Claudin 6 binding molecules, nucleic acids encoding same, and methods of use

Abstract

Described herein are CLDN6 (human or human and cynomolgus monkey) specific single domain antibodies and binding molecules comprising such single domain antibodies, as well as nucleic acids encoding the same. Also provided are nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) encoding such single domain antibodies and binding molecules and delivery vehicles (e.g., lipid nanoparticles) formulated with said nucleic acids. The disclosure also features methods of using such antibodies, binding molecules, nucleic acids, and delivery vehicles formulated with said nucleic acids to treat various diseases such as cancer (e.g., CLDN6 expressing solid tumors).

Description

[0001] Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 CLAUDIN 6 BINDING MOLECULES, NUCLEIC ACIDS ENCODING SAME,

[0002] AND METHODS OF USE

[0003] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of priority of U. S. Provisional Appl. No.

[0004] 63 / 723,148, filed on November 21, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

[0005] SEQUENCE LISTING

[0006] The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on October 27, 2025, is named 45817-0171WOl_SL.xml and is 245,678 bytes in size.

[0007] BACKGROUND

[0008] The following description of the background of the present technology is provided simply as an aid in understanding the present technology and is not admitted to describe or constitute prior art to the present technology.

[0009] Tight junctions (TJs) are important for cell connectivity. They are responsible for maintaining cell polarity, permeability and adhesion, and participate in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Claudins (CLDNs) are critical for TJs, and Claudin 6 (CLDN6) is an important member of this family. Abnormal expression of CLDN6 can destroy the integrity of TJs and can serve multiple roles in the development of tumors. CLDN6 is widely expressed in various tumors but rarely expressed in healthy adult, tissues. The high expression of CLDN6 in certain tumors makes this protein a potential therapeutic target in these tumor types. The identification of novel CLDN6 binding polypeptides that, have low binding to other CLDN family members would be of tremendous benefit. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0010] SUMMARY

[0011] The present disclosure provides, among other things, binding molecules that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human CLDN6, or human and cynomolgus CLDN6), nucleic acids encoding same, delivery vehicles that are formulated with such nucleic acids, and methods of using these agents in treating diseases such as cancers (e.g., solid tumors) expressing CLDN6. These binding molecules preferentially bind to CLDN6 relative to other claudin family members (e.g., CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN9).

[0012] Accordingly, featured herein are binding molecules comprising a CLDN6 binding polypeptide that does not bind to CLDN3, CLD4, and / or CLDN9, i.e., binding polypeptides which bind to CLDN3, CLD4, and / or CLDN9 at essentially background levels. In some cases, the binding molecule binds to human CLDN6. In other cases, the binding molecule binds to human CLDN6 and cynomolgus CLDN6. The CLDN6 binding polypeptide can comprise a single domain antibody. The binding molecule can be monovalent, bivalent, multivalent, bispecific, or multispecific. The binding agent can also be an antibody conjugate. In addition, the binding agent can be a chimeric antigen receptor that binds to CLDN6. Also featured are nucleic acids such as mRNA that encode these binding agents. These binding agents and mRNA can be used to treat CLDN6 expressing cancers (e.g., solid tumors)

[0013] In one aspect, the disclosure features a polypeptide comprising a variable domain of the heavy chain of a heavy chain-only antibody (VHH) that specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), the VHH comprising VHH complementarity determining region (CDR) 1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of any of the VHH amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32 or 139 to 178. In one instance, the VHH comprises VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of any of the VHH amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.: 143 or 153.

[0014] In another aspect, the disclosure features a variable domain of the heavy chain of a heavy chain-only antibody (VHH) that specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 cyno), the VHH comprising VHH complementarity determining region (CDR) 1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of any of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32 or 139 to 178, optionally from SEQ ID NO: 143 or 153.

[0015] In some instances, the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 are based on CDR definitions according to any one of the Kabat, Chothia, enhanced Chothia, contact, IMGT, or AbM CDR definitions.

[0016] In some instances, the polypeptide or VHH binds to human CLDN6. In other instances, the polypeptide or VHH binds to both human and cynomolgus CLDN6.

[0017] In certain instances, the polypeptide or VHH preferentially binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) relative to other claudin family members. In some instances, the polypeptide or VHH does not bind to, or binds at essentially background levels to, other claudin family members such as, but not limited to, CLDN3, CLDN4, and / or CLDN9.

[0018] In some instances, the VHH is humanized. In some cases, 1 to 60, 1 to 50, 1 to 40, 1 to 30, 1 to 25, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 14, 1 to 13, 1 to 12, 1 to 11, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 5 to 15, 6 to 12, or 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid(s) of any of the VHHs set forth in SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32 are substituted in the process of humanization. In certain cases, 1 to 12, 1 to 11, 1 to 10, 1 to 9, 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 to 2, or 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid(s) of the VHHs set forth in SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32 are substituted in the process of humanization. In some cases, humanization of the VHH is by resurfacing / veneering. In some cases, humanization of the VHH is by CDR grafting. In some cases, one or more of positions 42, 49, 50, and 52 (numbering based on IMGT numbering) are humanized. In other cases, one or more of positions 42, 49, 50, and 52 (numbering based on IMGT numbering) are not humanized. In yet other cases none of positions 42, 49, 50, and 52 (numbering based on IMGT numbering) are humanized. In certain cases, positions 42 and / or 52 (numbering based on IMGT numbering) are not humanized. In other cases, positions 49 and / or 50 (numbering based on IMGT numbering) are not humanized. In Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 certain cases, positions 49 and / or 50 (numbering based on IMGT numbering) are humanized.

[0019] In some cases, the polypeptide or the VHH is conjugated, fused, or linked to an agent selected from the group consisting of a purification tag, a fluorophore, a drug, a photosensitizer, a nanoparticle, a toxic agent, a radionuclide, another VHH, an Fab, a scFv, a human IgG hinge and Fc domain, a multimerization module, a moiety that facilitates the polypeptide crossing the blood brain barrier, and a half-life extension moiety. In some cases, the agent is a half-life extension moiety. In other instances, the agent is an Fab. In some instances, the agent is another VHH. In some instances, the agent is conjugated, attached, or linked to the C-terminus of the VHH.

[0020] In some cases, the polypeptide or VHH is conjugated, fused, or linked to a human Ig Fc domain, optionally, wherein the human Ig Fc domain is conjugated, fused, or linked to the polypeptide or VHH at the C-terminus of the polypeptide or VHH. In some cases, the human Ig Fc domain further comprises a human Ig hinge domain, wherein the hinge domain is attached or linked at the N-terminus of the human Ig Fc domain. In some cases, the human Ig is a human IgGl, human IgG2, human IgG3, or human IgG4. In one instance, the human Ig is human IgGl. In some cases, the polypeptide or VHH is conjugated, fused, or linked to an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or 100% identical to the human IgGl hinge and Fc domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 185. In certain cases, the polypeptide or VHH is conjugated, fused, or linked to an amino acid sequence that is identical to a human IgGl hinge and Fc domain sequence. In another instance, the human Ig is human IgG4. In certain cases, the polypeptide or VHH is conjugated, fused, or linked to an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or 100% identical to the human IgG4 PAA hinge and Fc domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 186. In certain cases, the polypeptide or VHH is conjugated, fused, or linked to an amino acid sequence that is identical to the human IgG4 PAA hinge and Fc domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 NO: 186 except for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions. In some cases, the Fc domain includes mutations that reduce or abrogate FcyR binding. In some cases, the Fc domain includes mutations that promote heterodimerization (e.g., knob-into hole mutations, electrostatic steering mutations).

[0021] In one aspect, the disclosure features a polypeptide comprising a variable domain of the heavy chain of a heavy chain-only antibody (VHH) that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), the VHH comprising VHH complementarity determining region (CDR) 1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of any of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32 or 139 to 178 (optionally from SEQ ID NO: 143 or 153), wherein 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 9, 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 to 2, or wherein 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acids in the framework regions of the VHH are substituted (e.g., in the humanization or affinity maturation process). In certain cases, provided herein is a polypeptide comprising a variable domain of the heavy chain of a heavy chain-only antibody (VHH) that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), the VHH comprising VHH complementarity determining region (CDR) 1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of any of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32 or 139 to 178 (optionally from SEQ ID NO: 143 or 153), wherein 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 9, 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 to 2, or wherein 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acids in one, two or three CDRs of the VHH are substituted (e.g., in the affinity maturation process). In some cases, the polypeptide is conjugated, fused, or linked to an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or 100% identical to the human IgG4 PAA hinge and Fc domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 186, or to an amino acid sequence that is identical to the human IgG4 PAA hinge and Fc domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 186 with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions. In certain instances, the polypeptide preferentially binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) relative to other claudins (e.g., CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN9). In some cases, the polypeptide does not bind Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 to other claudins. In certain cases, the polypeptide does not bind to CLDN3, CLDN4, and / or CLDN9. In some cases, the polypeptide binds human CLDN6. In some other cases, the polypeptide binds to both human and cynomolgus CLDN6.

[0022] In another aspect, provided herein is a bispecific binder comprising a polypeptide or VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) disclosed herein and a second VHH that specifically binds to an antigen that is expressed on a T cell. In some instances, the bispecific binder comprises a second VHH that specifically binds to an antigen that is expressed on a tumor cell. In certain instances, the bispecific binder preferentially binds CLDN6 relative to other claudins (e.g., CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN9). In some cases, the bispecific binder does not bind to other claudins. In certain cases, the bispecific binder does not bind to CLDN3, CLDN4, and / or CLDN9. In some cases, the bispecific binder binds to human CLDN6. In some other cases, the bispecific binder binds to both human and cynomolgus CLDN6.

[0023] In some instances, the VHH specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 comprises the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 amino acid sequences of any one of the clones set forth in Tables 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, or 7b. In some instances, the VHH binds to human CLDN6. In some instances, the VHH binds to human and cynomolgus CLDN6. In certain instances, the VHH preferentially binds CLDN6 relative to other claudins (e.g., CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN9). In some cases, the VHH does not bind to other claudins. In certain cases, the VHH does not bind to CLDN3, CLDN4, and / or CLDN9.

[0024] In certain instances, the VHH specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises:

[0025] (a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:59, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:60, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:61;

[0026] (c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:72, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:73, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70; or

[0027] (d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:79, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:81.

[0028] (e) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:72, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 179, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70;

[0029] (f) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;

[0030] (g) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 180, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107;

[0031] (h) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:99, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;

[0032] (i) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 121, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 122, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (j) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 123, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 181, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107;

[0033] (k) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 119, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 120, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;

[0034] (l) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 130, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 131, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132;

[0035] (m) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 133, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 182, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 135;

[0036] (n) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 128, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 129;

[0037] (o) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;

[0038] (p) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107; or

[0039] (q) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101.

[0040] In some instances, the VHH binds to human CLDN6. In some instances, the VHH binds to human and cynomolgus CLDN6. In certain instances, the VHH preferentially binds Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 CLDN6 relative to other claudins (e.g., CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN9). In some cases, the VHH does not bind to other claudins. In certain cases, the VHH does not bind to CLDN3, CLDN4, and / or CLDN9.

[0041] In some instances, the VHH specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one VHH amino acid sequence set forth in Table la or lb. In certain cases, the VHH comprises a sequence that is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32. In certain cases, the VHH comprises a sequence that is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 139 to 178. In some cases, the VHH comprises a sequence that is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 142, 143, 153, or 166. In certain cases, the VHH comprises a sequence that is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 143 or 153. In some instances, the VHH binds to human CLDN6. In other instances, the VHH binds to both human CLDN6 and cynomolgus CLDN6. In certain instances, the VHH preferentially binds CLDN6 relative to other claudins (e.g., CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN9).

[0042] In some instances, the VHH specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises a sequence that is identical to a sequence that is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32, or 139 to 178 (optionally SEQ ID NO: 143 or 153), except for 1 to 20, 1 to 19, 1 to 18, 1 to 17, 1 to 16, 1 to 15, 1 to 14, 1 to 13, 1 to 12, 1 to 11, 1 to 10, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid substitutions in the framework regions. In some instances, the VHH binds to human CLDN6. In other instances, the VHH binds to both human CLDN6 and cynomolgus CLDN6. In certain instances, the VHH preferentially binds CLDN6 relative to other claudins (e.g., CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN9).

[0043] In some instances, the VHH binds to CLDN6 expressed on a cancer cell (e.g., PA-1) with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 150 nM. In other instances, the VHH binds to CLDN6 expressed on a cancer cell (e.g., PA-1) with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 100 nM. In some instances, the VHH binds to CLDN6 expressed on a cancer cell (e.g., PA-1) with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 50 nM. In other instances, the VHH binds to Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 CLDN6 expressed on a cancer cell (e.g., PA-1) with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 25 nM. In yet other instances, the VHH binds to CLDN6 expressed on a cancer cell (e.g., PA-1) with an EC50 of about 3 nM to about 25 nM. In yet other instances, the VHH binds to CLDN6 expressed on a cancer cell (e.g., PA-1) with an EC50 of about 3 nM to about 10 nM. In some instances, the above binding assays are done with the VHH in a monovalent format.

[0044] In another aspect, the disclosure features a bispecific antibody comprising the polypeptide or VHH described above that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno); and a binding molecule that binds to a different epitope of CLDN6 than the polypeptide or VHH described above, or binds to a different antigen (e.g., as T cell antigen, a tumor associated antigen).

[0045] In a further aspect, the disclosure relates to a binding polypeptide that binds to two, or at least two, different epitopes or antigens. The binding polypeptide comprises a means for binding CLDN6 (human or human and cyno). The binding polypeptide also comprises a polypeptide that binds to a different epitope or antigen (e.g., a T cell antigen, a tumor associated antigen). In some cases, the polypeptide is a VHH. In other cases, the polypeptide is a scFv. In yet other cases, the polypeptide is a Fab. In some cases, the means for binding CLDN6 is linked to the polypeptide via a peptide linker (e.g., glycine linker, serine linker, glycine-serine linker). In some cases, the linker is (G4S)nwhere n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO:230). In some cases, the linker is G4S (SEQ ID NO:275), (G4S)3(SEQ ID NO:231), or (G4S)5(SEQ ID NO:276).

[0046] In some instances, the binding molecule is a VHH (e.g., a humanized VHH). In other instances, the binding molecule is a scFv.

[0047] In some instances, a human Ig hinge domain and Fc domain are directly or indirectly linked to the C-terminus of the VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6. In some cases, the N-terminus of the human Ig hinge domain and Fc domain are directly or indirectly linked to the C-terminus of the VHH. In certain cases, the human Ig hinge domain and Fc domain are from a human IgGl, human IgG2, human IgG3, or human Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 IgG4, or variants thereof. In some instances, the variant differs from the native human IgG hinge and / or Fc sequence by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 amino acids. In some cases, the human Ig hinge domain and Fc domain is a sequence comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 185. In other cases, the human Ig hinge domain and Fc domain is a sequence comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 186. In some cases, the human Ig Fc domain include one or more mutations that reduce binding to FcyR.

[0048] In another aspect, the disclosure features a CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) binding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising any one or more of the abovedescribed polypeptides or VHHs. In some cases, the CAR comprises a CLDN6 binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. In some cases, the CAR further comprises a hinge region. In some cases, the hinge region is from CD8, CD28, IgGl, or IgG4. If the hinge from IgGl or IgG4 is used it may include mutation(s) that reduce or abrogate FcyR binding. In some cases, the transmembrane domain is from a CD3, CD4, CD8, or CD28 molecule. In some cases, the transmembrane domain is from CD3-zeta. In some cases, the transmembrane domain is from CD8a. In some cases, the intracellular signaling domain is from CD28, CD 137, ICOS, CD27, or 0X40. In some cases, the CLDN6 binding CAR, further comprises CD28 and CD137 signaling domains and CD3(^ (CLDN6 VHH-28-137-3Q. In some cases, the CLDN6 binding CAR is expressed on the surface of a T cell. In other cases, the CLDN6 binding CAR is expressed on the surface of an NK cell. In some instances, the CAR comprises a means for binding CLDN6, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain.

[0049] In yet another aspect, the disclosure features a nucleic acid or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide or VHH described above, the bispecific antibody described above, or the CLDN6 binding CAR described above.

[0050] In another aspect, provided are a vector or vectors comprising the nucleic acid or nucleic acids described above. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Also provided is a host cell comprising the vector or vectors described above. In yet another aspect, the disclosure features a method of making a polypeptide, a bispecific antibody, or the CLDN6 binding CAR. The method comprises culturing a host cell described above under conditions that facilitate expression of the polypeptide, the bispecific antibody, or the CLDN6 binding CAR. In some cases, the method further involves isolating the polypeptide, the bispecific antibody, or the CLDN6 binding CAR. In certain cases, the method further comprises formulating the polypeptide, the bispecific antibody, or the CLDN6 binding CAR as a sterile pharmaceutical composition.

[0051] In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the polypeptide, the bispecific antibody, or the CLDN6 binding CAR described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0052] In yet another aspect, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a means for binding CLDN6 (human or human and cyno).

[0053] In a different aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating a cancer in a human subject in need thereof, killing a tumor cell in a human subject in need thereof, or decreasing the rate of tumor growth in a human subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the human subject a therapeutically effective amount of a polypeptide, abispecific antibody, or a T cell orNK cell expressing CLDN6 binding CAR described herein. In some cases, the cancer / tumor is breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, testicular cancer (e.g., testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs)), gastric cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer (e.g., uterine cervical adenocarcinoma (ADC)), lung cancer, esophageal cancer (e.g., esophageal squamous cell carcinoma), or an atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor. In one instance, the cancer / tumor is a CLDN6+ solid tumor. In another instance, the cancer / tumor is a relapsed or refractory CLDN6+ solid tumor. In some instances, administration is performed intravenously. In some instances, administration is performed subcutaneously. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In certain aspects, the disclosure features a nucleic acid molecule, e.g., an mRNA comprising an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide, a bispecific antibody, or a CLDN6 binding CAR described herein.

[0054] In another aspect, the disclosure features a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA comprising: (i) a 5' UTR; (ii) an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide, the bispecific antibody, or the CLDN6 binding CAR described herein; (iii) a stop codon; and (iv) a 3' UTR.

[0055] In some cases, the mRNA comprises a microRNA (miR) binding site. In some cases, the microRNA is expressed in an immune cell of hematopoietic lineage or a cell that expresses TLR7 and / or TLR8 and secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines and / or chemokines. In certain cases, the microRNA binding site is for a microRNA selected from miR- 122, miR- 126, miR- 142, miR- 144, miR- 146, miR- 150, miR- 155, miR- 16, miR-21, miR-223, miR-24, miR-27, miR-26a, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the microRNA binding site is for a microRNA selected from miR122-5p, miR126-3p, miR-142-3p, miR-142-5p, miR-155, or any combination thereof. In certain cases, the microRNA binding site is located in the 3' UTR of the mRNA.

[0056] In some instances, the 5' UTR comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 236 to 239 or 243 to 258.

[0057] In some instances, the 3' UTR comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 259 to 271.

[0058] In some instances, wherein the mRNA comprises a 5' terminal cap. In some cases, the 5' terminal cap comprises a CapO, Capl, ARC A, inosine, N1 -methylguanosine, 2'-fluoro-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 2-amino-guanosine, LNA-guanosine, 2-azidoguanosine, Cap2, Cap4, 5' methylG cap, or an analog thereof. In some instances, the 5’terminal cap is m7GpppGm. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In certain instances, the mRNA comprises a poly A region. In some cases, the poly A region is at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90 nucleotides in length, or at least about 100 nucleotides in length. In some cases, the poly A region is about 10 to about 200, about 20 to about 180, about 50 to about 160, about 70 to about 140, or about 80 to about 120 nucleotides in length.

[0059] In some instances, the mRNA comprises at least one chemically modified nucleobase, sugar, backbone, or any combination thereof. In certain cases, the at least one chemically modified nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of pseudouracil (y), N1 -methylpseudouracil (mly), 1 -ethylpseudouracil, 2-thiouracil (s2U), 4’-thiouracil, 5-methylcytosine, 5-methyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, and any combination thereof. In some cases, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or 100% of the uracils are

[0060] N1 -methylpseudouracils. In some instances, 100% of the uracils of the mRNA are N1 -methylpseudouracils. In some instances, 100% of the uracils of the mRNA are 5-methoxyuracils.

[0061] In some instances, the open reading frame consists of nucleosides selected from the group consisting of (i) uridine or a modified uridine, (ii) cytidine or a modified cytidine, (iii) adenosine or a modified adenosine, and (iv) guanosine or a modified guanosine. In some cases, the modified uridine is 1 -methylpseudouridine.

[0062] In some instances, the mRNA comprises a 5’terminal cap comprising m7GpppGm and a poly A region 100 nucleotides in length.

[0063] In some instances, all uracils of the polynucleotide are N1 -methylpseudouracils. In certain aspects, the disclosure features a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, a bispecific antibody, or a CLDN6 binding CAR described herein, comprising from 5’ to 3’end: (i) a 5’cap, optionally which comprises m7GpppGm; (ii) a 5’UTR, (iii) an ORF encoding a polypeptide, a bispecific Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 antibody, or a CLDN6 binding CAR described herein; (iv) a 3’UTR; and (v) a poly A tail, optionally which is about 100 nucleotides in length.

[0064] In another aspect, the disclosure features a delivery agent (e.g., LNP) comprising a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) described herein. The mRNA is formulated with the LNP.

[0065] In another aspect, the disclosure features a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide described herein and a delivery agent.

