Genetically modified non-human animal with human or chimeric erbb
Genetically modified animals expressing human ERBB proteins address the limitations of traditional animal models by enhancing drug screening and evaluation accuracy, improving the efficiency and reducing costs in drug development.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- BIOCYTOGEN PHARMACEUTICALS (BEIJING) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-21
AI Technical Summary
Traditional drug research and development methods using in vitro and in vivo animal models fail to replicate human body environments, leading to high failure rates and discrepancies between animal test results and clinical trial outcomes due to differences in tumor microenvironments and protein interactions.
Development of genetically modified non-human animals expressing human or chimeric ERBB proteins, which are engineered to have human ERBB sequences integrated into their genome, allowing for human-like protein expression and interactions, thereby creating a more accurate model for drug screening and evaluation.
The humanized animal models significantly improve drug development efficiency and reduce costs by providing a platform for effective screening and evaluation of anti-ERBB antibodies and drugs, facilitating treatments for immune-related diseases and cancer therapy.
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Figure CN2025135704_21052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
GENETICALLY MODIFIED NON-HUMAN ANIMAL WITH HUMAN OR CHIMERIC ERBB
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims the benefit of Chinese Patent Application App. No. 202411645854.5, filed on November 18, 2024. The entire contents of the foregoing application are incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This disclosure relates to genetically modified animal expressing human or chimeric (e.g., humanized) ERBB, and methods of use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0004] The traditional drug research and development typically use in vitro screening approaches. However, these screening approaches cannot provide the body environment (such as tumor microenvironment, stromal cells, extracellular matrix components and immune cell interaction, etc. ) , resulting in a higher rate of failure in drug development. In addition, in view of the differences between humans and animals, the test results obtained from the use of conventional experimental animals for in vivo pharmacological test may not reflect the real disease state and the interaction at the targeting sites, resulting in that the results in many clinical trials are significantly different from the animal experimental results.
[0005] Therefore, the development of humanized animal models that are suitable for human antibody screening and evaluation will significantly improve the efficiency of new drug development and reduce the cost for drug research and development.SUMMARY
[0006] This disclosure is related to an animal model with human ERBB or chimeric ERBB. The animal model can express human ERBB or chimeric ERBB (e.g., humanized ERBB) protein in its body. It can be used in the studies on the function of ERBB gene, and can be used in the screening and evaluation of anti-human ERBB antibodies or drugs targeting ERBB. In addition, the animal models prepared by the methods described herein can be used in drug screening, pharmacodynamics studies, treatments for immune-related diseases, and cancer therapy; they can also be used to facilitate the development and design of new drugs. This disclosure provides a powerful tool for studying the function of ERBB protein and a platform for screening cancer drugs.
[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises at least one chromosome comprising a sequence encoding a human or chimeric erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog protein (ERBB) .
[0008] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the human or chimeric ERBB is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element at the endogenous ERBB gene locus in the at least one chromosome.
[0009] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a human or chimeric ERBB comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to human ERBB (NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0010] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a human or chimeric ERBB comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0011] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a human or chimeric ERBB comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0012] In some embodiments, the animal is a mammal, e.g., a monkey, a rodent, a mouse, or a rat.
[0013] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse.
[0014] In some embodiments, the animal does not express endogenous ERBB or expresses a decreased level of endogenous ERBB as compared to ERBB expression level in a wild-type animal.
[0015] In some embodiments, the animal has one or more cells expressing human or chimeric ERBB.
[0016] In some embodiments, the animal has one or more cells expressing human or chimeric ERBB, and the expressed human or chimeric ERBB can interact with a human epidermal growth factor (EGF) and / or transforming growth factor α (TGFα) , activating downstream signaling pathways.
[0017] In some embodiments, the animal has one or more cells expressing human or chimeric ERBB, and the expressed human or chimeric ERBB can interact with an endogenous EGF and / or TGFα, activating downstream signaling pathways.
[0018] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a genetically-modified, non-human animal, wherein the genome of the animal comprises a replacement of a sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB at an endogenous ERBB gene locus.
[0019] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element at the endogenous ERBB locus, and one or more cells of the animal expresses a human or chimeric ERBB.
[0020] In some embodiments, the animal does not express endogenous ERBB or expresses a decreased level of endogenous ERBB as compared to ERBB expression level in a wild-type animal.
[0021] In some embodiments, the replaced sequence encodes all or a portion of the extracellular region of ERBB, optionally including the signal peptide.
[0022] In some embodiments, the animal has one or more cells expressing a chimeric ERBB having a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region, wherein the extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to the extracellular region of human ERBB (NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0023] In some embodiments, the extracellular region of the chimeric ERBB has a sequence that has at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 607 or 620 contiguous amino acids that are identical to a contiguous sequence present in the extracellular region of human ERBB (e.g., amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2) .
[0024] In some embodiments, the signal peptide of the chimeric ERBB has a sequence that is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 contiguous amino acids that are identical to a contiguous sequence present in the signal peptide of endogenous ERBB (e.g., amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0025] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28, or a part thereof, of the endogenous ERBB gene.
[0026] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse.
[0027] In some embodiments, the animal is heterozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous ERBB gene locus.
[0028] In some embodiments, the animal is homozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous ERBB gene locus.
[0029] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method for making a genetically-modified, non-human animal, comprising: replacing in at least one cell of the animal, at an endogenous ERBB gene locus, a sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB.
[0030] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28, or a part thereof, of a human ERBB gene.
[0031] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB comprises a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17, of a human ERBB gene; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17, of a human ERBB gene.
[0032] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB encodes amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0033] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB comprises at least 50 bp of exon 2 and at least 5 bp of exon 17 of a human ERBB gene, or at least 5 bp of exon 1 and at least 5 bp of exon 17 of a human ERBB gene.
[0034] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28, or a part thereof, of the endogenous ERBB gene.
[0035] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse, and the sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB comprises a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of the endogenous ERBB gene; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of the endogenous ERBB gene.
[0036] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a non-human animal comprising at least one cell comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a humanized ERBB polypeptide, wherein the humanized ERBB polypeptide comprises at least 200 contiguous amino acid residues that are identical to the corresponding contiguous amino acid sequence of a human ERBB, wherein the animal expresses the humanized ERBB polypeptide.
[0037] In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB polypeptide has at least 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 607 or 620 contiguous amino acid residues that are identical to the corresponding contiguous amino acid sequence of human ERBB extracellular region (e.g., amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2) .
[0038] In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB polypeptide has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 contiguous amino acid residues that are identical to the corresponding contiguous amino acid sequence of endogenous ERBB signal peptide (e.g., amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0039] In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB polypeptide comprises a sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0040] In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is operably linked to an endogenous ERBB regulatory element of the animal.
[0041] In some embodiments, the chimeric ERBB polypeptide comprises an endogenous ERBB transmembrane region and / or an endogenous ERBB cytoplasmic region.
[0042] In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is integrated to an endogenous ERBB gene locus of the animal.
[0043] In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB polypeptide has at least one mouse ERBB activity and / or at least one human ERBB activity.
[0044] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of making a genetically-modified animal cell that expresses a chimeric ERBB, the method comprising: replacing at an endogenous ERBB gene locus, a nucleotide sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB with a nucleotide sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB, thereby generating a genetically-modified animal cell that includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes the chimeric ERBB, wherein the animal cell expresses the chimeric ERBB.
[0045] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse.
[0046] In some embodiments, the chimeric ERBB comprises a human or humanized ERBB extracellular region; and a transmembrane and / or a cytoplasmic region of mouse ERBB.
[0047] In some embodiments, the chimeric ERBB further comprises an endogenous ERBB signal peptide.
[0048] In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the chimeric ERBB is operably linked to an endogenous ERBB regulatory region, e.g., promoter.
[0049] In some embodiments, the animal further comprises a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein.
[0050] In some embodiments, the additional human or chimeric protein is natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (NKP46) , erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (HER3) , tumor associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TROP2) , MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) , hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) , programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) , lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) , tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (4-1BB) , CD40, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) , CD3, CD16, CD64, insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) , and / or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) .
[0051] In some embodiments, the animal or mouse further comprises a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein.
[0052] In some embodiments, the additional human or chimeric protein is NKP46, HER3, TROP2, MET, HGF, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, CTLA4, CD3, CD16, CD64, IGF1R, and HER2.
[0053] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, comprising: administering the therapeutic agent to the animal described herein, wherein the animal has a tumor; and determining inhibitory effects of the therapeutic agent to the tumor.
[0054] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an anti-ERBB antibody.
[0055] In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more cancer cells that are injected into the animal.
[0056] In some embodiments, determining inhibitory effects of the anti-ERBB antibody to the tumor involves measuring the tumor volume in the animal.
[0057] In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, or a glioma.
[0058] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of determining effectiveness of an anti-ERBB antibody and an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, comprising administering the anti-ERBB antibody and the additional therapeutic agent to the animal described herein, wherein the animal has a tumor; and determining inhibitory effects on the tumor.
[0059] In some embodiments, the animal further comprises a sequence encoding a human or chimeric PD-1, a human or chimeric PD-L1, and / or a human or chimeric CTLA4.
[0060] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, or an anti-CTLA4 antibody.
[0061] In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more tumor cells that express PD-L1.
[0062] In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more cancer cells that are injected into the animal.
[0063] In some embodiments, determining inhibitory effects of the treatment involves measuring the tumor volume in the animal.
[0064] In some embodiments, the animal has lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, or a glioma.
[0065] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of determining toxicity of a therapeutic agent comprising: a) administering the therapeutic agent to the animal described herein; and b) determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the animal.
[0066] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an anti-ERBB antibody.
[0067] In some embodiments, determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the animal involves measuring the body weight, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and / or hemoglobin of the animal.
[0068] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a protein comprising an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is one of the following:
[0069] (a) an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;
[0070] (b) an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;
[0071] (c) an amino acid sequence that is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;
[0072] (d) an amino acid sequence that is different from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino acid; and
[0073] (e) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one, two, three, four, five or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9.
[0074] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence is one of the following:
[0075] (a) a sequence that encodes the protein described herein;
[0076] (b) SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14;
[0077] (c) a sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14; and
[0078] (d) a sequence that is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14.
[0079] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising the protein described herein and / or the nucleic acid described herein.
[0080] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an animal comprising the protein described herein and / or the nucleic acid described herein.
[0081] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0082] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0083] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing mouse and human ERBB gene loci.
[0084] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing humanized ERBB gene locus.
[0085] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an ERBB gene targeting strategy.
[0086] FIG. 4 shows the Southern Blot detection results.
[0087] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the Frt recombination process in ERBB gene humanized mice.
[0088] FIG. 6 shows mouse tail PCR identification results of F1 generation mice.
[0089] FIG. 7 shows RT-PCR detection results of mouse ERBB mRNA (by primers mERBB-F2 and mERBB-R2) , humanized ERBB mRNA (hERBB-F3 and hERBB-R3) , and GAPDH mRNA (by primers GAPDH-F / GAPDH-R) , respectively, in the liver tissues of a wild-type C57BL / 6 mouse (+ / +) and an ERBB humanized homozygous mouse (H / H) . H2O is a water control.
[0090] FIG. 8 shows western blot detection results of protein expression levels in various tissues of a wild-type C57BL / 6 mouse (+ / +) and an ERBB humanized homozygous mouse (H / H) . H2O is a water control. GAPDH is an internal reference for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
[0091] FIG. 9 shows IHC staining results of different tissues of C57BL / 6 mice and ERBB humanized homozygous mice. The positive control for C57BL / 6 wildtype mice is mouse liver tissue, and the positive control for ERBB humanized homozygous mice is PDX tumor tissue; the negative control is canine liver tissue for both wildtype and humanized mice.
[0092] FIG. 10 shows the alignment between human ERBB amino acid sequence (NP_005219.2; SEQ ID NO: 2) and mouse ERBB amino acid sequence (NP_997538.1; SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0093] FIG. 11 shows the alignment between human ERBB amino acid sequence (NP_005219.2; SEQ ID NO: 2) and rat ERBB amino acid sequence (NP_113695.2; SEQ ID NO: 5) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0094] This disclosure relates to transgenic non-human animal with human or chimeric (e.g., humanized) ERBB, and methods of use thereof.
