G84A, G84D, G84E, G84F, G84P, G84H, G84K, G84L, G84M, G84N, G84R, G84Q, G84I, G84S, G84T, G84V, G84W, G84Y, more specifically G84T.
[0149] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variants as disclosed herein have a deletion of one or more amino acids as described above in combination with any of the substitutions described above. For example, the IL-21 variants may have a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 76-78 in combination with P79N substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0150] Specifically, the IL-21 variants as disclosed herein may comprise one or more mutations independently selected from the following:
[0151] 1) deletion of one or more amino acid at positions 76-78;
[0152] 2) a substitution at P79, such as P79N;
[0153] 3) a substitution at G84, such as G84T;
[0154] 4) a pair of introduced Cys residues, such as S45C and A83C, or F47C and P87C, or Q51C and K75C;
[0155] 5) a substitution at V24, such as V24T;
[0156] 6) a substitution at E64 such as E64S;
[0157] 7) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 1-9;
[0158] wherein the residue numbering is defined with reference to SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0159] In some specific embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the IL-21 variant is selected from SEQ ID NO: 129-142 and homologous sequences thereof with at least 95%identity.
[0160] The term “at least 95%identity” herein encompasses a sequence identity of at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%. The percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17 (1988) ) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) , using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the percentage of identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined by the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48: 444-453 (1970) ) which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http: / / www. gcg. com) , using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
[0161] Additionally or alternatively, the protein sequences of the present disclosure can further be used as a “query sequence” to perform a search against public databases to, for example, identify related sequences. Such searches can be performed using the XBLAST program (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. MoI. Biol. 215: 403-10. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score = 50, wordlength = 3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to the polypeptide complexes of the disclosure. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al, (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17) : 3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. See www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov.
[0162] Fusion Proteins or conjugates comprising the IL-21 variant
[0163] The IL-21 variant peptide as disclosed herein may be fused to or conjugated to a non-IL-21 moiety, such as PEGs, functional analogs of PEG, dimeric domains, lipids and long-lived serum proteins, that serves for the purpose of half-life extension.
[0164] In some embodiments, the non-IL-21 moiety is an immunoglobulin Fc region, a human serum albumin (HSA) or an anti-HSA moiety, such as an HSA binding VHH. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, both Fc and albumin fusion proteins achieve extended half-lives not only by increasing the size of the fusion protein, but also by taking advantage of the body’s natural recycling mechanism: the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. The pH-dependent binding of the fusion proteins to FcRn prevents degradation of the fusion protein in the endosome. Fusion to antibody Fc can improve the solubility and stability of the fusion protein. Due to the long serum half-lives, the fusion proteins advantageously do not require high doses for use in treatments, thereby minimizing any potential systemic toxicity associated with increased IL-21 levels. The IL-21 fusion proteins can be used for applications where increased IL-21 activity is useful, for example, for increasing the proliferation of lymphocyte populations in mounting an anti-tumor response in a subject in need thereof.
[0165] A major difference between Fc and HSA / anti-HSA moiety is the dimeric nature of Fc versus the monomeric structure of HSA / anti-HSA moiety, leading to presentation of a fused protein as a dimer or a monomer depending on the choice of fusion partner. The dimeric nature of a Fc fusion protein can produce an avidity effect where the target receptors are spaced closely enough together or are themselves dimers.
[0166] In addition, the fusion protein as disclosed herein have attenuated affinity to IL-21 receptor, through deletion of amino acids at the interface between IL-21 and IL-21R, steric hindrance, hydrogen bond, salt bridge, hydrophobic effects. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises one or more copies of IL-21 variant peptides.
[0167] In some embodiments, the IL-21 domain is linked to the non-IL-21 moiety via a linker. Any suitable linkers can be used, including any peptide sequence that allows for recombinant attachment of two domains with sufficient length and flexibility to allow each domain to retain its biological function. In some embodiments, the linker is a peptide linker, specifically the linker may be a GS series linker, such as n copies of GS, GSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 158) , GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 159) and GGGS (SEQ ID NO: 160) , where n is an integer of 1-5.
[0168] In some embodiments, the non-IL-21 moiety is an antigen-binding moiety of an antibody. The antigen-binding moiety may be a VHH or a scFv derived from the antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an anti-HSA antibody.
[0169] Polypeptide complexes comprising IL-21 and an antigen-binding moiety
[0170] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a polypeptide complex comprising an IL-21 moiety, an antigen-binding moiety, a first dimerization domain and a second dimerization domain, wherein the first dimerization domain and the second dimerization domain associates together to form a dimer. Preferably, the first dimerization domain and the second dimerization domain are two Fc domains of a Fc region. The IL-21 moiety comprises any of the IL-21 variants as disclosed herein. Also provided herein is a polypeptide complex comprising a monoclonal antibody fused with an IL-21 variant as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the monoclonal antibody is a conventional Y shape IgG antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. In some other embodiments, the monoclonal antibody is a heavy chain only antibody comprising two heavy chains. The IL-21 variant may be fused at the N terminal or C terminal of the heavy chain or light chain. The polypeptide complexes disclosed herein have a reduced binding affinity to IL-21 receptor, and hence a reduced potency in stimulating proliferation or activation of immune cells compared to an otherwise identical polypeptide complex comprising wild-type IL-21 instead of the IL-21 variant.
[0171] The antigen-binding moiety or the monoclonal antibody may specifically bind to an antigen selected from a variety of antigens, such as an immune checkpoint inhibitor (such as PD-1, CTLA-4, TIGIT, TIM-3, LAG-3 and VISTA) , an immune modulator (such as BTLA, hHVEM, CSFIR, CCR4, CD39, CD40, CD73, CD96, CXCR2, CXCR4, CD200, GARP, SIRPa, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CD155) , and an immune activator (such as CD137, GITR, OX40, CD40, CXCR3, CD3 and ICOS) .
[0172] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding moiety or the monoclonal antibody specifically binds to a target antigen, which may be selected from tumor associated antigens (TAAs) , I / O checkpoints, tumor microenvironment targets, or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases associated targets. Specifically, the antigen-binding moiety or the monoclonal antibody specifically binds to a target antigen selected from PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM-3, TIM4, 4-1BB, OX-40, OX-40L, GITR, A2aR, TIGIT, CD96, PVRIG, CD226, 5T4, VISTA, VSIG3, VSIG4, ICOS, CD28, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45, CD44v6, CD27, CD47, SIRPAα, SLAMF7, CD24, Siglec10, Siglec15, Siglec8, VSIR, VSIG4, PSGL-1, C5AR1, BTN1A1, BTN3A1, CD70, RANKL, CSF1R, CSF2RB, TNFRSF1 / 1a / 1b, BDCA2, BTLA, C5aR, NKG2A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD16a, CD56, CD166, FCGR3, CD2, Neuropilin-1, CCR8, CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, GCGR, CXCR2, CXCR4, CXCR5, CALCRL, ETAR, GLP1R, CX3CR1, GPR1, GPR17, GPR20, GPR30, GPR34, GPR-65, GPCR78, GPRC5D, GPR84, LGR4, LGR5, VEGF, VEGFR, HER2, HER3, Trop2, pCAD, ERα, EGFR, de2-7 EGFR, EGFRvIII, PSMA, PSCA, PSA, TAG-72, SEZ6, SEZ6L, SEZ6L2, SEMA4D, DLL3, GD2, GPC3, KLB, KLRB1, KLRG1, GPC1, PCSK9, EpCAM, p-Cadherin, Caludin 6, Caludin 18.2, FGFR2b, FGFR3, FGFR4, MUC1, MUC13, MUC16, MUC17, MUCL3, FolRa, TfR, TF, TFR, TFPI, c-Met, NY-ESO-1, GUCY2C, LIV-1, Integrin αvβ6, Integrin α10β1, Integrin α3, Integrin α5β4, Integrin αvβ3, Integrin αvβ8, ROR1, ROR2, PRLR, PTK7, B7-H3, Nectin-4, NetG1, Ax1, CD147, LRRC15, Napi2b, STEAP1, LY6G6D, LYPD1, MACRO, MerTK, MICA, MICB, MSLN, Mkars, G12D, CDH3, CDH6, CDH17, APLA2, CAIX, CD46, CD47, CLDN6, EphA3, Fucosyl-GM1, ITGA3, Kallikrein, MISRII, RON, ROBO1, PAUF, PLA2, Podocalyxin, PRLR, PTK7, TM4SF1, TMEFF2, TREAKR, TREM-1, TREM-2, uPARAP, TYRP1, KAAG1, RU2AS, CD146, CD63, Endoglin, Globo H, IGF-1R, TEM1, TEM8, TAX1BP3, ADAM-9, ENPP3, EphA2, EphA3, FcRH5, NaPi3b, TWEAK, DLK1, SORT1, SSTR2, STEAP1, CD25, CD39, GARP, LRRC33, LAIR1, LAMP3, LAP, LEPR, LILRB1, LILRB2, LILRB4, RAGE, FGL1, TPBG, PDGFRB, TGFBR2, CEACAM1, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , ICAM1, A33, CAMPATH-1 (CDw52) , Carboanhydrase IX (MN / CA IX) , , CD248, PDPN, ITGB1, ITGAV, CD20, CD19, CD21, CD22, CLL, BCMA, DCLK1, DDR1, DLK1, DPEP3, DKK1, CD5, CD13, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD36, CD37, CD38, CD43, CD52, CD55, CD94, CD99, CD7, CD71, CD73, CD74, CD79a, CD79b, CD229, CD132, CD133, G250 , CSF1R (CD115) , HLA-DR, HLA-G, HTRA1, TRA-1-60, IGFR, IL-2 receptor, MCSP (Melanoma-associated cell surface chondroitin sulphate proteoglycane) , ART1, ASGR1, B7H3, B7-H4, B7H6, CD124, c-Kit (CD117) , CD7, Clex12A, Clever-1, IL-13RA2, IL-11RA, IL-31RA, IL-4RA, IFNAR, ActRIIb, IL-7R, SLAMF7, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3, CD135) , GFRA1, BTLA, GloboH, CSF2RB, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) , ITGA4, Clec5a, Clec7a, Clec9a, Clec12a, CLEC14, CD205, CD206, CD200R1, CD228, CD229, CD40, CD40L, FcRn, TLR8, TLR9, TNFR2, LTBR, CD44, CD93, PDGF, PDGFR-alpha (CD140a) , PDGFR-beta (CD140b) , CD146, CD147, CRTH2, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL1RAcP, TSLP, DR5, ST2, fibroblast activating protein (FAP) , CDCP1, Derlin1, Tenascin, frizzled 1-10, the vascular antigens VEGFR2 (KDR / FLK1) , VEGFR3 (FLT4, CD309) , and Tie2.