[0066] In some cases, the delivery agent comprises a lipid nanoparticle. In some cases, the lipid nanoparticle has a mean particle size of from 80 nm to 160 nm. In certain cases, the lipid nanoparticle has a poly dispersity index (PDI) of from 0.02 to 0.2 and / or a lipid:nucleic acid ratio of from 10 to 20.

[0067] In some cases, the lipid nanoparticle comprises an ionizable amino lipid, a structural lipid, a phospholipid, and a polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-modified lipid.

[0068] In certain cases, the phospholipid is l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) or 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE).

[0069] In some cases, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (I). In one case, the ionizable amino lipid is Compound 1-1.

[0070] In certain cases, the PEG-modified lipid is PEG 2000 dimyristoyl glycerol (PEG-DMG) or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90, 93,96,99, 102, 105, 108, 111, 114, 117, 120, 123, 126, 129, 132-tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate.

[0071] In some cases, the structural lipid is cholesterol, adosterol, agosterol A, atheronals, avenasterol, azacosterol, blazein, cerevisterol, colestolone, cycloartenol, daucosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, 5-dehydroepisterol, 7-dehydrositosterol, 20a,22R-dihydroxycholesterol, dinosterol, epibrassicasterol, episterol, ergosterol, ergosterol, fecosterol, fucosterol, fungisterol, ganoderenic acid, ganoderic acid, ganoderiol, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 ganodermadiol, 7a-hydroxycholesterol, 22R-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, inotodiol, lanosterol, lathosterol, lichesterol, lucidadiol, lumisterol, oxy cholesterol, oxysterol, parkeol, saringosterol, spinasterol, sterol ester, trametenolic acid, zhankuic acid, or zymosterol. In some cases, the structural lipid is cholesterol.

[0072] In one instance, the lipid nanoparticle comprises an ionizable amino lipid that is Compound 1-1, a phospholipid that is l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphocholine (DSPC), a PEG-modified lipid that is 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90, 93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132-tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate, and a structural lipid that is cholesterol.

[0073] In a different aspect, provided is a method of treating a cancer in a human subject in need thereof, killing a tumor cell in a human subj ect in need thereof, or decreasing the rate of tumor growth in a human subject in need thereof. In one instance, the cancer / tumor is a CLDN6+ solid tumor. In another instance, the cancer / tumor is a relapsed or refractory CLDN6+ solid tumor. The method comprising administering to the human subject a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) that encodes a VHH, a polypeptide, a bispecific antibody, or a CLDN6 binding CAR described herein, wherein the mRNA is formulated in a delivery vehicle (e.g., LNP). In some cases, the cancer / tumor is breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, testicular cancer (e.g., testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs)), gastric cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer (e.g., uterine cervical adenocarcinoma (ADC)), lung cancer, esophageal cancer (e.g., esophageal squamous cell carcinoma), or an atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor. In some instances, administration is performed intravenously. In some instances, administration is performed subcutaneously.

[0074] In another aspect, the disclosure features a kit comprising (i) the VHH, the polypeptide; the bispecific antibody; the CLDN6 binding CAR; the pharmaceutical composition; or the polynucleotide formulated in an LNP as described herein, and (ii) a package insert instructing a user of the kit to administer the polypeptide, bispecific Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 antibody, CLDN6 binding CAR, pharmaceutical composition, or polynucleotide formulated in an LNP to a human subject in need thereof. In some cases, the human subject in need thereof has a CLDN6+ solid tumor. In some cases, the CLDN6+ solid tumor is a relapsed or refractory CLDN6+ solid tumor.

[0075] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 provides FACS binding curves for anti-Claudin-6 VHH-His to determine EC50 values against PA-1 cancer cells.

[0076] FIG. 2 shows FACS binding curves for anti-Claudin-6 VHH-His to determine binding against CHO Claudin-9 cells.

[0077] FIG. 3A is a sequence alignment to highlight residues in the llama anti-Claudin-6 VHHs which were modified (shown in bold font) during humanization process. The figure discloses SEQ ID NOs: 22, 139-148, 8, and 149-158 respectively, in order of appearance.

[0078] FIG. 3B is a sequence alignment to highlight residues in the llama anti-Claudin-6 VHHs which were modified (shown in bold font) during humanization process. The figure discloses SEQ ID NOs: 19, 159-168, 14 and 169-178, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0079] FIG. 4 depicts FACS binding curves for anti-Claudin-6 humanized VHH-His to determine EC50 values against PA-1 cancer cells. While most humanized VHH binders showed good binding to PA-1 cancer cells CSV42h6, CSV42h7, CSV42hlO, CSV32h2 and CSV32hI0 did not show any binding.

[0080] FIG. 5 provides an alignment of the amino acid sequences of extracellular loop 1 (ECL1) and extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) of CLDN6 with those of CLDN3, CLDN4, and CLDN9. The amino acids that differ between these proteins is highlighted. The figure discloses SEQ ID NOs: 287-296, respectively, in order of appearance. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0081] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0082] The claudin (CLDN) family consists of about 24 members having high sequence homology. Most CLDN family members are widely expressed in healthy tissues with the exception of CLDN6 which is exclusively overexpressed in many solid tumors. The minimal to undetectable expression of CLDN6 in healthy adult tissues makes it a good target for developing biotherapeutics to target different solid tumors having high CLDN6 expression; however, off-target toxicity is a serious concern due to the fact that CLDN6 shares high sequence homology with other CLDN members such as CLDN9, CLDN3 and CLDN4 (FIG.5). CLDN6 and CLDN9 differ in only 3 amino acids in their extracellular regions. Therefore, finding a CLDN6-specific binder has been extremely challenging and most CLDN6 antibodies in clinical development show cross-reactivity with the broadly expressed CLDN9 and / or CLDN4, and most such trials have now been terminated.

[0083] The anti-CLDN6 VHHs of this disclosure show highly specific binding to CLDN6 with no binding seen to CLDN9, CLDN3 and CLDN4. The CLDN6 specific binding is advantageous as it 1) will lead to no to minimum off-target toxicity and enhanced efficacy 2) can also contribute to improved pharmacokinetics of designed biotherapeutics. As a result of improving the pharmacokinetics of a therapeutic antibody, its dosage can be lowered, subcutaneous formulations can be developed, and the cost reduced. Furthermore, the improvement prolongs the dosing interval, which is more convenient for patients.

[0084] The compositions and methods of the disclosure feature CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) specific single domain antibodies (anti-CLDN6 VHH domains) and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) thereof, as well as other related binding proteins that comprise the disclosed VHH domains or CDRs. The CLDN6 specific single domain antibodies preferentially bind CLDN6 over other claudins (e.g., CLDN3, CLDN4, and / or CLDN9). These antibodies have high thermal stability. The disclosure Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 also provides nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) encoding the disclosed proteins, and delivery vehicles (e.g., lipid nanoparticles) that are formulated with such nucleic acids. Also featured are methods of using such VHHs, binding proteins, nucleic acids, and delivery vehicles that are formulated with such nucleic acids in treatment of cancer (e.g., solid tumors that are CLDN6+).

[0085] Definitions

[0086] “VHH” means a variable domain of the heavy chain of heavy chain-only antibodies that are produced by camelids. They are monovalent and do not include a light chain. The VHH can be used as is or after humanization. The VHH can also be made bivalent or multivalent by e.g., fusing to sequences that facilitate dimerization, trimerization, tetramerization, pentamerization, or by being linked to a whole antibody or an antigen-binding fragment. VHHs are also referred to as single domain antibodies and nanobodies.

[0087] “Monovalent” means a binding molecule with a single antigen binding domain (e g., a single VHH).

[0088] “Bivalent” means a binding molecule(s) with two antigen binding domains (e.g., two VHHs linked together or brought together by a dimerization domain such as a polypeptide comprising a human Ig Fc).

[0089] “Multivalent” means a binding molecule(s) with three or more antigen binding domains.

[0090] “% identity” is the percentage of identical residues between two or more sequences and is determined over the full length of the sequences being compared. It is a function of the number of amino acids or nucleotide residues that are identical in the sequences being compared. Identical residues are defined as residues that are the same in the two sequences in a given position of the alignment of the sequences. The percentage of sequence identity is calculated from the optimal alignment by taking the number of residues identical between two sequences dividing it by the total number of residues in Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 the shortest sequence and multiplying by 100. The optimal alignment is the alignment in which the percentage of identity is the highest possible. Gaps may be introduced into one or both sequences in one or more positions of the alignment to obtain the optimal alignment. These gaps are then taken into account as non-identical residues for calculation of the percentage of sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining the percentage of amino acid or nucleic acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways using computer programs. For example, the BLAST program (Tatiana t al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 174:247-250 (1999)) set to the default parameters, available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / BLAST / bl2seq / wblast2.cgi, can be used to obtain an optimal alignment of amino acid or nucleic acid sequences to calculate the percentage of sequence identity.

[0091] “about” means + or - 10% of the recited value, so “about 250 nM” means 225 nM to 275 nM.

[0092] Claudin 6

[0093] Claudin 6 (CLDN6) is one of the many members of the CLDN family. It has four transmembrane domains and a PDZ-binding region at the carboxyl end of the cytoplasm. CLDN6 is the only CLDN to potentially show specificity, as it can activate cell adhesion signals and regulate the activity of nuclear receptors. CLDN6 is expressed in a variety of embryonic epithelia, induces epithelial cell junction formation and polarity, and participates in the differentiation of stem cells into epithelial cells. It. serves a major role in maintaining the function of Tight Junctions (TJs). Changes in CLDN expression cause TJ disorders and leakage. The decrease in cell polarity increases the supply of nutrition and growth factors for tumor cells. Furthermore, the decrease in intercellular adhesion may increase metastatic potential of tumor cells. CLDN6 is expressed in several tumor types such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, testicular cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumors. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 The amino acid sequence of human Claudin 6 (Uniprot: P56747) is provided below:

[0094] MASAGMQILGVVLTLLGWVNGLVSCALPMWKVTAFIGNSIVVAQVVWEGLWM SCWQSTGQMQCKVYDSLLALPQDLQAARALCVIALLVALFGLLVYLAGAKCT TCVEEKDSKARLVLTSGTVFVISGVLTLIPVCWTAHAIIRDFYNPLVAEAQKRELG ASLYLGWAASGLLLLGGGLLCCTCPSGGSQGPSHYMARYSTSAPAISRGPSEYPT KNYV (SEQ ID NO: 183)

[0095] The amino acid sequence of cynomolgus CLDN6 (Uniprot: F7AWZ8) is provided below:

[0096] MASAGMQILGVVLTLLGWVNGLVSCALPMWKVTAFIGNSIVVAQVVWE GLWMSCVVQSTGQMQCKVYDSLLALPQDLQAARALCVIALLVALFGLLVYLAG AKCTTCVEEKDSKARLVLTSGIVFVISGVLTLIPVCWTAHAIIRDFYNPLVAEAQK RELGASLYLGWAASGLLLLGGGLLCCTCPSGGSRGPSHYMARYSTSAPAISRGPS EYPTKNYV (SEQ ID NO: 184)

[0097] VHHs that Specifically Bind Claudin 6

[0098] Provided herein are novel VHHs that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno); i.e., the VHHs do not bind to a protein or proteins other than CLDN6, or bind to a protein or proteins other than CLDN6 at essentially background levels. In some instances, the VHHs described herein do not bind to, or bind essentially at background levels to CLDN3, CLDN4, and / or CLDN9. In some instances, these VHH also bind cynomolgus CLDN6. Tables la and lb provide the amino acid sequences of several examples of novel VHHs that bind to CLDN6.

[0099] This disclosure features a binding molecule or polypeptide that binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises the VHH amino acid sequence of any of the clones listed in Tables la or lb. In some instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32. In some instances, the Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 32 except for having 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 amino acid substitutions. In certain instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 32 except for having 1, 2, 34, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 amino acid substitutions. The variability of the above sequences from an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 32 may be due to humanization of the VHH. These humanized VHHs still specifically bind to CLDN6. In some instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide specifically binds CLDN6 and comprises a sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32. In certain instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide binds to human CLDN6. In other instances, the above described binding molecule or polypeptide binds to both human CLDN6 and to cynomolgus CLDN6. In some instances, the VHHs described herein do not bind to, or bind essentially at background levels to CLDN3, CLDN4, and / or CLDN9.

[0100] In some instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide that binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) is in a monovalent format. In some instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide that binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) comprises the VHH in a bivalent format. In some cases, a bivalent format of the VHH is produced by linking the VHH to the same or another VHH. In some cases, a bivalent format of the VHH is arrived at by linking the C-terminus of the VHH of the binding molecule or polypeptide to the N-terminus of a hinge and Fc domain of a human immunoglobulin (e.g., IgA, IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4). In one case, the hinge and Fc domain is from human IgA. In one case, the hinge and Fc domain is from human IgGl. In some cases, the hinge and Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of human IgGl (SEQ ID NO:185). The amino acid sequence of human IgGl is provided below (the hinge is shown in bold; the CH2 domain is italicized; and the CH3 domain is underlined; the CH2 and CH3 domains together form the Fc):

[0101] EPKSADK. THTCPPCPAPEEEGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEFTC PVDFSHEDP EVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRWSVLWLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKAL PAPIEKTISKAKGQPPEPQN YEPP SREEMTKNQ VSLTCL VKGF YP SDIA VEWE SN GQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWOQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK (SEQ ID NO: 185).

[0102] In another case, the hinge and Fc domain is from human IgG4. In some cases, the hinge and Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of human IgG4PAA (SEQ ID NO: 186). IgG4PAA is human IgG4 with mutations S228P / F234A / L235A and has reduced binding to FcyR. The amino acid sequence of human IgG4PAA is provided below (the hinge is shown in bold; the CH2 domain is italicized; and the CH3 domain is underlined; the CH2 and CH3 domains together form the Fc):

[0103] PSKNGPPCPPCPAPYAAGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTC WDVSQEDPEVQ FNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSS

[0104] / E ' / AS' / fGQPREPOVYTLPPSOEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDlAVEWESNGOP ENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWOEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSL SLSLGK (SEQ ID NO: 186)

[0105] In some cases, the hinge and Fc domain comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 185 or 186 except for 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions. These substitutions can be made to e.g., alter effector function (e.g., increasing or decreasing effector function), or to promote heterodimerization. Such substitutions made as part of Fc domain engineering are well known in the art. See e.g., I. Ju H, Saxena A, Sidhu SS and Wu D (2017) Fc Engineering for Developing Therapeutic Bispecific Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Antibodies and Novel Scaffolds. Front. Immunol. 8:38. doi: 10.3389 / fimmu.2017.00038; Wilkinson I, Anderson S, Fry J, Julien LA, Neville D, Qureshi O, et al (2021) Fc-engineered antibodies with immune effector functions completely abolished. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0260954. doi org / 10 137I / journal. pone.0260954; Delidakis et al., Wilkinson I, Anderson S, Fry J, Julien LA, Neville D, Qureshi O, et al. (2021) Fc-engineered antibodies with immune effector functions completely abolished. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0260954. / / doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone.0260954, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.

[0106] In some cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH described herein in monovalent format binds a cell expressing human CLDN6 with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 150 nM. In some cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH in monovalent format binds a cell expressing CLDN6 with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 100 nM. In some cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH in monovalent format binds a cell expressing CLDN6 with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 50 nM. In other cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH in monovalent format binds a cell expressing human CLDN6 with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 25 nM. In yet other cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH in monovalent format binds a cell expressing human CLDN6 with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 10 nM. In some other cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH in monovalent format binds a cell expressing human CLDN6 with an EC50 of about 3 nM to about 25 nM. In some other cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH in monovalent format binds a cell expressing human CLDN6 with an EC50 of about 200 nM to about 400 nM. In some cases, the cell expressing CLDN6 is a cancer cell such as PA-1. In other cases, the cell expressing CLDN6 is a CHO cell or a HEK cell.

[0107] Table la provides the sequences of exemplary VHHs that bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno). Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0108] Table la: Amino Acid Sequences of the VHHs that Bind CLDN6

[0109] VHH VHH Amino Acid Sequence

[0110] ID VHH1 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGNIFSINNVGWYRQAPGKQRELVAIITSGGSTNYAE

[0111] CSV9 FVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGFWAADYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0112] (SEQ ID NO 1)

[0113] VHH2 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGSIFSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIITSGGSTNYIDS

[0114] CSV10 VKGRFTISMNDAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGFWAADYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0115] (SEQ ID NO 2)

[0116] VHH3 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLTCAASGSVFSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIITSGGSTNYADS

[0117] CSV11 VKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGFWATDYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0118] (SEQ ID NO 3)

[0119] VHH4 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGSVSSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIITSGGSTNYADS

[0120] CSV13 VKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGIWASDYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0121] (SEQ ID NO:4)

[0122] VHH5 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCVASGSIFSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIITTGGSTNYADS

[0123] CSV14 VKGRFTISRDKDKNTAYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGIWATDYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0124] (SEQ ID NO 5)

[0125] VHH6 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCVASGSISSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVALITTGGSIVYADS

[0126] CSV15 VKGRFTISRDNAKNTAYLQMNSLKPGDTAVYYCNAGGIWATDYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0127] (SEQ ID NO:6)

[0128] VHH7 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCVASGTVSSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIITTGGSTNYADS

[0129] CSV16 VKGRFTISRDNAKNTAYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGIWATDYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0130] (SEQ ID NO:7 )

[0131] VHH8 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGSISSFNNMAWYRRAPGKQRERVAIIFSGGSTAYADS

[0132] CSV18 VKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMSSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGVWATDYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0133] (SEQ ID NO:8)

[0134] VHH9 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGNTFSINNMAWYRQGSGKQRELVAIITSGGDTNYADS

[0135] CSV19 VKGRFTISRDNAKNTVFLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGYWAMDYWGKGTLVTVSS

[0136] (SEQ ID NO:9)

[0137] VHH10 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGNIRSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVALITTTGSTNYADS

[0138]

[0139] CSV20 VKGRFTISGDNAKGTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGYWAMDYWGKGTLVTVSS Atorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0140] (SEQ ID NO lO)

[0141] VHH11 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSISSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIITSGGSTNYADS

[0142] CSV21 VKGRFTISTNNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGYWAMDYWGRGTLVTVSS

[0143] (SEQ ID NO ll)

[0144] VHH12 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTLDYAAIGWFRQAPGKEREGISYISSSGGSTNYADS

[0145] CSV24 VKGRFTISRDNAKNRVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAADSSSSWYHDLNWLRYNYWGQGTQVTVSS

[0146] (SEQ ID NO 12)

[0147] VHH13 / QVQLVESGGGLAQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMAWFRQAPGKEREFVAGVGVNWSGATTHYEDS

[0148] CSV28 VKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLQPEDTALYYCAKSARWPYGTLHFDRGEYDWGQGTQVTVSS

[0149] (SEQ ID NO 13)

[0150] VHH14 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGNIFRINNHGWYRQAPGKQRERVATTFSDALPIYADSVKGRF

[0151] CSV32 TISRDNVKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCDWGQLGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS

[0152] (SEQ ID NO 14)

[0153] VHH15 / EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSDAAMTWVRQIPGKGLEWVSTIYSWSSTAYADSVRGRF

[0154] CSV33 TISRDNAKNTVYLEMNSLKPEDTAVYYCGILGLNSRGQGTQVTVSS

[0155] (SEQ ID NO 15)

[0156] VHH16 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGTTFSTYAMGWFRQALGKEREFVASIMWSDGSPYYADSVKG

[0157] CSV36 RFTISRDNRKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAAYYCQVEGLGHVYRGQGTQVTVSS

[0158] (SEQ ID NO 16)

[0159] VHH17 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGESLRLSCAASGSTFSTYRMGWFRQALGKEREFVASIMFRGGFREYADSVKGR

[0160] CSV40 FTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCQAEGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS

[0161] (SEQ ID NO 17)

[0162] VHH18 / EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSTGMTWVRQIPGKGLEWVSTIYSWSSTAYADSVKGRF

[0163] CSV41 TISRDNAKNTMYLQMHSLKPEDTAVYYCGILGLNSRGQGTQVTVSS

[0164] (SEQ ID NO 18)

[0165] VHH19 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGSTFSIYAMGWRRQAVGKEGEFVASIMWSGGSPYYADSVKG

[0166] CSV42 RFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCQAEGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS

[0167] (SEQ ID NO 19)

[0168] VHH20 / QVQLVESGGGLAQAGGSLRLSCAASGSTARLYAMGWYRQALGKEREFVASMLWSDGTPYYADSVKG

[0169] CSV44 RFTISRDNAKNTMYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCQAEGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS

[0170] (SEQ ID NO 20)

[0171] VHH21 / QVQLVESGGGLAQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSNYAMAWFRQAPGKEREFVAGVGVNWSGDTTHYEDSVKG

[0172]

[0173] CSV46 RFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLQPEDTALYYCAKSARWPYGSLHFDRGEYDYGGQGTQVTVSS Atorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0174] (SEQ ID NO 21)

[0175] VHH22 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCVASGRTFSRSAMAWFRQAPGKEREFVAGTSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFT

[0176] CSV51 ISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKFEDTAVYYCAADTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS

[0177] (SEQ ID NO 22)

[0178] VHH23 / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGSIFNFNNMAWYRRAQGKQRERVAIIFSGGTTNYADSVKGRF

[0179] CSV61 TISRDNAKNTVFLQMNSLKPEDTGVYYCNAGGHWAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS

[0180] (SEQ ID NO 23)

[0181] VHH24 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGNIFSINNMAWYRQAPGKQREFVAIITSGGSTNYADAVKGRF

[0182] CSV62 TISEGNAKNTVYLQMNSLKTEDTAVYYCNAGGYWALDYWGQGTLVTVSS

[0183] (SEQ ID NO:24)

[0184] VHH25 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSISSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIITSGGSTNYADSVKGRF

[0185] CSV63 TISTNNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGYWATDYWGQGTLVTVSS

[0186] (SEQ ID NO 25)

[0187] VHH26 / QVQLVESGGGLVQSGGSLRLSCAASGNTFSINNMGWYRQAPGKQRELVAVIFSGGSTNYADSVKGRF

[0188] CSV64 TISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGYWATDYWGQGTLVTVSS

[0189] (SEQ ID NO 26)

[0190] VHH27 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSISSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIIFSGGNSNYADSVKGRF

[0191] CSV65 TISRNNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAGGYWATDYWGQGTLVTVSS

[0192] (SEQ ID NO 27)

[0193] VHH28 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSISSINNMAWYRQAPGKQRELVAIIFSGGSTNYADSVKGRF

[0194] CSV66 TISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPDDTAVYYCNAGGYWATDYWGQGTLVTVSS

[0195] (SEQ ID NO 28)

[0196] VHH29 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSIFSTNIMAWYRQAPGKRRELVAQDAFGGNTVYVDSVKGRF

[0197] CSV68 TLSRDNTKNTLSLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNVFQWGSNYWGQGTQVTVSS

[0198] (SEQ ID NO 29)

[0199] VHH30 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGSIPSISPMGWYRQAPGRQRELVAHISSGDITNYADSVKGRF

[0200] CSV72 TLSRVNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNVGGYWASDYWGQGTQVTVSS

[0201] (SEQ ID NO 30)

[0202] VHH31 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLGLSCAASGSISFSSMSNMGWYRQAPGKQREFVALITSGGIPTYPASVKGRF

[0203] CSV77 TISRDNAKNTIYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNGFMWGRNYWGQGTQVTVSS

[0204] (SEQ ID NO 31)

[0205] VHH32 / QVQLVESGGGLAQPGGSLRLSCAASERAFTFNTMGWYRQRPGKTREMVALITGDLTNYASAVKGRF

[0206]

[0207] CSV79 TVSRGSAKNSVALQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCNAMMWGTTYWGQGTQVTVSS Atorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0208] (SEQ ID NO 32)

[0209]

[0210] Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 This disclosure features a polypeptide comprising a VHH that specifically binds CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 32. In some cases, the VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 32 except for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 amino acid substitutions within the VHH. In some cases, the substitutions are in the framework region(s). In other cases, the substitutions are in one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) of the three VHH CDRs. In yet other instances, the substitutions are in the framework region(s) and in one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) of the three VHH CDRs. In some cases, the substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions. In other instances, the substitutions are not conservative amino acid substitutions.