[0095] Experimental animal models are an indispensable research tool for studying the effects of these antibodies (e.g., anti-ERBB antibodies) . Common experimental animals include mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, pigs, fish and so on. However, there are many differences between human and animal genes and protein sequences, and many human proteins cannot bind to the animal’s homologous proteins to produce biological activity, leading to that the results of many clinical trials do not match the results obtained from animal experiments. A large number of clinical studies are in urgent need of better animal models. With the continuous development and maturation of genetic engineering technologies, the use of human cells or genes to replace or substitute an animal’s endogenous similar cells or genes to establish a biological system or disease model closer to human, and establish the humanized experimental animal models (humanized animal model) has provided an important tool for new clinical approaches or means. In this context, the genetically engineered animal model, that is, the use of genetic manipulation techniques, the use of human normal or mutant genes to replace animal homologous genes, can be used to establish the genetically modified animal models that are closer to human gene systems. The humanized animal models have various important applications. For example, due to the presence of human or humanized genes, the animals can express or express in part of the proteins with human functions, so as to greatly reduce the differences in clinical trials between humans and animals, and provide the possibility of drug screening at animal levels.
[0096] ERBB
[0097] Epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB, EGFR, ErbB-1 or HER1) is a Type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein of 170 kDa that is encoded by the c-erbBl proto-oncogene. The epidermal growth factor receptor is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: ERBB (EGFR, ErbB-1) , HER2 / neu (ErbB-2) , Her3 (ErbB-3) and Her4 (ErbB-4) . In many cancer types, mutations affecting ERBB expression or activity could result in cancer. ERBB signaling is initiated by ligand binding followed by induction of conformational change, homodimerization or heterodimerization of the receptor with other ErbB family members, and trans-autophosphorylation of the receptor, which initiates signal transduction cascades that ultimately affect a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and survival, increases in expression or kinase activity of ERBB have been linked with a range of human cancers, making ERBB an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Increases in both the ERBB gene copy number and protein expression have been associated with favorable responses to the ERBB tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IRESSATM (gefitinib) , in non-small cell lung cancer.
[0098] Binding of a ligand such as EGF (epidermal growth factor) to ERBB stimulates receptor dimerization, autophosphorylation, activation of the receptor’s internal, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain, and initiation of multiple signal transduction and transactivation pathways involved in regulation of DNA synthesis (gene activation) and cell cycle progression or division. Inhibition of ERBB signaling may result in inhibition in one or more ERBB. In some embodiments, the ERBB ligands include EGF, TGFα, heparin binding EGF (HB-EGF) , amphiregulin (AR) , and epiregulm (EPI) .
[0099] A detailed review of ERBB can be found in Sabbah, Dima A., Rima Hajjo, and Kamal Sweidan. “Review on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) structure, signaling pathways, interactions, and recent updates of ERBB inhibitors. ” Current topics in medicinal chemistry (2020) ; which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0100] In human genomes, the ERBB gene locus has 28 exons, exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and exon 28 (FIG. 1) . The ERBB protein also has, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The nucleotide sequence for human ERBB mRNA is NM_005228.5, and the amino acid sequence for human ERBB is NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) . The location for each exon and each region in human ERBB nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence is listed below:
[0101] Table 1
[0102] The human ERBB gene (Gene ID: 1956) is located in Chromosome 7 of the human genome, which is located from 55, 019, 017 to 55, 211, 628 (GRCh38. p13 (GCF_000001405.39) ) . The 5’ UTR is from 55019017 to 55019277, exon 1 is from 55, 019, 017 to 55, 019, 365, exon 2 is from 55, 142, 286 to 55, 142, 437, exon 3 is from 55, 143, 305 to 55, 143, 488, exon 4 is from 55, 146, 606 to 55, 146, 740, exon 5 is from 55, 151, 294 to 55, 151, 362, exon 6 is from 55, 152, 546 to 55, 152, 664, exon 7 is from 55, 154, 011 to 55, 154, 152, exon 8 is from 55, 155, 830 to 55, 155, 946, exon 9 is from 55, 156, 533 to 55, 156, 659, exon 10 is from 55, 156, 759 to 55, 156, 832, exon 11 is from 55, 157, 663 to 55, 157, 753, exon 12 is from 55, 160, 139 to 55, 160, 338, exon 13 is from 55, 161, 499 to 55, 161, 631, exon 14 is from 55, 163, 733 to 55, 163, 823, exon 15 is from 55, 165, 280 to 55, 165, 437, exon 16 is from 55, 171, 175 to 55, 171, 213, exon 17 is from 55, 172, 983 to 55, 173, 124, exon 18 is from 55, 173, 921 to 55, 174, 043, exon 19 is from 55, 174, 722 to 55, 174, 820, exon 20 is from 55, 181, 293 to 55, 181, 478, exon 21 is from 55, 191, 719 to 55, 191, 874, exon 22 is from 55, 192, 766 to 55, 192, 841, exon 23 is from 55, 198, 717 to 55, 198, 863, exon 24 is from 55, 200, 316 to 55, 200, 413, exon 25 is from 55, 201, 188 to 55, 201, 355, exon 26 is from 55, 201, 735 to 55, 201, 782, exon 27 is from 55, 202, 517 to 55, 202, 625, exon 28 is from 55, 205, 256 to 55, 211, 628, The 3’ UTR is from 55205618 to 55, 211, 628, based on transcript NM_005228.5. All relevant information for human ERBB locus can be found in the NCBI website with Gene ID: 1956, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0103] In mice, ERBB gene locus has 28 exons, exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and exon 28 (FIG. 1) . The mouse ERBB protein also has, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The nucleotide sequence for mouse ERBB mRNA is NM_207655.2, the amino acid sequence for mouse ERBB is NP_997538.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) . The location for each exon and each region in the mouse ERBB nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence is listed below:
[0104] Table 2
[0105] The mouse ERBB gene (Gene ID: 13649) is located in Chromosome 11 of the mouse genome, which is located from 16700153 to 16868158 (GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27) ) . The 5’ UTR is from 16, 702, 211 to 16702482, exon 1 is from 16, 702, 211 to 16, 702, 570, exon 2 is from 16, 808, 896 to 16, 809, 047, exon 3 is from 16, 810, 068 to 16, 810, 251, exon 4 is from 16, 812, 946 to 16, 813, 080, exon 5 is from 16, 817, 231 to 16, 817, 299, exon 6 is from 16, 818, 108 to 16, 818, 226, exon 7 is from 16, 819, 219 to 16, 819, 360, exon 8 is from 16, 820, 976 to 16, 821, 092, exon 9 is from 16, 821, 583 to 16, 821, 709, exon 10 is from 16, 821, 802 to 16, 821, 875, exon 11 is from 16, 822, 846 to 16, 822, 936, exon 12 is from 16, 824, 960 to 16, 825, 159, exon 13 is from 16, 828, 127 to 16, 828, 259, exon 14 is from 16, 831, 464 to 16, 831, 554, exon 15 is from 16, 833, 456 to 16, 833, 613, exon 16 is from 16, 837, 141 to 16, 837, 185, exon 17 is from 16, 839, 913 to 16, 840, 054, exon 18 is from 16, 841, 178 to 16, 841, 300, exon 19 is from 16, 843, 008 to 16, 843, 106, exon 20 is from 16, 846, 894 to 16, 847, 079, exon 21 is from 16, 854, 305 to 16, 854, 460, exon 22 is from 16, 855, 348 to 16, 855, 423, exon 23 is from 16, 856, 736 to 16, 856, 882, exon 24 is from 16, 858, 877 to 16, 858, 974, exon 25 is from 16, 859, 732 to 16, 859, 899, exon 26 is from 16, 860, 208 to 16, 860, 255, exon 27 is from 16, 860, 794 to 16, 860, 896, exon 28 is from 16, 861, 494 to 16, 868, 158, The 3’ UTR is from 16861856 to 16, 868, 158, based on transcript NM_207655.2. All relevant information for mouse ERBB locus can be found in the NCBI website with Gene ID: 13649, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0106] FIG. 10 shows the alignment between human ERBB amino acid sequence (NP_005219.2; SEQ ID NO: 2) and mouse ERBB amino acid sequence (NP_997538.1; SEQ ID NO: 1) . Thus, the corresponding amino acid residue or region between human and mouse ERBB can be found in FIG. 10.
[0107] ERBB genes, proteins, and locus of the other species are also known in the art. For example, the gene ID for ERBB in Rattus norvegicus (rat) is 24329, the gene ID for ERBB in Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey) is 613027, the gene ID for ERBB in Canis lupus familiaris (dog) is 404306, and the gene ID for ERBB in Sus scrofa (pig) is 397070. The relevant information for these genes (e.g., intron sequences, exon sequences, amino acid residues of these proteins) can be found, e.g., in NCBI database, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. FIG. 11 shows the alignment between human ERBB amino acid sequence (NP_005219.2; SEQ ID NO: 2) and rat ERBB amino acid sequence (NP_113695.2; SEQ ID NO: 5) . Thus, the corresponding amino acid residue or region between human and rodent ERBB can be found in FIG. 11.
[0108] The present disclosure provides human or chimeric (e.g., humanized) ERBB nucleotide sequence and / or amino acid sequences. In some embodiments, the entire sequence of mouse exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, exon 28, signal peptide, extracellular region, transmembrane region, and / or cytoplasmic region are replaced by the corresponding human sequence. In some embodiments, a “region” or “portion” of mouse exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, exon 28, signal peptide, extracellular region, transmembrane region, and / or cytoplasmic region are replaced by the corresponding human sequence. The term “region” or “portion” can refer to at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 5600, 5700, 5800, or 5900 nucleotides, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 420, 440, 460, 480, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the “region” or “portion” can be at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, exon 28, signal peptide, extracellular region, transmembrane region, and / or cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, a region, a portion, or the entire sequence of mouse exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 (e.g., a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17) are replaced by a region, a portion, or the entire sequence of the human exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 (e.g., a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17) .
[0109] In some embodiments, a “region” or “portion” of the signal peptide, extracellular region, transmembrane region, cytoplasmic region, exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 is deleted.
[0110] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is related to a genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises a chimeric (e.g., humanized) ERBB nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the chimeric (e.g., humanized) ERBB nucleotide sequence encodes an ERBB protein comprising a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 1-29 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises all or part of endogenous ERBB signal peptide. In some embodiments, the extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the extracellular region comprises all or part of human ERBB extracellular region. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 648-670 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region comprises all or part of endogenous ERBB transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the cytoplasmic region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 671-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the cytoplasmic region comprises all or part of endogenous ERBB cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the genome of the animal comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14.
[0111] In some embodiments, the genetically-modified non-human animal described herein comprises a sequence encoding a human or humanized ERBB protein. In some embodiments, the ERBB protein comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises a human or humanized signal peptide. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises an endogenous signal peptide. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises a human or humanized extracellular region. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises an endogenous extracellular region. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises a human or humanized transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises an endogenous transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises a human or humanized cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises an endogenous cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises an endogenous signal peptide, a human or humanized extracellular region, an endogenous transmembrane region, and an endogenous cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB protein comprises an endogenous sequence that corresponds to amino acids 646-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or amino acids 648-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0112] In some embodiments, the genetically-modified non-human animal described herein comprises a human or humanized ERBB gene. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises 28 exons. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises endogenous exon 1, humanized exon 2, human exons 3-16, humanized exon 17, and endogenous exons 18-28. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises humanized exon 1, human exons 2-16, humanized exon 17, and endogenous exons 18-28. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises one or more human or humanized introns. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises one or more endogenous introns. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises human or humanized 5’ UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises human or humanized 3’ UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises endogenous 5’ UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB gene comprises endogenous 3’ UTR.
[0113] Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a chimeric (e.g., humanized) ERBB nucleotide sequence and / or amino acid sequences. In some embodiments, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%of the sequence are identical to or derived from mouse ERBB mRNA sequence (e.g., NM_207655.2) , mouse ERBB amino acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1) , or a portion thereof (e.g., 5’ UTR, exon 1, a portion of exon 2, a portion of exon 17, exons 18-28, and 3’ UTR; or 5’ UTR, a portion of exon 1, a portion of exon 17, exons 18-28, and 3’ UTR) . In some embodiments, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%of the sequence are identical to or derived from human ERBB mRNA sequence (e.g., NM_005228.5) , human ERBB amino acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2) , or a portion thereof (e.g., a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17) .
[0114] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding amino acids 37-645 of mouse ERBB (SEQ ID NO: 1) is replaced. In some embodiments, the sequence is replaced by a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB (e.g., amino acids 37-643 of human ERBB (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0115] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding amino acids 37-645 of mouse ERBB (SEQ ID NO: 1) is replaced. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding amino acids 25-647 of mouse ERBB (SEQ ID NO: 1) is replaced. In some embodiments, the sequence is replaced by a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB (e.g., amino acids 37-643 or 25-645 of human ERBB (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0116] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids as described herein are operably linked to a promotor or regulatory element, e.g., an endogenous mouse ERBB promotor, an inducible promoter, an enhancer, and / or mouse or human regulatory elements.