[0173] The antigen-binding moiety may be in the form of a Fab, Fab’ , (Fab’ ) 2, scFv, nanobody (VHH) , diabody or TCR. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding moiety is in Fab format. The IL-21 moiety may be constructed on the VH chain or the VL chain of the Fab. Where the IL-21 moiety is on the same heavy chain with the VH region, the IL-21 moiety can be operably linked to the Fc region (optionally via a linker) , which in turn is operably linked to the Fab VH region, i.e. the IL-21 moiety and the Fab are separated by intervening hinge region and Fc region. In some other embodiments, the IL-21 moiety and the Fab are on the same side (usually N terminal) of the Fc region.
[0174] In some exemplary embodiments, the polypeptide complex comprises two heavy chains and two light chains, wherein from N to C terminus:
[0175] the first heavy chain comprises the VH-CH1 portion of the antigen binding Fab operably linked to a Fc domain and the Fc domain operably linked to the IL-21 moiety;
[0176] the second heavy chain comprises the VH-CH1 portion of the antigen binding Fab operably linked to a Fc domain and no IL-21 moiety;
[0177] each light chain comprises the VL-CL portion of the antigen binding Fab.
[0178] In some exemplary embodiments, the polypeptide complex comprises two heavy chains and two light chains, wherein from N to C terminus:
[0179] each heavy chain comprises the VH-CH1 portion of the antigen binding Fab operably linked to a Fc domain and the Fc domain operably linked to the IL-21 moiety;
[0180] each light chain comprises the VL-CL portion of the antigen binding Fab.
[0181] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding moiety is in VHH format. The IL-21 moiety may be on the same heavy chain with the VHH. For example, the IL-21 moiety can be operably linked to the Fc region (optionally via a linker) , which in turn is operably linked to the VHH region, i.e. the IL-21 moiety and the VHH are separated by intervening hinge region and Fc region. In some other embodiments, the IL-21 moiety and the VHH are on the same side (usually N terminal) of the Fc region.
[0182] In some exemplary embodiments, the polypeptide complex comprises two chains, wherein from N to C terminus: each chain comprises the VHH operably linked to a Fc domain and the Fc domain operably linked to the IL-21 moiety. In some exemplary embodiments, the polypeptide complex comprises two chains, wherein from N to C terminus: the first chain comprises the VHH operably linked to a Fc domain and the Fc domain operably linked to the IL-21 moiety, and the second chain comprises the VHH operably linked to a Fc domain.
[0183] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding moiety is a soluble or engineered TCR. The IL-21 moiety may be constructed on the alpha or beta chain of the TCR. Where the IL-21 moiety is on the same heavy chain with the Vβ region, the IL-21 moiety can be operably linked to the Fc region (optionally via a linker) , which in turn is operably linked to the TCR Vβ-Cβ region, i.e. the IL-21 moiety and the TCR are separated by intervening hinge region and Fc region. In some other embodiments, the IL-21 moiety and the TCR Vβ-Cβ region are on the same side (usually N terminal) of the Fc region.
[0184] The polypeptide complex may be a heterodimeric fusion protein comprising no IL-21 domain in one heavy chain (i.e. the Fc domain comprising chain) . The Fc region thus generally comprises modifications that facilitate the heterodimerization of the two (heavy) chains and / or allow for ease of purification of heterodimers over homodimers. As is generally described in US patent No. US 9,605, 084, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and specifically described as below in the Fc region section, useful mechanisms for heterodimerization include “knobs into holes” (“KIH” ) as described in US Patent No. US 9, 605, 084, “electrostatic steering” or “charge pairs” as described in US Patent No. US 9, 605, 084, pi variants as described in US Patent No. US 9,605,084, and general additional Fc variants as outlined in US Patent No. US 9,605,084. The “knob into hole” mutations can be further combined with other modifications in the Fc region to facilitate formation of Fc heterodimers. In some other embodiments, the polypeptide complex is a homodimeric fusion protein comprising an IL-21 domain in each chain and a Fc region with two same domains.
[0185] Depending on the desired biochemical (e.g. solubility and stability) and pharmacokinetics properties, different construction formats may be applied, for example, the polypeptide complex may comprise more than one IL-21 moiety, or more than one antigen-binding moiety. Any of the IL-21 variants described herein can be included in the polypeptide complex. The IL-21 variants comprised in the polypeptide complex may be same or different. The IL-21s that can be used with the polypeptide complexes provided herein include wildtype IL-21, IL-21 variants as disclosed herein and functional fragments of such IL-21s.
[0186] Any suitable linkers can be used for the operable linkage between the antigen binding moiety and the Fc region, between the Fc region and the IL-21 moiety, and between the antigen binding moiety and the IL-21 moiety, including any peptide sequence that allows for recombinant attachment of two domains with sufficient length and flexibility to allow each domain to retain its biological function. Preferably, the antigen-binding moiety is indirectly linked to the Fc region, e.g. via a hinge region. The IL-21 moiety may be directly or indirectly linked to the C terminal of the Fc region, e.g. via a peptide linker. In some embodiments, the linker is GS series linker, such as (GS) n, (GSGGS) n, (GGGGS) n and (GGGS) n, where n is an integer of 1-5.
[0187] As described above, the target antigen for the antigen-binding moiety can be selected from immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM-3, A2aR, TIGIT, VISTA, or tumor associated antigens such as HER2, and BCMA, angiogenesis related factors such as VEGF and PDGF, among others. A numerous variety of antibodies against such antigens are already developed and familiar to those skilled in the art.
[0188] The antigen-binding moiety may be from or derived from antibodies which are already known (e.g. published in patent applications) , on the market, or developed de novo. For example, the antigen-binding moiety may be derived from any of the following antibodies: trastuzumab, pertuzumab, sacituzumab, abciximab, adalimumab, alefacept, alemtuzumab, basiliximab, belimumab, bezlotoxumab, bevacizuman. canakinumab, certolizumab pegol, cetuximab, daclizumab, denosumab, efalizumab, golimumab, gemtuzumab, infliximab, ipilimumab, ixekizumab, natalizumab, nivolumab, olaratumab, omalizumab, ofatumumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, pembrolizumab, rituximab, ranibizumab, tocilizumab, trastuzumab, secukinumab, and ustekinumab. The variable regions (or at least the CDR regions) of the antigen binding moieties may be same as those of the antibodies which are already known or developed de novo. By “derived from” it is meant that the variable regions are same as those in the parent antibody or have at least 80%homology (e.g. at least 85%, 90%, 95%or above) yet still retain the binding ability to the targeted antigen. For example, the variable regions from parental antibodies may be humanized, affinity matured, or glycosylation modified before being constructed into the polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein. The methods for modification of the variable regions, including CDRs and framework regions, are familiar to a person skilled in the art.
[0189] PD-1 binding moiety
[0190] In some embodiments of the polypeptide complex provided herein, the antigen-binding moiety is a PD-1 binding moiety, which may adopt any of the formats: Fab, VHH and scFv. The PD-1 binding moiety provided herein has a specific binding affinity to human PD-1 which is sufficient to provide for diagnostic and / or therapeutic use.
[0191] In some embodiments, the polypeptide complex is capable of specifically binding to human PD-1 expressed on surface of cells with a high binding affinity. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 binding moiety provided herein cross-reacts with cynomolgus monkey PD-1 or mouse PD-1, for example, cyno or mouse PD-1 expressed on a cell surface, or a soluble recombinant cyno or mouse PD-1.
[0192] Binding of the anti-PD-1 binding moiety to PD-1 expressed on a cell can be measured by methods known in the art, for example, by a sandwich assay such as ELISA, Western Blot, flow cytometry assay, and other binding assays. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 binding moiety provided herein specifically binds to human PD-1 expressed on a cell with an EC50 of no more than 0.5 nM, no more than 0.6 nM, no more than 0.7 nM, no more than 0.8 nM, no more than 0.9 nM, or no more than 1 nM measured by flow cytometry assay.
[0193] PD-1 binding Fab
[0194] The PD-1 binding Fab may be derived from a chimeric, humanized or human anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the polypeptide complex comprises a PD-1 binding Fab comprising:
[0195] A) one or more heavy chain CDRs (HCDRs) selected from the group consisting of:
[0196] a HCDR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 150 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 150 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; a HCDR2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 151 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 151 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and a HCDR3 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 152 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids;
[0197] B) one or more light chain CDRs (LCDRs) selected from the group consisting of:
[0198] a LCDR1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 153 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 153 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; a LCDR2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 154 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 154 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and a LCDR3 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 155 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 155 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; or
[0199] C) one or more HCDRs of A) and one or more LCDRs of B) .
[0200] The CDRs described above are identified according to Kabat+IMGT definition.
[0201] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding Fab comprises: HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 150, 151 and 152 respectively, and; LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 153, 154 and 155 respectively.
[0202] The extent of the framework region and CDRs can be precisely identified using methodology known in the art, for example, by the Kabat definition, the Chothia definition, the AbM definition, the Contact definition, the IMGT definition (all of which are well known in the art) and any combinations thereof. See, e.g., Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, Chothia et al., (1989) Nature 342: 877; Chothia, C. et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917, Al-lazikani et al (1997) J. Molec. Biol. 273: 927-948; Edelman et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1969 May, 63 (1) : 78-85; and Martin and Allen, in “Handbook of Therapeutic Antibodies” , chapter 5, 2007. See also hgmp. mrc. ac. uk and bioinf. org. uk / abs. Correspondence or alignments between numberings according to different definitions can for example be found at www. imgt. org / (see also Giudicelli V et al. IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database. Nucleic Acids Res. (1997) 25: 206–11; and Lefranc MP et al., IMGT unique numbering for immunoglobulin and T cell receptor variable domains and Ig superfamily V-like domains. Dev Comp Immunol. (2003) 27: 55–77) .
[0203] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the exact numbering and placement of the CDRs can be different among different numbering systems. However, it should be understood that the disclosure of a variable heavy chain sequence, a variable light chain sequence and / or a VHH sequence includes the disclosure of the associated (inherent) CDRs, regardless of which numbering approach is adopted. Accordingly, the disclosure of each variable region is a disclosure of the CDRs (e.g., HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3) . Two antibodies having the same VH and VL means that their CDRs are identical when determined by the same approach (e.g., the Kabat, AbM, Chothia, Contact, and IMGT numbering approaches as known in the art) . The same antibody or antigen-binding moiety as disclosed herein may have a different set of CDRs when determined by a different numbering approach.
[0204] Variable regions and CDRs in an antibody sequence can also be identified by aligning the sequences against a database of known variable regions. Methods for identifying these regions are described in Kontermann and Dubel, eds., Antibody Engineering, Springer, New York, NY, 2001 and Dinarello et al., Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2000. Exemplary databases of antibody sequences are described in, and can be accessed through, the “Abysis"website at www. bioinf. org. uk / abs (maintained by A. C. Martin in the Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology University College London, London, England) and the VBASE2 website at www. vbase2. org, as described in Retter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 33 (Database issue) : D671-D674 (2005) . Sequences may be analyzed using the Abysis database, which integrates sequence data from Kabat, IMGT and the Protein Data Bank (PDB) with structural data from the PDB. See Dr. Andrew C. R. Martin's book chapter Protein Sequence and Structure Analysis of Antibody Variable Domains. In: Antibody Engineering Lab Manual (Ed. : Duebel, S. and Kontermann, R., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, ISBN-13: 978-3540413547, also available on the website bioinforg. uk / abs) . The Abysis database website further includes general rules that have been developed for identifying CDRs which can be used in accordance with the teachings herein.