[0211] Also encompassed by this disclosure are binding molecules or polypeptides that comprise a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), wherein the VHH comprises the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of the VHH of any one of the clones listed in Table la. The VHH CDRs of the VHH can be based on any CDR definition. Exemplary CDR numbering systems are provided below as Table 2 (see, e.g., Lafrance et al,. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 27(l):55-77 (2003)).

[0212] Table 2: Exemplary CDR Definitions

[0213] Kabat + IMGT Kabat AbM Chothia Contact Chothia

[0214] VHH CDR 1 26-35 27-38 31-35 26-35 26-32 30-35 VHH CDR2 50-65 56-65 50-65 50-58 52-56 47-58 VHHH 95-102 105-117 95-102 95-102 95-102 93-101 CDR3

[0215]

[0216] Provided in Table 3a are the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 amino acid sequences of the clones of Table la according to the IMGT definition. The disclosure encompasses single domain antibodies and binding molecules that specifically Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and which comprise the three VHH CDRs of any one of the VHHs listed in Table 3a.

[0217] Table 3a: Anti-CLDN6 VHH CDRs Based on IMGT CDR Definition

[0218] VHH ID VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3 VHH1 / GNIFSINN ITSGGST NAGGFWAADY

[0219] CSV9 (SEQ ID NO 33) (SEQ ID NO 34) (SEQ ID NO 35)

[0220] VHH2 / GSIFSINN ITSGGST NAGGFWAADY

[0221] CSV10 (SEQ ID NO 36) (SEQ ID NO 34) (SEQ ID NO 35)

[0222] VHH3 / GSVFSINN ITSGGST NAGGFWATDY

[0223] CSV11 (SEQ ID NO 37) (SEQ ID NO 34) (SEQ ID NO 38)

[0224] VHH4 / GSVSSINN ITSGGST NAGGIWASDY

[0225] CSV13 (SEQ ID NO 39) (SEQ ID NO 34) (SEQ ID NO 40)

[0226] VHH5 / GSIFSINN ITTGGST NAGGIWATDY

[0227] CSV14 (SEQ ID NO 36) (SEQ ID NO 277) (SEQ ID NO 41)

[0228] VHH6 / GSISSINN ITTGGSI NAGGIWATDY

[0229] CSV15 (SEQ ID NO 42) (SEQ ID NO 43) (SEQ ID NO 41)

[0230] VHH7 / GTVSSINN ITTGGST NAGGIWATDY

[0231] CSV16 (SEQ ID NO 44) (SEQ ID NO 277) (SEQ ID NO 41)

[0232] VHH8 / GSISSFNN IFSGGST NAGGVWATDY

[0233] CSV18 (SEQ ID NO 45) (SEQ ID NO 46) (SEQ ID NO 47)

[0234] VHH9 / GNTFSINN ITSGGDT NAGGYWAMDY

[0235] CSV19 (SEQ ID NO 48) (SEQ ID NO 49) (SEQ ID NO 50)

[0236] VHH 10 / GNIRSINN ITTTGST NAGGYWAMDY

[0237] CSV20 (SEQ ID NO 51) (SEQ ID NO 52) (SEQ ID NO 50)

[0238] VHH11 / GSISSINN ITSGGST NAGGYWAMDY

[0239] CSV21 (SEQ ID NO 42) (SEQ ID NO 34) (SEQ ID NO 50)

[0240] VHH 12 / GFTLDYAA ISSSGGST AAD S S S S W YHDLNWLR YN Y CSV24 (SEQ ID NO 53) (SEQ ID NO 54) (SEQ ID NO 55)

[0241] VHH 13 / GFTFSSYA VGVNWSGATT AK S ARWPYGTLHFDRGEYD CSV28 (SEQ ID NO 56) (SEQ ID NO 57) (SEQ ID NO 58)

[0242] VHH14 / GNIFRINN TFSDALP DWGQLGQTY

[0243] CSV32 (SEQ ID NO 59) (SEQ ID NO 60) (SEQ ID NO 61)

[0244] VHH 15 / GFTFSDAA IYSWSST GILGLNS

[0245] CSV33 (SEQ ID NO 62) (SEQ ID NO 63) (SEQ ID NO 64)

[0246] VHH 16 / GTTFSTYA IMWSDGSP QVEGLGHVY

[0247] CSV36 (SEQ ID NO 65) (SEQ ID NO 66) (SEQ ID NO 67)

[0248] VHH 17 / GSTFSTYR IMFRGGFR QAEGLGLVY

[0249] CSV40

[0250]

[0251] (SEQ ID NO 68) (SEQ ID NO 69) (SEQ ID NO 70) Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 VHH 18 / GFTFSSTG IYSWSST GILGLNS

[0252] CSV41 (SEQ ID NO 71) (SEQ ID NO 63) (SEQ ID NO 64)

[0253] VHH 19 / GSTFSIYA IMWSGGSP QAEGLGLVY

[0254] CSV42 (SEQ ID NO 72) (SEQ ID NO 73) (SEQ ID NQ 70)

[0255] VHH20 / GSTARLYA MLWSDGTP QAEGLGLVY

[0256] CSV44 (SEQ ID NO 74) (SEQ ID NO 75) (SEQ ID NQ 70)

[0257] VHH21 / GFTFSNYA VGVNWSGDTT AKSARWPYGSLHFDRGEYDY CSV46 (SEQ ID NO 76) (SEQ ID NO 77) (SEQ ID NO 78)

[0258] VHH22 / GRTFSRSA TSWSGSST AADTIWTTGWS S AANFGS CSV51 (SEQ ID NO 79) (SEQ ID NO 80) (SEQ ID NO 81)

[0259] VHH23 / GSIFNFNN IFSGGTT NAGGHWAMDY

[0260] CSV61 (SEQ ID NO 82) (SEQ ID NO 83) (SEQ ID NO 84)

[0261] VHH24 / GNIFSINN ITSGGST NAGGYWALDY

[0262] CSV62 (SEQ ID NO 33) (SEQ ID NO 34) (SEQ ID NO 85)

[0263] VHH25 / GSISSINN ITSGGST NAGGYWATDY

[0264] CSV63 (SEQ ID NO 42) (SEQ ID NO 34) (SEQ ID NO 86)

[0265] VHH26 / GNTFSINN IFSGGST NAGGYWATDY

[0266] CSV64 (SEQ ID NO 48) (SEQ ID NO 46) (SEQ ID NO 86)

[0267] VHH27 / GSISSINN IFSGGNS NAGGYWATDY

[0268] CSV65 (SEQ ID NO 42) (SEQ ID NO 87) (SEQ ID NO 86)

[0269] VHH28 / GSISSINN IFSGGST NAGGYWATDY

[0270] CSV66 (SEQ ID NO 42) (SEQ ID NO 46) (SEQ ID NO 86)

[0271] VHH29 / GSIFSTNI DAFGGNT NVFQWGSNY

[0272] CSV68 (SEQ ID NO 278) (SEQ ID NO 88) (SEQ ID NO 89)

[0273] VHH30 / GSIPSISP ISSGDIT NVGGYWASDY

[0274] CSV72 (SEQ ID NQ 90) (SEQ ID NO 91) (SEQ ID NO 92)

[0275] VHH31 / GSISFSSM ITSGGIP NGFMWGRNY

[0276] CSV77 (SEQ ID NO 93) (SEQ ID NO 94) (SEQ ID NO 95)

[0277] VHH32 / ERAFTFNT ITGDLT NAMMWGTTY

[0278] CSV79

[0279]

[0280] (SEQ ID NO 96) (SEQ ID NO 97) (SEQ ID NO 98)

[0281] In some instances, the disclosure provides a binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), wherein the VHH comprises the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 amino acid sequences of any one clone listed in Table 3a. For example, the disclosure provides a binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH that specifically binds CLDN6, wherein the VHH comprises: Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:35;

[0282] (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:35;

[0283] (c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:37, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:38;

[0284] (d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40;

[0285] (e) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:277, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41;

[0286] (f) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:43, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41;

[0287] (g) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:44, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:277, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41;

[0288] (h) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (i) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:48, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:49, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50;

[0289] (j) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:51, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50;

[0290] (k) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50;

[0291] (l) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:55;

[0292] (m) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:56, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58;

[0293] (n) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:60, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:61;

[0294] (o) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:62, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:63, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:64;

[0295] (p) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:65, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:66, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:67; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (q) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:68, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:69, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70;

[0296] (r) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:71, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:63, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:64;

[0297] (s) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:72, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 73, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70;

[0298] (t) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:74, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:75, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70;

[0299] (u) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:76, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:77, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78;

[0300] (v) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 79, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:81;

[0301] (w) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:82, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84;

[0302] (x) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:85; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (y) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86;

[0303] (z) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:48, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86;

[0304] (aa) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86;

[0305] (ab) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:42, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86;

[0306] (ac) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:278, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89;

[0307] (ad) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:90, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:91, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:92;

[0308] (ae) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:93, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:94, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:95; or

[0309] (af) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:96, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:97, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:98. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, featured herein are single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), which comprise:

[0310] (a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47;

[0311] (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:59, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:60, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:61;

[0312] (c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:72, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:73, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70; or

[0313] (d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:79, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:81.

[0314] Provided in Table 4a are the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 amino acid sequences of four of the clones of Table la according to the Kabat CDR definition. The disclosure encompasses single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and which comprise the three VHH CDRs of any one of the VHHs listed in Table 4a.

[0315] Table 4a. Anti-CLDN6 VHH CDRs Based on Kabat CDR Definition

[0316] VHH VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3 ID VHH22 / RSAMA GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKG DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS CSV51 (SEQ ID NO 99) (SEQ ID NO 100) (SEQ ID NO 101)

[0317]

[0318] Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 VHH8 / FNNMA IIFSGGSTAYADSVKG GGVWATDY CSV18 (SEQ ID NO 102) (SEQ ID NO: 103) (SEQ ID NO: 104) VHH19 / IYAMG SIMWSGGSPYYADSVKG EGLGLVY

[0319] CSV42 (SEQ ID NO: 105) (SEQ ID NO: 106) (SEQ ID NO 107) VHH14 / INNHG TTF SD ALPIYAD S VKG GQLGQTY

[0320] CSV32 (SEQ ID NO: 108) (SEQ ID NO: 109) (SEQ ID NO: 110)

[0321]

[0322] In some instances, featured herein are single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6, which comprise:

[0323] (a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:99, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;

[0324] (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;

[0325] (c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107; or

[0326] (d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110.

[0327] Provided in Table 5a are the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 amino acid sequences of four of the clones of Table la according to the Chothia CDR definition. The disclosure encompasses single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and which comprise the three VHH CDRs of any one of the VHHs listed in Table 5a.

[0328] Table 5a. Anti-CLDN6 VHH CDRs Based on Chothia CDR Definition

[0329] VHH ID VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3 VHH22 / GRTFSRS SWSGSS DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS CSV51 (SEQ ID NO: 111) (SEQ ID NO 112) (SEQ ID NO: 101)

[0330] VHH8 / GSISSFN FSGGS GGVWATDY

[0331] CSV18 (SEQ ID NO 113) (SEQ ID NO 114) (SEQ ID NO: 104) VHH19 / GSTFSIY MWSGGS EGLGLVY

[0332] CSV42 (SEQ ID NO 115) (SEQ ID NO:116) (SEQ ID NO 107) VHH14 / GNIFRINN FSDAL GQLGQTY

[0333] CSV32 (SEQ ID NO 117) (SEQ ID NO 118) (SEQ ID NO 110)

[0334]

[0335] 5 In some instances, featured herein are single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6, which comprise:

[0336] (a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, and a w VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;

[0337] (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;

[0338] (c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, a 15 VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107; or Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110.

[0339] Provided in Table 6a are the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 amino 5 acid sequences of four of the clones of Table la according to the enhanced Chothia CDR definition. The disclosure encompasses single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and which comprise the three VHH CDRs of any one of the VHHs listed in Table 6a.

[0340] w Table 6a. Anti-CLDN6 VHH CDRs Based on Enhanced Chothia CDR Definition VHH ID VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3 VHH22 / GRTFSRSAMA GTSWSGSSTY DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS CSV51 (SEQ ID NO: 119) (SEQ ID NO 120) (SEQ ID NO 101)

[0341] VHH8 / GSISSFNNMA IIFSGGSTA GGVWATDY

[0342] CSV18 (SEQ ID NO 121) (SEQ ID NO 122) (SEQ ID NO: 104) VHH19 / GSTFSIYAMG SIMWSGGSPY EGLGLVY

[0343] CSV42 (SEQ ID NO 123) (SEQ ID NO:124) (SEQ ID NO: 107) VHH14 / GNIFRINNHG TTFSDALPI GQLGQTY

[0344] CSV32 (SEQ ID NO 125) (SEQ ID NO: 126) (SEQ ID NO 110)

[0345]

[0346] In some instances, featured herein are single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), which comprise:

[0347] 15 (a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 119, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 120, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 121, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 122, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;

[0348] (c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 123, a 5 VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 124, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107; or

[0349] (d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 125, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 126, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110.

[0350] w Provided in Table 7a are the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 amino acid sequences of four of the clones of Table la according to the Contact CDR definition. The disclosure encompasses single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and which comprise the 15 three VHH CDRs of any one of the VHHs listed in Table 7a.

[0351] Table 7a. Anti-CLDN6 VHH CDRs Based on Contact CDR Definition

[0352] VHH ID VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3 VHH22 / SRSAMA FVAGTSWSGSSTY AADTIWTTGWSSAANFG CSV51 (SEQ ID NO 127) (SEQ ID NO 128) (SEQ ID NO 129)

[0353] VHH8 / SFNNMA RVAIIFSGGSTA NAGGVWATD CSV18 (SEQ ID NO: 130) (SEQ ID NO 131) (SEQ ID NO 132) VHH19 / SIYAMG FVASIMWSGGSPY QAEGLGLV

[0354] CSV42 (SEQ ID NO 133) (SEQ ID NO: 134) (SEQ ID NO 135) VHH14 / RINNHG RVATTFSDALPI DWGQLGQT

[0355] CSV32 (SEQ ID NO: 136) (SEQ ID NO 137) (SEQ ID NO 138)

[0356]

[0357] Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, featured herein are single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) or binding molecules comprising single domain antibodies that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), which comprise:

[0358] (a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127, a

[0359] 5 VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 128, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 129;

[0360] (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 130, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 131, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132;

[0361] w (c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 133, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 134, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 135; or

[0362] (d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 136, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 137, and a

[0363] 15 VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 138.

[0364] Also provided herein are humanized VHHs that specifically bind to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno). Examples of such humanized VHHs are provided in Table lb.

[0365] Table lb. Amino Acid Sequences of Humanized VHHs that Bind CLDN6

[0366] VHH ID VHH Amino Acid Sequence

[0367] VHH22hl / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGRTFSRSAMAWFRQAPGKEREFVA CSV51hl GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLRFEDTAVYYCAA DTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 139) VHH22h2 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGRTFSRSAMAWFRQAPGKEREFVA CSV5U12 GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAA DTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:140) VHH22h3 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGRTFSRSAMAWFRQAPGKEREFVA CSV5U13 GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAA

[0368]

[0369] DTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:141) Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 VHH22h4 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGRTFSRSAMAWFRQAPGKEREFVA CSV51h4 GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAA DTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:142) VHH22h5 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSRSAMAWFRQAPGKEREFVA CSV51h5 GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAA DTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:143) VHH22h6 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSRSAMSWFRQAPGKEREFVA CSV51h6 GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAA DTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:144) VHH22h7 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSRSAMSWFRQAPGKEREFVAG CSV51h7 TSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAAD TIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:145)

[0370] VHH22h8 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSRSAMSWFRQAPGKEREFVAG CSV5U14 TSWSGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAAD TIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 146)

[0371] VHH22h9 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSRYAMSWFRQAPGKEREFVA CSV5U19 GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAA DTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:147) VHH22hlO / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSRYAMSWFRQAPGKEREFVA CSV5U110 GTSWSGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAA DTIWTTGWSSAANFGSWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:148) VHH8hl / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGSISSFNNMAWYRRAPGKQRERVA CSV18hl 11FSGGSTAYADSVKGRFT1SRDNAKNTVYLQMSSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGG VWATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 149)

[0372] VHH8h2 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSISSFNNMAWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV18h2 IFSGGSTAYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMSSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGGV WATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 150)

[0373] VHH8h3 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSISSFNNMAWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV18h3 IFSGGSTAYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMSSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGGV WATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 151)

[0374] VHH8h4 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSISSFNNMAWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV 18h4 IFSGGSTAYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGG VWATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:152)

[0375] VHH8h5 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSISSFNNMAWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV18h5 IFSGGSTAYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGGV WATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 153)

[0376] VHH8h6 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFISSFNNMAWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV18h6 IFSGGSTAYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGGV

[0377]

[0378] WATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 154) Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 VHH8h7 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFISSFNNMSWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV18h7 IFSGGSTAYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGGV WATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 155)

[0379] VHH8h8 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTSSFNNMSWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV18h8 IFSGGSTAYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGGV WATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 156)

[0380] VHH8h9 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFISSFNNMSWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV18h9 IFSGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGGV WATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 157)

[0381] VHH8hlO / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTSSFNNMSWYRRAPGKQRERVAI CSV18hlO IFSGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCNAGGV WATDYWGKGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 158)

[0382] VHH19hl / QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGSTFSIYAMGWRRQAVGKEGEFVA CSV42hl SIMWSGGSPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQA EGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 159)

[0383] VHH19h2 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSTFSIYAMGWRRQAVGKEGEFVA CSV42h2 SIMWSGGSPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQA EGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 160)

[0384] VHH19h3 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSTFSIYAMGWRRQAVGKEGEFVA CSV42h3 SIMWSGGSPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQA EGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 161)

[0385] VHH19h4 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSTFSIYAMGWRRQAVGKEGEFVA CSV42h4 S1MWSGGSPYYADSVKGRFT1SRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQA EGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 162)

[0386] VHH19h5 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSIYAMGWRRQAVGKEGEFVA CSV42h5 SIMWSGGSPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQA EGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 163)

[0387] VHH19h6 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSTFSIYAMSWRRQAVGKEGEFVAS CSV42h6 IMWSGGSPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQAE GLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 164)

[0388] VHH19h7 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSIYAMSWRRQAVGKEGEFVAS CSV42h7 IMWSGGSPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQAE GLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 165)

[0389] VHH19h8 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSTFSIYAMGWRRQAVGKEGEFVA CSV42h8 SIMWSGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQA EGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 166)

[0390] VHH19h9 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSIYAMGWRRQAVGKEGEFVA CSV42h9 SIMWSGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQA

[0391]

[0392] EGLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 167) Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 VHH19hlO / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSIYAMSWRRQAVGKEGEFVAS CSV42hlO IMWSGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCQAE GLGLVYRGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:168)

[0393] VHH14hl / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGNIFRINNHGWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32hl TTF SD ALPIYAD S VKGRFTISRDNVKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWG QLGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:169)

[0394] VHH14h2 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGNIFRINNHGWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32h2 TTF SD ALPIYAD SVKGRFTISRDNVKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWG QLGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NQ:170)

[0395] VHH14h3 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGNIFRINNHGWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32h3 TTF SD ALPIYAD SVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWGQ LGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 171)

[0396] VHH14h4 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGNIFRINNHGWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32h4 TTF SD ALPIYAD SVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWGQ LGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 172)

[0397] VHH14h5 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFIFRINNHGWYRQAPGKQRERVAT CSV32h5 TFSDALPIYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWGQL GQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:173)

[0398] VHH14h6 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFRINNHGWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32h6 TTFSDALPIYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWGQ LGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 174)

[0399] VHH14h7 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFRINNMGWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32h7 TTFSDALP1YADSVKGRFT1SRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWGQ LGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 175)

[0400] VHH14h8 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFRINNHGWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32h8 TTFSDALPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWG QLGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:176)

[0401] VHH14h9 / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFRINNMGWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32h9 TTFSDALPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWG QLGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:177)

[0402] VHH14hlO / QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFRINNMSWYRQAPGKQRERVA CSV32hlO TTFSDALPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCDWG

[0403]

[0404] QLGQTYWGQGTQVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:178)

[0405] This disclosure provides a binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a single domain antibody that binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises the VHH amino acid sequence of any of the clones listed in Table lb. In some instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (human or human and cyno) and comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 139 to 178. In some cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 142, 143, 153, or 166. In some instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 139 to 178 except for having 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, amino acid substitutions. In certain cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 142, 143, 153, or 166 except for having 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, amino acid substitutions. In certain instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno)and comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 139 to 178 except for having 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions. These substitutions may be a result of framework engineering and / or affinity maturation. In some instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises a sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, or 178. In certain cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno) and comprises a sequence that is identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 142, 143, 153, or 166. In some instances, the above-described binding molecule or polypeptide binds to human CLDN6. In some instances, the abovedescribed binding molecule or polypeptide binds to both human CLDN6 and cynomolgus CLDN6. In some instances, the above-described binding molecule or polypeptide that binds human CLDN6 but not human CLDN3, human CLDN4, and / or human CLDN9. In some instances, the above-described binding molecule or polypeptide that binds CLDN6 has high thermal stability (Tm greater than 60°C). In certain cases, the thermal stability is assessed by melting temperature determined by DSF.