[0117] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 nucleotides, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides) that are different from part of or the entire mouse ERBB nucleotide sequence (e.g., a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of NM_207655.2; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of NM_207655.2) .
[0118] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 nucleotides, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides) that is the same as part of or the entire mouse ERBB nucleotide sequence (e.g., 5’ UTR, exon 1, a portion of exon 2, a portion of exon 17, exons 18-28, and 3’ UTR of NM_207655.2; or 5’ UTR, a portion of exon 1, a portion of exon 17, exons 18-28, and 3’ UTR of NM_207655.2) .
[0119] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 nucleotides, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides) that is different from part of or the entire human ERBB nucleotide sequence (e.g., 5’ UTR, exon 1, a portion of exon 2, a portion of exon 17, exons 18-28, and 3’ UTR of NM_005228.5; or 5’ UTR, a portion of exon 1, a portion of exon 17, exons 18-28, and 3’ UTR of NM_005228.5) .
[0120] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 nucleotides, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides) that is the same as part of or the entire human ERBB nucleotide sequence (e.g., a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of NM_005228.5; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of NM_005228.5) .
[0121] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that is different from part of or the entire mouse ERBB amino acid sequence (e.g., amino acids 37-645 or 25-647 of NP_997538.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) ) .
[0122] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that is the same as part of or the entire mouse ERBB amino acid sequence (e.g., amino acids 646-1210 or 648-1210 of NP_997538.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) ) .
[0123] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that is different from part of or the entire human ERBB amino acid sequence (e.g., amino acids 644-1210 or 646-1210 of NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0124] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that is the same as part of or the entire human ERBB amino acid sequence (e.g., amino acids 37-643 or 25-645 of NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0125] The present disclosure also provides a humanized ERBB mouse amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of:
[0126] a) an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;
[0127] b) an amino acid sequence having a homology of at least 90%with or at least 90%identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;
[0128] c) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is able to hybridize to a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9 under a low stringency condition or a strict stringency condition;
[0129] d) an amino acid sequence having a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;
[0130] e) an amino acid sequence that is different from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or no more than 1 amino acid; or
[0131] f) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9.
[0132] The present disclosure also provides a humanized ERBB amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence contains:
[0133] a) all or part of amino acids 37-643 or 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
[0134] b) an amino acid sequence has a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%to amino acids 37-643 or 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
[0135] c) an amino acid sequence that is different from amino acids 37-643 or 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or no more than 1 amino acid; or
[0136] d) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids to amino acids 37-643 or 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0137] The present disclosure also provides a humanized ERBB amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence contains:
[0138] a) all or part of amino acids 646-1210 or 648-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1;
[0139] b) an amino acid sequence has a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%to amino acids 646-1210 or 648-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1;
[0140] c) an amino acid sequence that is different from amino acids 646-1210 or 648-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or no more than 1 amino acid; or
[0141] d) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids to amino acids 646-1210 or 648-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0142] The present disclosure also relates to an ERBB nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence can be selected from the group consisting of:
[0143] a) a nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a homologous ERBB amino acid sequence of a humanized mouse ERBB;
[0144] b) a nucleic acid sequence that is able to hybridize to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14 under a low stringency condition or a strict stringency condition;
[0145] c) a nucleic acid sequence that has a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14;
[0146] d) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence has a homology of at least 90%with or at least 90%identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;
[0147] e) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence has a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%with, or at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;
[0148] f) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is different from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or no more than 1 amino acid; and / or
[0149] g) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9.
[0150] The present disclosure further relates to an ERBB genomic DNA sequence of a humanized mouse. The DNA sequence is obtained by reverse transcription of the mRNA obtained by transcription thereof is consistent with or complementary to the DNA sequence homologous to the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0151] The disclosure also provides an amino acid sequence that has a homology of at least 90%with, or at least 90%identical to the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9, and has protein activity. In some embodiments, the homology with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9 is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the foregoing homology is at least about 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, or 85%.
[0152] In some embodiments, the percentage identity with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9 is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the foregoing percentage identity is at least about 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, or 85%.
[0153] The disclosure also provides a nucleotide sequence that has a homology of at least 90%, or at least 90%identical to the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8, and encodes a polypeptide that has protein activity. In some embodiments, the homology with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the foregoing homology is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, or 85%.
[0154] In some embodiments, the percentage identity with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14 is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the foregoing percentage identity is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, or 85%.
[0155] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is less than or about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1820, 1862 or 1900 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than or about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 607 or 620 amino acid residues.
[0156] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence (i) comprises an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consists of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0157] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (i) comprises a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consists of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0158] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For example, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0159] The percentage of residues conserved with similar physicochemical properties (percent homology) , e.g. leucine and isoleucine, can also be used to measure sequence similarity. Families of amino acid residues having similar physicochemical properties have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . The homology percentage, in many cases, is higher than the identity percentage.
[0160] Cells, tissues, and animals (e.g., mouse) are also provided that comprise the nucleotide sequences as described herein, as well as cells, tissues, and animals (e.g., mouse) that express human or chimeric (e.g., humanized) ERBB from an endogenous non-human ERBB locus.
[0161] Genetically modified animals
[0162] As used herein, the term “genetically-modified non-human animal” refers to a non-human animal having exogenous DNA in at least one chromosome of the animal’s genome. In some embodiments, at least one or more cells, e.g., at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%of cells of the genetically-modified non-human animal have the exogenous DNA in its genome. The cell having exogenous DNA can be various kinds of cells, e.g., an endogenous cell, a somatic cell, an immune cell, a T cell, a B cell, an antigen presenting cell, a macrophage, a dendritic cell, a germ cell, a blastocyst, or an endogenous tumor cell. In some embodiments, genetically-modified non-human animals are provided that comprise a modified endogenous ERBB locus that comprises an exogenous sequence (e.g., a human sequence) , e.g., a replacement of one or more non-human sequences with one or more human sequences. The animals are generally able to pass the modification to progeny, i.e., through germline transmission.
[0163] As used herein, the term “chimeric gene” or “chimeric nucleic acid” refers to a gene or a nucleic acid, wherein two or more portions of the gene or the nucleic acid are from different species, or at least one of the sequences of the gene or the nucleic acid does not correspond to the wild-type nucleic acid in the animal. In some embodiments, the chimeric gene or chimeric nucleic acid has at least one portion of the sequence that is derived from two or more different sources, e.g., sequences encoding different proteins or sequences encoding the same (or homologous) protein of two or more different species. In some embodiments, the chimeric gene or the chimeric nucleic acid is a humanized gene or humanized nucleic acid.
[0164] As used herein, the term “chimeric protein” or “chimeric polypeptide” refers to a protein or a polypeptide, wherein two or more portions of the protein or the polypeptide are from different species, or at least one of the sequences of the protein or the polypeptide does not correspond to wild-type amino acid sequence in the animal. In some embodiments, the chimeric protein or the chimeric polypeptide has at least one portion of the sequence that is derived from two or more different sources, e.g., same (or homologous) proteins of different species. In some embodiments, the chimeric protein or the chimeric polypeptide is a humanized protein or a humanized polypeptide.
[0165] As used herein, the term “humanized protein” or “humanized polypeptide” refers to a protein or a polypeptide, wherein at least a portion of the protein or the polypeptide is from the human protein or human polypeptide. In some embodiments, the humanized protein or polypeptide is a human protein or polypeptide.
[0166] As used herein, the term “humanized nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid, wherein at least a portion of the nucleic acid is from the human. In some embodiments, the entire nucleic acid of the humanized nucleic acid is from human. In some embodiments, the humanized nucleic acid is a humanized exon. A humanized exon can be e.g., a human exon or a chimeric exon.
[0167] In some embodiments, the chimeric gene or the chimeric nucleic acid is a humanized ERBB gene or a humanized ERBB nucleic acid. In some embodiments, at least one or more portions of the gene or the nucleic acid is from the human ERBB gene, at least one or more portions of the gene or the nucleic acid is from a non-human ERBB gene. In some embodiments, the gene or the nucleic acid comprises a sequence that encodes an ERBB protein. The encoded ERBB protein is functional or has at least one activity of the human ERBB protein or the non-human ERBB protein, e.g., binding to its ligands including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) .
[0168] In some embodiments, the chimeric protein or the chimeric polypeptide is a humanized ERBB protein or a humanized ERBB polypeptide. In some embodiments, at least one or more portions of the amino acid sequence of the protein or the polypeptide is from a human ERBB protein, and at least one or more portions of the amino acid sequence of the protein or the polypeptide is from a non-human ERBB protein. The humanized ERBB protein or the humanized ERBB polypeptide is functional or has at least one activity of the human ERBB protein or the non-human ERBB protein.
[0169] In some embodiments, the extracellular region is human or humanized. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is human or humanized. In some embodiments, the cytoplasmic region is human or humanized. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region is human or humanized. In some embodiments, both the extracellular region and signal peptide are human or humanized. In some embodiments, both the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions are endogenous.
[0170] The genetically modified non-human animal can be various animals, e.g., a mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, bovine (e.g., cow, bull, buffalo) , deer, sheep, goat, chicken, cat, dog, ferret, primate (e.g., marmoset, rhesus monkey) . For the non-human animals where suitable genetically modifiable embryonic stem (ES) cells are not readily available, other methods are employed to make a non-human animal comprising the genetic modification. Such methods include, e.g., modifying a non-ES cell genome (e.g., a fibroblast or an induced pluripotent cell) and employing nuclear transfer to transfer the modified genome to a suitable cell, e.g., an oocyte, and gestating the modified cell (e.g., the modified oocyte) in a non-human animal under suitable conditions to form an embryo. These methods are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in A. Nagy, et al., “Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (Third Edition) , ” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2003, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0171] In one aspect, the animal is a mammal, e.g., of the superfamily Dipodoidea or Muroidea. In some embodiments, the genetically modified animal is a rodent. The rodent can be selected from a mouse, a rat, and a hamster. In some embodiments, the genetically modified animal is from a family selected from Calomyscidae (e.g., mouse-like hamsters) , Cricetidae (e.g., hamster, New World rats and mice, voles) , Muridae (true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, crested rats) , Nesomyidae (climbing mice, rock mice, with-tailed rats, Malagasy rats and mice) , Platacanthomyidae (e.g., spiny dormice) , and Spalacidae (e.g., mole rates, bamboo rats, and zokors) . In some embodiments, the genetically modified rodent is selected from a true mouse or rat (family Muridae) , a gerbil, a spiny mouse, and a crested rat. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a mouse.
[0172] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse of a C57BL strain selected from C57BL / A, C57BL / An, C57BL / GrFa, C57BL / KaLwN, C57BL / 6, C57BL / 6J, C57BL / 6ByJ, C57BL / 6NJ, C57BL / 10, C57BL / 10ScSn, C57BL / 10Cr, and C57BL / Ola. In some embodiments, the mouse is a 129 strain selected from the group consisting of a strain that is 129P1, 129P2, 129P3, 129X1, 129S1 (e.g., 129S1 / SV, 129S1 / SvIm) , 129S2, 129S4, 129S5, 129S9 / SvEvH, 129S6 (129 / SvEvTac) , 129S7, 129S8, 129T1, 129T2. These mice are described, e.g., in Festing et al., Revised nomenclature for strain 129 mice, Mammalian Genome 10: 836 (1999) ; Auerbach et al., Establishment and Chimera Analysis of 129 / SvEv-and C57BL / 6-Derived Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines (2000) , both of which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety. In some embodiments, the genetically modified mouse is a mix of the 129 strain and the C57BL / 6 strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is a mix of the 129 strains, or a mix of the BL / 6 strains. In some embodiments, the mouse is a BALB strain, e.g., BALB / c strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is a mix of a BALB strain and another strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is from a hybrid line (e.g., 50%BALB / c-50%12954 / Sv; or 50%C57BL / 6-50%129) . In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a rodent. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a mouse having a BALB / c, A, A / He, A / J, A / WySN, AKR, AKR / A, AKR / J, AKR / N, TA1, TA2, RF, SWR, C3H, C57BR, SJL, C57L, DBA / 2, KM, NIH, ICR, CFW, FACA, C57BL / A, C57BL / An, C57BL / GrFa, C57BL / KaLwN, C57BL / 6, C57BL / 6J, C57BL / 6ByJ, C57BL / 6NJ, C57BL / 10, C57BL / 10ScSn, C57BL (C57BL / 10Cr and C57BL / Ola) , C58, CBA / Br, CBA / Ca, CBA / J, CBA / st, or CBA / H background.