[0205] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding Fab comprises at least one of the HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 of the VH region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 156, and at least one of the LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 of the VL region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 157.
[0206] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding Fab as disclosed herein comprises a VH region and a VL region, wherein the VH region comprises FRW1-HCDR1-FRW2-HCDR2-FRW3-HCDR3-FRW4, and wherein HCDR1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150, HCDR2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151, and HCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152, and / or wherein the VL region comprises FRW1-LCDR1-FRW2-LCDR2-FRW3-LCDR3-FRW4, and wherein LCDR1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153, LCDR2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154, and LCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155.
[0207] In some embodiments, the framework (FRW) regions are derived from human germline, e.g. a human immunoglobulin. In some embodiments, the FRW regions may include one or more individual FRW residue modifications that improve antibody performance, such as stability, binding affinity, isomerization, immunogenicity, etc. For example, the FRW regions may comprise a PTM-removal modification to avoid post-translational modification (PTM) . PTMs mainly include isomerization, deamination, glycosylation and oxidation in antibody discovery, all of them have a typical amino acid site, e.g. “DG” for isomerization, “NG” for deamination, “N*T / S” (*stand for other amino acid except P or D) for glycosylation and “M” or “C” for oxidation. Once the PTM sites are found in antibody sequence, especially in key regions like CDR3, PTM removal may be needed to avoid the potential risk of PTM modification while minimally affecting the binding compared to the parental antibody.
[0208] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding Fab comprises:
[0209] (A) a heavy chain variable region (VH) :
[0210] (i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156;
[0211] (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 156; or
[0212] (iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more (e.g. 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2) amino acids in the framework regions compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; and / or
[0213] (B) a light chain variable region (VL) :
[0214] (i) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157;
[0215] (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 157; or
[0216] (iii) comprising an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more (e.g. 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2) amino acids in the framework regions compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157.
[0217] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the heavy chain variable region and / or the light chain variable region can be at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%identical to the respective sequences set forth above.
[0218] Preferably, the VH and VL as described above have the same set of CDRs as one of SEQ ID NOs: 156-157 and with sequence having at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%identity in the framework regions. In some embodiments, the antigen binding moiety disclosed herein comprises at least one of the heavy chain FRW1, FRW2, FRW3 and FRW4 of the VH region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 156, and at least one of the light chain FRW1, FRW2, FRW3 and FRW4 of the VL region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 157.
[0219] As described herein, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17 (1988) ) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) , using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the percentage of identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined by the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48: 444-453 (1970) ) which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http: / / www. gcg. com) , using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
[0220] PD-1 binding VHH
[0221] The PD-1 binding VHH (or designated as anti-PD-1 single variable domain) may be derived from a Camelidae antibody or a humanized antibody, more specifically derived from heavy chain-only antibodies. In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding VHH comprises one or more CDRs selected from the group consisting of:
[0222] (i) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 146 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids;
[0223] (ii) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 147 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids; and
[0224] (iii) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 148 by an amino acid addition, deletion or substitution of not more than 2 amino acids.
[0225] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding VHH comprises (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 146; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 147; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 148. The CDRs may be identified by the Kabat+IMGT definition. In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding VHH comprises a CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the VHH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0226] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding VHH comprises:
[0227] (A) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149;
[0228] (B) an amino acid sequence which is at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 149; or
[0229] (C) an amino acid sequence with addition, deletion and / or substitution of one or more (for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10) amino acids compared with SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0230] As an illustrative example, the PD-1 binding moiety may comprise a VHH with at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 149.
[0231] Preferably, the substitution in the PD-1 binding VHH, VH and / or VL as mentioned above, whether in the CDR or the framework region, is a conservative substitution. It is understood in the art that certain conservative sequence modification can be made which do not remove antigen binding. See, e.g., Brummell et al. (1993) Biochem 32: 1180-8; de Wildt et al. (1997) Prot. Eng. 10: 835-41; Komissarov et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272: 26864-26870; Hall et al. (1992) J. Immunol. 149: 1605-12; Kelley and O’ Connell (1993) Biochem. 32: 6862-35; Adib-Conquy et al. (1998) Int. Immunol. 10: 341-6 and Beers et al. (2000) Clin. Can. Res. 6: 2835-43.
[0232] As described above, the term “conservative substitution” refers to amino acid substitutions which would not disadvantageously affect or change the essential properties of a protein / polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence. For example, a conservative substitution may be introduced by standard techniques known in the art such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Conservative amino acid substitutions include substitutions wherein an amino acid residue is substituted with another amino acid residue having a similar side chain, for example, a residue physically or functionally similar (such as, having similar size, shape, charge, chemical property including the capability of forming covalent bond or hydrogen bond, etc. ) to the corresponding amino acid residue. The families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids having alkaline side chains (for example, lysine, arginine and histidine) , amino acids having acidic side chains (for example, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) , amino acids having uncharged polar side chains (for example, glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan) , amino acids having nonpolar side chains (for example, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine) , amino acids having β-branched side chains (such as threonine, valine, isoleucine) and amino acids having aromatic side chains (for example, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . Therefore, a corresponding amino acid residue is preferably substituted with another amino acid residue from the same side-chain family. Methods for identifying amino acid conservative substitutions are well known in the art (see, for example, Brummell et al., Biochem. 32: 1180-1187 (1993) ; Kobayashi et al., Protein Eng. 12 (10) : 879-884 (1999) ; and Burks et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 412-417 (1997) , which are incorporated herein by reference) .
[0233] The PD-1 binding VHH or sdAb disclosed herein may be made by the skilled artisan according to methods known in the art or any future method. For instance, a single-domain antibody can be obtained by immunization of llamas or alpacas with the desired antigen and subsequent isolation of the mRNA coding for heavy-chain antibodies. By reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, a gene library of single-domain antibodies containing several million clones is produced. Screening techniques like phage display and ribosome display help to identify the clones binding the antigen. One technique is phage display in which a library of (e.g., human) antibodies is synthesized on phages, the library is screened with the antigen of interest or an antibody-binding portion thereof, and the phage that binds the antigen is isolated, from which one may obtain the immunoreactive fragments. Methods for preparing and screening such libraries are well known in the art and kits for generating phage display libraries are commercially available (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, catalog no. 27-9400-01; and the StratageneSurfZAPTM phage display kit, catalog no. 240612) . There also are other methods and reagents that can be used in generating and screening antibody display libraries (see, e.g., Barbaset al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 7978-7982 (1991) ) .
[0234] The affinity of VHHs can often be improved by e.g. site directed mutagenesis of the CDR regions and further rounds of panning on immobilized antigen under conditions of increased stringency (higher temperature, high or low salt concentration, high or low pH, and low antigen concentrations) (Wesolowski et al., Single domain antibodies: promising experimental and therapeutic tools in infection and immunity. Med Microbiol Immunol (2009) 198: 157-174) . When the most potent clones have been identified, their DNA sequence is optimized, for example, by affinity maturation or humanization. Humanization may prevent immunological reactions of the human organism against the antibody.
[0235] The VHH is often fused to an Fc-domain of an antibody, for example, Fc-domain of IgG (e.g., IgG4 or IgG1) . By fusing a VHH to a Fc domain, it may be more efficient to recruit effector functions. Also, the fusion of VHH to Fc domain may help the antigen binding molecule to form a dimer, and may also help the extension of the half-life of the antigen binding molecules in vivo.
[0236] Properties of the polypeptide complex disclosed herein
[0237] The present disclosure provides potency reduced IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes comprising these IL-21 variants. The IL-21 variants have shown good thermal stability, reduced potency / toxicity, and the IL-21 polypeptide complexes have shown enhanced target-specific activity, thus may serve as a novel immunotherapy agent with improved anti-tumor efficacy. The functionality of these IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes may be assessed in several ways, such as in vitro or in vivo assays.
[0238] In some embodiments, the effect of the IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes is evaluated by quantifying a signaling pathway measured by phosphorylation of certain factors, such as in vitro STAT3 phosphorylation assays. STAT3 is a critical transcriptional regulator also known for its involvement in Th17 differentiation, and regulatory role of STAT3 can be activated by IL-21.The IL-21 / IL-21R interaction induces phosphorylation of STAT3, and the activation of STAT3 signaling can be monitored by ELISA or FACS.
[0239] In some embodiments, the effect of the IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes may be evaluated by immune cell proliferation assays, using for example Ki-67 intracellular staining of immune effector cells. Ki-67 is a protein strictly associated with cell proliferation and the percentage of Ki-67 on CD8+ T and NK cells may be measured by FACS, which indicates their activities in stimulating CD8+ T and NK cells. In some embodiments, the cell surface markers of T cell activation and differentiation can be used for evaluating the effect on cell proliferation, such as PD-1 and L-selectin (CD62L) . In some embodiments, the effect of the IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes may be evaluated by assessing T cell activity measured by cytokine production. In some embodiments, the effect of the IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes may be evaluated by assessing lympho-expansion (counts in white blood cells, lymphocytes, NK cells, T cells and T cell subsets, monocytes, and basophile) .
[0240] The IL-21 comprising polypeptide complexes of the present disclosure provide at least one of the following properties:
[0241] (a) more moderate potency in stimulating IL-21 / IL-21R signaling pathway;
[0242] (b) good thermal stability;
[0243] (c) allow for combining IL-21 with other targeting moieties and activation of IL-21 signaling in T cells and antigen expressing cells, such as PD-1 expressing cells;
[0244] (d) retain the ability of antigen / antibody interaction.
[0245] Fc region
[0246] The disclosure provides Fc-fusion proteins and polypeptide complexes comprising a Fc region and the human IL-21 variant as described above. The Fc domain may be a wild-type Fc or an Fc variant. A wild-type Fc may be a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc. In some embodiments, the wild-type Fc is a human IgG1 Fc. The Fc variant comprises one or more amino acid residue modifications (e.g. substitutions, insertions and / or deletions) compared to the wild-type Fc (e.g., human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc) . In some embodiments, the Fc variant comprises one or more amino acid residue modifications (e.g. substitutions, insertions and / or deletions) compared to wild-type human IgG1 Fc. In some embodiments, the Fc variant comprises one or more amino acid residue modifications (e.g. substitutions, insertions and / or deletions) compared to wild-type human IgG4 Fc.