[0406] In certain cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide specifically binds to human CLDN6 but not to human CLDN3, human CLDN4, and / or human CLDN9 and comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% at least 99%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 139 to 178. In certain instances, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprises a VHH that specifically binds to human CLDN6 but not to human CLDN3, human CLDN4, and / or human CLDN9 and comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 139 to 178, except for having 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions. In some instances, the above-described binding molecule or polypeptide that binds to human CLDN6 also binds cynomolgus CLDN6. In some cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH that specifically binds human CLDN6 but not to human CLDN3, human CLDN4, and / or human CLDN9 binds in monovalent format to a cell expressing human CLDN6 (e.g., a cancer cell such as PA-1 or a CHO or HEK cell transfected with human CLDN6) with an EC50 of about 1 nM to about 150 nM. In some cases, the binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH that specifically binds human CLDN6 but not to human CLDN3, human CLDN4, and / or human CLDN9 binds in monovalent format to a cell expressing human CLDN6 (e.g., a cancer cell such as PA-1 or a CHO or HEK cell transfected with human CLDN6) with an EC50 of about 3 nM to about 25 nM. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Also encompassed by this disclosure are binding molecules or polypeptides that comprise a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), wherein the VHH comprises the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of the VHH of any one of the clones listed in Table lb. The VHH CDRs of the VHH can be based on any 5 CDR definition. Examples of VHH CDRs based on five different CDR definitions for some of the clones from Table lb are provided below in Tables 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, and 7b.

[0407] Encompassed herein are binding molecules or polypeptides that comprise a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), wherein the VHH comprises the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of any one clone based on any one w definition provided in Tables 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, or 7b.

[0408] Table 3b. VHH CDRs of Humanized VHH8h5, VHH19h8, VHH22h4, and VHH22h5 Clones Based on IMGT Definition

[0409] Name VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3

[0410] VHH8h5 / GSISSFNN IFSGGST NAGGVWATDY

[0411] CSV18h5 (SEQ ID NO:45) (SEQ ID NO:46) (SEQ ID NO:47) VHH19h8 / GSTFSIYA IMWSGGST QAEGLGLVY

[0412] CSV42h8 (SEQ ID NO:72) (SEQ ID NO: 179) (SEQ ID NO:70) VHH22h4 / GRTFSRSA TSWSGSST AADTIWTTGWSSAANFGS CSV51h4 (SEQ ID NO:79) (SEQ ID NO:80) (SEQ ID NO:81) VHH22h5 / GRTFSRSA TSWSGSST AADTIWTTGWSSAANFGS

[0413]

[0414] CSV51h5 (SEQ ID NO:79) (SEQ ID NQ:80) (SEQ ID NO:81)

[0415] Table 4b. VHH CDRs of Humanized VHH8h5, VHH19h8, VHH22h4, and VHH22h5 15 Clones Based on Kabat Definition

[0416] Name VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3 VHH8h5 / FNNMA IIFSGGSTAYADSVKG GGVWATDY CSV18h5 (SEQ ID NO: 102) (SEQ ID NO: 103) (SEQ ID NO:104) VHH19h8 / IYAMG SIMWSGGSTYYADSVKG EGLGLVY CSV42h8 (SEQ ID NO: 105) (SEQ ID NO:180) (SEQ ID NO:107) VHH22h4 / RS AMA GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKG DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS CSV51h4 (SEQ ID NO:99) (SEQ ID NO: 100) (SEQ ID NO:101) VHH22h5 / RSAMA GTSWSGSSTYYADSVKG DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS

[0417]

[0418] CSV51h5 (SEQ ID NO:99) (SEQ ID NO: 100) (SEQ ID NO:101) Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Table 5b. VHH CDRs of Humanized VHH8h5, VHH19h8, VHH22h4, and VHH22115 Clones Based on Enhanced Chothia Definition

[0419] Name VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3

[0420] VHH8h5 / GSISSFNNMA IIFSGGSTA GGVWATDY CSV18h5 (SEQ ID NO:121) (SEQ ID NO: 122) (SEQ ID NO: 104) VHH19h8 / GSTFSIYAMG SIMWSGGSTY EGLGLVY

[0421] CSV42h8 (SEQ ID NO:123) (SEQ ID NO:181) (SEQ ID NO: 107) VHH22h4 / GRTFSRSAMA GTSWSGSSTY DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS CSV51h4 (SEQ ID NO:119) (SEQ ID NO: 120) (SEQ ID NO:101) VHH22h5 / GRTFSRSAMA GTSWSGSSTY DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS

[0422]

[0423] CSV51h5 (SEQ ID NO:119) (SEQ ID NO: 120) (SEQ ID NO:101)

[0424] Table 6b. VHH CDRs of Humanized VHH8h5, VHH19h8, VHH22h4, and VHH22h5 Clones Based on Contact Definition

[0425] Name VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3 VHH8h5 / SFNNMA RVAIIFSGGSTA NAGGVWATD CSV18h5 (SEQ ID NO: 130) (SEQ ID NO:131) (SEQ ID NO: 132) VHH19h8 FVASIMWSGGST

[0426] / SIYAMG Y QAEGLGLV

[0427] CSV42h8 (SEQ ID NO: 133) (SEQ ID NO:182) (SEQ ID NO: 135) VHH22h4 AADTIWTTGWS S AANF / SRSAMA FVAGTSWSGSSTY G

[0428] CSV51h4 (SEQ ID NO: 127) (SEQ ID NO: 128) (SEQ ID NO: 129) VHH22h5 AADTIWTTGWS S AANF / SRSAMA FVAGTSWSGSSTY G

[0429]

[0430] CSV51h5 (SEQ ID NO: 127) (SEQ ID NO: 128) (SEQ ID NO: 129)

[0431] Table 7b. VHH CDRs of Humanized VHH8h5, VHH19h8, VHH22h4, and VHH22h5 Clones Based on Chothia Definition

[0432] Name VHH-CDR1 VHH-CDR2 VHH-CDR3

[0433] VHH8h5 / GSISSFN FSGGS GGVWATDY CSV18h5 (SEQ ID NO:113) (SEQ ID NO: 114) (SEQ ID NO: 104) VHH19h8 / GSTFSIY MWSGGS EGLGLVY

[0434] CSV42h8 (SEQ ID NO:115) (SEQ ID NO:116) (SEQ ID NQ:107) VHH22h4 / GRTFSRS SWSGSS DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS

[0435]

[0436] CSV51h4 (SEQ ID NO:111) (SEQ ID NO: 112) (SEQ ID NO:101) Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 VHH22h5 / GRTFSRS SWSGSS DTIWTTGWSSAANFGS

[0437]

[0438] CSV51h5 (SEQ ID NO:111) (SEQ ID NO: 112) (SEQ ID NO:101)

[0439] In some instances, the disclosure provides a binding molecule or polypeptide comprising a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), wherein the VHH comprises:

[0440] (a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47;

[0441] (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:72, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 179, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70;

[0442] (c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;

[0443] (d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 180, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107;

[0444] (e) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:99, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;

[0445] (f) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 121, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 122, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (g) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 123, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 181, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107;

[0446] (h) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 119, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 120, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;

[0447] (i) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 130, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 131, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132;

[0448] (j) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 133, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 182, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 135;

[0449] (k) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 128, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 129;

[0450] (l) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;

[0451] (m) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:115, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107; or

[0452] (n) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101.

[0453] In some instances, the VHHs of this disclosure are not humanized. In some instances, the VHHs are humanized. Humanization may be by, e g. resurfacing / veneering Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 or CDR grafting. Given the high sequence identity of most VHHs with human IGHV3 family a comparison between the human IGHV3 framework sequence (e.g., from IGHV3-23) and the VHH can be used to make amino acid substitutions to replace the camelid amino acid with the amino acid in the corresponding human framework.

[0454] AlphaFold2 and / or NanoNet can, for example, be used as tools to predict a structural model of the VHH from its sequence. See e.g., Vishwakarma et al., Inti. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, 23, 3721 (incorporated by reference herein). iCAN, Llamanade, and / or INDI can also be for assisting with VHH humanization. See, e.g., Zuo et al., BMC Genom., 2017, 18, 797; Sang et al., Structure, 2022, 30, 418-429. e3; Deszynski et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 2022, 50, D1273-D1281 (all of which are incorporated by reference herein). In some instances, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 framework amino acids of the VHH are substituted as a result of humanization. In some instances, full humanization is avoided. In some cases, less than 20, 15, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, or 3 amino acids, or 1 to 25, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 to 2, or 1 amino acids in the VHH framework regions are substituted for humanization. In some cases, 1 to 15 amino acids in the VHH framework regions of the sequences in Table la are substituted for humanization. In some cases, 1 to 10 amino acids in the VHH framework regions of the sequences in Table la are substituted for humanization. In some cases, 1 to 5 amino acids in the VHH framework regions of the sequences in Table la are substituted for humanization. In some instances, one or more of IMGT positions 42, 49, 50, and 52 of the VHH are not humanized. In some instances, one or more of IMGT positions 42 and 52 of the VHH are not humanized. In some instances, one or more of IMGT positions 42, 49, 50, and 52 of the VHH are humanized. In some instances, one or more of IMGT positions 49 and 50 of the VHH are humanized. In some instances, none of IMGT positions 42, 49, 50, and 52 of the VHH are humanized. In some instances, the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 are grafted onto a universal humanized VHH scaffold, h-NbBCII10FGLA. See, e.g., Vincke et al., J. Biol. Chem., 284, 3273-3284 (2009), which is incorporated by reference herein. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, the above VHHs are in a monovalent format. In some instances, the above VHHs are in a bivalent format (e.g., by linking the VHH to a hinge-Ig Fc domain). In some instances, the above VHHs are linked to a hinge-Fc of a human Ig (e.g., IgA, IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4). In some instances, the above VHHs are linked to a hinge from human IgA. In some instances, the above VHHs are linked to a hinge from human IgGl or IgG4. In some instances, the above VHHs comprise a Fc region from human IgGl or human IgG4. In some instances, any of the above VHHs can be linked to a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of human IgGl (SEQ ID NO: 185). In some instances, any of the above VHHs can be linked to a sequence that is identical to the amino acid sequence of human IgGl (SEQ ID NO: 185). In some instances, any of the above VHHs can be linked to a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of human IgG4PAA (SEQ ID NO: 186). In some instances, any of the above VHHs can be linked to a sequence that is identical to the amino acid sequence of human IgG4PAA (SEQ ID NO: 186). In some instances, the human Ig Fc region is modified to e.g., alter (increase or decrease) the effector function and / or to promote heterodimerization. In some instances, the human Ig Fc region is modified to reduce binding to FcyR.

[0455] Bispecific Constructs

[0456] Other binding molecules are also encompassed by this disclosure. For example, the CLDN6-binding VHHs or polypeptides of this disclosure may be part of a bispecific construct (i.e., a construct that binds to two different epitopes). A VHH of this disclosure can be linked to itself or to one or more VHHs of this disclosure. In some instances, a VHH of this disclosure may be linked to a VHH that binds to a different epitope of CLDN6 and / or to one or more other antigens. See, e.g., Verhaar et al., Semin. Immunol., 2021; 52:101425 (incorporated by reference herein). In some instances, a VHH of this disclosure may be linked to an Fab that binds to a different antigen. For example the other antigen may be a T cell antigen, a NK cell antigen, a tumor cell membrane protein, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 a tumor microenvironment target, a ligand, cytokine or chemokine, or immune cell marker.

[0457] In some instances, a VHH of this disclosure may be linked to a VHH that binds to albumin (e.g., human serum albumin). The linker used to join the VHHs preserves the functionality of the different VHH domains. Non-limiting examples of linkers suitable for linking the VHH domains in the polypeptides of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, (GS)n (SEQ ID NO: 279), (GGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 280), (GGGS)n (SEQ ID NO:227), (GGSG)n (SEQ ID NO:228), (GGSGG)n (SEQ ID NO:229), or (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO:230), wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some instances the length of the linker can be about 15 amino acids. In one instance the linker is (G4S)s (SEQ ID NO:231)

[0458] In some instances, the bispecific construct comprises a first VHH of this disclosure (that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno)) linked to a first human Ig hinge-Fc region (e.g., from IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, or IgA) and a second VHH (that binds to a different epitope of CLDN6 than the first VHH, or that specifically binds to a different antigen) linked to a second human Ig hinge-Fc region (e g., from IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, or IgA). In certain instances, the human Ig hinge-Fc region is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of IgG4PAA set forth in SEQ ID NO: 186. In certain instances, the human Ig hinge-Fc region used in the bispecific constructs have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO:186. In certain instances, the Fc region is engineered to promote heterodimerization. This can be done by any method known in the art such as the use of knob-into-hole, electrostatic steering, or any other design strategies for heterodimerization of Fc. See, Ha et al., Front Immunol 2016; 7: 394; Moore et al., Methods, 154:38-50 (2019); WO 2017 / 106462; and Yu et al., Nat Methods, 16, 1095- 1100 (2019) (all incorporated by reference herein). In certain instances, the Fc region is also engineered to improve its therapeutic activity. See e.g., Mimoto et al., Curr Pharm Biotechnol., 2016; 17(15): 1298-1314; Chen et al., Theranostics, 2021; 11(4): 1901-1917; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Delidakis et al., Ann Rev. Biomed Engg., 24:249-2'74 (2022) (all incorporated by reference herein).

[0459] Multispecific Constructs

[0460] Another binding molecule encompassed by this disclosure is a multispecific construct. These multispecific constructs bind to three or more different epitopes. In one instance, three or more different VHHs are linked together. In some instances, one VHH is linked by its C-terminal to the N-terminal of the heavy chain of a whole antibody. In another instance, two VHHs are linked by their C-terminals to the N-terminals of the two heavy chains of a whole antibody. In some cases, the two VHHs are identical. In other cases, the two VHHs are different. In yet another instance, one VHH is linked by its C-terminal to the C-terminal of the heavy chain of a whole antibody. In another instance, two VHHs are linked by their C-terminals to the C-terminals of the two heavy chains of a whole antibody. In some cases, the two VHHs are identical. In other cases, the two VHHs are different. In some instances, a multispecific construct is based on a bispecific construct described above, wherein the bispecific construct is conjugated at the C-terminal of one or both of its heavy chains to one or two VHHs. The C-terminally conjugated VHH or VHHs can bind to a different epitope than the VHHs of the bispecific construct. In certain instances, the multivalent construct includes a first binding domain that binds to CLDN6 and a second binding domain (e.g., VHH, scFv, Fab) that binds to a different antigen, and a third binding domain (e g., VHH, scFv, Fab) that binds to yet another antigen. In all of the above instances, at least one antigen binding domain specifically binds to human CLDN6 or human and cyno CLDN6.

[0461] Chimeric Antigen Receptors

[0462] Also encompassed by this disclosure are chimeric antigen receptors that include one or more VHHs described herein. A typical chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) includes four domains, each of which serves a distinct purpose; the antigen recognition domain at the exterior of the cell is responsible for antigen recognition, the hinge

[0463] region and transmembrane domain provides stability whereas, the intracellular domain in Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 the endodomain of the receptor plays a crucial role in transmitting signals to activate the effector function of CAR T or NK cells. CARs of the present disclosure may comprise an antigen binding domain (e.g., CLDN6-binding VHH), a hinge domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. In some instances, the CARs comprise an antigen binding domain, a spacer domain, a transmembrane domain, a costimulatory domain, and a signaling domain. In one instance, the CAR comprises a VHH of this disclosure that specifically binds to CLDN6 (human or human and cyno), a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an endodomain. Any hinge region, transmembrane domain, and endodomain that are employed in CARs can be used. See e.g., Ahmad et al., Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis, Vol. 4, 100035 (2022); Feins et al., Am. J Hemaol., 94, SLS3-S9, 2019; Hajari et al., IUBMB Life 71(2019) 1259-1267; DeMunter et al., Int J Mol Sci 19(2018) 1-11; Xie et al., PNAS 116 (2019): 7624-7631; Xie et al., Cancer Immunol. Res. 8(2020) 518-530 (all incorporated by reference herein). In some cases, the hinge region is from CD8, CD28, IgGl or IgG4. In instances where the hinge is from IgGl or IgG4 mutations may be introduced into those sequences to reduce FcyR binding. In some cases, the transmembrane domain is from CD3, CD4, CD8a, or CD28. In certain cases, the intracellular signaling domain is from CD28, 4- IBB, ICOs, CD27, MyD88 plus CD40, or 0X40. In one instance, a VHH that specifically binds to CLDN6 is linked to CD28 and CD137 signaling domains and CD3 (anti-CLDN6 VHH-28-137-3Q. See, e.g, Huang et al., J Biomed Res. 2022 Jan, 36(1). 10-21 (incorporated by reference herein). In another instance, a VHH that specifically binds human CLDN6 is linked to the hinge spacer and the transmembrane region of CD8, and the t^-chain of the T-cell receptor / CD3 complex in tandem with the CD28 co-stimulatory signal transducer module. This disclosure also features T cells comprising such CARs. This disclosure also features NK cells comprising such CARs. See, You et al., Am J Cancer Res 9(2019) 64-78; Hambach et al., Cells, 9 (2020) 1-14 (both incorporated by reference herein). In some instances, the T cells and NK cells are from the human subject being treated.

[0464] In some aspects, the antigen binding domain (e.g., anti-CLDN6 VHH) may be operably linked to another domain of the CAR, such as the hinge domain, the Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 transmembrane domain and / or the intracellular domain, both described elsewhere herein, for expression in an immune cell (e.g., a T cell). In some aspects, a first nucleic acid sequence encoding the antigen binding domain (e.g., anti-CLDN6 VHH) is operably linked to a second nucleic acid encoding a hinge and transmembrane domain, and further operably linked to a third a nucleic acid sequence encoding an intracellular domain. In some cases, the nucleic acid is mRNA.

[0465] Conjugates

[0466] The polypeptides, binding molecules, and VHHs of this disclosure can be fused, linked, or conjugated to other moieties. These moieties may be for detection or purification, or to add another therapeutic agent, radionuclide, or toxin to the polypeptides, binding molecules, and VHHs. In certain instances, the moiety is linked or conjugated to the C-terminal of the polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH. In some instances, the linker can be any of the Gly Ser linkers discussed above (e.g., (G4S)s (SEQ ID NO:231)) or the natural hinge of human IgA. In some instances a radionuclide may be directly conjugated to the polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH, or conjugated via a small chelator.