[0173] In some embodiments, the animal is a rat. The rat can be selected from a Wistar rat, an LEA strain, a Sprague Dawley strain, a Fischer strain, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti. In some embodiments, the rat strain is a mix of two or more strains selected from the group consisting of Wistar, LEA, Sprague Dawley, Fischer, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti.
[0174] The animal can have one or more other genetic modifications, and / or other modifications, that are suitable for the particular purpose for which the humanized ERBB animal is made. For example, suitable mice for maintaining a xenograft (e.g., a human cancer or tumor) , can have one or more modifications that compromise, inactivate, or destroy the immune system of the non-human animal in whole or in part. Compromise, inactivation, or destruction of the immune system of the non-human animal can include, for example, destruction of hematopoietic cells and / or immune cells by chemical means (e.g., administering a toxin) , physical means (e.g., irradiating the animal) , and / or genetic modification (e.g., knocking out one or more genes) . Non-limiting examples of such mice include, e.g., NOD mice, SCID mice, NOD / SCID mice, IL2Rγknockout mice, NOD / SCID / γcnull mice (Ito, M. et al., NOD / SCID / γcnull mouse: an excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells, Blood 100 (9) : 3175-3182, 2002) , nude mice, and Rag1 and / or Rag2 knockout mice. These mice can optionally be irradiated, or otherwise treated to destroy one or more immune cell type. Thus, in various embodiments, a genetically modified mouse is provided that can include a humanization of at least a portion of an endogenous non-human ERBB locus, and further comprises a modification that compromises, inactivates, or destroys the immune system (or one or more cell types of the immune system) of the non-human animal in whole or in part. In some embodiments, modification is, e.g., selected from the group consisting of a modification that results in NOD mice, SCID mice, NOD / SCID mice, IL-2Rγ knockout mice, NOD / SCID / γcnull mice, nude mice, Rag1 and / or Rag2 knockout mice, NOD-Prkdcscid IL-2rγnull mice, NOD-Rag 1- / --IL2rg- / - (NRG) mice, Rag 2- / --IL2rg- / - (RG) mice, and a combination thereof. These genetically modified animals are described, e.g., in US20150106961, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the mouse can include a replacement of all or part of ERBB coding sequence with human ERBB coding sequence.
[0175] Genetically modified non-human animals can comprise a modification at an endogenous non-human ERBB locus. In some embodiments, the modification can comprise a human nucleic acid sequence encoding at least a portion of a mature ERBB protein (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the mature ERBB protein sequence) . Although genetically modified cells are also provided that can comprise the modifications described herein (e.g., ES cells, somatic cells) , in many embodiments, the genetically modified non-human animals comprise the modification of the endogenous ERBB locus in the germline of the animal.
[0176] Genetically modified animals can express a human ERBB and / or a chimeric (e.g., humanized) ERBB from endogenous mouse loci, wherein the endogenous mouse ERBB gene has been replaced with a human ERBB gene and / or a nucleotide sequence that encodes a region of human ERBB sequence or an amino acid sequence that is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70&, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the human ERBB sequence. In various embodiments, an endogenous non-human ERBB locus is modified in whole or in part to comprise human nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one protein-coding sequence of a mature ERBB protein.
[0177] In some embodiments, the genetically modified mice can express the human ERBB and / or chimeric ERBB (e.g., humanized ERBB) from endogenous loci that are under control of mouse promoters and / or mouse regulatory elements. The replacement (s) at the endogenous mouse loci provide non-human animals that express human ERBB or chimeric ERBB (e.g., humanized ERBB) in appropriate cell types and in a manner that does not result in the potential pathologies observed in some other transgenic mice known in the art. The human ERBB or the chimeric ERBB (e.g., humanized ERBB) expressed in animal can maintain one or more functions of the wild-type mouse or human ERBB in the animal. For example, the expressed ERBB can bind to human or non-human (e.g., mouse) ERBB ligands including EGF and TGFα, and can mediate proper cell signaling events. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the animal does not express endogenous ERBB. In some embodiments, the animal expresses a decreased level of endogenous ERBB as compared to ERBB expression level in a wild-type animal. As used herein, the term “endogenous ERBB” refers to ERBB protein that is expressed from an endogenous ERBB nucleotide sequence of the non-human animal (e.g., mouse) before any genetic modification.
[0178] The genome of the animal can comprise a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to human ERBB (NP_005219.2) (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the genome comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0179] The genome of the genetically modified animal can comprise a replacement at an endogenous ERBB gene locus of a sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB. In some embodiments, the sequence that is replaced is any sequence within the endogenous ERBB gene locus, e.g., exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, exon 28, 5’ UTR, 3’ UTR, intron 1, intron 2, intron 3, intron 4, intron 5, intron 6, intron 7, intron 8, intron 9, intron 10, intron 11, intron 12, intron 13, intron 14, intron 15, intron 16, intron 17, intron 18, intron 19, intron 20, intron 21, intron 22, intron 23, intron 24, intron 25, intron 26, intron 27, intron 28, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sequence that is replaced is within the regulatory region of the endogenous ERBB gene. In some embodiments, the sequence that is replaced is a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17, of an endogenous mouse ERBB gene locus. In some embodiments, the sequence that is replaced is a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17, of an endogenous mouse ERBB gene locus.
[0180] The genetically modified animal can have one or more cells expressing a human or chimeric ERBB (e.g., humanized ERBB) having, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%identical to the signal peptide of human ERBB. In some embodiments, the signal peptide of the humanized ERBB has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the signal peptide of endogenous ERBB. In some embodiments, the extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%identical to the extracellular region of human ERBB. In some embodiments, the extracellular region of the humanized ERBB has a sequence that has at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 610, 620, or 621 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the extracellular region of human ERBB. In some embodiments, the extracellular region described herein includes the signal peptide. In some embodiments, the extracellular region described herein does not include the signal peptide. Because human ERBB and non-human ERBB (e.g., mouse ERBB) sequences, in many cases, are different, antibodies that bind to human ERBB will not necessarily have the same binding affinity with non-human ERBB or have the same effects to non-human ERBB. Therefore, the genetically modified animal having a human or a humanized extracellular region can be used to better evaluate the effects of anti-human ERBB antibodies in an animal model.
[0181] In some embodiments, the transmembrane comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%identical to the transmembrane region of endogenous ERBB (e.g., amino acids 648-670 of SEQ ID NO: 1) . In some embodiments, the transmembrane region of the humanized ERBB has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23 amino acids (contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the transmembrane region of endogenous ERBB (e.g., mouse ERBB) . In some embodiments, the cytoplasmic comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%identical to the cytoplasmic of endogenous ERBB (e.g., amino acids 671-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1) . In some embodiments, the cytoplasmic region of the humanized ERBB has a sequence that has at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 510, 520, 530, or 540 amino acids (contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the cytoplasmic region of endogenous ERBB (e.g., mouse ERBB) .
[0182] In some embodiments, the entire transmembrane region and the entire cytoplasmic region of the humanized ERBB described herein are derived from endogenous sequence.
[0183] In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that corresponds to a portion or the entire sequence of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 of human ERBB; a portion or the entire sequence of the extracellular region; or a portion or the entire sequence of amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0184] In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of human ERBB gene. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 2 includes at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 131 or 132 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 2 includes 132 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 2 includes a nucleotide of at least 50 bp. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 17 includes at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 17 includes 10 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 17 includes a nucleotide of at least 5 bp.
[0185] In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of human ERBB gene. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 1 includes at least 1, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 1 includes 16 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 1 includes a nucleotide of at least 5 bp. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 17 includes at least 1, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 17 includes 16 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 17 includes a nucleotide of at least 5 bp.
[0186] In some embodiments, the non-human animal can have, at an endogenous ERBB gene locus, a nucleotide sequence encoding a chimeric human / non-human ERBB polypeptide, wherein a human portion of the chimeric human / non-human ERBB polypeptide comprises all or a portion of the human ERBB extracellular region, and wherein the animal expresses a functional ERBB on a surface of a cell of the animal. The human portion of the chimeric human / non-human ERBB polypeptide can comprise an amino acid sequence encoded by a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of human ERBB. The human portion of the chimeric human / non-human ERBB polypeptide can comprise an amino acid sequence encoded by a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of human ERBB. In some embodiments, the human portion of the chimeric human / non-human ERBB polypeptide can comprise a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or part of amino acids 648-670 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the cytoplasmic region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or part of amino acids 671-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the chimeric human / non-human ERBB polypeptide comprises a signal peptide, which includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or part of amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0187] In some embodiments, the non-human portion of the chimeric human / non-human ERBB polypeptide comprises the entire transmembrane region and / or the entire cytoplasmic region of an endogenous non-human ERBB polypeptide.
[0188] Furthermore, the genetically modified animal can be heterozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous ERBB locus, or homozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous ERBB locus.
[0189] In some embodiments, the humanized ERBB locus lacks a human ERBB 5’ UTR. In some embodiment, the humanized ERBB locus comprises an endogenous (e.g., mouse) 5’ UTR. In some embodiments, the humanization comprises an endogenous (e.g., mouse) 3’ -UTR. In appropriate cases, it may be reasonable to presume that the mouse and human ERBB genes appear to be similarly regulated based on the similarity of their 5’ -flanking sequence. As shown in the present disclosure, humanized ERBB mice that comprise a replacement at an endogenous mouse ERBB locus, which retain mouse regulatory elements but comprise a humanization of ERBB encoding sequence, do not exhibit pathologies. Both genetically modified mice that are heterozygous or homozygous for humanized ERBB are grossly normal.
[0190] The present disclosure further relates to a non-human mammal generated through the method mentioned above. In some embodiments, the genome thereof contains human gene (s) .
[0191] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a rodent, and preferably, the non-human mammal is a mouse.
[0192] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal expresses a protein encoded by a humanized ERBB gene.
[0193] In addition, the present disclosure also relates to a tumor bearing non-human mammal model, characterized in that the non-human mammal model is obtained through the methods as described herein. In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a rodent (e.g., a mouse) .
[0194] The present disclosure further relates to a cell or cell line, or a primary cell culture thereof derived from the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof, or the tumor bearing non-human mammal; the tissue, organ or a culture thereof derived from the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof, or the tumor bearing non-human mammal; and the tumor tissue derived from the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof when it bears a tumor, or the tumor bearing non-human mammal.
[0195] The present disclosure also provides non-human mammals produced by any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, a non-human mammal is provided; and the genetically modified animal contains the DNA encoding human or humanized ERBB in the genome of the animal.
[0196] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal comprises the genetic construct as described herein (e.g., gene construct as shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 5) . In some embodiments, a non-human mammal expressing human or humanized ERBB is provided. In some embodiments, the tissue-specific expression of human or humanized ERBB protein is provided.
[0197] In some embodiments, the expression of human or humanized ERBB in a genetically modified animal is controllable, as by the addition of a specific inducer or repressor substance. In some embodiments, the specific inducer is selected from Tet-Off System / Tet-On System, or Tamoxifen System.
[0198] Non-human mammals can be any non-human animal known in the art and which can be used in the methods as described herein. Preferred non-human mammals are mammals, (e.g., rodents) . In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a mouse.
[0199] Genetic, molecular and behavioral analyses for the non-human mammals described above can performed. The present disclosure also relates to the progeny produced by the non-human mammal provided by the present disclosure mated with the same or other genotypes.
[0200] The present disclosure also provides a cell line or primary cell culture derived from the non-human mammal or a progeny thereof. A model based on cell culture can be prepared, for example, by the following methods. Cell cultures can be obtained by way of isolation from a non-human mammal, alternatively cells can be obtained from the cell culture established using the same constructs and the standard cell transfection techniques. The integration of genetic constructs containing DNA sequences encoding human ERBB protein can be detected by a variety of methods.
[0201] There are many analytical methods that can be used to detect exogenous DNA, including methods at the level of nucleic acid (including the mRNA quantification approaches using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or Southern blotting, and in situ hybridization) and methods at the protein level (including histochemistry, immunoblot analysis and in vitro binding studies) . In addition, the expression level of the gene of interest can be quantified by ELISA techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Many standard analysis methods can be used to complete quantitative measurements. For example, transcription levels can be measured using RT-PCR and hybridization methods including RNase protection, Southern blot analysis, RNA dot analysis (RNAdot) analysis. Immunohistochemical staining, flow cytometry, Western blot analysis can also be used to assess the presence of human or humanized ERBB protein.