[0247] There are many known mutations that exist for increasing or reducing ADCC, ADCP and CDC. One example of human IgG1 heavy chain mutations is LALA mutation, which prevents all effector function, i.e., essentially functions to ADCC, ADCP and CDC. The hIgG1 LALA sequence includes two mutations, L234A and L235A (EU numbering) , which suppress FcγR binding. The “EU numbering system” or “EU index” is generally used when referring to a residue in an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (e.g., the EU index reported in Kabat et al. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (5th Ed. ) , US Dept. of Health and Human Services, PHS, NIH, NIH Publication no. 91-3242) . The “EU numbering as in Kabat” or “EU index as in Kabat” refers to the residue numbering of the human IgG1 EU antibody. Unless stated otherwise herein, references to residue numbers in the constant domain of Fc regions means residue numbering by the EU numbering system.
[0248] Said one or more amino acid modifications comprised in the Fc variant may alter the binding to one or more FcγR receptors, alter the binding to FcRn receptors, etc. In certain embodiments, the Fc domain of the fusion proteins comprise one or more amino acid substitution (s) that improves pH-dependent binding to neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) . Such a variant can have an extended pharmacokinetic half-life, as it binds to FcRn at acidic pH which allows it to escape from degradation in the lysosome and then be translocated and released out of the cell. Methods of engineering an antibody and antigen-binding fragment thereof to improve binding affinity with FcRn are well-known in the art, see, for example, Vaughn, D. et al, Structure, 6 (1) : 63-73, 1998; Kontermann, R. et al, Antibody Engineering, Volume 1, Chapter 27: Engineering of the Fc region for improved PK, published by Springer, 2010; Yeung, Y. et al, Cancer Research, 70: 3269-3277 (2010) ; and Hinton, P. et al, J. Immunology, 176: 346-356 (2006) .
[0249] The two chains of the Fc domain may associate together via a disulfide bond. In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid modifications (e.g. substitutions) in the interface of the Fc region to facilitate and / or promote heterodimerization. For example, the two chains of the Fc domain are engineered to comprise a “knob-into-hole” structure to promote heterodimerization, which includes introduction of a protuberance ( “knob” ) into a first Fc polypeptide and a cavity ( “hole” ) into a second Fc polypeptide, wherein the protuberance can be positioned in the cavity so as to promote interaction of the first and second Fc polypeptides to form a heterodimer or a complex. Methods of generating antibodies with these modifications are known in the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,168. Specifically, the Fc domain may comprise at least one “knob” (protuberance) and at least one “hole” (cavity) , wherein presence of the “knob” and “hole” enhances formation of a complex or heterodimer (for more detail see WO 2005 / 063816) . In some embodiments, the Fc region as disclosed herein comprises a first and a second Fc polypeptide chain, wherein the first and second polypeptide each comprises one or more mutations with respect to wild type human IgG4 Fc. The IL-21 domain may be fused to one chain of the Fc domain comprising a “knob” mutation while the VH region of the antigen-binding portion is fused to the other chain comprising a “hole” mutation, or vice versa. In at least one embodiment, a “hole” mutation is Y349C, T366S, L368A, and / or Y407V, and a “knob” mutation is S354C and / or T366W.
[0250] In certain embodiments, the Fc region comprises one or more amino acid substitution (s) that alters the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and / or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) . Certain amino acid residues at CH2 domain of the Fc region can be substituted to provide for reduced ADCC activity.
[0251] In some embodiments, the Fc region is a IgG4 Fc variant that comprises a “FALA” mutation (i.e. F234A / L235A) , which reduces the binding with Fc receptors or complement receptors. In some other embodiments, the Fc region is a IgG4 Fc variant with truncated hinge region. In still some other embodiments, the Fc region is a IgG4 Fc variant that comprises a S228P mutation, which may reduce IgG4 Fab-arm exchange.
[0252] In some specific embodiments, the Fc variant comprises two chains, wherein the amino acid sequence of the first chain has at least 80%, e.g. 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%or more (e.g. 100%) sequence identity to wild-type human IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, or IgG4 with hinge truncation.
[0253] Nucleic acid molecules encoding the IL-21 variants and fusion proteins
[0254] In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the IL-21 variant or the IL-21 polypeptide complex as disclosed herein.
[0255] Nucleic acids of the disclosure can be obtained using standard molecular biology techniques. The isolated nucleic acid encoding the IL-21 polypeptide complex comprises a DNA molecule encoding the IL-21 variant operatively linked to a DNA molecule encoding an Fc region, and the DNA molecule encoding the Fc region operatively linked to a DNA molecule encoding an antigen binding moiety. The antigen binding moiety may be the antigen binding fragment of an antibody, or the variable heavy chain domain (VHH) of an antibody. In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid encoding the IL-21 polypeptide complex comprises a DNA molecule encoding the IL-21 variant operatively linked to a DNA molecule encoding the heavy chain of an antibody. DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification.
[0256] Once DNA fragments encoding IL-21 variant, Fc region and antigen binding moiety are obtained, these DNA fragments can be further manipulated by standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example incorporated into expression vectors as is known in the art. In some embodiments, nucleic acids encoding these DNA fragments are each contained within a single expression vector, generally under different or the same promoter control. In some other embodiments, nucleic acids encoding these DNA fragments are operably linked and contained in a single expression vector under the control of the same promoter. The term “operatively linked” , as used in this context, is intended to mean that the two DNA fragments are joined such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two DNA fragments remain in-frame.
[0257] Vectors and Host cells
[0258] The DNAs encoding the IL-21 variant or IL-21 polypeptide complex may be placed into one or more expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of desired proteins in the recombinant host cells. See, e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 87 / 04462.
[0259] Generally, a nucleic acid sequence encoding one or all chains of the polypeptide complex can be cloned into a suitable expression vector in operable linkage with a suitable promoter using methods known in the art. For example, the nucleotide sequence and vector can be contacted, under suitable conditions, with a restriction enzyme to create complementary ends on each molecule that can pair with each other and be joined together with a ligase. Alternatively, synthetic nucleic acid linkers can be ligated to the termini of a gene. These synthetic linkers contain nucleic acid sequences that correspond to a particular restriction site in the vector. The selection of expression vectors / promoter would depend on the type of host cells for use in producing the polypeptide complexes.
[0260] A variety of promoters can be used for expression of the polypeptide complexes described herein, including, but not limited to, cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, a viral LTR such as the Rous sarcoma virus LTR, HIV-LTR, HTLV-1 LTR, the simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter, E. coli lac UV5 promoter, and the herpes simplex tk virus promoter. Regulatable promoters that include a repressor with the operon can be used.
[0261] Host cells as disclosed in the present disclosure may be any cell which is suitable for expressing the polypeptide complexes of the present disclosure, for example, yeast, bacterial, plant, insect and mammalian cells. Mammalian host cells for expressing the polypeptide complexes of the present disclosure include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 77: 4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in R. J. Kaufman and P. A. Sharp (1982) J. MoI. Biol. 159: 601-621) , 293F cells, NSO myeloma cells, COS cells and SP2 cells. In particular, for use with NSO myeloma cells, another expression system is the GS gene expression system disclosed in WO 87 / 04462, WO 89 / 01036 and EP 338, 841. Also included are monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651) ; human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al., J. Gen Virol. 36: 59 (1977) ) ; baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10) ; Chinese hamster ovary cells / -DHFR (CHO, Urlaub et al., 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4216) ; mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather, 1980, Biol. Reprod. 23: 243-251) ; monkey kidney cells (CV1 ATCC CCL 70) ; African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587) ; human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2) ; canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34) ; buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442) ; human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75) ; human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065) ; mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51) ; TRI cells (Mather et al., 1982, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci. 383: 44-68) ; MRC 5 cells; FS4 cells; mouse myeloma cells, such as NSO (e.g. RCB0213, 1992, Bio / Technology 10: 169) and SP2 / 0 cells (e.g. SP2 / 0-Ag14 cells, ATCC CRL 1581) ; rat myeloma cells, such as YB2 / 0 cells (e.g. YB2 / 3HL. P2. G11.16Ag. 20 cells, ATCC CRL 1662) ; PER. C6 cells; and a human hepatoma line (Hep G2) . CHO cells are one of the cell lines that can be used herein, with CHO-K1, DUK-B11, CHO-DP12, CHO-DG44 (Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics 12: 555 (1986) ) , and Lec13 being exemplary host cell lines. In the case of CHO-K1, DUK-B11, DG44 or CHO-DP12 host cells, these may be altered such that they are deficient in their ability to fucosylate polypeptides expressed therein. In some embodiments, the host cells herein are selected from CHO, CHO-S, HEK, HEK293, HEK-293F, Expi293F, PER. C6 or NSO cells or lymphocytic cells.
[0262] Suitable prokaryotes for this purpose include eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces.
[0263] In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are also suitable cloning or expression hosts for polypeptide-encoding vectors. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common baker’s yeast, is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic host microorganisms. However, a number of other genera, species, and strains are commonly available and useful herein, such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Kluyveromyces hosts such as, e.g., K. lactis, K. fragilis (ATCC 12, 424) , K. bulgaricus (ATCC 16, 045) , K. wickeramii (ATCC 24, 178) , K.waltii (ATCC 56, 500) , K. drosophilarum (ATCC 36, 906) , K. thermotolerans, and K. marxianus; yarrowia (EP 402, 226) ; Pichia pastoris (EP 183, 070) ; Candida; Trichoderma reesia (EP 244, 234) ; Neurosporacrassa; Schwanniomyces such as Schwanniomycesoccidentalis; and filamentous fungi such as, e.g., Neurospora, Penicillium, Tolypocladium, and Aspergillus hosts such as A. nidulans and A. niger.
[0264] When recombinant expression vectors encoding the polypeptide complexes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the polypeptide complexes are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the polypeptide complex in the host cells or, secretion of the polypeptide complex into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. The polypeptide complexes can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods.
[0265] Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0266] In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the IL-21 variants as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the IL-21 variant or the polypeptide complex as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0267] Components of the compositions
[0268] The pharmaceutical composition may optionally contain one or more additional pharmaceutically active ingredients, such as an antibody. The pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure also can be administered in a combination therapy with, for example, another immune-stimulatory agent, anti-cancer agent, an antiviral agent, or a vaccine. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, gel or solid carriers, an aqueous medium, a non-aqueous medium, an anti-microbial agent, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, anesthetics, suspending / dispersing agent, a chelating agent, a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or a nontoxic auxiliary substance, other known in the art various combinations of components or more.