[0467] In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a detection or purification tag. In some instances, the tag moiety is His6 (SEQ ID NO:232), c-myc, hemagglutinin (HA), Flag, headlock tag, C-tag, ALFA tag, Avi tag, alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase. In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a fluorophore (GFP, RFP). In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a drug. In some instances a tumor targeted drug / therapy is conjugated to the polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH of this disclosure to create an ADC. ADCs exploit the targeted efficiency of antibodies combined with the action of the cytotoxic payload conjugated to it. This results in specific targeting of cancer cells and thus lessens off-target side effects. The payload can be any drug that kills or inhibits the growth of the cancer that is being targeted. In some instances, the payload is multikinase inhibitor 178 or Mertansine (DM1). In some Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a photosensitizer. In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a nanoparticle (e.g., liposomes, micelles, albumin-based NPs, polymer based polymerosomes). In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a toxic agent. In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a radionuclide (e.g.,89Zr,68 / 67Ga,18F,99mTc). In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a VHH, a Fab, a scFv, or a whole antibody. In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a multimerization module (e.g. dimerization, trimerization, tetramerization, or pentamerization module). See e g., Sadeghnezhad, G. et al., Int J Mol Sci., 20, 4818, 2019; Zhang et al., J. Mol Biol., 335, 49-56, 2004 (both incorporated by reference herein). In some cases, the dimerization module is a human Ig hinge-Fc domain (e.g., from IgGl, IgG4, IgA). In some cases, the dimerization module is IgGl (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 185). In other cases, the dimerization module is IgG4PAA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 186). In some cases, the trimerization module, is e g. a collagen trimerization moiety, particularly a human collagen moiety, and a lung surfactant protein D moiety. In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a moiety that facilitates the polypeptide crossing the blood brain barrier (e.g., antitransferrin antibody, FC5, FC44, a VHH that binds 1GF-1R, VHHs E9, ni3a, and pa2H). In some instances, a polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is linked to a half-life extension moiety (e.g., PEG (linear and branched), human serum albumin, a VHH that binds human serum albumin, PASylation (PA600), human Ig Fc).

[0468] Methods of Making and Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0469] The disclosure provides a nucleic acid or nucleic acids that encode the polypeptides, binding molecules, and VHHs of this disclosure. The nucleic acid may be DNA or mRNA. The nucleic acid may be modified. The coding sequence may be modified to take into account the preferred codon usage of the expression host. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Also provided are vectors that comprise the above nucleic acids. In some instances, the vector is an expression vector. In other instances, the vector is a viral vector.

[0470] Also provided are host cells that comprise the nucleic acid or vectors above. In some instances, the host cells are bacterial cells, yeast cells, insect cells, or mammalian cells. In some instances, the host cell is E. coli. In some instances, the host cell is Pichia pastoris or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some instances, the host cell is a CHO cell, a COS cell, a HEK293T cell, or aNIH3T3 cell.

[0471] The disclosure also features methods of making the polypeptides, binding molecules, or VHHs described herein. The method involves culturing the host cell under conditions that promote the expression of the polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH. In some instances, the polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is purified. In certain instances, the polypeptide, binding molecule, or VHH is formulated as a sterile pharmaceutical composition.

[0472] Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polypeptides, binding molecules, or VHHs described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some instances, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is phosphate buffered saline. In some instances, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is sterile distilled water.

[0473] mRNA Constructs

[0474] In some aspects, the polynucleotides disclosed herein are or function as a messenger RNA (mRNA). As used herein, the term “messenger RNA” (mRNA) refers to any polynucleotide which encodes at least one peptide or polypeptide of interest and which is capable of being translated to produce the encoded peptide polypeptide of interest in vitro, in vivo, in situ or ex vivo.

[0475] The disclosure features an mRNA comprising an ORF encoding any of the polypeptides described above. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some aspects, provided is a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA comprising: (i) a 5' UTR; (ii) an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide, VHH, bispecific antibody, multispecific antibody, or CLDN6 binding CAR described herein; (iii) a stop codon; and (iv) a 3' UTR. In certain instances, the mRNA can include a 5 ’-cap. In certain instances, the mRNA can also include a poly A region.

[0476] The disclosure features compositions including an mRNA encoding a polypeptide described herein (e.g., an anti-CLDN6 VHH, a polypeptide comprising an anti-CLDN6 VHH, a bivalent anti-CLDN6 VHH-IgG4PAA, a bispecific antibody comprising an anti-CLDN6 VHH, a multispecific antibody comprising an anti-CDLN6 VHH, a CAR comprising an anti-CLDN6 VHH). In one instance, the mRNAs include (i) a 5’-cap structure; (ii) a 5 ’-UTR; (iii) an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide described herein; (iv) a 3 ’-untranslated region (3 ’-UTR); and (v) a poly A region.

[0477] mRNA: 5 ’-cap

[0478] The 5 '-cap structure of an mRNA is involved in nuclear export, increasing mRNA stability and binds the mRNA Cap Binding Protein (CBP), which is responsible for mRNA stability in the cell and translation competency through the association of CBP with poly A binding protein to form the mature cyclic mRNA species. The cap further assists the removal of 5' proximal introns removal during mRNA splicing.

[0479] mRNA molecules may be 5 '-end capped generating a 5 '-ppp-5 '-triphosphate linkage between a terminal guanosine cap residue and the 5 '-terminal transcribed sense nucleotide of the mRNA. This 5 '-guanylate cap may then be methylated to generate an N7-methyl-guanylate residue. The ribose sugars of the terminal and / or anteterminal transcribed nucleotides of the 5' end of the mRNA may optionally also be 2'-O-methylated. 5 '-decapping through hydrolysis and cleavage of the guanylate cap structure may target a nucleic acid molecule, such as an mRNA molecule, for degradation.

[0480] Alterations to the nucleic acids of the present disclosure may generate a non-hydrolyzable cap structure preventing decapping and thus increasing mRNA half-life. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Because cap structure hydrolysis requires cleavage of 5 '-ppp-5' phosphorodiester linkages, alternative nucleotides may be used during the capping reaction. For example, a Vaccinia Capping Enzyme from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA) may be used with a-thio-guanosine nucleotides according to the manufacturer’s instructions to create a phosphorothioate linkage in the 5 '-ppp-5' cap. Additional alternative guanosine nucleotides may be used such as a-methyl-phosphonate and seleno-phosphate nucleotides.

[0481] Additional alterations include, but are not limited to, 2'-O-methylation of the ribose sugars of 5 '-terminal and / or 5'-anteterminal nucleotides of the mRNA (as mentioned above) on the 2'-hydroxyl group of the sugar ring. Multiple distinct 5'-cap structures can be used to generate the 5 '-cap of a nucleic acid molecule, such as an mRNA molecule.

[0482] 5 ’-cap structures include those described in International Patent Publication Nos. WO2008 / 127688, W02008 / 016473, and WO2011 / 015347, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0483] Cap analogs, which herein are also referred to as synthetic cap analogs, chemical caps, chemical cap analogs, or structural or functional cap analogs, differ from natural (z.e., endogenous, wild-type or physiological) 5'-caps in their chemical structure, while retaining cap function. Cap analogs may be chemically (i.e., non-enzymatically) or enzymatically synthesized and / linked to a nucleic acid molecule.

[0484] For example, the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap contains two guanosines linked by a 5 '-5 '-triphosphate group, wherein one guanosine contains an N7 methyl group as well as a 3'-O-methyl group (i.e., N7,3'-O-dimethyl-guanosine-5 '-triphosphate-5 '-guanosine (m7G-3’mppp-G; which may equivalently be designated 3' O-Me-m7G(5')ppp(5')G)). The 3'-0 atom of the other, unaltered, guanosine becomes linked to the 5 '-terminal nucleotide of the capped nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an mRNA or Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 mmRNA). The N7- and 3'-O-methlyated guanosine provides the terminal moiety of the capped nucleic acid molecule (e.g., mRNA or mmRNA).

[0485] Another exemplary cap is mCAP, which is similar to ARCA but has a 2'-O-methyl group on guanosine (i.e., N7,2'-O-dimethyl-guanosine-5'-triphosphate-5'-guanosine, m7Gm-ppp-G).

[0486] In some instances, the cap is a dinucleotide cap analog. As a non-limiting example, the dinucleotide cap analog may be modified at different phosphate positions with a boranophosphate group or a phophoroselenoate group such as the dinucleotide cap analogs described in US Patent No. US 8,519, 110, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0487] In some instances, the cap analog is aN7-(4-chlorophenoxyethyl) substituted dicnucleotide form of a cap analog known in the art and / or described herein. Nonlimiting examples of a N7-(4-chlorophenoxy ethyl) substituted dinucleotide form of a cap analog include a N7-(4-chlorophenoxyethyl)-G(5’)ppp(5’)G and a N7-(4-chlorophenoxyethyl)-m3’°G(5’)ppp(5’)G cap analog (see, e.g., the various cap analogs and the methods of synthesizing cap analogs described in Kore et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 21:4570-4574 (2013); the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). In some instances, a cap analog of the present disclosure is a 4-chloro / bromophenoxyethyl analog.

[0488] While cap analogs allow for the concomitant capping of a nucleic acid molecule in an in vitro transcription reaction, up to 20% of transcripts remain uncapped. This, as well as the structural differences of a cap analog from endogenous 5 '-cap structures of nucleic acids produced by the endogenous, cellular transcription machinery, may lead to reduced translational competency and reduced cellular stability.

[0489] Nucleic acids of the disclosure (e.g., mRNAs of the disclosure) may also be capped post-transcriptionally, using enzymes. 5’ cap structures produced by enzymatic capping may enhance binding of cap binding proteins, increase half-life, reduce Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 susceptibility to 5' endonucleases and / or reduce 5' decapping, as compared to synthetic 5 '-cap structures known in the art (or to a wild-type, natural or physiological 5 '-cap structure). For example, recombinant Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and recombinant 2 '-O-m ethyltransferase enzyme can create a canonical 5 '-5 '-triphosphate linkage between the 5 '-terminal nucleotide of an mRNA and a guanosine cap nucleotide wherein the cap guanosine contains anN7 methylation and the 5 '-terminal nucleotide of the mRNA contains a 2'-O-methyl. Such a structure is termed the Capl structure. This cap results in a higher translational -competency and cellular stability and a reduced activation of cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines, as compared, e.g., to other 5 'cap analog structures known in the art. Cap structures include 7mG(5')ppp(5')N,pN2p (cap 0), 7mG(5')ppp(5')NlmpNp (cap 1), 7mG(5')-ppp(5')NlmpN2mp (cap 2), and m(7)Gpppm(3)(6,6,2')Apm(2')Apm(2')Cpm(2)(3,2')Up (cap 4). In one instance, the 5’ terminal cap comprises m7GpppGm.

[0490] 5' terminal caps may include endogenous caps or cap analogs. A 5' terminal cap may include a guanosine analog. Useful guanosine analogs include inosine, N1 -methylguanosine, 2'-fluoro-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 2-amino-guanosine, LNA-guanosine, and 2-azido-guanosine.

[0491] In some instances, the nucleic acids described herein may contain a modified 5’-cap. A modification on the 5 ’-cap may increase the stability of mRNA, increase the halflife of the mRNA, and could increase the mRNA translational efficiency. The modified 5 ’-cap may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following modifications: modification at the 2’ and / or 3’ position of a capped guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a replacement of the sugar ring oxygen (that produced the carbocyclic ring) with a methylene moiety (CH2), a modification at the triphosphate bridge moiety of the cap structure, or a modification at the nucleobase (G) moiety.

[0492] Untranslated Regions (UTRs) Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Untranslated regions (UTRs) are nucleic acid sections of a polynucleotide before a start codon (5' UTR) and after a stop codon (31UTR) that are not translated. In some instances, a polynucleotide (e.g., a ribonucleic acid (RNA), e.g., a messenger RNA (mRNA)) of the disclosure comprising an open reading frame (ORF) encoding an antibody further comprises UTR (e.g., a 5 'UTR or functional fragment thereof, a 3'UTR or functional fragment thereof, or a combination thereof).

[0493] Translation of a polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide can be controlled and regulated by a variety of mechanisms that are provided by various cis-acting nucleic acid structures. For example, naturally-occurring, cis-acting RNA elements that form hairpins or other higher-order (e.g., pseudoknot) intramolecular mRNA secondary structures can provide a translational regulatory activity to a polynucleotide, wherein the RNA element influences or modulates the initiation of polynucleotide translation, particularly when the RNA element is positioned in the 5' UTR close to the 5’-cap structure (Pelletier and Sonenberg (1985) Cell 40(3):515-526; Kozak (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci 83:2850-2854).

[0494] Cis-acting RNA elements can also affect translation elongation, being involved in numerous frameshifting events (Namy et al., (2004) Mol Cell 13(2): 157-168). Internal ribosome entry sequences (IRES) represent another type of cis-acting RNA element that are typically located in 5' UTRs, but have also been reported to be found within the coding region of naturally-occurring mRNAs (Holcik et al. (2000) Trends Genet 16(10):469-473). In cellular mRNAs, IRES often coexist with the 5'-cap structure and provide mRNAs with the functional capacity to be translated under conditions in which cap-dependent translation is compromised (Gebauer et al., (2012) Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4(7):a012245). Another type of naturally-occurring cis-acting RNA element comprises upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Naturally-occurring uORFs occur singularly or multiply within the 5' UTRs of numerous mRNAs and influence the translation of the downstream major ORF, usually negatively (with the notable exception of GCN4 mRNA in yeast and ATF4 mRNA in mammals, where uORFs serve to promote the translation of the downstream major ORF under conditions of increased eIF2 Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 phosphorylation (Hinnebusch (2005) Annu Rev Microbiol 59:407-450)). Additional exemplary translational regulatory activities provided by components, structures, elements, motifs, and / or specific sequences comprising polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) include, but are not limited to, mRNA stabilization or destabilization (Baker & Parker (2004) Curr Opin Cell Biol 16(3):293-299), translational activation (Villalba et al., (2011) Curr Opin Genet Dev 21(4):452-457), and translational repression (Blumer et al., (2002) Meeh Dev 110( 1 -2):97- 112). Studies have shown that naturally-occurring, cisacting RNA elements can confer their respective functions when used to modify, by incorporation into, heterologous polynucleotides (Goldberg-Cohen et al., (2002) J Biol Chem 277(16): 13635-13640).

[0495] The present disclosure provides synthetic polynucleotides comprising a modification (e.g., an RNA element), wherein the modification provides a desired translational regulatory activity. In some instances, the disclosure provides a polynucleotide comprising a 5’ untranslated region (UTR), an initiation codon, a full open reading frame encoding a polypeptide, a 3’ UTR, and at least one modification, wherein the at least one modification provides a desired translational regulatory activity, for example, a modification that promotes and / or enhances the translational fidelity of mRNA translation. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is a cis-acting regulatory activity. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is an increase in the residence time of the 43 S pre-initiation complex (PIC) or ribosome at, or proximal to, the initiation codon. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is an increase in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis at or from the initiation codon. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is an increase in the amount of polypeptide translated from the full open reading frame. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is an increase in the fidelity of initiation codon decoding by the PIC or ribosome. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is inhibition or reduction of leaky scanning by the PIC or ribosome. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is a decrease in the rate of decoding the initiation codon by the PIC or ribosome. In some Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is inhibition or reduction in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis at any codon within the mRNA other than the initiation codon. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is inhibition or reduction of the amount of polypeptide translated from any open reading frame within the mRNA other than the full open reading frame. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is inhibition or reduction in the production of aberrant translation products. In some instances, the desired translational regulatory activity is a combination of one or more of the foregoing translational regulatory activities.

[0496] Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide, e.g., an mRNA, comprising an RNA element that comprises a sequence and / or an RNA secondary structure(s) that provides a desired translational regulatory activity as described herein. In some aspects, the mRNA comprises an RNA element that comprises a sequence and / or an RNA secondary structure(s) that promotes and / or enhances the translational fidelity of mRNA translation. In some aspects, the mRNA comprises an RNA element that comprises a sequence and / or an RNA secondary structure(s) that provides a desired translational regulatory activity, such as inhibiting and / or reducing leaky scanning. In some aspects, the disclosure provides an mRNA that comprises an RNA element that comprises a sequence and / or an RNA secondary structure(s) that inhibits and / or reduces leaky scanning thereby promoting the translational fidelity of the mRNA.

[0497] In some instances, the RNA element comprises natural and / or modified nucleotides. In some instances, the RNA element comprises of a sequence of linked nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof that provides a desired translational regulatory activity as described herein. In some instances, the RNA element comprises a sequence of linked nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof that forms or folds into a stable RNA secondary structure, wherein the RNA secondary structure provides a desired translational regulatory activity as described herein. RNA elements can be identified and / or characterized based on the primary sequence of the element (eg., GC-rich element), by RNA secondary structure formed by the element (e.g. stem-loop), by the location of the element within the RNA molecule (e.g., located within the 5’ UTR of an Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 mRNA), by the biological function and / or activity of the element (e.g., “translational enhancer element”), and any combination thereof.

[0498] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an mRNA having one or more structural modifications that inhibits leaky scanning and / or promotes the translational fidelity of mRNA translation, wherein at least one of the structural modifications is a GC-rich RNA element. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element comprising a sequence of linked nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof, preceding a Kozak consensus sequence in a 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In one embodiment, the GC-rich RNA element is located about 30, about 25, about 20, about 15, about 10, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1 nucleotide(s) upstream of a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In another embodiment, the GC-rich RNA element is located 15-30, 15-20, 15-25, 10-15, or 5-10 nucleotides upstream of a Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the GC-rich RNA element is located immediately adjacent to a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA.

[0499] In any of the foregoing or related aspects, the disclosure provides a GC-rich RNA element which comprises a sequence of 3-30, 5-25, 10-20, 15-20, about 20, about 15, about 12, about 10, about 7, about 6 or about 3 nucleotides, derivatives or analogs thereof, linked in any order, wherein the sequence composition is 70-80% cytosine, 60-70% cytosine, 50%-60% cytosine, 40-50% cytosine, 30-40% cytosine bases. In any of the foregoing or related aspects, the disclosure provides a GC-rich RNA element which comprises a sequence of 3-30, 5-25, 10-20, 15-20, about 20, about 15, about 12, about 10, about 7, about 6 or about 3 nucleotides, derivatives or analogs thereof, linked in any order, wherein the sequence composition is about 80% cytosine, about 70% cytosine, about 60% cytosine, about 50% cytosine, about 40% cytosine, or about 30% cytosine.

[0500] In any of the foregoing or related aspects, the disclosure provides a GC-rich RNA element which comprises a sequence of 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, or 3 nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof, linked in any order, wherein Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 the sequence composition is 70-80% cytosine, 60-70% cytosine, 50%-60% cytosine, 40-50% cytosine, or 30-40% cytosine. In any of the foregoing or related aspects, the disclosure provides a GC-rich RNA element which comprises a sequence of 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, or 3 nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof, linked in any order, wherein the sequence composition is about 80% cytosine, about 70% cytosine, about 60% cytosine, about 50% cytosine, about 40% cytosine, or about 30% cytosine.

[0501] In some instances, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element comprising a sequence of linked nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof, preceding a Kozak consensus sequence in a 5’ UTR of the mRNA, wherein the GC-rich RNA element is located about 30, about 25, about 20, about 15, about 10, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1 nucleotide(s) upstream of a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA, and wherein the GC-rich RNA element comprises a sequence of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof, linked in any order, wherein the sequence composition is >50% cytosine. In some instances, the sequence composition is >55% cytosine, >60% cytosine, >65% cytosine, >70% cytosine, >75% cytosine, >80% cytosine, >85% cytosine, or >90% cytosine.

[0502] In other aspects, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element comprising a sequence of linked nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof, preceding a Kozak consensus sequence in a 5’ UTR of the mRNA, wherein the GC-rich RNA element is located about 30, about 25, about 20, about 15, about 10, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1 nucleotide(s) upstream of a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA, and wherein the GC-rich RNA element comprises a sequence of about 3-30, 5-25, 10-20, 15-20 or about 20, about 15, about 12, about 10, about 6 or about 3 nucleotides, or derivatives or analogues thereof, wherein the sequence comprises a repeating GC-motif, wherein the repeating GC -motif is [CCG]n, wherein n = 1 to 10 Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (SEQ ID NO: 281), n= 2 to 8, n= 3 to 6, or n= 4 to 5. In some instances, the sequence comprises a repeating GC-motif [CCG]n, wherein n = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 282). In some instances, the sequence comprises a repeating GC-motif [CCG]n, wherein n = 1, 2, or 3. In some instances, the sequence comprises a repeating GC-motif [CCG]n, wherein n = 1. In some instances, the sequence comprises a repeating GC-motif [CCG]n, wherein n = 2. In some instances, the sequence comprises a repeating GC-motif [CCG]n, wherein n = 3. In some instances, the sequence comprises a repeating GC-motif [CCG]n, wherein n = 4 (SEQ ID NO: 283). In some instances, the sequence comprises a repeating GC-motif [CCG]n, wherein n = 5 (SEQ ID NO: 284).

[0503] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element comprising a sequence of linked nucleotides, or derivatives or analogs thereof, preceding a Kozak consensus sequence in a 5’ UTR of the mRNA, wherein the GC-rich RNA element comprises any one of the sequences set forth in Table 8. In one embodiment, the GC-rich RNA element is located about 30, about 25, about 20, about 15, about 10, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or about 1 nucleotide(s) upstream of a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In another embodiment, the GC-rich RNA element is located about 15-30, 15-20, 15-25, 10-15, or 5-10 nucleotides upstream of a Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the GC-rich RNA element is located immediately adjacent to a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA.

[0504] In other aspects, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element comprising the sequence VI [CCCCGGCGCC (SEQ ID NO:233)] as set forth in Table 8, or derivatives or analogs thereof, preceding a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In some instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence VI as set forth in Table 8 located immediately adjacent to and upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In some instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence VI as set forth in Table 8 located 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 bases upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In other Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence VI as set forth in Table 8 located 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 9-12, or 12-15 bases upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA.