[0202] In another aspect, the disclosure also provides a genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprise a disruption in the animal’s endogenous ERBB gene, wherein the disruption of the endogenous ERBB gene comprises deletion of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28, or part thereof of the endogenous ERBB gene.
[0203] In some embodiments, the disruption of the endogenous ERBB gene comprises deletion of one or more exons or part of exons selected from the group consisting of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and exon 28 of the endogenous ERBB gene.
[0204] In some embodiments, the disruption of the endogenous ERBB gene further comprises deletion of one or more introns or part of introns selected from the group consisting of intron 1, intron 2, intron 3, intron 4, intron 5, intron 6, intron 7, intron 8, intron 9, intron 10, intron 11, intron 12, intron 13, intron 14, intron 15, intron 16, intron 17, intron 18, intron 19, intron 20, intron 21, intron 22, intron 23, intron 24, intron 25, intron 26, intron 27, and intron 28 of the endogenous ERBB gene.
[0205] In some embodiments, wherein the deletion can comprise deleting at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 5000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 20000, 25000, 30000, 31000 or more nucleotides.
[0206] In some embodiments, the disruption of the endogenous ERBB gene comprises the deletion of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 10, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1827 or 1869 nucleotides of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 (e.g., deletion of at least 20 nucleotides from exon 2, exons 3-16, and at least 3 nucleotides from exon 17; or at least 3 nucleotides from exon 1, exons 3-16, and at least 3 nucleotides from exon 17) .
[0207] Vectors
[0208] The present disclosure relates to a targeting vector, comprising: a) a DNA fragment homologous to the 5’ end of a region to be altered (5’ arm) , which is selected from the ERBB gene genomic DNAs in the length of 100 to 10,000 nucleotides; b) a desired / donor DNA sequence encoding a donor region; and c) a second DNA fragment homologous to the 3’ end of the region to be altered (3’ arm) , which is selected from the ERBB gene genomic DNAs in the length of 100 to 10,000 nucleotides.
[0209] In some embodiments, a) the DNA fragment homologous to the 5’ end of a conversion region to be altered (5’ arm) is selected from the nucleotide sequences that have at least 90%homology to the NCBI accession number NC_000077.7; c) the DNA fragment homologous to the 3’ end of the region to be altered (3’ arm) is selected from the nucleotide sequences that have at least 90%homology to the NCBI accession number NC_000077.7.
[0210] In some embodiments, a) the DNA fragment homologous to the 5’ end of a region to be altered (5’ arm) is selected from the nucleotides from the position 16804993 to the position 16808915 of the NCBI accession number NC_000077.7; c) the DNA fragment homologous to the 3’ end of the region to be altered (3’ arm) is selected from the nucleotides from the position 16839923 to the position 16844278 of the NCBI accession number NC_000077.7.
[0211] In some embodiments, the length of the selected genomic nucleotide sequence in the targeting vector can be more than about 8 kb, about 8.5 kb, about 9 kb, about 9.5 kb, about 10 kb, about 10.5 kb, about 11 kb, about 12 kb, about 13 kb, about 15 kb, about 20 kb, about 25 kb, about 26 kb, about 27 kb, about 28 kb, about 29 kb, or about 30 kb.
[0212] In some embodiments, the region to be altered is exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 of ERBB gene (e.g., a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of mouse ERBB gene; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of mouse ERBB gene) .
[0213] The targeting vector can further include one or more selectable markers, e.g., positive or negative selectable markers. In some embodiments, the positive selectable marker is a Neo gene or Neo cassette. In some embodiments, the negative selectable marker is a DTA gene.
[0214] In some embodiments, the sequence of the 5’ arm is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3; and the sequence of the 3’ arm is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0215] In some embodiments, the sequence is derived from human (e.g., 55142306 -55172992 of NC_000007.14; or 370-2190 of NM_207655.2) . For example, the desired / donor DNA sequence in the targeting vector is a part or entirety of the nucleotide sequence of a human ERBB, preferably exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 of the human ERBB. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the humanized ERBB encodes the entire or the part of human ERBB protein with the NCBI accession number NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) .
[0216] The disclosure also provides vectors for constructing a humanized animal model or a knock-out model. In some embodiments, the vectors comprise a sgRNA sequence, wherein the sgRNA sequence targets ERBB gene, and the sgRNA is unique on the target sequence of the gene to be altered, and meets the sequence arrangement rule of 5’ -NNN (20) -NGG3’ or 5’ -CCN-N (20) -3’ ; and in some embodiments, the targeting site of the sgRNA in the mouse ERBB gene is located on any one of exons 1-28, introns 1-28, upstream of exon 1, or downstream of exon 28 of the mouse ERBB gene.
[0217] In some embodiments, the targeting sequences are shown as SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 11. Thus, the disclosure provides sgRNA sequences for constructing a genetic modified animal model.
[0218] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a plasmid construct (e.g., pT7-sgRNA) including the sgRNA sequence, and / or a cell including the construct.
[0219] The disclosure also relates to a cell comprising the targeting vectors as described above.
[0220] In addition, the present disclosure further relates to a non-human mammalian cell, having any one of the foregoing targeting vectors, and one or more in vitro transcripts of the construct as described herein. In some embodiments, the cell includes Cas9 mRNA or an in vitro transcript thereof.
[0221] In some embodiments, the genes in the cell are heterozygous. In some embodiments, the genes in the cell are homozygous.
[0222] In some embodiments, the non-human mammalian cell is a mouse cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a fertilized egg cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an embryonic stem cell.
[0223] Methods of making genetically modified animals
[0224] Genetically modified animals can be made by several techniques that are known in the art, including, e.g., nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) , homologous recombination (HR) , zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) , transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALEN) , and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -Cas system. In some embodiments, homologous recombination is used. In some embodiments, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing is used to generate genetically modified animals. Many of these genome editing techniques are known in the art, and is described, e.g., in Yin et al., “Delivery technologies for genome editing, ” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 16.6 (2017) : 387-399, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Many other methods are also provided and can be used in genome editing, e.g., micro-injecting a genetically modified nucleus into an enucleated oocyte, and fusing an enucleated oocyte with another genetically modified cell.
[0225] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides replacing in at least one cell of the animal, at an endogenous ERBB gene locus, a sequence encoding a region of an endogenous ERBB with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human or chimeric ERBB. In some embodiments, the replacement occurs in a germ cell, a somatic cell, a blastocyst, or a fibroblast, etc. The nucleus of a somatic cell or the fibroblast can be inserted into an enucleated oocyte.
[0226] FIG. 3 shows an exemplary humanization strategy for the mouse ERBB locus. The targeting strategies involve a vector comprising a 5’ homologous arm, a human ERBB gene fragment, and a 3’ homologous arm. The process can involve replacing endogenous ERBB sequence with human sequence by homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the cleavage at the upstream and the downstream of the target site (e.g., by zinc finger nucleases, TALEN or CRISPR) can result in DNA double strands break, and the homologous recombination is used to replace endogenous ERBB sequence with human ERBB sequence.
[0227] Thus, in some embodiments, the methods for making a genetically modified, humanized animal, can include the step of replacing at an endogenous ERBB locus (or site) , a nucleic acid sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB. The sequence can include a region (e.g., a part or the entire region) of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 of a human ERBB gene. In some embodiments, the sequence includes a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of a human ERBB gene (e.g., nucleic acids 370-2190 of NM_005228.5) . In some embodiments, the sequence includes a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of a human ERBB gene (e.g., nucleic acids 334-2196 of NM_005228.5) . In some embodiments, the region includes the extracellular region of human ERBB (e.g., amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the endogenous ERBB locus is exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28 of mouse ERBB. In some embodiments, the sequence includes a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of mouse ERBB gene (e.g., nucleic acids 389-2215 of NM_207655.2) . In some embodiments, the sequence includes a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of mouse ERBB gene (e.g., nucleic acids 353-2221 of NM_207655.2) .
[0228] In some embodiments, the methods of modifying an ERBB locus of a mouse to express a chimeric human / mouse ERBB peptide can include the steps of replacing at the endogenous mouse ERBB locus a nucleotide sequence encoding a mouse ERBB with a nucleotide sequence encoding a human ERBB, thereby generating a sequence encoding a chimeric human / mouse ERBB.
[0229] The present disclosure further provides a method for establishing an ERBB gene humanized animal model, involving the following steps:
[0230] (a) providing the cell (e.g. a fertilized egg cell) based on the methods described herein;
[0231] (b) culturing the cell in a liquid culture medium;
[0232] (c) transplanting the cultured cell to the fallopian tube or uterus of the recipient female non-human mammal, allowing the cell to develop in the uterus of the female non-human mammal;
[0233] (d) identifying the germline transmission in the offspring genetically modified humanized non-human mammal of the pregnant female in step (c) .
[0234] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal in the foregoing method is a mouse (e.g., a C57BL / 6 mouse) .
[0235] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal in step (c) is a female with pseudopregnancy (or false pregnancy) .
[0236] In some embodiments, the fertilized eggs for the methods described above are C57BL / 6 fertilized eggs. Other fertilized eggs that can also be used in the methods as described herein include, but are not limited to, FVB / N fertilized eggs, BALB / c fertilized eggs, DBA / 1 fertilized eggs and DBA / 2 fertilized eggs.
[0237] Fertilized eggs can come from any non-human animal, e.g., any non-human animal as described herein. In some embodiments, the fertilized egg cells are derived from rodents. The genetic construct can be introduced into a fertilized egg by microinjection of DNA. For example, by way of culturing a fertilized egg after microinjection, a cultured fertilized egg can be transferred to a false pregnant non-human animal, which then gives birth of a non-human mammal, so as to generate the non-human mammal mentioned in the methods described above.
[0238] In some embodiments, methods of making the genetically modified animal comprises modifying the coding frame of the non-human animal’s ERBB gene, e.g., by inserting a nucleotide sequence (e.g., DNA or cDNA sequence) encoding human or humanized ERBB protein, e.g., immediately after the endogenous regulatory element of the non-human animal’s ERBB gene. For example, one or more functional region sequences of the non-human animal’s ERBB gene can be knocked out, or inserted with a sequence, such that the non-human animal cannot express or expresses a decreased level of endogenous ERBB protein. In some embodiments, the coding frame of the modified non-human animal’s ERBB gene can be all or part of the nucleotide sequence from exon 1 to exon 28 of the non-human animal’s ERBB gene.
[0239] In some embodiments, methods of making the genetically modified animal comprises inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding human or humanized ERBB protein and / or an auxiliary sequence after the endogenous regulatory element of the non-human animal’s ERBB gene. In some embodiments, the auxiliary sequence can be a stop codon, such that the ERBB gene humanized animal model can express human or humanized ERBB protein in vivo, but does not express non-human animal’s ERBB protein. In some embodiments, the auxiliary sequence includes WPRE (WHP Posttranscriptional Response Element) , loxP, and / or polyA.
[0240] In some embodiments, the method for making the genetically modified animal comprises:
[0241] (1) providing a plasmid comprising a human ERBB gene fragment, flanked by a 5’ homologous arm and a 3’ homologous arm, wherein the 5’ and 3’ homologous arms target an endogenous ERBB gene;
[0242] (2) providing one or more small guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that target the endogenous ERBB gene;
[0243] (3) modifying genome of a fertilized egg or an embryonic stem cell by using the plasmid of step (1) , the sgRNAs of step (2) , and Cas9;
[0244] (4) transplanting the fertilized egg obtained in step (3) into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant female mouse or transplanting the embryonic stem cell obtained in step (3) into a blastocyst which is then transplanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant female mouse to produce a child mouse that functionally expresses a humanized ERBB protein; and
[0245] (5) mating the child mouse obtained in step (2) to obtain a homozygote mouse,
[0246] In some embodiments, the fertilized egg is modified by CRISPR with sgRNAs that target a 5’ -terminal targeting site and a 3’ -terminal targeting site.
[0247] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the humanized ERBB protein is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element at the endogenous ERBB gene locus.
[0248] In some embodiments, the genetically-modified animal does not express an endogenous ERBB protein.
[0249] In some embodiments, the method for making the genetically modified animal comprises:
[0250] (1) providing a plasmid comprising a human or chimeric ERBB gene fragment, flanked by a 5’ homologous arm and a 3’ homologous arm, wherein the 5’ and 3’ homologous arms target an endogenous ERBB gene;
[0251] (2) providing one or more small guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that target the endogenous ERBB gene; and
[0252] (3) modifying genome of a fertilized egg or an embryonic stem cell by inserting the human or chimeric ERBB gene fragment into the genome.