[0269] Suitable components may include, for example, anti-oxidants, fillers, binders, disintegrating agents, buffers, preservatives, lubricants, flavorings, thickening agents, coloring agents, emulsifiers or stabilizers such as sugars and cyclodextrin. Suitable anti-oxidants may include, for example, methionine, ascorbic acid, EDTA, sodium thiosulfate, platinum, catalase, citric acid, cysteine, mercapto glycerol, thioglycolic acid, Mercapto sorbitol, butyl methyl anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene and / or propylgalacte. As disclosed in the present disclosure, the composition may include one or more anti-oxidants such as methionine, reducing antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that may be oxidized. The oxidation reduction may prevent or reduce a decrease in binding affinity, thereby enhancing protein stability and extended shelf life. Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising polypeptide complexes and one or more anti-oxidants such as methionine. The present disclosure further provides a variety of methods, wherein a polypeptide complex is mixed with one or more anti-oxidants, such as methionine, so that the polypeptide complex can be prevented from oxidation, to extend their shelf life and / or increased activity.
[0270] To further illustrate, pharmaceutical acceptable carriers may include, for example, aqueous vehicles such as sodium chloride injection, Ringer's injection, isotonic dextrose injection, sterile water injection, or dextrose and lactated Ringer's injection, nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, or peanut oil, antimicrobial agents at bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations, isotonic agents such as sodium chloride or dextrose, buffers such as phosphate or citrate buffers, antioxidants such as sodium bisulfate, local anesthetics such as procaine hydrochloride, suspending and dispersing agents such as sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, or polyvinylpyrrolidone, emulsifying agents such as Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN-80) , sequestering or chelating agents such as EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or EGTA (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid) , ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, or lactic acid. Antimicrobial agents utilized as carriers may be added to pharmaceutical compositions in multiple-dose containers that include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. Suitable excipients may include, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, or ethanol. Suitable non-toxic auxiliary substances may include, for example, wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, or agents such as sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, or cyclodextrin.
[0271] Administration, Formulation and Dosage
[0272] The pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure may be administered in vivo to a subject in need thereof, by various routes, including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, parenteral, intranasal, intramuscular, intracranial, intracardiac, intraventricular, intratracheal, buccal, rectal, intraperitoneal, intradermal, topical, transdermal, and intrathecal, or otherwise by implantation or inhalation. The compositions may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous forms; including, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, enemas, injections, inhalants, and aerosols. The appropriate formulation and route of administration may be selected according to the intended application and therapeutic regimen.
[0273] Suitable formulations for enteral administration include hard or soft gelatin capsules, pills, tablets, including coated tablets, elixirs, suspensions, syrups or inhalations and controlled release forms thereof.
[0274] Formulations suitable for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection) , include aqueous or non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions) , in which the active ingredient is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome or other microparticulate) . Such liquids may additionally contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilizers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient. Examples of excipients include, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, and the like. Examples of suitable isotonic carriers for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection. Similarly, the particular dosage regimen, including dose, timing and repetition, will depend on the particular individual and that individual's medical history, as well as empirical considerations such as pharmacokinetics (e.g., half-life, clearance rate, etc. ) .
[0275] Frequency of administration may be determined and adjusted over the course of therapy and is based on reducing the number of proliferative or tumorigenic cells, maintaining the reduction of such neoplastic cells, reducing the proliferation of neoplastic cells, or delaying the development of metastasis. In some embodiments, the dosage administered may be adjusted or attenuated to manage potential side effects and / or toxicity. Alternatively, sustained continuous release formulations of a subject therapeutic composition may be appropriate.
[0276] It will be appreciated by one of skilled in the art that appropriate dosages can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects. The selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and / or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient. The amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action that achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.
[0277] In general, the IL-21 polypeptide complexes of the disclosure may be administered in various ranges. These include about 100 μg / kg body weight to about 10 mg / kg body weight per dose; about 100 μg / kg body weight to about 1 mg / kg body weight per dose; about 1 μg / kg body weight to about 10 mg / kg body weight per dose. Other ranges include about 100 μg / kg body weight to about 200 μg / kg body weight per dose; about 200 μg / kg body weight to about 300 μg / kg body weight per dose; about 300 μg / kg body weight to about 400 μg / kg body weight per dose; about 400 μg / kg body weight to about 0.5 μg / kg body weight per dose; and about 0.5 mg / kg body weight to about 1 mg / kg body weight per dose. In certain embodiments, the dosage is at least about 100 μg / kg body weight, at least about 250 μg / kg body weight, at least about 750 μg / kg body weight, at least about 3 mg / kg body weight, at least about 5 mg / kg body weight, at least about 10 mg / kg body weight.
[0278] In any event, the IL-21 polypeptide complexes of the disclosure is preferably administered as needed to subjects in need thereof. Determination of the frequency of administration may be made by persons skilled in the art, such as an attending physician based on considerations of the condition being treated, age of the subject being treated, severity of the condition being treated, general state of health of the subject being treated and the like.
[0279] In certain preferred embodiments, the course of treatment involving the IL-21 polypeptide complexes of the present disclosure will comprise multiple doses of the selected drug product over a period of weeks or months. More specifically, the IL-21 polypeptide complexes of the present disclosure may be administered once every four days, every week, every ten days, every two weeks, every three weeks, every month, every six weeks, every two months, every ten weeks or every three months. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the dosages may be altered or the interval may be adjusted based on patient response and clinical practices.
[0280] Dosages and regimens may also be determined empirically for the disclosed therapeutic compositions in individuals who have been given one or more administration (s) . For example, individuals may be given incremental dosages of a therapeutic composition produced as described herein. In selected embodiments, the dosage may be gradually increased or reduced or attenuated based respectively on empirically determined or observed side effects or toxicity. To assess efficacy of the selected composition, a marker of the specific disease, disorder or condition can be followed as described previously. For cancer, these include direct measurements of tumor size via palpation or visual observation, indirect measurement of tumor size by x-ray or other imaging techniques; an improvement as assessed by direct tumor biopsy and microscopic examination of the tumor sample; the measurement of an indirect tumor marker (e.g., PSA for prostate cancer) or a tumorigenic antigen identified according to the methods described herein, a decrease in pain or paralysis; improved speech, vision, breathing or other disability associated with the tumor; increased appetite; or an increase in quality of life as measured by accepted tests or prolongation of survival. It will be apparent to one of skilled in the art that the dosage will vary depending on the individual, the type of neoplastic condition, the stage of neoplastic condition, whether the neoplastic condition has begun to metastasize to other location in the individual, and the past and concurrent treatments being used.
[0281] Compatible formulations for parenteral administration (e.g., intravenous injection) will comprise the IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein in concentrations that are considered suitable for administration and can be empirically determined by those skilled in the art, for example from about 10 μg / ml to about 10 mg / ml.
[0282] Applications of the Disclosure
[0283] The IL-21 polypeptide complexes, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present disclosure have numerous in vitro and in vivo utilities involving, for example, enhancement of immune response. For example, these molecules can be administered to cells in culture, in vitro or ex vivo, or to human subjects, e.g., in vivo, to enhance immunity in a variety of situations. The immune response can be modulated, for instance, augmented, stimulated or up-regulated.
[0284] For instance, the subjects include human patients in need of enhancement of an immune response. The methods are particularly suitable for treating human patients having a disorder that can be treated by augmenting an immune response (e.g., the NK / T-cell mediated immune response) . In a particular embodiment, the methods are particularly suitable for treatment of cancer in vivo. To achieve enhancement of immunity, the IL-21 polypeptide complexes can be administered alone or in combination with another therapy. When IL-21 polypeptide complexes are administered together with another agent, the two can be administered in either order or simultaneously.
[0285] Treatment of disorders including cancers, infectious diseases and inflammatory diseases
[0286] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disorder or a disease in a mammal, which comprises administering to the subject (for example, a human) in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein. For example, the disorder or disease may be a PD-1 related disorder or disease, including cancers, infectious diseases and inflammatory diseases.
[0287] A variety of cancers, whether malignant or benign and whether primary or secondary, may be treated or prevented with a method provided by the disclosure. The cancers may be solid cancers or hematologic malignancies. Examples of such cancers include lung cancers such as bronchogenic carcinoma (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma) , alveolar cell carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, chondromatous hamartoma (noncancerous) , and sarcoma (cancerous) ; heart cancer such as myxoma, fibromas, and rhabdomyomas; bone cancers such as osteochondromas, condromas, chondroblastomas, chondromyxoid fibromas, osteoid osteomas, giant cell tumors, chondrosarcoma, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcomas, malignant fibrous histiocytomas, Ewing's tumor (Ewing's sarcoma) , and reticulum cell sarcoma; brain cancer such as gliomas (e.g., glioblastoma multiforme) , anaplastic astrocytomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, medulloblastomas, chordoma, Schwannomas, ependymomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenoma, pinealoma, osteomas, hemangioblastomas, craniopharyngiomas, chordomas, germinomas, teratomas, dermoid cysts, and angiomas; cancers in digestive system such as colon cancer, leiomyoma, epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, stomach adenocarcinomas, intestinal lipomas, intestinal neurofibromas, intestinal fibromas, polyps in large intestine, and colorectal cancers; liver cancers such as hepatocellular adenomas, hemangioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrolamellar carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, and angiosarcoma; kidney cancers such as kidney adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hypernephroma, and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis; bladder cancers; hematological cancers such as acute lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemia, acute myeloid (myelocytic, myelogenous, myeloblasts, myelomonocytic) leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (e.g., Sezary syndrome and hairy cell leukemia) , chronic myelocytic (myeloid, myelogenous, granulocytic) leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, B cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, and myeloproliferative disorders (including myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis, thrombocythemia, and chronic myelocytic leukemia) ; skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and Paget's disease; head and neck cancers; eye-related cancers such as retinoblastoma and intraoccular melanocarcinoma; male reproductive system cancers such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and testicular cancers (e.g., seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, and choriocarcinoma) ; breast cancer; female reproductive system cancers such as uterine cancer (endometrial carcinoma) , cervical cancer (cervical carcinoma) , cancer of the ovaries (ovarian carcinoma) , vulvar carcinoma, vaginal carcinoma, fallopian tube cancer, and hydatidiform mole; thyroid cancer (including papillary, follicular, anaplastic, or medullary cancer) ; pheochromocytomas (adrenal gland) ; noncancerous growths of the parathyroid glands; pancreatic cancers; and hematological cancers such as leukemias, myelomas, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and Hodgkin's lymphomas. In a specific embodiment, the cancer is colon cancer.