[0505] In other aspects, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element comprising the sequence V2 [CCCCGGC] as set forth in Table 8, or derivatives or analogs thereof, preceding a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In some instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence V2 as set forth in Table 8 located immediately adjacent to and upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In some instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence V2 as set forth in Table 8 located 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 bases upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In other instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence V2 as set forth in Table 8 located 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 9-12, or 12-15 bases upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA.

[0506] In other aspects, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element comprising the sequence EK [GCCGCC] as set forth in Table 8, or derivatives or analogs thereof, preceding a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In some instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence EK as set forth in Table 8 located immediately adjacent to and upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In some instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence EK as set forth in Table 8 located 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 bases upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA. In other instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence EK as set forth in Table 8 located 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 9-12, or 12-15 bases upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA.

[0507] In yet other aspects, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element comprising the sequence VI [CCCCGGCGCC (SEQ ID NO: 233)] as set forth in Table Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 8, or derivatives or analogs thereof, preceding a Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA, wherein the 5’ UTR comprises the following sequence shown in Table 8: GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGA (SEQ ID NO: 236). The skilled artisan will of course recognize that all Us in the RNA sequences described herein will be Ts in a corresponding template DNA sequence, for example, in DNA templates or constructs from which mRNAs of the disclosure are transcribed, e.g., via in vitro translation (IVT).

[0508] In some instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence VI as set forth in Table 8 located immediately adjacent to and upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR sequence shown in Table 8. In some instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence VI as set forth in Table 8 located 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 bases upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA, wherein the 5’ UTR comprises the following sequence shown in Table 8:

[0509] GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGA (SEQ ID NO: 236).

[0510] In other instances, the GC-rich element comprises the sequence VI as set forth in Table 8 located 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 9-12, or 12-15 bases upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence in the 5’ UTR of the mRNA, wherein the 5’ UTR comprises the following sequence shown in Table 8:

[0511] GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGA (SEQ ID NO: 236).

[0512] In some instances, the 5’ UTR comprises the following sequence set forth in Table 8:

[0513] GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGACCCCGGCGC CGCCACC (SEQ ID NO: 237)

[0514] Table 8

[0515] 5’ UTRs 5' UTR Sequence

[0516]

[0517] Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0518] GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAG

[0519] Standard

[0520] AAAUAUAAGAGCCACC (SEQ ID NO:238) GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAG AAAUAUAAGACCCCGGCGCCGCCACC (SEQ ID Vl-UTR

[0521] NO: 237) GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAG AAAUAUAAGACCCCGGCGCCACC (SEQ ID NO: V2-UTR

[0522] 239)

[0523] GC-Rich RNA Elements Sequence

[0524] K0 (Traditional Kozak consensus) [GCCA / GCC]

[0525] EK [GCCGCC]

[0526] VI [CCCCGGCGCC] (SEQ ID NO:233)

[0527] V2 [CCCCGGC]

[0528] (CCG)n, where n=l-10 [CCG]n(SEQ ID NO: 281)

[0529] (GCC)n, where n=l-10 [GCC]n(SEQ ID NO: 285)

[0530]

[0531] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a modified mRNA comprising at least one modification, wherein at least one modification is a GC-rich RNA element

[0532] comprising a stable RNA secondary structure comprising a sequence of nucleotides, or

[0533] 5 derivatives or analogs thereof, linked in an order which forms a hairpin or a stem-loop.

[0534] In one embodiment, the stable RNA secondary structure is upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the stable RNA secondary structure is

[0535] located about 30, about 25, about 20, about 15, about 10, or about 5 nucleotides upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the stable RNA secondary w structure is located about 20, about 15, about 10 or about 5 nucleotides upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the stable RNA secondary structure Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 is located about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, about 1 nucleotides upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the stable RNA secondary structure is located about 15-30, about 15-20, about 15-25, about 10-15, or about 5-10 nucleotides upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the stable RNA secondary structure is located 12-15 nucleotides upstream of the Kozak consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the stable RNA secondary structure has a deltaG of about -30 kcal / mol, about -20 to -30 kcal / mol, about -20 kcal / mol, about -10 to -20 kcal / mol, about -10 kcal / mol, about -5 to -10 kcal / mol.

[0536] In another embodiment, the modification is operably linked to an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide and wherein the modification and the open reading frame are heterologous.

[0537] In another embodiment, the sequence of the GC-rich RNA element is comprised exclusively of guanine (G) and cytosine (C) nucleobases.

[0538] RNA elements that provide a desired translational regulatory activity as described herein can be identified and characterized using known techniques, such as ribosome profiling. Ribosome profiling is a technique that allows the determination of the positions of PICs and / or ribosomes bound to mRNAs (see e.g., Ingolia et al., (2009) Science 324(5924):218-23, incorporated herein by reference). The technique is based on protecting a region or segment of mRNA, by the PIC and / or ribosome, from nuclease digestion. Protection results in the generation of a 30-bp fragment of RNA termed a ‘footprint’. The sequence and frequency of RNA footprints can be analyzed by methods known in the art (e.g., RNA-seq). The footprint is roughly centered on the A-site of the ribosome. If the PIC or ribosome dwells at a particular position or location along an mRNA, footprints generated at these position would be relatively common. Studies have shown that more footprints are generated at positions where the PIC and / or ribosome exhibits decreased processivity and fewer footprints where the PIC and / or ribosome exhibits increased processivity (Gardin et al., (2014) eLife 3:e03735). In some instances, residence time or the time of occupancy of the PIC or ribosome at a discrete position or Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 location along an polynucleotide comprising any one or more of the RNA elements described herein is determined by ribosome profiling.

[0539] A UTR can be homologous or heterologous to the coding region in a polynucleotide. In some instances, the UTR is homologous to the ORF encoding the antibody. In some instances, the UTR is heterologous to the ORF encoding the antibody. In some instances, the polynucleotide comprises two or more 5'UTRs or functional fragments thereof, each of which have the same or different nucleotide sequences. In some instances, the polynucleotide comprises two or more 3'UTRs or functional fragments thereof, each of which have the same or different nucleotide sequences.

[0540] In some instances, the 5 'UTR or functional fragment thereof, 3' UTR or functional fragment thereof, or any combination thereof is sequence optimized.

[0541] In some instances, the 5 'UTR or functional fragment thereof, 3' UTR or functional fragment thereof, or any combination thereof comprises at least one chemically modified nucleobase, e.g., N1 methylpseudouracil or 5 -methoxyuracil. In some instances, all the uracils of the 5’UTR and 3 ’UTR are N1 methylpseudouracils.

[0542] UTRs can have features that provide a regulatory role, e.g., increased or decreased stability, localization and / or translation efficiency. A polynucleotide comprising a UTR can be administered to a cell, tissue, or organism, and one or more regulatory features can be measured using routine methods. In some instances, a functional fragment of a 5UTR or 3'UTR comprises one or more regulatory features of a full length 5' or 3' UTR, respectively.

[0543] Natural 5UTRs bear features that play roles in translation initiation. They harbor signatures like Kozak sequences that are commonly known to be involved in the process by which the ribosome initiates translation of many genes. Kozak sequences have the consensus CCR(A / G)CCAUGG, where R is a purine (adenine or guanine) three bases upstream of the start codon (AUG), which is followed by another 'G. 5UTRs also have been known to form secondary structures that are involved in elongation factor binding. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 By engineering the features typically found in abundantly expressed genes of specific target organs, one can enhance the stability and protein production of a polynucleotide. For example, introduction of 5'UTR of liver-expressed mRNA, such as albumin, serum amyloid A, Apolipoprotein A / B / E, transferrin, alpha fetoprotein, erythropoietin, or antibody, can enhance expression of polynucleotides in hepatic cell lines or liver. Likewise, use of 5'UTR from other tissue-specific mRNA to improve expression in that tissue is possible for muscle (e.g., MyoD, Myosin, Myoglobin, Myogenin, Herculin), for endothelial cells (e.g., Tie-1, CD36), for myeloid cells (e.g., C / EBP, AML1, G-CSF, GM-CSF, CDllb, MSR, Fr-1, i-NOS), for leukocytes (e.g., CD45, CD18), for adipose tissue (e.g., CD36, GLUT4, ACRP30, adiponectin) and for lung epithelial cells (e.g., SP-A / B / C / D).

[0544] In some instances, UTRs are selected from a family of transcripts whose proteins share a common function, structure, feature or property. For example, an encoded polypeptide can belong to a family of proteins (i.e., that share at least one function, structure, feature, localization, origin, or expression pattern), which are expressed in a particular cell, tissue or at some time during development. The UTRs from any of the genes or mRNA can be swapped for any other UTR of the same or different family of proteins to create a new polynucleotide.

[0545] In some instances, the 5’UTR and the 3 ’UTR can be heterologous. In some instances, the 5'UTR can be derived from a different species than the 3'UTR. In some instances, the 3'UTR can be derived from a different species than the 5'UTR.

[0546] Co-owned International Patent Application No. PCT / US2014 / 021522 (Publ. No. WO / 2014 / 164253, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) provides a listing of exemplary UTRs that can be utilized in the polynucleotide of the present disclosure as flanking regions to an ORF.

[0547] Exemplary UTRs of the application include, but are not limited to, one or more 5 TR and / or 3UTR derived from the nucleic acid sequence of: a globin, such as an ctor P-globin (e.g., aXenopus, mouse, rabbit, or human globin); a strong Kozak Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 translational initiation signal; a CYBA (e.g., human cytochrome b-245 a polypeptide); an albumin (e.g., human albumin?); aHSD17B4 (hydroxysteroid (17-0) dehydrogenase); a virus (e.g., a tobacco etch virus (TEV), a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), a Dengue virus, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) (e.g., CMV immediate early 1 (IE1)), a hepatitis virus (e.g., hepatitis B virus), a sindbis virus, or a PAV barley yellow dwarf virus); a heat shock protein (e.g., hsp70); a translation initiation factor (e.g., elF4G); a glucose transporter (e.g., hGLUTl (human glucose transporter 1)); an actin (e.g., human a or 0 actin); a GAPDH; a tubulin; a histone; a citric acid cycle enzyme; a topoisomerase (e.g., a 5'UTR of a TOP gene lacking the 5' TOP motif (the oligopyrimidine tract)); a ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32); a ribosomal protein (e.g., human or mouse ribosomal protein, such as, for example, rps9); an ATP synthase (e.g., ATP5A1 or the 0 subunit of mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase); a growth hormone e (e.g., bovine (bGH) or human (hGH)); an elongation factor (e.g., elongation factor 1 al (EEF1 Al)); a manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD); a myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A); a 0-F1-ATPase, a creatine kinase, a myoglobin, a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF); a collagen (e.g., collagen type I, alpha 2 (CollA2), collagen type I, alpha 1 (Coll Al), collagen type VI, alpha 2 (Col6A2), collagen type VI, alpha 1 (C0I6AI)); a ribophorin (e.g., ribophorin 1 (RPN1)); a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (e.g., LRP1); a cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor (e.g., Nntl); calreticulin (Calr); a procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 (Plodl); and a nucleobindin (e.g., Nucbl).

[0548] In some instances, the 5'UTR is selected from the group consisting of a 0-globin 5’UTR; a 5'UTR containing a strong Kozak translational initiation signal; a cytochrome b-245 a polypeptide (CYBA) 5’UTR; a hydroxysteroid (17-0) dehydrogenase (HSD17B4) 5’UTR; a Tobacco etch virus (TEV) 5'UTR; a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) 5'UTR; a 5' proximal open reading frame of rubella virus (RV) RNA encoding nonstructural proteins; a Dengue virus (DEN) 5'UTR; a heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) 5'UTR; a e! F4G 5'UTR; a GLUT1 5'UTR; functional fragments thereof and any combination thereof. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, the 3'UTR is selected from the group consisting of a P-globin 3’UTR; a CYBA 3'UTR; an albumin 3'UTR; a growth hormone (GH) 3'UTR; a VEEV 3'UTR; a hepatitis B virus (HBV) 3'UTR; a-globin 3 UTR; a DEN 3'UTR; a PAV barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV) 3'UTR; an elongation factor 1 al (EEF1A1) 3'UTR; a manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) 3'UTR; a 0 subunit of mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase (0-mRNA) 3 UTR; a GLUT1 3'UTR; a MEF2A 3'UTR; a P-Fl-ATPase 3'UTR; functional fragments thereof and combinations thereof.

[0549] Wild-type UTRs derived from any gene or mRNA can be incorporated into the polynucleotides of the present disclosure. In some instances, a UTR can be altered relative to a wild type or native UTR to produce a variant UTR, e.g., by changing the orientation or location of the UTR relative to the ORF; or by inclusion of additional nucleotides, deletion of nucleotides, swapping or transposition of nucleotides. In some instances, variants of 5' or 3' UTRs can be utilized, for example, mutants of wild type UTRs, or variants wherein one or more nucleotides are added to or removed from a terminus of the UTR.

[0550] Additionally, one or more synthetic UTRs can be used in combination with one or more non-synthetic UTRs. See, e.g., Mandal and Rossi, Nat. Protoc. 2013 8(3):568-82, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0551] UTRs or portions thereof can be placed in the same orientation as in the transcript from which they were selected or can be altered in orientation or location. Hence, a 5' and / or 3' UTR can be inverted, shortened, lengthened, or combined with one or more other 5' UTRs or 3' UTRs.

[0552] In some instances, the polynucleotide comprises multiple UTRs, e.g., a double, a triple or a quadruple 5’UTR or 3’UTR. For example, a double UTR comprises two copies of the same UTR either in series or substantially in series. For example, a double betaglobin 3'UTR can be used (see US2010 / 0129877, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In certain instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure comprise a 5' UTR and / or a 3' UTR selected from any of the UTRs disclosed herein. In some instances, the 5' UTR comprises:

[0553] 5' UTR-001 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:243);

[0554] 5' UTR-002 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAGAUCAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:244);

[0555] 5' UTR-004 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAGACAAGCUUGGCAUUCCGGUACUGUUGGUAAAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:245);

[0556] 5' UTR-005 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAGAUCAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:246);

[0557] 5' UTR-007 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAGACAAGCUUGGCAUUCCGGUACUGUUGGUAAAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:247);

[0558] 5' UTR-008 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAUUAACAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:248);

[0559] 5' UTR-009 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAAUUAGACAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:249);

[0560] 5' UTR-010, Upstream (GGGAAAUAAGAGAGUAAAGAACAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:250); Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 5' UTR-011 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAAAAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGACUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:251);

[0561] 5' UTR-012 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAUAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:252);

[0562] 5' UTR-013 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAAUAAGAGACAAAACAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:253);

[0563] 5' UTR-014 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAAUUAGAGAGUAAAGAACAGUAAGUAGAAUUAAAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:254);

[0564] 5' UTR-015 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAUAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:255);

[0565] 5' UTR-016 (Upstream UTR) (GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAAUUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:256);

[0566] 5' UTR-017 (Upstream UTR); or (GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUUUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:257);

[0567] 5' UTR-018 (Upstream UTR) 5' UTR (UCAAGCUUUUGGACCCUCGUACAGAAGCUAAUACGACUCACUAUAGGG AAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC) (SEQ ID NO:258)

[0568] In some instances, the 3' UTR comprises:

[0569] 3 'UTR: Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 UGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCUAGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGG GCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCCCGUG GUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:259)

[0570] 142-3p 3' UTR (UTR including miR142-3p binding site) UGAUAAUAGUCCAUAAAGUAGGAAACACUACAGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGC CAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGC ACCCGUACCCCCGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:260);

[0571] 142-3p 3' UTR (UTR including miR142-3p binding site) UGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCUCCAUAAAGUAGGAAACACUACA CAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGC ACCCGUACCCCCGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:261); or

[0572] 142-3p 3' UTR (UTR including miR142-3p binding site) UGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUCCAUAA AGUAGGAAACACUACAUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGC ACCCGUACCCCCGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:262);

[0573] 142-3p 3' UTR (UTR including miR142-3p binding site) UGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCU CCCCCCAGUCCAUAAAGUAGGAAACACUACACCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGC ACCCGUACCCCCGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:263);

[0574] 142-3p 3' UTR (UTR including miR142-3p binding site) UGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCU CCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCUCCAUAAAGUAGGAAACACUACACUGC Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 ACCCGUACCCCCGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:264);

[0575] 142-3p 3' UTR (UTR including miR142-3p binding site) UGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCU CCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCCCUCCAUAAAGUA GGAAACACUACAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:265)

[0576] 142-3p 3' UTR (UTR including miR142-3p binding site) UGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCU CCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCCCGUGGUCUUUGA AUAAAGUUCCAUAAAGUAGGAAACACUACACUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:266);

[0577] 3’UTR-018 GACAGUGCAGUCACCCAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACUAACAGCACUGGAG GGUGUAGUGUUUCCUACUUUAUGGAUGAGUGUACUGUG (SEQ ID NO:267)

[0578] 3' UTR (miR142 and miR126 binding sites variant 1)

[0579] UGAUAAUAGUCCAUAAAGUAGGAAACACUACAGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGC CAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGC ACCCGUACCCCCCGCAUUAUUACUCACGGUACGAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAA AGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:268)

[0580] 3' UTR (miR142 and miR126 binding sites variant 2)

[0581] UGAUAAUAGUCCAUAAAGUAGGAAACACUACAGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGC CUAGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGC Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 ACCCGUACCCCCCGCAUUAUUACUCACGGUACGAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAA AGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC) (SEQ TD NO:269); or

[0582] 3’UTR (miR142-3p binding site variant 3)

[0583] UGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCUAGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCU CCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCCCUCCAUAAAGUA GGAAACACUACAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:270).

[0584] 3’UTR (miR142-3p binding site variant 3, DNA sequence)

[0585] TGATAATAGGCTGGAGCCTCGGTGGCCTAGCTTCTTGCCCCTTGGGCCTCC CCCCAGCCCCTCCTCCCCTTCCTGCACCCGTACCCCCTCCATAAAGTAGGA AACACTACAGTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGTCTGAGTGGGCGGC (SEQ ID NO:271).

[0586] In certain instances, the 5'UTR and / or 3'UTR sequence of the present disclosure comprises a nucleotide sequence at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of 5'UTR sequences comprising any of SEQ ID NOs: 243-258 and / or 3'UTR sequences comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 259-271, and any combination thereof.

[0587] The polynucleotides of the present disclosure can comprise combinations of features. For example, the ORF can be flanked by a 5'UTR that comprises a strong Kozak translational initiation signal and / or a 3'UTR comprising an oligo(dT) sequence for templated addition of a poly A tail. A 5'UTR can comprise a first polynucleotide fragment and a second polynucleotide fragment from the same and / or different UTRs (see, e.g., US2010 / 0293625, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Other non-UTR sequences can be used as regions or subregions within the polynucleotides of the present disclosure. For example, introns or portions of intron sequences can be incorporated into the polynucleotides of the present disclosure.

[0588] Incorporation of intronic sequences can increase protein production as well as polynucleotide expression levels. In some instances, the polynucleotide of the present disclosure comprises an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) instead of or in addition to a UTR (see, e.g., Yakubov et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2010394(1): 189-193, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). In some instances, the polynucleotide comprises an IRES instead of a 5 ’UTR sequence. In some instances, the polynucleotide comprises an ORF and a viral capsid sequence. In some instances, the polynucleotide comprises a synthetic 5'UTR in combination with a nonsynthetic 3 UTR.

[0589] In some instances, the UTR can also include at least one translation enhancer polynucleotide, translation enhancer element, or translational enhancer elements (collectively, " TEE," which refers to nucleic acid sequences that increase the amount of polypeptide or protein produced from a polynucleotide. As a non-limiting example, the TEE can be located between the transcription promoter and the start codon. In some instances, the 5'UTR comprises a TEE.

[0590] In one aspect, a TEE is a conserved element in a UTR that can promote translational activity of a nucleic acid such as, but not limited to, cap-dependent or capindependent translation.

[0591] In some instances, a 5'UTR and / or 3UTR comprising at least one TEE described herein can be incorporated in a monocistronic sequence such as, but not limited to, a vector system or a nucleic acid vector.

[0592] In some instances, a 5'UTR and / or 3'UTR of a polynucleotide of the present disclosure comprises a TEE or portion thereof described herein. In some instances, the TEEs in the 3'UTR can be the same and / or different from the TEE located in the 5'UTR. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, a 5'UTR and / or 3'UTR of a polynucleotide of the present disclosure can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18 at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55 or more than 60 TEE sequences. In one embodiment, the 5'UTR of a polynucleotide of the present disclosure can include 1-60, 1-55, 1-50, 1-45, 1-40, 1-35, 1-30, 1-25, 1-20, 1-15, 1-10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 TEE sequences. The TEE sequences in the 5'UTR of the polynucleotide of the present disclosure can be the same or different TEE sequences. A combination of different TEE sequences in the 5'UTR of the polynucleotide of the present disclosure can include combinations in which more than one copy of any of the different TEE sequences are incorporated.

[0593] In some instances, the 5'UTR and / or 3'UTR comprises a spacer to separate two TEE sequences. As a non-limiting example, the spacer can be a 15 nucleotide spacer and / or other spacers known in the art. As another non-limiting example, the 5'UTR and / or 3UTR comprises a TEE sequence-spacer module repeated at least once, at least twice, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, or more than 10 times in the 5'UTR and / or 3'UTR, respectively. In some instances, the 5'UTR and / or 3UTR comprises a TEE sequence-spacer module repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times.