[0253] Methods of using genetically modified animals
[0254] Replacement of non-human genes in a non-human animal with homologous or orthologous human genes or human sequences, at the endogenous non-human locus and under control of endogenous promoters and / or regulatory elements, can result in a non-human animal with qualities and characteristics that may be substantially different from a typical knockout-plus-transgene animal. In the typical knockout-plus-transgene animal, an endogenous locus is removed or damaged and a fully human transgene is inserted into the animal’s genome and presumably integrates at random into the genome. Typically, the location of the integrated transgene is unknown; expression of the human protein is measured by transcription of the human gene and / or protein assay and / or functional assay. Inclusion in the human transgene of upstream and / or downstream human sequences are apparently presumed to be sufficient to provide suitable support for expression and / or regulation of the transgene.
[0255] In some cases, the transgene with human regulatory elements expresses in a manner that is unphysiological or otherwise unsatisfactory, and can be actually detrimental to the animal. The disclosure demonstrates that a replacement with human sequence at an endogenous locus under control of endogenous regulatory elements provides a physiologically appropriate expression pattern and level that results in a useful humanized animal whose physiology with respect to the replaced gene are meaningful and appropriate in the context of the humanized animal’s physiology.
[0256] Genetically modified animals that express human or humanized ERBB protein, e.g., in a physiologically appropriate manner, provide a variety of uses that include, but are not limited to, developing therapeutics for human diseases and disorders, and assessing the toxicity and / or the efficacy of these human therapeutics in the animal models.
[0257] In various aspects, genetically modified animals are provided that express human or humanized ERBB, which are useful for testing therapeutic agents that can decrease or block the interaction between the interaction between ERBB and its ligands (e.g., EGF and TGFα) , testing whether an therapeutic agent can increase or decrease the immune response, and / or determining whether an agent is an ERBB agonist or antagonist. The genetically modified animals can be, e.g., an animal model of a human disease, e.g., the disease is induced genetically (aknock-in or knockout) . In various embodiments, the genetically modified non-human animals further comprise an impaired immune system, e.g., a non-human animal genetically modified to sustain or maintain a human xenograft, e.g., a human solid tumor (e.g., breast cancer) or a blood cell tumor (e.g., a lymphocyte tumor, a B or T cell tumor) .
[0258] In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can be used for determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-ERBB antibody or an ERBB-targeting drug) for the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, the methods involve administering the therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-human ERBB antibody or an ERBB-targeting drug) to the animal as described herein, wherein the animal has a cancer or tumor; and determining inhibitory effects of the therapeutic agent to the cancer or tumor. The inhibitory effects that can be determined include, e.g., a decrease of tumor size or tumor volume, a decrease of tumor growth, a reduction of the increase rate of tumor volume in a subject (e.g., as compared to the rate of increase in tumor volume in the same subject prior to treatment or in another subject without such treatment) , a decrease in the risk of developing a metastasis or the risk of developing one or more additional metastasis, an increase of survival rate, and an increase of life expectancy, etc. The tumor volume in a subject can be determined by various methods, e.g., as determined by direct measurement, MRI or CT. In addition, a delicate balance is required for these antibodies, as ERBB is also expressed on many other cells. Thus, it is important that the humanized ERBB functions in a largely similar way as compared to the endogenous ERBB, so that the results in the humanized animals can be used to predict the efficacy or toxicity of these therapeutic agents in human. In some embodiments, the anti-ERBB antibody can directly target cancer cells or tumor-associated cells expressing ERBB, e.g., by inducing complement mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to kill the cancer cells.
[0259] In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more cancer cells (e.g., human or mouse cancer cells) that are injected into the animal. In some embodiments, the anti-ERBB antibody inhibits ERBB signaling pathways. In some embodiments, the anti-ERBB antibody does not inhibit ERBB signaling pathways. In some embodiments, the anti-ERBB antibody activates ERBB signaling pathways.
[0260] In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can be used for determining whether an anti-ERBB antibody is an ERBB agonist or antagonist. In some embodiments, the methods as described herein are also designed to determine the effects of the therapeutic agent (e.g., anti-ERBB antibodies) on ERBB, e.g., whether the agent can block the interaction of ERBB and ERBB ligands including EGF and TGFα, whether the agent can deplete ERBB-expressing cells, and / or whether the agent can induce complement mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can be used for determining the effective dosage of a therapeutic agent for treating a disease in the subject, e.g., cancer.
[0261] The inhibitory effects on tumors can also be determined by methods known in the art, e.g., measuring the tumor volume in the animal, and / or determining tumor (volume) inhibition rate (TGITV) . The tumor growth inhibition rate can be calculated using the formula TGITV (%) = (1 –TVt / TVc) x 100, where TVt and TVc are the mean tumor volume (or weight) of treated and control groups.
[0262] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-ERBB antibody or an ERBB-targeting drug) is designed for treating various cancers. As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. The term “tumor” as used herein refers to cancerous cells, e.g., a mass of cancerous cells. Cancers that can be treated or diagnosed using the methods described herein include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus. In some embodiments, the agents described herein are designed for treating or diagnosing a carcinoma in a subject. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is renal carcinoma or melanoma. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation.
[0263] In some embodiments, the cancer described herein is lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, ovarian cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, bladder cancer, glioma, lung cancer, bronchial cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver and bile duct cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, head and neck cancer, testicular cancer, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, melanoma, myeloproliferation abnormal syndromes, and sarcomas. In some embodiments, the leukemia is selected from acute lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. In some embodiments, the lymphoma is selected from Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, including B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. In some embodiments, the sarcoma is selected from the group consisting of osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, angiosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. In a specific embodiment, the tumor is breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, melanoma, kidney cancer, lung cancer, or liver cancer.
[0264] In some embodiments, the cancer described herein is glioma, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, urothelial cancer, prostate cancer, testis cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, or melanoma. In some embodiments, the cancer described herein is lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and gliomas.
[0265] The present disclosure also provides methods of determining toxicity of an antibody (e.g., anti-ERBB antibody) . The methods involve administering the antibody to the animal as described herein. The animal is then evaluated for its weight change, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and / or hemoglobin. In some embodiments, the antibody can decrease the red blood cells (RBC) , hematocrit, or hemoglobin by more than 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%. In some embodiments, the animals can have a weight that is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40%smaller than the weight of the control group (e.g., average weight of the animals that are not treated with the antibody) .
[0266] The present disclosure also relates to the use of the animal model generated through the methods as described herein in the development of a product related to an immunization processes of human cells, the manufacturing of a human antibody, or the model system for a research in pharmacology, immunology, microbiology and medicine.
[0267] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides the use of the animal model generated through the methods as described herein in the production and utilization of an animal experimental disease model of an immunization processes involving human cells, the study on a pathogen, or the development of a new diagnostic strategy and / or a therapeutic strategy.
[0268] The disclosure also relates to the use of the animal model generated through the methods as described herein in the screening, verifying, evaluating or studying the ERBB gene function, human ERBB antibodies, drugs for human ERBB targeting sites, the drugs or efficacies for human ERBB targeting sites, the drugs for antitumor drugs.
[0269] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method to verify in vivo efficacy of TCR-T, CAR-T, and / or other immunotherapies (e.g., T-cell adoptive transfer therapies) . For example, the methods include transplanting human tumor cells into the animal described herein, and applying human CAR-T to the animal with human tumor cells. Effectiveness of the CAR-T therapy can be determined and evaluated. In some embodiments, the animal is selected from the ERBB humanized non-human animal prepared by the methods described herein, the ERBB humanized non-human animal described herein, the double-or multi-humanized non-human animal generated by the methods described herein (or progeny thereof) , a non-human animal expressing the human or humanized ERBB protein, or the tumor-bearing or inflammatory animal models described herein. In some embodiments, the TCR-T, CAR-T, and / or other immunotherapies can treat the ERBB-associated diseases described herein. In some embodiments, the TCA-T, CAR-T, and / or other immunotherapies provides an evaluation method for treating the ERBB-associated diseases described herein.
[0270] Genetically modified animal model with two or more human or chimeric genes
[0271] The present disclosure further relates to methods for generating genetically modified animal model with two or more human or chimeric genes. The animal can comprise a human or chimeric ERBB gene and a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein.
[0272] In some embodiments, the additional human or chimeric protein can be EGF, TGFα, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, CD3e molecule, epsilon (CD3E) , CD28, CD226, IL2, IL4, IL6, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (4-1BB) , CD40, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) , lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) , tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) , T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) , cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) , tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (OX40) , T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM3) , CD73, B And T Lymphocyte Associated (BTLA) , CD27, CD47, CD154, Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein (GITR) , and / or Signal regulatory protein α(SIRPα) . In some embodiments, the additional human or chimeric protein can be NKP46, HER3, TROP2, MET, HGF, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, CTLA4, CD3, CD16, CD64, insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) , or HER2 (ErbB-2) .
[0273] The methods of generating genetically modified animal model with two or more human or chimeric genes (e.g., humanized genes) can include the following steps:
[0274] (a) using the methods of introducing human ERBB gene or chimeric ERBB gene as described herein to obtain a genetically modified non-human animal;
[0275] (b) mating the genetically modified non-human animal with another genetically modified non-human animal, and then screening the progeny to obtain a genetically modified non-human animal with two or more human or chimeric genes.
[0276] In some embodiments, in step (b) of the method, the genetically modified animal can be mated with a genetically modified non-human animal with human or chimeric EGF, TGFα, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, CD3E, CD28, CD226, IL2, IL4, IL6, PD-1, 4-1BB, CD40, PD-L1, LAG3, TNF-α, TIGIT, CTLA4, OX40, TIM3, CD73, BTLA, CD27, CD47, CD154, GITR, and / or SIRPα. Some of these genetically modified non-human animals are described, e.g., in PCT / CN2018 / 120713, PCT / CN2018 / 091846, PCT / CN2019 / 110819, PCT / CN / 2019 / 126045, PCT / CN2017 / 090320, PCT / CN2017 / 099577, PCT / CN2017 / 099575, PCT / CN2017 / 099576, PCT / CN2017 / 099574, PCT / CN2017 / 110435, PCT / CN2017 / 120388, PCT / CN2017 / 117984, PCT / CN2018 / 091845, and PCT / CN2019 / 119793; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0277] In some embodiments, the ERBB humanization is directly performed on a genetically modified animal having a human or chimeric EGF, TGFα, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, CD3E, CD28, CD226, IL2, IL4, IL6, PD-1, 4-1BB, CD40, PD-L1, LAG3, TNF-α, TIGIT, CTLA4, OX40, TIM3, CD73, BTLA, CD27, CD47, CD154, GITR, and / or SIRPα gene.
[0278] As these proteins may involve different mechanisms, a combination therapy that targets two or more of these proteins thereof may be a more effective treatment. In fact, many related clinical trials are in progress and have shown a good effect. The genetically modified animal model with two or more human or humanized genes can be used for determining effectiveness of a combination therapy that targets two or more of these proteins, e.g., an anti-ERBB antibody and an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. The methods include administering the anti-ERBB antibody and the additional therapeutic agent to the animal, wherein the animal has a tumor; and determining the inhibitory effects of the combined treatment to the tumor. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an antibody that specifically binds to EGF, TGFα, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, CD3E, CD28, CD226, IL2, IL4, IL6, PD-1, 4-1BB, CD40, PD-L1, LAG3, TNF-α, TIGIT, CTLA4, OX40, TIM3, CD73, BTLA, CD27, CD47, CD154, GITR, and / or SIRPα. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-CTLA4 antibody (e.g., ipilimumab) , an anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab) , or an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
[0279] In some embodiments, the animal further comprises a sequence encoding a human or humanized PD-1, a sequence encoding a human or humanized PD-L1, or a sequence encoding a human or humanized CTLA-4. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab) , an anti-PD-L1 antibody, or an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more tumor cells that express CD80, CD86, PD-L1, and / or PD-L2.
[0280] In some embodiments, the combination treatment is designed for treating various cancers as described herein, e.g., lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and gliomas.
[0281] In some embodiments, the methods described herein can be used to evaluate the combination treatment with some other methods. The methods of treating a cancer that can be used alone or in combination with methods described herein, include, e.g., treating the subject with chemotherapy, e.g., campothecin, doxorubicin, cisplatin, carboplatin, procarbazine, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, bisulfan, nitrosurea, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, bleomycin, plicomycin, mitomycin, etoposide, verampil, podophyllotoxin, tamoxifen, taxol, transplatinum, 5-flurouracil, vincristin, vinblastin, and / or methotrexate. Alternatively or in addition, the methods can include performing surgery on the subject to remove at least a portion of the cancer, e.g., to remove a portion of or all of a tumor (s) , from the patient.