[0288] In some embodiments, examples of cancer include but not limited to B-cell lymphoma (including low grade / follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) ; small lymphocytic (SL) NHL; intermediate grade / follicular NHL; intermediate grade diffuse NHL; high grade immunoblastic NHL; high grade lymphoblastic NHL; high grade small non-cleaved cell NHL; bulky disease NHL; mantle cell lymphoma; AIDS-related lymphoma; and Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) ; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) ; Hairy cell leukemia; chronic myeloblastic leukemia; and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) , as well as abnormal vascular proliferation associated with phakomatoses, edema (such as that associated with brain tumors) , B-cell proliferative disorders, and Meigs’s yndrome. More specific examples include, but are not limited to, relapsed or refractory NHL, front line low grade NHL, Stage III / IV NHL, chemotherapy resistant NHL, precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia and / or lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and / or prolymphocytic leukemia and / or small lymphocytic lymphoma, B-cell prolymphocytic lymphoma, immunocytoma and / or lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, extranodal marginal zone-MALT lymphoma, nodal marginal zone lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, plasmacytoma and / or plasma cell myeloma, low grade / follicular lymphoma, intermediate grade / follicular NHL, mantle cell lymphoma, follicle center lymphoma (follicular) , intermediate grade diffuse NHL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, aggressive NHL (including aggressive front-line NHL and aggressive relapsed NHL) , NHL relapsing after or refractory to autologous stem cell transplantation, primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, high grade immunoblastic NHL, high grade lymphoblastic NHL, high grade small non-cleaved cell NHL, bulky disease NHL, Burkitt’s lymphoma, precursor (peripheral) large granular lymphocytic leukemia, mycosis fungoides and / or Sezary syndrome, skin (cutaneous) lymphomas, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angiocentric lymphoma.
[0289] In some embodiments, the IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein may be used to treat or prevent an infectious disease, which may be caused by a viral, bacterial, fungal or parasite infection. For example, the infection is selected from vaccinia virus infection, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, HIV infection, HBV infection, HCV infection, polyomavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2 infection, SIV infection, influenza virus, tuberculosis, malaria, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis. In some other embodiments, the IL-21 comprising polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein may be used to treat or prevent immunodeficiency or lymphopenia.
[0290] In some embodiments, the IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein may be used to treat or prevent an inflammatory disease, for example, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus, psoriasis, syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, aplastic anemia, coeliac disease, type1 diabetes, graves’ disease, scleroderma.
[0291] Stimulation of an immune response without incurring cytotoxicity
[0292] In some aspects, the present disclosure also provides a method of enhancing (for example, stimulating) an immune response in a subject comprising administering an IL-21 polypeptide complex of the disclosure to the subject such that an immune response in the subject is enhanced while no undesired side effects are presented. For example, the subject is a mammal. In a specific embodiment, the subject is a human.
[0293] The term “enhancing an immune response” or its grammatical variations, means stimulating, evoking, increasing, improving, or augmenting any response of a mammal’s immune system. The immune response may be a cellular response (i.e. cell-mediated, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated) or a humoral response (i.e. antibody mediated response) , and may be a primary or secondary immune response. Examples of enhancement of immune response include increased CD4+ helper T cell activity and generation of cytolytic T cells. The enhancement of immune response can be assessed using a number of in vitro or in vivo measurements known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, cytotoxic T lymphocyte assays, release of cytokines (for example IL-2 production or IFN-γ production) , regression of tumors, survival of tumor bearing animals, antibody production, immune cell proliferation, expression of cell surface markers, and cytotoxicity. Typically, methods of the disclosure enhance the immune response by a mammal when compared to the immune response by an untreated mammal or a mammal not treated using the methods as disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the immune response is cytokine production, particularly IFN-γ production or IL-12 production. In another embodiment, the immune response is enhanced B cell proliferation.
[0294] The IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein may be used alone as a monotherapy, or more often, used in combination with cell immunotherapies, targeted therapies, chemical therapies or radiotherapies.
[0295] Application in gene therapy
[0296] In some embodiments, IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes or nucleic acid molecules encoding them as disclosed herein are used in gene therapy. The gene coding IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes are integrated into therapeutic vectors, such as lentivirus, AAV, poxvirus, herpes zoster virus, oncolytic virus and other RNA / DNA vectors.
[0297] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein are used in combination with a gene therapy. The gene coding IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes may be delivered to a subject by therapeutic vectors, such as viruses, including lentivirus, AAV, poxvirus, herpes zoster virus, oncolytic virus. Transfer of gene may be performed through transformation where under specific conditions the gene is directly taken up by the bacterial cells, transduction where a bacteriophage is used to transfer the genetic material and lastly transfection that involves forceful delivery of gene using either viral or non-viral vectors. The non-viral transfection methods are subdivided into physical, chemical and biological. The physical methods include electroporation, biolistic, microinjection, laser, elevated temperature, ultrasound and hydrodynamic gene transfer. The chemical methods utilize calcium-phosphate, DAE-dextran, liposomes and nanoparticles for transfection. The biological methods are increasingly using viruses for gene transfer, these viruses could either integrate within the genome of the host cell conferring a stable gene expression, whereas few other non-integrating viruses are episomal and their expression is diluted proportional to the cell division.
[0298] Application in cellular immunotherapies
[0299] In some embodiments, the IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein are used in combination with a cellular immunotherapy, also known as adoptive cell therapy. As is generally known, cellular immunotherapy is a form of treatment that uses the cells of human body’s immune system to eliminate cancer. Some of these approaches involve directly isolating our own immune cells and simply expanding their numbers (e.g. performed by activating and expanding the immune cells of patient outside of the body and infused into the patient) , whereas others involve genetically engineering immune cells (via gene therapy) to enhance their cancer-fighting capabilities. Cellular immunotherapies can be deployed in different ways, including but not limited to Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, Engineered T Cell Receptor (TCR-T) therapy, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell therapy, chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) γδT Cell therapy, CAR NK Cell therapy, CAR Macrophage Cell, Natural Killer (NK) Cell therapy.
[0300] In some embodiments, IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein are integrated in cellular therapy, whereas the gene coding IL-21 variants and IL-21 polypeptide complexes are integrated into the genome of the cells by genetically engineering immune cells.
[0301] Combined use with targeted therapies and chemotherapies
[0302] The polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein may be administered as the sole active ingredient or in conjunction with, e.g. as an adjuvant to or in combination to, other drugs e.g. anti-cancer agents, immunomodulating agents or other anti-inflammatory agents, e.g. for the treatment or prevention of diseases mentioned above.
[0303] For the purposes of the present disclosure a “chemotherapeutic agent” comprises a chemical compound that non-specifically decreases or inhibits the growth, proliferation, and / or survival of cancer cells (e.g., cytotoxic or cytostatic agents) . Such chemical agents are often directed to intracellular processes necessary for cell growth or division, and are thus particularly effective against cancerous cells, which generally grow and divide rapidly. For example, vincristine depolymerizes microtubules, and thus inhibits cells from entering mitosis. In general, chemotherapeutic agents can include any chemical agent that inhibits, or is designed to inhibit, a cancerous cell or a cell likely to become cancerous or generate tumorigenic progeny (e.g., TIC) . Such agents are often administered, and are often most effective, in combination, e.g., in regimens such as CHOP or FOLFIRI. Examples of anti-cancer agents that may be used in combination with the polypeptide complexes of the present disclosure (either as a component of conjugate or in an unconjugated state) include, but are not limited to, e.g. paclitaxel, gemcitabine, cisplatinum, doxorubicin, 5-fiuorouracil, capecitabine, combretastatin, leucovorin etc.
[0304] For example, the polypeptide complexes as described herein may be used in combination with DMARD, e.g. Gold salts, sulphasalazine, antimalarias, methotrexate, D-penicillamine, azathioprine, mycophenolic acid, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, sirolimus, minocycline, lefiunomide, glococorticoids; a calcineurin inhibitor, e.g. cyclosporin A or FK 506; a modulator of lymphocyte recirculation, e.g. FTY720 and FTY720 analogs; a mTOR inhibitor, e.g. rapamycin, 40-O- (2-hydroxyethyl) -rapamycin, CCI779, ABT578, AP23573 or TAFA-93; an ascomycin having immunosuppressive properties, e.g. ABT-281, ASM981, etc. ; corticosteroids; cyclo-phosphamide; azathioprene; methotrexate; lefiunomide; mizoribine; mycophenolic acid; myco-phenolate mofetil; 15-deoxyspergualine or an immunosuppressive homologue, analogue or derivative thereof; monoclonal antibodies with immunosuppressive activity, e.g. Infliximab, Omalizumab, Reslizumab, Atlizumab, Teplizumab, Rituximab, etc.
[0305] It will be appreciated that, in selected embodiments as discussed above, such anti-cancer agents may comprise conjugates and may be associated with the disclosed IL-21 polypeptide complexes prior to administration. More specifically, in certain embodiments selected anti-cancer agents will be linked to the unpaired cysteines of the engineered IL-21 polypeptide complexes to provide engineered conjugates as set forth herein. Accordingly, such engineered conjugates are expressly contemplated as being within the scope of the present disclosure. In other embodiments, the disclosed anti-cancer agents will be given in combination with site-specific conjugates comprising a different therapeutic agent as set forth above.
[0306] It will be easily appreciated that, the anti-cancer agents or immunomodulating agents to be used in combination with the IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein should be compatible with the IL-21 polypeptide complexes, i.e. would not reduce, disturb, or eliminate the effect of the IL-21 polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein, and preferably provide a coordinating or even synergistic effect.
[0307] Combined use with radiotherapies
[0308] The present disclosure also provides for the combination of the IL-21 polypeptide complexes thereof with radiotherapy (i.e., any mechanism for inducing DNA damage locally within tumor cells such as gamma-irradiation, X-rays, UV-irradiation, microwaves, electronic emissions and the like) . Combination therapy using the directed delivery of radioisotopes to tumor cells is also contemplated, and the disclosed polypeptide complexes may be used in connection with a targeted anti-cancer agent or other targeting means. Typically, radiation therapy is administered in pulses over a period of time from about 1 to about 2 weeks. The radiation therapy may be administered to subjects having head and neck cancer for about 6 to 7 weeks. Optionally, the radiation therapy may be administered as a single dose or as multiple, sequential doses.
[0309] Pharmaceutical packs and kits
[0310] Pharmaceutical packs and kits comprising one or more containers, comprising one or more doses of the IL-21 polypeptide complexes are also provided. In certain embodiments, a unit dosage is provided wherein the unit dosage contains a predetermined amount of a composition comprising the IL-21 polypeptide complexes, with or without one or more additional agents. For other embodiments, such a unit dosage is supplied in single-use prefilled syringe for injection. The composition contained in the unit dosage may comprise saline, sucrose, or the like; a buffer, such as phosphate, or the like; and / or be formulated within a stable and effective pH range. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the composition may be provided as a lyophilized powder that may be reconstituted upon addition of an appropriate liquid, for example, sterile water or saline solution. In certain preferred embodiments, the composition comprises one or more substances that inhibit protein aggregation, including, but not limited to, sucrose and arginine. Any label on, or associated with, the container (s) indicates that the enclosed composition is used for treating the disease condition of choice.