[0594] In some instances, the spacer separating two TEE sequences can include other sequences known in the art that can regulate the translation of the polynucleotide of the present disclosure, e.g., miR binding site sequences described herein (e.g., miR binding sites and miR seeds). As a non-limiting example, each spacer used to separate two TEE sequences can include a different miR binding site sequence or component of a miR sequence (e.g., miR seed sequence).

[0595] In some instances, a polynucleotide of the present disclosure comprises a miR and / or TEE sequence. In some instances, the incorporation of a miR sequence and / or a Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 TEE sequence into a polynucleotide of the present disclosure can change the shape of the stem loop region, which can increase and / or decrease translation. See e g., Kedde et al., Nature Cell Biology 2010 12(10): 1014-20, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0596] mRNA: Coding region

[0597] Provided herein are mRNA that encode the coding regions of the VHHs, polypeptides, bispecific antibodies, multispecific antibodies, and CARs of the disclosure. In some instances, the disclosure provides mRNA that encode coding regions of a polypeptide which is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to any of the VHH sequences described herein. In certain instances, the disclosure provides coding regions that encode a polypeptide which includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more substitutions in any of the sequences provided or referenced herein. In some instances, the mRNA comprises a codon optimized nucleic acid sequence, wherein the open reading frame (ORF) of the codon optimized nucleic acid sequence is derived from a polypeptide comprising an anti-CLDN6 VHH. For example, the polynucleotides can comprise a codon optimized ORF encoding a polypeptide comprising an anti-CLDN6 VHH.

[0598] The nucleic acid molecules of the disclosure may include one or more alterations. Herein, in a nucleotide, nucleoside, or polynucleotide (such as the mRNA of the disclosure), the terms “alteration” or, as appropriate, “alternative” refer to alteration with respect to A, G, U or C ribonucleotides. The alterations may be various distinct alterations. In some instances, where the nucleic acid is an mRNA, the coding region, the flanking regions, and / or the terminal regions may contain one, two, or more (optionally different) nucleoside or nucleotide alterations. In some instances, an alternative polynucleotide introduced to a cell may exhibit reduced degradation in the cell, as compared to an unaltered polynucleotide. The polynucleotides can include any useful alteration, such as to the sugar, the nucleobase, or the internucleoside linkage (e.g., to a Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 linking phosphate, to a phosphodiester linkage, or to the phosphodiester backbone). In certain instances, alterations (e.g, one or more alterations) are present in each of the sugar and the internucleoside linkage. Alterations according to the present disclosure may be alterations of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) (e.g., the substitution of the 2’OH of the ribofuranosyl ring to 2’H), threose nucleic acids (TNAs), glycol nucleic acids (GNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs) or hybrids thereof. Additional alterations are described herein.

[0599] Modified Nucleic Acids

[0600] According to Aduri et al., (Aduri, R. et al., Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 3(4): 1464-75(2006)), there are 107 naturally occurring nucleosides, including 1 -methyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-hydroxynorvalyl carbamoyl adenosine, 2-methyladenosine, 2-O-ribosylphosphate adenosine, N6-methyl-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-acetyladenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, N6, N6-dimethyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, N6-hydroxynorvalylcarbamoyladenosine, 1,2-O-dimethyladenosine, N6,2-O-dimethyladenosine, 2-O-methyladenosine, N6, N6, O-2-trimethyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-methyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, 2-thiocytidine, 3 -methylcytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5 -formyl cytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, lysidine, N4-acetyl-2-O-methylcytidine, 5-formyl-2-O-methylcytidine, 5,2-O-dimethylcytidine, 2-O-methylcytidine, N4,2-O-dimethylcytidine, N4, N4,2-O-trimethylcytidine, 1 -methylguanosine, N2,7-dimethylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, 2-O-ribosylphosphate guanosine, 7-methylguanosine, under modified hydroxywybutosine, 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanosine, 7-cyano-7-deazaguanosine, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine, 4-demethylwyosine, epoxy queuosine, hydroxywybutosine, isowyosine, N2, 7,2-0-trimethylguanosine, N2,2-O-dimethylguanosine, 1,2-O-dimethylguanosine, 2-0-methylguanosine, N2, N2,2-O-trimethylguanosine, N2, N2,7-trimethylguanosine, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 peroxywybutosine, galactosyl-queuosine, mannosyl-queuosine, queuosine, archaeosine, wybutosine, methylwyosine, wyosine, 2-thiouridine, 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine, 3 -methyluridine, 4-thiouridine, 5-methyl-2-thiouridine, 5-methylaminomethyluridine, 5-carboxymethyluridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 5-methyluridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 5-carbamoylmethyluridine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine methyl ester, dihydrouridine, 5-methyldihydrouridine, 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine, 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)uridine, 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)-2-thiouridine, 3,2-O-dimethyluridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-O-methyluridine, 5-carbamoylmethyl-2-O-methyluridine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-O-methyluridine, 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)-2-O-methyluridine, 5,2-O-dimethyluridine, 2-O-methyluridine, 2-thio-2-O-methyluridine, uridine 5-oxyacetic acid, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine, uridine 5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, 5-methoxyuridine, 5-aminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2 -thiouridine, 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2 -thiouridine, pseudouridine, 1-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudouridine, 1 -methylpseudouridine, 3-methylpseudouridine, 2-O-methylpseudouridine, inosine, 1 -methylinosine, 1,2-0-dimethylinosine, and 2-0-methylinosine. Each of these may be components of nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) of the present disclosure.

[0601] Nucleosides Containing Modified Sugars

[0602] The alternative nucleosides and nucleotides (e.g., building block molecules), which may be incorporated into a polynucleotide e.g., RNA or mRNA, as described herein), can be altered on the sugar of the ribonucleic acid. For example, the 2' hydroxyl group (OH) can be modified or replaced with a number of different substituents.

[0603] Exemplary substitutions at the 2'-position include, but are not limited to, H, halo, optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl; optionally substituted Ci-6 alkoxy; optionally substituted Ce-io aryloxy; optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl; optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkoxy; optionally substituted Ce-io aryloxy; optionally substituted C6-ioaryl-Ci-6 Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 alkoxy, optionally substituted C1.12 (heterocyclyl)oxy; a sugar (e.g., ribose, pentose, or any described herein); a polyethyleneglycol (PEG), -O(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OR, where R is H or optionally substituted alkyl, and n is an integer from 0 to 20 (e.g., from 0 to 4, from 0 to 8, from 0 to 10, from 0 to 16, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 8, from 1 to 10, from 1 to 16, from 1 to 20, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 16, from 2 to 20, from 4 to 8, from 4 to 10, from 4 to 16, and from 4 to 20); “locked” nucleic acids (LN A) in which the 2'-hydroxyl is connected by a Ci-6 alkylene or Ci-6 heteroalkylene bridge to the 4’-carbon of the same ribose sugar, where exemplary bridges included methylene, propylene, ether, or amino bridges; aminoalkyl, as defined herein; aminoalkoxy, as defined herein; amino as defined herein; and amino acid, as defined herein

[0604] Generally, RNA includes the sugar group ribose, which is a 5-membered ring having an oxygen. Exemplary, non-limiting alternative nucleotides include replacement of the oxygen in ribose (e.g., with S, Se, or alkylene, such as methylene or ethylene); addition of a double bond (e.g., to replace ribose with cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl); ring contraction of ribose (e.g., to form a 4-membered ring of cyclobutane or oxetane); ring expansion of ribose (e.g., to form a 6- or 7-membered ring having an additional carbon or heteroatom, such as for anhydrohexitol, altritol, mannitol, cyclohexanyl, cyclohexenyl, and morpholino that also has a phosphoramidate backbone); multicyclic forms (e.g., tri cyclo; and “unlocked” forms, such as glycol nucleic acid (GN A) (e.g., R-GNA or S-GNA, where ribose is replaced by glycol units attached to phosphodi ester bonds), threose nucleic acid (TNA, where ribose is replace with a-L-threofuranosyl-(3'— >2')), and peptide nucleic acid (PNA, where 2-amino-ethyl-glycine linkages replace the ribose and phosphodiester backbone). The sugar group can also contain one or more carbons that possess the opposite stereochemical configuration than that of the corresponding carbon in ribose. Thus, a polynucleotide molecule can include nucleotides containing, e.g., arabinose, as the sugar.

[0605] Alterations on the Nucleobase Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 The present disclosure provides for alternative nucleosides and nucleotides. As described herein “nucleoside” is defined as a compound containing a sugar molecule (e.g., a pentose or ribose) or derivative thereof in combination with an organic base (e.g., a purine or pyrimidine) or a derivative thereof (also referred to herein as “nucleobase”). As described herein, “nucleotide” is defined as a nucleoside including a phosphate group.

[0606] Exemplary non-limiting alterations include an amino group, a thiol group, an alkyl group, a halo group, or any described herein. The alternative nucleotides may by synthesized by any useful method, as described herein (e.g., chemically, enzymatically, or recombinantly to include one or more alternative or alternative nucleosides).

[0607] In some instances, a nucleic acid of the disclosure (e.g., an mRNA) includes one or more 2’-0Me nucleotides, 2’ -methoxy ethyl nucleotides (2’-M0E nucleotides), 2’-F nucleotide, 2’-NH2 nucleotide, 2’ fluoroarabino nucleotides (FANA nucleotides), locked nucleic acid nucleotides (LNA nucleotides), or 4’-S nucleotides.

[0608] The alternative nucleotide base pairing encompasses not only the standard adenosine-thymine, adenosine-uracil, and guanosine-cytosine base pairs, but also base pairs formed between nucleotides and / or alternative nucleotides including non-standard or alternative bases, wherein the arrangement of hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors permits hydrogen bonding between a non-standard base and a standard base or between two complementary non-standard base structures. One example of such non-standard base pairing is the base pairing between the alternative nucleotide inosine and adenine, cytosine, or uracil.

[0609] The alternative nucleosides and nucleotides can include an alternative nucleobase. Examples of nucleobases found in RNA include, but are not limited to, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Examples of nucleobase found in DNA include, but are not limited to, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These nucleobases can be altered or wholly replaced to provide polynucleotide molecules having enhanced properties (e.g., resistance Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 to nucleases and stability), and these properties may manifest through disruption of the binding of a major groove binding partner.

[0610] In some instances, the alternative nucleobase is an alternative uracil. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having an alternative uracil include pseudouridine ( ), pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 6-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-uridine (s2U), 4-thio-uridine (s4U), 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxy -uridine (ho’U), 5-aminoallyl-uridine, 5-halo-uridine (e.g., 5-iodo-uridineor 5-bromo-uridine), 3-methyl-uridine (m3U), 5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U), uridine 5-oxyacetic acid (cmo5U), uridine 5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester (mcmod j, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine (cm’U), 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-carboxyhydroxymethyl-uridine (chm5U), 5-carboxyhydroxymethyl-uridine methyl ester (mchm5U), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-uridine (mcnrU), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thio-uridine (mem’s2!!), 5-aminomethyl-2 -thio-uridine (nm5s2U), 5-methylaminomethyl-uridine (mnm5U), 5-methylaminomethyl-2 -thio-uridine (mnm5s2U), 5-methylaminomethyl-2-seleno-uridine (mnm5se2U), 5-carbamoylmethyl-uridine (ncm’U), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-uridine (cmnm5U), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2 -thio-uridine (cmnm U), 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-uridine (im5!!), 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine(Tm5s2U), l-taurinomethyl-4-thio-pseudouridine, 5-methyl-uridine (m5U, i.e., having the nucleobase deoxythymine), 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1^), 5-methyl-2-thio-uridine (m’s2U), l-methyl-4-thio-pseudouridine (m yr), 4-thio-l-methyl-pseudouridine, 3-methyl-pseudouridine (m3\| / ), 2-thio- 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-m ethyl- 1 -deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio- 1 -methyl- 1 -deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine (D), dihydropseudouridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine, 5-methyl-dihydrouridine (m5D), 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxy-uridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy -pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, N 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp3U), l-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudouridine (acp3y), 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)uridine (inm5U), 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)-2 -thio-uridine (inm5s2U), a-thio-uridine, 2'-O-methyl-uridine (Um), 5,2'-O-dimethyl-uridine (m5Um), 2'-O-methyl-pseudouridine (\| / m), 2-thio-2'-O- Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 methyl-uridine (s2Um), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2'-O-methyl-uridine (mcm5Um), 5-carb am oyl methyl -2 '-O-m ethyl -uridine (ncnriUm), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2'-O-methyl-uridine (cmnm5Um), 3,2'-O-dimethyl-uridine (m3Um), and 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)-2'-O-methyl-uridine (inirriUm), 1 -thio-uridine, deoxythymidine, 2’-F-ara-uridine, 2’-F-uridine, 2’-OH-ara-uridine, 5-(2-carbomethoxyvinyl) uridine, and 5-[3-(l-E-propenylamino)uridine.

[0611] In one instance, the nucleic acid is modified to contain 1 -methylpseudouridine (m1! ) in lieu of uridine at each instance.

[0612] In some instances, the alternative nucleobase is an alternative cytosine.

[0613] Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having an alternative cytosine include 5-aza-cytidine, 6-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine (m3C), N4-acetyl-cytidine (ac4C), 5-formyl-cytidine (f’C), N4-methyl-cytidine (m4C), 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), 5-halo-cyti dine (e.., 5-iodo-cytidine), 5-hydroxymethyl-cytidine (hm5C), 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine (s2C), 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-l-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio- 1 -methyl- 1 -deaza-pseudoi socytidine, 1 -methyl- 1 -deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, 4-methoxy-l-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, lysidine (I C), a-thio-cytidine, 2'-O-methyl-cytidine (Cm), 5,2'-O-dimethyl-cytidine (m5Cm), N4-acetyl-2'-O-methyl-cytidine (ac4Cm), N4,2'-O-dimethyl-cytidine (m4Cm), 5-formyl-2'-O-methyl-cytidine (f^Cm), N4, N4,2'-O-trimethyl-cytidine (m Cm), 1 -thio-cytidine, 2’-F-ara-cytidine, 2’-F-cytidine, and 2’-OH-ara-cytidine.

[0614] In some instances, the alternative nucleobase is an alternative adenine. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having an alternative adenine include 2-amino-purine, 2, 6-diaminopurine, 2-amino-6-halo-purine (e.g., 2-amino-6-chloro-purine), 6-halo-purine e.g., 6-chloro-purine), 2-amino-6-methyl-purine, 8-azido-adenosine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-amino-purine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-amino-purine, 7-deaza- Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyl-adenosine (m’A), 2-methyl-adenine (m2A), N6-methyl -adenosine (m6A), 2-methylthio-N6-methyl-adenosine (ms2m6A), N6-isopentenyl-adenosine (i6A), 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyl-adenosine (ms2i6A), N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine (io6A), 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine (ms2io6A), N6-glycinylcarbamoyl-adenosine (g6A), N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (t6A), N6-methyl-N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (m6t6A), 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (ms2g6A), N6, N6-dimethyl-adenosine (m62A), N6-hydroxynorvalylcarbamoyl-adenosine (hn6A), 2-methylthio-N6-hydroxynorvalylcarbamoyl-adenosine (ms2hn6A), N6-acetyl-adenosine (ac6A), 7-methyl-adenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, 2-methoxy-adenine, a-thio-adenosine, 2'-O-methyl-adenosine (Am), N6,2'-O-dimethyl-adenosine (m6Am), N6, N6,2'-O-trimethyl-adenosine (m62Am), l,2'-O-dimethyl-adenosine (m1Am), 2'-O-ribosyladenosine (phosphate) (Ar(p)), 2-amino-N6-methyl-purine, 1 -thio-adenosine, 8-azido-adenosine, 2’-F-ara-adenosine, 2’-F-adenosine, 2’-OH-ara-adenosine, and N6-(19-amino-pentaoxanonadecyl)-adenosine.

[0615] In some instances, the alternative nucleobase is an alternative guanine. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having an alternative guanine include inosine (1), 1 -methylinosine (m1!), wyosine (imG), methylwyosine (mimG), 4-demethyl-wyosine (imG-14), isowyosine (imG2), wybutosine (yW), peroxywybutosine (02yW), hydroxywybutosine (OhyW), undermodified hydroxywybutosine (OhyW*), 7-deaza-guanosine, queuosine (Q), epoxy queuosine (oQ), galactosyl-queuosine (galQ), mannosyl-queuosine (manQ), 7-cyano-7-deaza-guanosine (preQo), 7-aminomethyl-7-deaza-guanosine (preQi), archaeosine (G+), 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine (m7G), 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methyl-inosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methyl-guanosine (nfG), N2-methyl-guanosine (m2G), N2, N2-dimethyl-guanosine (m22G), N2,7-dimethyl-guanosine (m2,7G), N2, N2,7-dimethyl-guanosine (m2’27G), 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2, N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine, a-thio-guanosine, 2'-O-methyl-guanosine (Gm), N2-methyl-2'-O-methyl- Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 guanosine (m2Gm), N2, N2-dimethyl-2'-O-methyl-guanosine (m22Gm), l-methyl-2'-O-methyl-guanosine (m'Gm), N2,7-dimethyl-2'-O-methyl-guanosine (m2,7Gm), 2'-0-methyl-inosine (Im), l,2'-O-dimethyl-inosine (m'lm), 2'-O-ribosylguanosine (phosphate) (Gr(p)), 1 -thio-guanosine, O6-methyl-guanosine, 2’-F-ara-guanosine, and 2’-F-guanosine.

[0616] The nucleobase of the nucleotide can be independently selected from a purine, a pyrimidine, a purine, or pyrimidine analog. For example, the nucleobase can each be independently selected from adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil, or hypoxanthine. In some instances, the nucleobase can also include, for example, naturally-occurring and synthetic derivatives of a base, including pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5 -hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl, and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo (e.g., 8-bromo), 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5 -trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, deazaguanine, 7-deazaguanine, 3 -deazaguanine, deazaadenine, 7-deazaadenine, 3 -deazaadenine, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, imidazo[l,5-a] 1,3,5 triazinones, 9-deazapurines, imidazo[4,5-d]pyrazines, thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines, pyrazin-2-ones, 1,2,4-triazine, pyridazine; and 1,3,5 triazine. When the nucleotides are depicted using the shorthand A, G, C, T or U, each letter refers to the representative base and / or derivatives thereof (e.g., A includes adenine or adenine analogs (e.g., 7-deaza adenine)).

[0617] In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-methyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-trifluoromethyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-bromo-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-iodo-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5 -methoxy-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-ethyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-phenyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-ethnyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, N4-methyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5 -fluoro-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, N4-acetyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, pseudoisocytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-formyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-aminoallyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil, 5-carboxy-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines.

[0618] In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-methyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 uracil, 5-trifluoromethyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1 -methyl -pseudouracil, uracil, 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-bromo-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5 -iodo-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5 -methoxy-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-ethyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-phenyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-ethnyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, N4-methyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-fluoro-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, N4-acetyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, pseudoisocytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-formyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-aminoallyl-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouracil, uracil, 5-carboxy-cytosine, and cytosine as the only uracils and cytosines. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-methyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-trifluoromethyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-hydroxymethyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-bromo-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-iodo-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-methoxy-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-ethyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-phenyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5 -ethnyl -cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, N4-methyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, N4-acetyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, pseudoisocytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-formyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-aminoallyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 5-methoxy-uridine, uridine, 5-carboxy-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines.

[0619] In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-methyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-trifluoromethyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-hydroxymethyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-bromo-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-iodo-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-methoxy-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-ethyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-phenyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-ethnyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, N4-methyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, N4-acetyl-cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, pseudoisocytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-formyl- Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-aminoallyl- cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines. In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain 1-methyl-pseudouridine, uridine, 5-carboxy- 5 cytidine, and cytidine as the only uridines and cytidines.

[0620] In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain the uracil of one of the nucleosides of Table 9 and uracil as the only uracils. In other instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain a uridine of Table 9 and uridine as the only uridines.