[0282] EXAMPLES
[0283] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0284] In each of the following examples, equipment and materials were obtained from the companies indicated below.
[0285] BbsI, EcoRI, BamHI, BgIII, ScaI, SpeI, and NdeI enzymes were purchased from NEB (Catalog numbers: R0539L, R0101M, R0136M, R0144L, R3122L, R3133L, and R0111L) .
[0286] C57BL / 6 mice were purchased from the China Food and Drugs Research Institute National Rodent Experimental Animal Center.
[0287] Ambion in vitro transcription kit was purchased from Ambion (Catalog number: AM1354) .
[0288] Cas9mRNA was provided by SIGMA (Catalog number: CAS9MRNA-1EA) .
[0289] The UCA kit was provided by Biocytogen (Catalog number: BCG-DX-001) .
[0290] Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) genes were purchased from BACPAC (human BAC Catalog number: CH17-159M13, mouse Catalog number: RP23-291E21) .
[0291] Example 1: ERBB Gene Humanized Mice
[0292] Mouse ERBB gene (NCBI Gene ID: 13649, Primary source: MGI: 95294, UniProt ID: Q01279, located at positions 16700153 to 16868158 of chromosome 11 NC_000077.7, based on transcript NM_207655.23 and its encoded protein NP_997538.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) ) and human ERBB gene (NCBI Gene ID: 1956, Primary source: HGNC: 3236, UniProt ID: P00533, located at positions 55019017 to 552116282 of chromosome 7 NC_000007.14, based on transcript NM_005228.5 and its encoded protein NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) are shown in FIG. 1.
[0293] To generate ERBB gene humanized mice, a nucleotide sequence encoding human ERBB protein was introduced into the mouse endogenous ERBB locus, so that the mouse expresses human or humanized ERBB protein. Specifically, using gene editing technology, under the control of the regulatory elements of the mouse ERBB gene, a portion of the nucleotide sequence encoding the human ERBB protein (derived from human BAC: CH17-159M13) was used to replace the corresponding mouse sequence to obtain a humanized mouse. A schematic diagram of the humanized ERBB locus is shown in FIG. 2.
[0294] A schematic diagram of the targeting strategy is shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows the structure of the targeting vector, which includes upstream and downstream homology arm sequences, and the A fragment containing the nucleotide sequence encoding the human ERBB protein. Among them, the upstream homology arm sequence (5’ homology arm, SEQ ID NO: 3) is the same as the nucleotide sequence at positions16804993-16808915 of NCBI accession number NC_000077.7, and the downstream homology arm sequence (3’ homology arm, SEQ ID NO: 4) has 99.9%identity with the nucleotide sequence at positions 16839923-16844278 of NCBI accession number NC_000077.7 (the A at position 16839964 is mutated to C, and the G at position 16839967 is mutated to C) . The human ERBB sequence in fragment A is the same as the nucleotide sequence at positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14.
[0295] The targeting vector also includes a resistance gene for screening positive clones, namely the neomycin phosphotransferase coding sequence (Neo) , which is flanked by two site-specific recombination systems (Frt) arranged in the same direction, forming a Neo cassette. The connection between the 5’ end of the Neo cassette and the human gene is designed as wherein the “t” in the sequence “acaat” is the last nucleotide of the human sequence, and the “g” in the sequence is the first nucleotide of the Neo cassette. The connection between the 3’ end of the Neo cassette and the human gene is designed as wherein the last “c” in the sequence is the last nucleotide of the Neo cassette, and the first “c” in the sequence “ccatg” is the first nucleotide of the human sequence. In addition, a gene encoding a negative selection marker (the gene encoding the diphtheria toxin A subunit (DTA) ) was included downstream of the 3’ homology arm of the targeting vector. The mRNA sequence of the transformed humanized mouse ERBB is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8, and the expressed protein sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0296] Targeting vector construction were carried out by conventional methods, such as enzyme cleavage and ligation, direct synthesis, etc. The constructed targeting vectors were first preliminarily verified by enzyme digestion, and then sent to a sequencing company for sequencing verification. The correct targeting vectors verified by sequencing were used in subsequent experiments.
[0297] The CRISPR / Cas9 system was also used for gene editing. The target sequence determines the targeting specificity of sgRNA and the efficiency of inducing Cas9 to cut the target gene. Thus, target sequence selection and design are crucial for constructing sgRNA expression vectors. sgRNA sequences that recognize 5’ and 3’ target sites were designed and synthesized, and sgRNAs with better activity and higher sequence specificity were selected for subsequent experiments. Exemplary target sequences of sgRNAs on the ERBB gene are as follows:
[0298] sgRNA1 target site (SEQ ID NO: 10) : 5’ -AGTTGTTGTACATCCTCTGCAGG -3’
[0299] sgRNA2 target site (SEQ ID NO: 11) : 5’ -TGGCCTCCTCTTCATAGTGG TGG -3’
[0300] Restriction sites were added to the 5’ end of the sgRNA and the complementary strand to obtain the forward oligonucleotide and reverse oligonucleotide sequences. After annealing, the annealed products were ligated to the pT7-sgRNA plasmid (the plasmid was first linearized with BbsI) to obtain expression vectors pT7-ERBB-1 and pT7-ERBB-2. To construct the pT7-sgRNA plasmid, a fragment DNA containing the T7 promoter and sgRNA scaffold (SEQ ID NO: 12) was synthesized by a plasmid synthesis company, and ligated to the backbone vector (source Takara, product number 3299) after restriction enzyme digestion (EcoRI and BamHI) . The resulting plasmid was confirmed by sequencing.
[0301] The sequence verified targeting vectors and sgRNA plasmids were transfected into the embryonic stem cells of C57BL / 6 mice using electroporation. The obtained cells were screened using the positive clone screening marker, and the incorporation of exogenous genes was confirmed by PCR and Southern Blot. According to the integration of the exogenous genes, the correct positive clone cells were selected. Specifically, the clones identified as positive by PCR were subjected to Southern Blot (cell DNA was digested with BgIII, ScaI, SpeI or NdeI restriction endonucleases respectively and 5’ Probe, 3’ Probe, Neo Probe, A1 Probe and A2 Probe were used for hybridization) . The specific probes and the lengths of the target fragments are shown in the table below. The Southern Blot results are shown in FIG. 4. The test results showed that among the clones identified as positive by PCR, five cells numbered 2-A04, 2-C04, 2-D01, 2-F03 and 2-H01 were all positive clones and no random insert.
[0302] Table 3: Specific probes and target fragment lengths
[0303] The following primers were used in the PCR detection:
[0304] PCR-F1: 5’ -TGCCCTGGATTTGCAAGATGGAAGT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 13) ,
[0305] PCR-R1: 5’ -TCCTATGGGGTCATTAGCGCCTATC-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 14) ;
[0306] Neo-F: 5’ -GCTCGACTAGAGCTTGCGGA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 15) ;
[0307] PCR-R2: 5’ -AAGGTCTGCAAAAGCAGATCTCCAG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 16) ;
[0308] The following primers were used for probe synthesis in Southern Blot assays:
[0309] 5’ Probe-F: 5’ -TGAAACTGTGAGATTCGGTGGCAG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 17) ;
[0310] 5’ Probe-R: 5’ -GGGTTGGAGTACTTCTGCTGAGCG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 18) ;
[0311] 3’ Probe-F: 5’ -TATCCCTGTGAGGCAGATGGCTAGG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 19) ;
[0312] 3’ Probe-R: 5’ -GAAAAGCCAGAGGAGAGCTCGCAAT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 20) ;
[0313] Neo Probe-F: 5’ -GGATCGGCCATTGAACAAGAT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 21) ;
[0314] Neo Probe-R: 5’ -CAGAAGAACTCGTCAAGAAGGC-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 22) ;
[0315] A1 Probe-F: 5’ -GGCCCTCTAACTGGTCAGGCATC-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 23) ;
[0316] A1 Probe-R: 5’ -CGGTGTATTAAATACCTGCTTGGCAC-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 24) ;
[0317] A2 Probe-F: 5’ -TATTGCATTCAGCAGGCAGGGAGAG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 25) ;
[0318] A2 Probe-R: 5’ -GTGGGACACGCTGCCATCATTACTT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 26) ;
[0319] The positive clones that had been screened (black mice) were introduced into isolated blastocysts (white mice) , and the resulted chimeric blastocysts were transferred to a culture medium for short-term culture and then transplanted to the fallopian tubes of the recipient mother (white mice) to produce the F0 chimeric mice (black and white) . The F2 generation homozygous mice were obtained by backcrossing the F0 generation chimeric mice with wild-type mice to obtain the F1 generation mice, and then breeding the F1 generation heterozygous mice with each other. The positive mice were also bred with the Flp transgenic mice to remove the positive selectable marker genes (schematic diagram shown in FIG. 5) , and then the humanized homozygous mice with a humanized ERBB gene were obtained by breeding the heterozygous mice with each other.
[0320] The genotype of mouse somatic cells was identified by conventional detection methods (such as PCR) . An exemplary identification result of F1 generation mice is shown in FIG. 6. The results showed that the mouse numbered F1-01 is a positive mouse. PCR primers are shown in the table below.
[0321] Table 4 Primer sequences and recombinant fragment sizes for PCR detection of F1 genotype
[0322] Among them, the primer WT-F is located in the 5’ homology arm, WT-R is located in the second intron of the mouse endogenous ERBB, and Mut-R is located in the A fragment.
[0323] The results showed that the described method can be used to construct ERBB gene humanized mice that can be stably passaged.
[0324] The expression of humanized ERBB mRNA or humanized ERBB protein in ERBB humanized mice was detected by conventional methods, such as RT-PCR and Western Blot. Specifically, one 6-week-old female wild-type C57BL / 6 mouse (+ / +) and one 10-week-old female ERBB humanized homozygote (H / H) prepared using the described method were selected. The mice were euthanized by neck dislocation. Afterwards, the liver tissue was sampled. The primers shown in the table below were used for RT-PCR detection. The detection results are shown in FIG. 7. In wild-type C57BL / 6 mice, only murine ERBB mRNA was detected and human or humanized ERBB mRNA was not detected. In ERBB humanized homozygous mice, only human-derived ERBB mRNA was detected, and mouse ERBB mRNA was not detected.
[0325] Table 5 RT-PCR primer sequences and target fragment size
[0326] The expression of hERBB protein in ERBB humanized homozygous mice was further verified by Western Blot. Specifically, two 9-week-old male C57BL / 6 mice (+ / +) and two ERBB humanized homozygotes (H / H) prepared using the described method were selected. The mice were euthanized by neck dislocation, and liver, liver, lung, esophagus, skin, brain, thyroid, heart, spleen, kidney, and testis tissues were collected. A human-mouse cross-recognizing anti-ERBB antibody and an anti-human ERBB antibody were used for Western Blot detection. The detection results are shown in FIG. 8. In wild-type C57BL / 6 mice, the expression of mERBB protein was detected in multiple tissues using the human-mouse cross-recognizing antibody. In ERBB humanized homozygous mice, the expression of hERBB protein was detected using the anti-human ERBB antibody. The results showed that the expression of ERBB in the liver of the ERBB humanized homozygous mice was higher than that in other tissues.
[0327] Further, IHC staining was used to detect the expression of human ERBB protein in mice. Specifically, one 7-week-old female C57BL / 6 wild-type mouse (+ / +) and one ERBB humanized homozygous mouse (H / H) prepared using the described method were selected. Euthanasia was performed. The mouse esophagus and dorsal skin were fixed in 10%neutral formalin solution. All tissues were paraffin-embedded, sectioned and stained by IHC, and the tissues were analyzed under a light microscope. Exemplary IHC scoring results are shown in the table below. Scoring items included staining intensity and percentage of positive cells. Scoring criteria for staining intensity were: 0 point for colorless, 1 point for light yellow, 2 points for brownish yellow, and 3 points for brown. Scoring criteria for percentage of positive cells were: 0 point for negative, 1 point for ≤10%, 1 point for 11%-50%2 points, 51%-75%is 3 points, >75%is 4 points. The total score was calculated by multiplying the staining intensity score by the percentage of positive cells score. 0 means no positive staining, 1-3 means suspiciously positive, 4-6 means weakly positive, 7-9 means moderately positive, and 10-12 means strongly positive.