[0311] Sequence Listing Summary
[0312] The following Table A provides the sequences of the moieties, IL-21 variants and exemplary polypeptide complexes disclosed herein. “U3” refers to the PD-1 binding Fab, “U14” refers to the PD-1 binding VHH, and “T1” refers to the IL-21 moiety. “W3XX201-U3T1. Z24- [n] . uIgG4V322” comprises the PD-1 binding Fab and IL-21 moiety with numbering [n] in IgG4V322 (IgG4 Fc with FALA mutations and optional knob-into-hole structure) framework. “W3XX201-U14T1. F126- [n] . uIgG4V322” comprises the PD-1 binding VHH and IL-21 moiety with numbering [n] in IgG4V322 (IgG4 Fc with FALA mutations and knob-into-hole structure) framework. “W3XX201-U3T1. Z24-1. uIgG4V322” can be abbreviated as “Z24-1” , “W3XX201-U14T1. F126-61. uIgG4V322” can be abbreviated as “F126-61” , and similarly applied to others.
[0313] Table A
[0314] EXAMPLES
[0315] The present disclosure, thus generally described, will be understood more readily by reference to the following Examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. The Examples are not intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed.
[0316] EXAMPLE 1: PREPARATION OF MATERIALS, IL-21 VARIANTS AND FUSION PROTEINS
[0317] 1.1 Preparation of materials
[0318] Information on the commercially available materials used in the examples is provided in Table 1.
[0319] Table 1
[0320] 1.2 Generation of IL-21-comprising polypeptide complexes
[0321] AMG-256 (see WO 2019 / 028316 A1, SEQ ID NO: 388 of VH and SEQ ID NO: 308 and 309 of constant region of HC, SEQ ID NO: 391 of antibody LC, SEQ ID NO: 244 of IL-21 mutein portion of fusion protein, and IL-21 mutein fusion after SEQ ID NO: 309 as a monomer) was used as benchmark (referred to as “W3XX201-BMK2” ) in the following experiments. AMG-256 (also designated as “Latikafusp” ) is a fusion protein of anti-PD-1 mAb and IL-21, and utilizes IL-21 variant comprising R9E / R76A. The DNA sequences of AMG-256 was synthesized according to WO 2019 / 028316A1, then used in transfection for protein production.
[0322] A series of W3XX201 polypeptide complexes (or referred to as fusion proteins) were constructed by assembling the various IL-21 variants as disclosed herein and a PD-1 binding moiety into Z24 or F126 format (Figure 1) . In the Z24 format, an anti-PD-1 Fab (derived from W3052 antibody) and an IL-21 variant were operably linked to the N and C terminal of the Fc region, respectively. In the F126 format, an anti-PD-1 VHH (derived from W3056 antibody) and an IL-21 variant were operably linked to the N and C terminal of the Fc region, respectively.
[0323] DNA fragments encoding the heavy and light chain of the polypeptide complexes were synthesized or PCR into pcDNA3.4 expression vectors and transfected for protein production. The expression plasmids were co-transfected into Expi293 cells using Expi293 expression system kit (ThermoFisher-A14635) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Five days after transfection, the supernatant of Expi293 cells (Thermofisher, A14635) expressing target proteins was collected and filtered for purification using either Protein A column (GE Healthcare, Cat. 175438) and further size exclusion chromatography (Cytiva-28990944) . The concentration of purified proteins was determined by absorbance at 280 nm. The size and purity were tested by SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC, respectively; and then stored at -80 ℃.
[0324] The generated polypeptide complexes were designated as “W3XX201-U3T1. Z24-x.uIgG4V322” or “W3XX201-U14T1. F126-x. uIgG4V322” , wherein “U3” or “U14” represented the PD-1 binding moiety, “T1” is IL-21 variant, lowercase “x” indicates the numbering of the IL-21 variant, and “IgG4V322” referred to the IgG4 format comprising S228P and “FALA” (F234A / L235A) as compared to human wild-type IgG Fc. For simplicity, the naming of these fusion proteins may also be abbreviated in the format “U3T1. Z24-x” or “U14T1. F126-x” throughout the specification. The mutations of the IL-21 variant in each W3XX201 polypeptide complex are listed below.
[0325] Table B: IL-21 variant mutations
[0326] The mutation “ΔRR (85-86) ” indicates amino acids R85 and R86 were deleted compared to wild-type IL-21, and so forth. The symbol “ / ” represents combination of different mutations.
[0327] All the IL-21 polypeptide complexes and W3XX201-BMK2 can be purified after Protein A column and further size exclusion chromatography. The purity of the sample used in all assays reached more than 95%.
[0328] 1.3 Preparation of cells
[0329] Hut78 cells. Hut78 is a cutaneous T-lymphocyte cell line expressing IL-21R. Hut78 cells were from Wuxi biologics and cultured in IMEM medium (Gibco, Cat. 31980030) supplemented with 20 %fetal bovine serum, 1 %penicillin / streptomycin.
[0330] W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool. Human PD-1 expressing cell line W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool was generated. Briefly, Hut78 cells were transfected with lentivirus packaging plasmid containing full-length of human PD-1 using X-tremeGENE HP DNA transfection reagent according to manufacturer’s protocol. 72 hours post transfection, harvest supernatants containing virus particles for further concentration. Transduce the host cells with the concentrated lentivirus. 72 hours post transduction, the transduced cells were cultured in medium containing blasticidin for selection and then tested for PD-1 expression. The PD-1 expressing cell line was obtained by limiting dilution or BD FACSMelodyTM cell sorter.
[0331] W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool cells were cultured in IMEM medium (Gibco, Cat. 31980030) supplemented with 20 %fetal bovine serum, 1 %penicillin / streptomycin, 0.5μg / ml puromycin.
[0332] W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1. Human PD-1 expressing cell line W305-FlpinCHO. hpro1 was prepared by transfecting FlpinCHO cells with human PD-1 expressing plasmids. W305-FlpinCHO. hpro1 cells were cultured in Ham's F12 medium (Gibco, Cat. 31765035) supplemented with 15 %fetal bovine serum, 1 %penicillin / streptomycin, 600μg / ml Hygromycin.
[0333] W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1. Mouse PD-1 expressing cell line W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 was prepared by transfecting FlpinCHO cells with mouse PD-1 expressing plasmids. W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cells were cultured in Ham's F12 medium (Gibco, Cat. 31765035) supplemented with 15 %fetal bovine serum, 1 %penicillin / streptomycin, 600μg / ml Hygromycin.
[0334] EXAMPLE 2: IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION
[0335] 2.1 Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF)
[0336] A DSF assay was performed using 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) . Briefly, 19 μL of fusion protein solution was mixed with 1 μl of 62.5x SYPRO Orange solution (TheromFisher-S6650) and added to a 96 well plate. The plate was heated from 26 ℃ to 95 ℃ at a rate of 2 ℃ / min and the resulting fluorescence data was collected. The data was analyzed automatically by its operation software and Th was calculated by taking the maximal value of negative derivative of the resulting fluorescence data with respect to temperature. Ton can be roughly determined as the temperature of negative derivative plot beginning to decrease from a pre-transition baseline.
[0337] The thermo-stability of IL-21 variants and BMK was shown in Table 1. All variants showed good thermal stability, which indicates that mutagenesis via amino acid substitution or deletion had no impact on thermo-stability of IL-21.
[0338] Table 1. DSF result of IL-21 variants.
[0339] 2.2 In vitro STAT3 Phosphorylation of Hut78 cells
[0340] Since IL-21 can induce phosphorylation of STAT3 and resulted in the increased level of intracellular phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) , in vitro STAT3 Phosphorylation assay was used to select the IL-21 variants. Cells were stimulated with test articles and STAT3 transcription factor phosphorylation was monitored as a surrogate measure of IL-21 pathway activation.
[0341] Hut78 cells were cultured with different IL-21 variants for 45 minutes, and pSTAT3 of Hut78 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The hut78 cells were collected and centrifuged at 400g for 5 min, resuspended in IMDM medium and serum starved for 16h. 1E5 cells were seeded in 96-well plate (Costar, Cat. 3799) . Cells were cultured with diluted fusion proteins ranged from 1000 nM to 0.000512 nM (5 fold dilution) for 45 minutes at 37℃. BD PhosflowTM Fix Buffer I and Perm Buffer III were used to fix and permeabilize cells for subsequent immunofluorescent staining of intracellular proteins. pSTAT3 activation of hut78 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Data was analyzed with software Flowjo 7.6 and Prism 7.
[0342] As shown in Figures 2A-2E, all variants induced Hut78 cell activation with different potency. Here, potency of 14 variants (U3T1. Z24-13, U3T1. Z24-24, U3T1. Z24-26, U3T1. Z24-38, U3T1. Z24-54, U3T1. Z24-61, U3T1. Z24-63, U3T1. Z24-64, U3T1. Z24-65, U3T1. Z24-66, U14T1. F126-61, U14T1. F126-63, U14T1. F126-64, U14T1. F126-66) was attenuated. The potency in Hut78 cells were summarized in Table 2 below.
[0343] 2.3 In vitro STAT3 Phosphorylation of W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool cells
[0344] W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool cells were cultured with different IL-21 variants for 45 minutes, and pSTAT3 of W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The W3XX201-hut78. hpro2. pool cells were collected and centrifuged at 400g for 5 min, resuspended in IMDM medium and serum starved for 16h. 1E5 cells were seeded in 96-well plate (Costar, Cat. 3799) . Cells were cultured with diluted fusion proteins ranged from 1000 nM to 0.000512 nM (5 fold dilution) for 45 minutes at 37℃. BD PhosflowTM Fix Buffer I and Perm Buffer III were used to fix and permeabilize cells for subsequent immunofluorescent staining of intracellular proteins. pSTAT3 activation of W3XX201-hut78. hpro2. pool cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Data was analyzed with software Flowjo 7.6 and Prism 7.
[0345] As shown in Figures 3A-3D, all variants induced W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool cell activation in different potency. The potency in W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool cells were summarized in Table 2.
[0346] Table 2. The potency summary of IL-21 variants on Hut78 cells and W3XX201-Hut78. hpro2. pool cells.
[0347] 2.4 In vitro STAT3 Phosphorylation of hPBMC
[0348] Human PBMC from healthy donor were cultured with different IL-21 variants for 45 minutes, and pSTAT3 of T cells, NK cells, monocytes, B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.
[0349] The fresh human PBMC was collected and centrifugated at 500g for 5 min, resuspended in 1640 medium containing 10%FBS and incubated in cell incubator overnight. 1E5 human PBMCs were seeded in 96-well plate (Costar, Cat. 3799) . Cells were cultured with diluted fusion proteins ranged from 1000 nM to 0.000512 nM (5-fold dilution) for 45 minutes. BD PhosflowTM Fix Buffer I and Perm Buffer III were used to fix and permeabilize cells for subsequent immunofluorescent staining of intracellular proteins. The pSTAT3 activation of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, T cells, memory T cells, NK cells, CD19+ cells, CD14+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Data was analyzed with software Flowjo 7.6 and Prism 7.
[0350] As shown in Figure 4, all variants induced human primary CD8+T cell activation in different potency. Here, potency of 7 variants (U3T1. Z24-24, U3T1. Z24-26, U3T1. Z24-61, U3T1. Z24-63, U3T1. Z24-64, U3T1. Z24-65, U3T1. Z24-66) was attenuated.
[0351] Potency trends in human primary CD4+T (Figure 5) , human T (Figure 6) , memory T (Figure 7) , NK (Figure 8) , CD14+ monocyte (Figure 9) , CD19+ B (Figure 10) were all consistent with human primary CD8+ T.
[0352] 2.5 PD-1 Binding Affinity
[0353] The relative binding of IL-21 variants to the W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1 cells and W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cells was measured.
[0354] W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1 cells or W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cells were collected and centrifuged at 400g for 5 min, resuspended in Ham's F12 medium containing 15%FBS, 600μg / ml Hygromycin and incubated in cell incubator overnight. 5E4 cells were seeded in 96-well plate (Costar, Cat. 3799) . Cells were cultured with diluted fusion proteins ranged from 100 nM to 0.00508 nM (3-fold dilution) for 60 minutes at 4℃. Cells were then washed and cultured with secondary antibody for 0.5 hour. Binding affinity of W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1 cells and W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Data was analyzed with software Flowjo 7.6 and Prism 7.
[0355] As shown in Figures 11A-11B and 12A-12B, IL-21 variants bound to the W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1 cell and W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cell in a dose-dependent manner. The PD-1 binding EC50 of IL-21 variants on W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1 cell and W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cell was summarized in Table 4.
[0356] PD-1 binding affinity trends of IL-21 variants in W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1 cell was consistent with W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cell (Table 4) . The PD-1 binding moieties of W3XX201 fusion proteins (U3 and U14) have better PD-1 affinity than AMG-256. W3052-R2-2E5-uIgG4SPK and W3056-AP17R1-2H2-Z1-R1-14A1-uIgG4V322 are the parental anti-PD-1 antibody deriving anti-PD-1 Fab (U3) and anti-PD-1 VHH (U14) , respectively.
[0357] Table 4. The PD-1 binding EC50 summary of IL-21 variants on W305-FlpinCHO. hPro1 cell and W305-FlpinCHO. mPro1 cell.
[0358] Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or central attributes thereof. In that the foregoing description of the present disclosure provides only exemplary embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that other variations are contemplated as being within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments that have been described in detail herein. Rather, reference should be made to the appended claims as indicative of the scope and content of the invention.
[0359] References
[0360] [1] Shen S, Sckisel G, Sahoo A, et al. Engineered IL-21 Cytokine Muteins Fused to Anti-PD-1 Antibodies Can Improve CD8+ T Cell Function and Anti-tumor Immunity [J] . Frontiers in Immunology, 2020, 11.
[0361] [2] Greg Durm, et al. Abstract CT205: Design and rationale of a phase 1 study evaluating AMG 256, a novel, targeted, PD-1 antibody x IL-21 mutein bifunctional fusion protein, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Apr 1; 28 (7) : 1294-1301.
[0362] [3] Kroenke M et al. Translatability of findings from cynomolgus monkey to human suggests a mechanistic role for IL-21 in promoting immunogenicity to an anti-PD-1 / IL-21 mutein fusion protein.Front Immunol.2024 Jan 26;15:1345473.
Claims
1.A polypeptide complex comprising an interleukin-21 (IL-21) moiety and an antigen binding moiety, wherein:the IL-21 moiety is an IL-21 variant comprising one or more amino acid deletions, one or more amino acid substitutions or both, compared to wild-type IL-21,the polypeptide complex has a reduced potency in stimulating or activating immune cells compared to an otherwise identical polypeptide complex comprising wild-type IL-21 instead of the IL-21 variant.2.The polypeptide complex of claim 1, wherein compared to SEQ ID NO: 77, the IL-21 variant comprises one or more of the following mutations:(a) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 76-78, 75, 5, 9 (such as a deletion of amino acids at positions 76-78, a deletion of amino acids at positions 75-77, a deletion of amino acid at position 5 and / or a deletion of amino acid at position 9) ;(b) one or more amino acid substitutions at positions P79 (e.g. P79N) , E64 (e.g. E64S) , V24 (e.g. V24T) , E36 (e.g. E36K) , G84 (e.g. G84T) ;(c) an introduction of a pair of Cys residues, e.g. by substitutions Q51C and K75C.3.The polypeptide complex of claim 1 or 2, wherein the IL-21 variant comprises (a) the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 89, 139-142, 78-88, 90-99, and 101-138, or (b) an amino acid sequence at least 95%identical to any amino acid sequence of (a) .4.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-3, wherein the IL-21 variant comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 89, 139-142, 102, 114, 129-135, and 137.5.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-4, further comprising a first dimerization domain and a second dimerization domain, wherein the first dimerization domain and the second dimerization domain associates together to form a dimer.6.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-5, wherein the antigen binding moiety specifically binds to a target antigen selected from tumor associated antigens, I / O checkpoints, tumor microenvironment targets, as well as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases associated targets, optionally the antigen binding moiety is a PD-1 binding moiety, for example in the format of Fab, VHH, Fab’ , (Fab’ ) 2, scFv, or diabody.7.The polypeptide complex of claim 6, wherein the PD-1 binding moiety is in Fab format and comprises:a heavy chain CDR (HCDR) 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150;a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151;a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152;a light chain CDR (LCDR) 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153;a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154; anda LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155.8.The polypeptide complex of claim 7, wherein the PD-1 binding moiety comprises:(A) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising:(i) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; or(ii) an amino acid sequence at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 156; and(B) a light chain variable region (VL) comprising:(i) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157; or(ii) an amino acid sequence at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 157.9.The polypeptide complex of claim 6, wherein the PD-1 binding moiety is in VHH format and comprises:a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146;a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147; anda CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148.10.The polypeptide complex of claim 9, wherein the PD-1 binding moiety comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149 or an amino acid sequence at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 149.11.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 2-10, wherein the first dimerization domain and the second dimerization domain are two Fc domains of an immunoglobulin Fc region, optionally, the Fc region is a human Fc region.12.The polypeptide complex of claim 11, wherein the Fc region is a human IgG4, IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3 Fc region, and optionally comprises one or more substitutions compared to wild type human Fc, e.g. to alter effector function, to promote heterodimerization or homodimerization, to extend half-life or to remove N-glycosylation.13.The polypeptide complex of claim 12, wherein the Fc region is selected from:(a) a human IgG1 Fc region, optionally engineered to comprise one or more of the following: L234A / L235A mutations, M252Y / S254T / T256E mutations, G236R / L328R mutations and a “knob into hole” structure; and(b) a human IgG4 Fc region, optionally engineered to comprise one or more of the following: S228P mutation, F234A / L235A mutations, M252Y / S254T / T256E mutations and a “knob into hole” structure.14.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-13, comprising two heavy chains and two light chains that associate with the heavy chains respectively, whereinthe first heavy chain comprises, from N terminal to C terminal:(a) the heavy chain of a PD-1 binding Fab;(b) optionally, a linker (such as a hinge region) ;(c) a Fc domain;(d) optionally, a linker;(e) the IL-21 moiety;the second heavy chain comprises, from N-terminal to C-terminal:(f) the heavy chain of the PD-1 binding Fab;(g) optionally, a linker (such as a hinge region) ;(h) a Fc domain; andthe light chains each comprises the light chain of the PD-1 binding Fab.15.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-13, comprising two polypeptide chains, wherein the first chain comprises, from N terminal to C terminal:(a) a PD-1 binding VHH;(b) optionally, a linker (such as a hinge region) ;(c) a Fc domain;(d) optionally, a linker; and(e) the IL-21 moiety;the second chain comprises, from N-terminal to C-terminal:(f) the PD-1 binding VHH;(g) optionally, a linker (such as a hinge region) ; and(h) a Fc domain.16.The polypeptide complex of claim 14 or 15, wherein the linker is a GS series linker such as (GS) n, (G2S) n, (G3S) n, (G4S) n, (GGXGS) n with n=1-5.17.The polypeptide complex of claim 14, wherein the first heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-69, the second heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.18.The polypeptide complex of claim 15, wherein the first chain comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 71-76, the second chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70.19.An IL-21 variant, wherein the IL-21 variant has a reduced binding affinity to IL-21R and / or reduced potency compared to wild-type IL-21 protein, and comprises one or more of the following mutations:(a) a deletion of one or more amino acids at positions 76-78, 75, 5, 9 (such as a deletion of amino acids at positions 76-78, a deletion of amino acid at position 5 or 9) ;(b) one or more amino acid substitutions at positions V24 (e.g. V24T) , E36 (e.g. E36K) , E64 (e.g. E64S) , P79 (e.g. P79N) , G84 (e.g. G84T) ;(c) an introduction of a pair of Cys residues, e.g. by substitutions Q51C and K75C.20.The IL-21 variant of claim 19, comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95%identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89, 139-142, 78-88, 90-99, and 101-138,preferably, the IL-21 variant comprises an amino acid sequence at least 95%identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 89, 139-142, 102, 114, 129-135, and 137.21.A fusion protein, comprising the IL-21 variant of any of claims 19-20 operably linked to a heterogeneous protein, optionally the heterogeneous protein is selected from an Fc region, human serum albumin (HSA) and anti-HSA moiety.22.The fusion protein of claim 21, which is a monomer, dimer or multimer.23.A conjugate, comprising the IL-21 variant of any of claims 19-20 conjugated to a non-IL-21 moiety selected from lipids, carbohydrates, a detectable label, a half-life extending moiety (e.g. PEGs) .24.A nucleic acid molecule, comprising a nucleic acid sequence (s) encoding the polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-18 or the IL-21 variant of any of claims 19-20.25.A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 24.26.A host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 24 or the vector of claim 25.27.An immunoconjugate comprising the polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-18 or the fusion protein of any of claims 21-22 conjugated to a chemotherapeutic agent, radioactive particle or toxin.28.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-18 or the fusion protein of any of claims 21-22 or the nucleic acid molecule of claim 24, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.29.A method for producing the polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-18 comprising the steps of:- expressing the polypeptide complex in a host cell comprising a vector (s) encoding the polypeptide complex; and- isolating the polypeptide complex from the host cell culture.30.A method of treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-18 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 to the subject, wherein the disease or condition is selected from a cancer, an infectious disease and an inflammatory disease,optionally, the disease or condition is a PD-l related disease or condition.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the cancer is selected from melanoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, lung cancer, renal cell cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, mesothelioma, sarcoma, lymphoma, kidney carcinoma, liver cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia and multiple myeloma.32.Use of the polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-18 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject, wherein the disease or condition is selected from a cancer, an infectious disease and an inflammatory disease,optionally, the disease or condition is a PD-l related disease or condition.33.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-18 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 for use in treating or preventing a disease or condition in a subject, wherein the disease or condition is selected from a cancer, an infectious disease and an inflammatory disease,optionally, the disease or condition is a PD-l related disease or condition.34.A kit, comprising a container comprising the polypeptide complex of any of claims 1-18 or the fusion protein of any of claims 21-22.