[0328] Table 6: Total scores of IHC scores for each tissue of mice
[0329] An exemplary IHC staining result is shown in FIG. 9. The positive control for C57BL / 6 wildtype mice is mouse liver tissue, and the positive control for ERBB humanized homozygous mice is PDX tumor tissue. The negative control is canine liver tissue for both wildtype and humanized mice. The IHC results showed that the expression of EGER protein in C57BL / 6 mice was basically the same as that of ERBB gene humanized homozygous mice. Thus, there was no significant difference between the ERBB homozygous mice and C57BL / 6 wildtype mice in the expression of ERBB protein in esophagus and skin tissues.
[0330] In addition, eight female wild-type C57BL / 6 mice (+ / +) aged 6-8 weeks and eight ERBB humanized homozygous mice (H / H) aged 6-8 weeks were selected, and peripheral blood was collected for blood routine and blood biochemical tests. Blood routine test items included: white blood cell count (WBC) , red blood cell count (RBC) , hematocrit (HCT) , hemoglobin (HGB) , mean corpuscular volume (MCV) , mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) , mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) , platelet count (PLT) , lymphocytes (LYMPH) , monocytes (MONO) , and neutrophils (NEUT) . Blood biochemical test items included: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) , aspartate aminotransferase (AST) , albumin (ALB) , blood glucose (GLU) , urea (UREA) , serum creatinine (CREA) , serum total cholesterol (TC) , and triglycerides (TG) . The blood routine test results (average value) and the blood biochemical test results are shown in the tables below.
[0331] Table 7 Blood routine test results
[0332] Table 8 Blood biochemical test results
[0333] It can be seen from the above tables that ERBB humanization did not affect the composition of blood cells in the mice, and the liver function status of the ERBB humanized mice was basically the same as that of wild-type mice.
[0334] EXAMPLE 2: Generation of double-or multi-gene humanized mice
[0335] The ERBB humanized mice generated using the methods described herein can also be used to generate double-or multi-gene humanized mouse models. For example, in Example 1, the embryonic stem (ES) cells for blastocyst microinjection can be selected from mice comprising other genetic modifications such as modified (e.g., human or humanized) NKP46, HER3, TROP2, MET, HGF, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, CTLA4, CD3, CD16, CD64, IGF1R, and / or HER2 genes. Alternatively, embryonic stem cells from humanized ERBB mice described herein can be isolated, and gene recombination targeting technology can be used to obtain double-gene or multi-gene-modified mouse models. In addition, it is also possible to breed the homozygous or heterozygous ERBB humanized mice obtained by the methods described herein with other genetically modified homozygous or heterozygous mice, and to screen the offsprings. According to Mendel’s law, it is possible to generate double-gene or multi-gene modified heterozygous mice comprising modified (e.g., human or humanized) ERBB gene and other genetic modifications. The heterozygous mice can then be bred with each other to obtain homozygous double-gene or multi-gene modified mice. These double-gene or multi-gene modified mice can be used for in vivo testing of drugs targeting human ERBB and other targets.
[0336] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0337] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.A genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises at least one chromosome comprising a sequence encoding a human or chimeric erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog protein (ERBB) .2.The animal of claim 1, wherein the sequence encoding the human or chimeric ERBB is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element at the endogenous ERBB gene locus in the at least one chromosome.3.The animal of claim 1 or 2, wherein the sequence encoding a human or chimeric ERBB comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to human ERBB (NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .4.The animal of claim 1 or 2, wherein the sequence encoding a human or chimeric ERBB comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.5.The animal of claim 1 or 2, wherein the sequence encoding a human or chimeric ERBB comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2.6.The animal of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the animal is a mammal, e. g., a monkey, a rodent, a mouse, or a rat.7.The animal of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the animal is a mouse.8.The animal of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the animal does not express endogenous ERBB or expresses a decreased level of endogenous ERBB as compared to ERBB expression level in a wild-type animal.9.The animal of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the animal has one or more cells expressing human or chimeric ERBB.10.The animal of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the animal has one or more cells expressing human or chimeric ERBB, and the expressed human or chimeric ERBB can interact with a human epidermal growth factor (EGF) and / or transforming growth factor α (TGFα) , activating downstream signaling pathways.11.The animal of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the animal has one or more cells expressing human or chimeric ERBB, and the expressed human or chimeric ERBB can interact with an endogenous EGF and / or TGFα, activating downstream signaling pathways.12.A genetically-modified, non-human animal, wherein the genome of the animal comprises a replacement of a sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB at an endogenous ERBB gene locus.13.The animal of claim 12, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element at the endogenous ERBB locus, and one or more cells of the animal expresses a human or chimeric ERBB.14.The animal of claim 12 or 13, wherein the animal does not express endogenous ERBB or expresses a decreased level of endogenous ERBB as compared to ERBB expression level in a wild-type animal.15.The animal of any one of claims 12-14, wherein the replaced sequence encodes all or a portion of the extracellular region of ERBB, optionally including the signal peptide.16.The animal of any one of claims 12-15, wherein the animal has one or more cells expressing a chimeric ERBB having a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region, wherein the extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to the extracellular region of human ERBB (NP_005219.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .17.The animal of claim 16, wherein the extracellular region of the chimeric ERBB has a sequence that has at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 607 or 620 contiguous amino acids that are identical to a contiguous sequence present in the extracellular region of human ERBB (e. g., amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2) .18.The animal of claim 16, wherein the signal peptide of the chimeric ERBB has a sequence that is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 contiguous amino acids that are identical to a contiguous sequence present in the signal peptide of endogenous ERBB (e. g., amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 1) .19.The animal of any one of claims 12-18, wherein the sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28, or a part thereof, of the endogenous ERBB gene.20.The animal of claim 19, wherein the animal is a mouse.21.The animal of any one of claims 12-20, wherein the animal is heterozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous ERBB gene locus.22.The animal of any one of claims 12-20, wherein the animal is homozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous ERBB gene locus.23.A method for making a genetically-modified, non-human animal, comprising:replacing in at least one cell of the animal, at an endogenous ERBB gene locus, a sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28, or a part thereof, of a human ERBB gene.25.The method of claim 23 or 24, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB comprises a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17, of a human ERBB gene; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17, of a human ERBB gene.26.The method of any one of claims 23-25, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB encodes amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2.27.The method of any one of claims 23-26, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human ERBB comprises at least 50 bp of exon 2 and at least 5 bp of exon 17 of a human ERBB gene, or at least 5 bp of exon 1 and at least 5 bp of exon 17 of a human ERBB gene.28.The method of any one of claims 23-27, wherein the sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, exon 5, exon 6, exon 7, exon 8, exon 9, exon 10, exon 11, exon 12, exon 13, exon 14, exon 15, exon 16, exon 17, exon 18, exon 19, exon 20, exon 21, exon 22, exon 23, exon 24, exon 25, exon 26, exon 27, and / or exon 28, or a part thereof, of the endogenous ERBB gene.29.The method of any one of claims 23-28, wherein the animal is a mouse, and the sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB comprises a portion of exon 2, exons 3-16, and a portion of exon 17 of the endogenous ERBB gene; or a portion of exon 1, exons 2-16, and a portion of exon 17 of the endogenous ERBB gene.30.A non-human animal comprising at least one cell comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a humanized ERBB polypeptide, wherein the humanized ERBB polypeptide comprises at least 200 contiguous amino acid residues that are identical to the corresponding contiguous amino acid sequence of a human ERBB, wherein the animal expresses the humanized ERBB polypeptide.31.The animal of claim 30, wherein the humanized ERBB polypeptide has at least 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 607 or 620 contiguous amino acid residues that are identical to the corresponding contiguous amino acid sequence of human ERBB extracellular region (e. g., amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2) .32.The animal of claim 30 or 31, wherein the humanized ERBB polypeptide has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 contiguous amino acid residues that are identical to the corresponding contiguous amino acid sequence of endogenous ERBB signal peptide (e. g., amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 1) .33.The animal of any one of claims 30-32, wherein the humanized ERBB polypeptide comprises a sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to amino acids 37-643 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 25-645 of SEQ ID NO: 2.34.The animal of any one of claims 30-33, wherein the nucleotide sequence is operably linked to an endogenous ERBB regulatory element of the animal.35.The animal of any one of claims 30-34, wherein the chimeric ERBB polypeptide comprises an endogenous ERBB transmembrane region and / or an endogenous ERBB cytoplasmic region.36.The animal of any one of claims 30-35, wherein the nucleotide sequence is integrated to an endogenous ERBB gene locus of the animal.37.The animal of any one of claims 30-36, wherein the humanized ERBB polypeptide has at least one mouse ERBB activity and / or at least one human ERBB activity.38.A method of making a genetically-modified animal cell that expresses a chimeric ERBB, the method comprising:replacing at an endogenous ERBB gene locus, a nucleotide sequence encoding a region of endogenous ERBB with a nucleotide sequence encoding a corresponding region of human ERBB, thereby generating a genetically-modified animal cell that includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes the chimeric ERBB, wherein the animal cell expresses the chimeric ERBB.39.The method of claim 38, wherein the animal is a mouse.40.The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the chimeric ERBB comprises a human or humanized ERBB extracellular region; and a transmembrane and / or a cytoplasmic region of mouse ERBB.41.The method of claim 40, wherein the chimeric ERBB further comprises an endogenous ERBB signal peptide.42.The method of any one of claims 38-41, wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the chimeric ERBB is operably linked to an endogenous ERBB regulatory region, e. g., promoter.43.The animal of any one of claims 1-22 and 30-37, wherein the animal further comprises a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein.44.The animal of claim 43, wherein the additional human or chimeric protein is natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (NKP46) , erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (HER3) , tumor associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TROP2) , MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) , hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) , programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) , lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) , tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (4-1BB) , CD40, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) , CD3, CD16, CD64, insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) , and / or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) .45.The method of any one of claims 23-29 and 38-42, wherein the animal or mouse further comprises a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein.46.The method of claim 45, wherein the additional human or chimeric protein is NKP46, HER3, TROP2, MET, HGF, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, CTLA4, CD3, CD16, CD64, IGF1R, and HER2.47.A method of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, comprising:a) administering the therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-22, 30-37, 43, and 44, wherein the animal has a tumor; andb) determining inhibitory effects of the therapeutic agent to the tumor.48.The method of claim 47, wherein the therapeutic agent is an anti-ERBB antibody.49.The method of claim 47 or 48, wherein the tumor comprises one or more cancer cells that are injected into the animal.50.The method of any one of claims 47-49, wherein determining inhibitory effects of the anti-ERBB antibody to the tumor involves measuring the tumor volume in the animal.51.The method of any one of claims 47-50, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, or a glioma.52.A method of determining effectiveness of an anti-ERBB antibody and an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, comprisinga) administering the anti-ERBB antibody and the additional therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-22, 30-37, 43, and 44, wherein the animal has a tumor; andb) determining inhibitory effects on the tumor.53.The method of claim 52, wherein the animal further comprises a sequence encoding a human or chimeric PD-1, a human or chimeric PD-L1, and / or a human or chimeric CTLA4.54.The method of claim 52 or 53, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, or an anti-CTLA4 antibody.55.The method of any one of claims 52-54, wherein the tumor comprises one or more tumor cells that express PD-L1.56.The method of any one of claims 52-55, wherein the tumor comprises one or more cancer cells that are injected into the animal.57.The method of any one of claims 52-56, wherein determining inhibitory effects of the treatment involves measuring the tumor volume in the animal.58.The method of any one of claims 56-57, wherein the animal has lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, or a glioma.59.A method of determining toxicity of a therapeutic agent comprising:a) administering the therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-22, 30-37, 43, and 44; andb) determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the animal.60.The method of claim 59, wherein the therapeutic agent is an anti-ERBB antibody.61.The method of claim 59 or 60, wherein determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the animal involves measuring the body weight, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and / or hemoglobin of the animal.62.A protein comprising an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is one of the following:(a) an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;(b) an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;(c) an amino acid sequence that is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9;(d) an amino acid sequence that is different from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino acid; and(e) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one, two, three, four, five or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 9.63.A nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence is one of the following:(a) a sequence that encodes the protein of claim 62;(b) SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14;(c) a sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14; and(d) a sequence that is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 or positions 55142306-55172992 of NCBI accession number NC_000007.14.64.A cell comprising the protein of claim 62 and / or the nucleic acid of claim 63.65.An animal comprising the protein of claim 62 and / or the nucleic acid of claim 63.