[0621] w Table 9 - Exemplary Uracil-containing Nucleosides

[0622] Nucleoside Name

[0623] 5-methoxy -uridine

[0624] 1 -Methyl -pseudo-uridine

[0625] Pseudouridine

[0626] 5-methyl-uridine

[0627] 5-bromo-uridine

[0628] 2-thio-uridine

[0629] 4-thiouridine

[0630] 2'-O-methyluridine

[0631] 5-methyl-2 -thiouridine

[0632] 5,2'-O-dimethyluridine

[0633] 5-aminomethyl-2-thiouridine

[0634] 5-( 1 -Propynyl)ara-uridine

[0635] 2'-O-Methyl-5-(l-propynyl)uridine

[0636] 5-Vinylarauridine

[0637] (Z)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)ara-uridine

[0638] (E)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)ara-uridine

[0639] (Z)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)uridine

[0640] (E)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)uridine

[0641] 5-Cyanouridine

[0642] 5-Formyluridine

[0643] 5-Dimethylaminouridine

[0644] 5-Trideuteromethyl-6-deuterouridine

[0645]

[0646] 5-(2-Furanyl)uridine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0647] Nucleoside Name

[0648] 5-Phenylethynyluridine

[0649] 4'-Carbocyclic uridine

[0650] 4'-Ethynyluridine

[0651] 4'-Azidouridine

[0652] 2'-Deoxy-2',2'-difluorouridine

[0653] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-fluorouridine

[0654] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-chlorouridine

[0655] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-bromouridine

[0656] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-iodouridine

[0657] 5'-Homo-uridine

[0658] 2'-Deoxy-2'-a-mercaptouridine

[0659] 2'-Deoxy-2'-a-thiomethoxyuridine

[0660] 2'-Deoxy-2'-a-azidouridine

[0661] 2'-Deoxy-2'-a-aminouridine

[0662] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-mercaptouridine

[0663] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-thiomethoxyuridine

[0664] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-azidouridine

[0665] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-aminouridine

[0666] 2'-b-Tri fluoromethyluridine

[0667] 2'-a-Tri fluoromethyluridine

[0668] 2' -b -Ethy ny luri dine

[0669] 2'-a-Ethynyluri di ne

[0670] 1 -ethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0671] 1 -propyl-pseudo-uridine

[0672] 1 - / .w-propyl -pseudo-uridine

[0673] l-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-pseudo-uridine

[0674] 1 -cy clopropyl-pseudo-uridine

[0675] 1-cyclopropylmethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0676] 1 -phenyl-pseudo-uridine

[0677] 1 -benzyl-pseudo-uridine

[0678] 1 -aminom ethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0679] pseudo-uridine-l-2-ethanoic acid

[0680] l-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudo-uridine

[0681] l-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudo-uridine

[0682] 6-methyl-pseudo-uridine

[0683] 6-trifluoromethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0684] 6-methoxy -pseudo-uridine

[0685] 6-phenyl-pseudo-uridine

[0686]

[0687] 6-iodo-pseudo-uridine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0688] Nucleoside Name

[0689] 6-bromo-pseudo-uridine

[0690] 6-chl oro-p seudo-uri di ne

[0691] 6-fluoro-pseudo-uridine

[0692] 4-Thio-pseudo-uridine

[0693] 2-Thio-pseudo-uridine

[0694] Alpha-thio-pseudo-uridine

[0695] 1 -Me-alpha-thio-pseudo-uridine

[0696] 1-butyl-pseudo-uridine

[0697] 1 -ZcvV-butyl -pscudo-uri dine

[0698] 1-pentyl-pseudo-uridine

[0699] 1 -hexyl-pseudo-uridine

[0700] 1 -trifluoromethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0701] 1 -cyclobutyl-pseudo-uridine

[0702] 1-cyclopentyl-pseudo-uridine

[0703] 1 -cyclohexyl -pseudo-uri dine

[0704] 1-cycloheptyl-pseudo-uridine

[0705] 1 -cyclooctyl-pseudo-uridine

[0706] 1 -cy cl obuty 1 m ethyl -p sen do-uri dine

[0707] 1 -cy cl opentyl methyl -p seudo-uri dine

[0708] 1-cyclohexylmethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0709] 1-cycloheptylmethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0710] 1-cyclooctylmethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0711] 1 -p-tolyl-pseudo-uridine

[0712] l-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)pseudo-uridine

[0713] l-(4-methoxy-phenyl)pseudo-uridine

[0714] l-(4-amino-phenyl)pseudo-uridine

[0715] 1 (4-nitro-phenyl)pseudo-uridine

[0716] pseudo-uridine-Nl- / ?-benzoic acid

[0717] l-(4-methyl-benzyl)pseudo-uridine

[0718] l-(2,4,6-trimethyl-benzyl)pseudo-uridine

[0719] l-(4-methoxy-benzyl)pseudo-uridine

[0720] l-(4-amino-benzyl)pseudo-uridine

[0721] l-(4-nitro-benzyl)pseudo-uridine

[0722] pseudo-uridine-Nl-methyl-p-benzoic acid

[0723] 1 -(2-amino-ethyl)pseudo-uridine

[0724] l-(3-amino-propyl)pseudo-uridine

[0725] 1 -(4-amino-butyl)pseudo-uridine

[0726] 1 -(5-amino-pentyl)pseudo-uridine

[0727]

[0728] 1 -(6-amino-hexyl)pseudo-uridine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0729] Nucleoside Name

[0730] pseudo-uridine-N 1 -3 -propionic acid

[0731] pseudo-uridine-Nl-4-butanoic acid

[0732] p seudo-uri dine-N 1 - 5 -pentanoi c aci d

[0733] pseudo-uridine-Nl-6-hexanoic acid

[0734] pseudo-uridine-Nl-7-heptanoic acid

[0735] l-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)pseudo-uridine

[0736] l-(4-amino-4-carboxybutyl)pseudo-uridine

[0737] 3-alkyl-pseudo-uridine

[0738] 6-ethy 1 -p seudo-uri dine

[0739] 6-propyl-pseudo-uridine

[0740] 6-i so-propy 1 -p seudo-uri di ne

[0741] 6-butyl-pseudo-uridine

[0742] 6-tert-buty 1 -p seudo-uri dine

[0743] 6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-pseudo-uridine

[0744] 6-ethoxy-pseudo-uridine

[0745] 6-trifluoromethoxy -pseudo-uridine

[0746] 6-phenyl-pseudo-uridine

[0747] 6-(substituted-phenyl)-pseudo-uridine

[0748] 6-cyano-pseudo-uridine

[0749] 6-azido-pseudo-uridine

[0750] 6-amino-pseudo-uridine

[0751] 6-ethylcarboxylate-pseudo-uridine

[0752] 6-hydroxy-pseudo-uridine

[0753] 6-methylamino-pseudo-uridine

[0754] 6-dimethylamino-pseudo-uridine

[0755] 6-hydroxyamino-pseudo-uridine

[0756] 6-formyl-pseudo-uridine

[0757] 6-(4-morpholino)-pseudo-uridine

[0758] 6-(4-thiomorpholino)-pseudo-uridine

[0759] 1 -me-4-thi o-p seudo-uri di ne

[0760] 1 -me-2-thio-pseudo-uridine

[0761] 1, 6-dimethyl-pseudo-uri dine

[0762] l-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-pseudo-uridine

[0763] l-methyl-6-ethyl -pseudo-uridine

[0764] 1 -methyl-6-propyl-pseudo-uridine

[0765] l-methyl-6-iso-propyl-pseudo-uridine

[0766] 1 -methyl-6-butyl-pseudo-uridine

[0767] l-methyl-6-tert-butyl-pseudo-uridine

[0768]

[0769] l-methyl-6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pseudo-uridine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0770] Nucleoside Name

[0771] 1 -methyl-6-iodo-pseudo-uridine

[0772] 1 -methyl-6-bromo-pseudo-uridine

[0773] 1 -methyl-6-chloro-pseudo-uridine

[0774] l-methyl-6-fluoro-pseudo-uridine

[0775] l-methyl-6-methoxy-pseudo-uridine

[0776] 1 -methyl-6-ethoxy -pseudo-uridine

[0777] l-methyl-6-trifluorom ethoxy -pseudo-uridine

[0778] 1 -methyl-6-phenyl-pseudo-uridine

[0779] l-methyl-6-(substituted phenyl)pseudo-uridine

[0780] 1 -methyl-6-cyano-pseudo-uridine

[0781] 1 -methyl-6-azido-pseudo-uridine

[0782] l-methyl-6-amino-pseudo-uridine

[0783] 1 -methyl -6-ethy 1 carb oxy 1 ate-p seudo-uri dine

[0784] l-methyl-6-hydroxy -pseudo-uridine

[0785] l-methyl-6-methylamino-pseudo-uridine

[0786] l-methyl-6-dimethylamino-pseudo-uridine

[0787] l-methyl-6-hydroxyamino-pseudo-uridine

[0788] 1 -methyl-6-formyl-pseudo-uridine

[0789] l-methyl-6-(4-morpholino)-pseudo-uridine

[0790] l-methyl-6-(4-thiomorpholino)-pseudo-uridine

[0791] 1 -alkyl-6-vinyl-pseudo-uridine

[0792] 1 -alkyl-6-allyl-pseudo-uridine

[0793] l-alkyl-6-homoallyl-pseudo-uridine

[0794] l-alkyl-6-ethynyl-pseudo-uridine

[0795] l-alkyl-6-(2-propynyl)-pseudo-uridine

[0796] l-alkyl-6-(l-propynyl)-pseudo-uridine

[0797] 1 -Hydroxymethylpseudouridine

[0798] l-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pseudouridine

[0799] 1 -Methoxymethylpseudouridine

[0800] 1 -(2-Methoxyethyl)pseudouridine

[0801] l-(2,2-Diethoxyethyl)pseudouridine

[0802] (±)l-(2-Hydroxypropyl)pseudouridine

[0803] (2R)-l-(2-Hydroxypropyl)pseudouridine

[0804] (2S)-l-(2-Hydroxypropyl)pseudouridine

[0805] 1 -Cyanomethylpseudouridine

[0806] 1 -Morpholinomethylpseudouridine

[0807] 1 -Thiomorpholinomethylpseudouridine

[0808] 1 -Benzyloxymethylpseudouridine

[0809]

[0810] l-(2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropyl)pseudouridine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0811] Nucleoside Name

[0812] 1 -Thiomethoxymethylpseudouridine

[0813] 1 -Methanesulfonylmethylpseudouridine

[0814] 1 -Vinylpseudouridine

[0815] 1 -Allylpseudouridine

[0816] 1 -Homoallylpseudouridine

[0817] 1 -Propargylpseudouridine

[0818] 1 -(4-Fluorobenzyl)pseudouridine

[0819] 1 -(4-Chlorobenzyl)pseudouridine

[0820] 1 -(4-Bromobenzyl)pseudouridine

[0821] l-(4-Iodobenzyl)pseudouridine

[0822] 1 -(4-Methylbenzyl)pseudouridine

[0823] l-(4-Trifluoromethylbenzyl)pseudouridine

[0824] 1 -(4-Methoxybenzyl)pseudouridine

[0825] l-(4-Trifluoromethoxybenzyl)pseudouridine l-(4-Thiomethoxybenzyl)pseudouridine

[0826] l-(4-Methanesulfonylbenzyl)pseudouridine

[0827] Pseudouridine l-(4-methylbenzoic acid)

[0828] Pseudouridine l-(4-m ethylbenzenesulfonic acid)

[0829] l-(2,4,6-Trimethylbenzyl)pseudouridine

[0830] 1 -(4-Nitrobenzyl)pseudouridine

[0831] 1 -(4-Azidobenzyl)pseudouridine

[0832] 1 -(3,4-Di m eth oxyb enzy 1 )p seudouri dine

[0833] l-(3,4-Bis-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)pseudouridine

[0834] 1 -Acetylpseudouridine

[0835] 1 -Tri fluoroacetylpseudouridine

[0836] 1 -Benzoylpseudouridine

[0837] 1 -Pivaloylpseudouridine

[0838] l-(3-Cyclopropyl-prop-2-ynyl)pseudouridine

[0839] Pseudouridine 1-methylphosphonic acid diethyl ester Pseudouridine 1-methylphosphonic acid

[0840] Pseudouridine l-[3-(2-ethoxy)]propionic acid

[0841] Pseudouridine l-[3-{2-(2-ethoxy)-ethoxy}] propionic acid Pseudouridine TP l-[3-{2-(2-[2-ethoxy ]-ethoxy)-ethoxy}]propionic acid Pseudouridine l-[3-{2-(2-[2-(2-ethoxy )-ethoxy]-ethoxy )-ethoxy}]propionic acid Pseudouridine l-[3-{2-(2-[2-{2(2-ethoxy )-ethoxy}-ethoxy]-ethoxy )- ethoxy }]propionic acid

[0842] l-{3-[2-(2-Aminoethoxy)-ethoxy]-propionyl } pseudouridine l-[3-(2-{2-[2-(2-Aminoethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-propionyl]pseudouridine

[0843]

[0844] 1 -Biotinylpseudouridine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0845] Nucleoside Name

[0846] 1 -Biotinyl-PEG2 -pseudouridine

[0847] 5-Oxyacetic acid-methyl ester-uridine

[0848] 3 -Methyl -pseudo-uridine

[0849] 5-trifluoromethyl-uridine

[0850] 5-methyl-amino-methyl-uridine

[0851] 5-carboxy-methyl-amino-methyl-uridine

[0852] 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2’-OMe-uridine

[0853] 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2 -thio-uridine

[0854] 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine

[0855] 5-methoxy-carbonyl-methyl-uridine

[0856] 5-methoxy-carbonyl-methyl-2’-OMe-uridine

[0857] 5-oxyacetic acid-uridine

[0858] 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-uridine

[0859] 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine methyl ester

[0860] 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine

[0861] 2’-OMe-pseudo-uridine

[0862] 2’ -Azi do-2’ -deoxy -uridine

[0863] 2’-Amino-2’-deoxy -uridine

[0864] 2 ’-F- 5 -Methyl -2’ -deoxy -uridine

[0865] 5-iodo-2’ -fluoro-deoxyuridine

[0866] 2’ -bromo-deoxyuridine

[0867] 2,2’-anhydro-uridine

[0868] 2’-Azido-deoxyuridine

[0869] 5-Methoxycarbonylmethyl-2 -thiouridine

[0870] 5-Methylaminomethyl-2 -thiouridine

[0871] 5-Carbamoylmethyluridine

[0872] 5-Carbamoylmethyl-2'-O-methyluridine

[0873] l-Methyl-3 -(3 -amino-3 -carboxypropyl) pseudouridine

[0874] 5-Methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine

[0875] 5-Carboxymethyluridine

[0876] 5-Methyldihydrouridine

[0877] 5-Taurinomethyluridine

[0878] 5-Taurinomethyl-2 -thiouridine

[0879] 5-(zso-Pentenylaminomethyl)uridine

[0880] 5-(Ao-Pentenylaminomethyl)- 2-thiouridine

[0881] 5-(Ao-Pentenylarninornethyl)-2'-O-methyluridine

[0882] 2'-O-Methylpseudouridine

[0883] 2-Thio-2'-O-methyluridine

[0884]

[0885] 3,2'-O-Dimethyluridine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 _ Nucleoside Name _

[0886] 5-Methoxy-carbonylmethyl-uridine

[0887] 5-hydroxy -uridine

[0888]

[0889] 5-Isopentenyl-aminomethyl-uridine

[0890] In some instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain the cytosine of one of the nucleosides of Table 10 and cytosine as the only cytosines. In other instances, the polynucleotides of the disclosure contain a cytidine of Table 10 and cytidine as the only cytidines.

[0891] Table 10 - Exemplary Cytosine Containing Nucleosides

[0892] Nucleoside Name

[0893] a-thio-cytidine

[0894] Pseudoi socyti dine

[0895] pyrrolo-cytidine

[0896] 5-methyl-cytidine

[0897] N4-acetyl-cytidine

[0898] 5-Bromo-cytidine

[0899] 5-Trifluoromethyl-cytidine

[0900] 5-Hydroxymethyl-cytidine

[0901] 5-Iodo-cytidine

[0902] 5 -Ethyl -cytidine

[0903] 5-Methoxy-cytidine

[0904] 5-Ethynyl-cytidine

[0905] 5-Fluoro-cytidine

[0906] 5 -Phenyl -cy ti dine

[0907] N4-Bz-cytidine

[0908] N4-Methyl-cytidine

[0909] 5-Pseudo-iso-cytidine

[0910] 5-Formyl-cytidine

[0911] 5-Aminoallyl-cytidine

[0912] 2'-O-methylcytidine

[0913] 2'-O-Methyl-5-(l-propynyl)cytidine

[0914] 5-( 1 -Propynyl)ara-cytidine

[0915] 5-Ethynylara-cytidine

[0916] 5-Ethynylcytidine

[0917]

[0918] 5-Cyanocytidine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[0919] Nucleoside Name

[0920] -(2-Chloro-phenyl)-2 -thiocytidine

[0921] -(4-Amino-phenyl)-2 -thiocytidine

[0922] N4,2'-O-Dimethylcytidine

[0923] 3'-Ethynylcytidine

[0924] 4'-Carbocyclic cytidine

[0925] 4'-Ethynylcytidine

[0926] 4'-Azidocytidine

[0927] 2'-Deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine

[0928] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-fluorocytidine

[0929] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-chlorocytidine

[0930] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-bromocytidine

[0931] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-iodocytidine

[0932] 5'-Homo-cytidine

[0933] 2'-Deoxy-2'-a-mercaptocytidine

[0934] '-Deoxy-2'-a-thiomethoxy cytidine

[0935] 2'-Deoxy-2'-a-azidocytidine

[0936] 2'-Deoxy-2'-a-aminocytidine

[0937] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-mercaptocytidine

[0938] '-Deoxy-2'-b-thiomethoxy cytidine

[0939] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-azidocytidine

[0940] 2'-Deoxy-2'-b-aminocytidine

[0941] 2'-b-Tri fluoromethylcytidine

[0942] 2'-a-Trifluoromethylcytidine

[0943] 2'-b-Ethynylcytidine

[0944] 2'-a-Ethynylcytidine

[0945] (E)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)cytidine

[0946] 2 ’ - Azi do-2 ’ -deoxy-cy ti di ne

[0947] 2’-Amino-2’-deoxy-cytidine

[0948] 5-aminoallyl-cytidine

[0949] 2,2’ -anhydro-cytidine

[0950] N4-amino-cytidine

[0951] 2’-O-Methyl-N4-acetyl-cytidine

[0952] 2’-fluoro-N4-acetyl-cytidine

[0953] 2 ’ -fluor-N4-Bz-cyti dine

[0954] 2’-O-methyl-N4-Bz-cytidine

[0955] N4,2'-O-Dimethylcytidine

[0956]

[0957] 5-Formyl-2'-O-methylcytidine Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Alterations on the Internucleoside Linkage

[0958] The alternative nucleotides, which may be incorporated into a polynucleotide molecule, can be altered on the internucleoside linkage (e.g., phosphate backbone).

[0959] Herein, in the context of the polynucleotide backbone, the phrases “phosphate” and “phosphodiester” are used interchangeably. Backbone phosphate groups can be altered by replacing one or more of the oxygen atoms with a different substituent.

[0960] The alternative nucleosides and nucleotides can include the wholesale replacement of an unaltered phosphate moiety with another intemucleoside linkage as described herein. Examples of alternative phosphate groups include, but are not limited to, phosphorothioate, phosphoroselenates, boranophosphates, boranophosphate esters, hydrogen phosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphorodiamidates, alkyl or aryl phosphonates, and phosphotriesters. Phosphorodithioates have both non-linking oxygens replaced by sulfur. The phosphate linker can also be altered by the replacement of a linking oxygen with nitrogen (bridged phosphoramidates), sulfur (bridged phosphorothioates), and carbon (bridged methylene-phosphonates).

[0961] The alternative nucleosides and nucleotides can include the replacement of one or more of the non-bridging oxygens with a borane moiety (BH3), sulfur (thio), methyl, ethyl and / or methoxy. As a non-limiting example, two non-bridging oxygens at the same position (e.g., the alpha (a), beta (P) or gamma (y) position) can be replaced with a sulfur (thio) and a methoxy.

[0962] The replacement of one or more of the oxygen atoms at the a position of the phosphate moiety (e.g., a-thio phosphate) is provided to confer stability (such as against exonucleases and endonucleases) to RNA and DNA through the unnatural phosphorothioate backbone linkages. Phosphorothioate DNA and RNA have increased nuclease resistance and subsequently a longer half-life in a cellular environment. While not wishing to be bound by theory, phosphorothioate linked polynucleotide molecules are expected to also reduce the innate immune response through weaker binding / activation of cellular innate immune molecules. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In specific instances, an alternative nucleoside includes an alpha-thio-nucleoside (e.g., 5'-O-(l-thiophosphate)-adenosine, 5'-O-(l-thiophosphate)-cytidine (a-thio-cytidine), 5'-O-(l-thiophosphate)-guanosine, 5'-O-(l-thiophosphate)-uridine, or 5'-O-(l-thi ophosphate)-p seudouri di ne).

[0963] Other internucleoside linkages that may be employed according to the present disclosure, including intemucleoside linkages which do not contain a phosphorous atom, are described herein below.

[0964] Combinations of Alternative Sugars, Nucleobases, and Internucleoside Linkages The polynucleotides of the disclosure can include a combination of alterations to the sugar, the nucleobase, and / or the intemucleoside linkage. These combinations can include any one or more alterations described herein.

[0965] mRNA: Poly A tail

[0966] During RNA processing, a long chain of adenosine nucleotides (poly A tail) is normally added to mRNA molecules to increase the stability of the mRNA. Immediately after transcription, the 3' end of the transcript is cleaved to free a 3' hydroxyl. Then poly A polymerase adds a chain of adenosine nucleotides to the RNA. The process, called polyadenylation, adds a poly A tail that is between 100 and 250 residues long (SEQ ID NO: 297).

[0967] Methods for the stabilization of RNA by incorporation of chain-terminating nucleosides at the 3 ’-terminus include those described in International Patent Publication No. WO2013 / 103659, incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0968] Poly A tail deadenylation by 3' exonucleases is a key step in cellular mRNA degradation in eukaryotes. By blocking 3' exonucleases, the functional half-life of mRNA can be increased, resulting in increased protein expression. Chemical and enzymatic ligation strategies to modify the 3' end of mRNA with reverse chirality adenosine (LA10) and / or inverted deoxythymidine (IdT) are known to those of skill in the art and have been Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 demonstrated to extend mRNA half-life in cellular and in vivo studies. In some instances, the poly A tail of the mRNA includes a 3’ LA10 or TdT modification. For example, as described in International Patent Publication No. WO2017 / 049275, the tail modifications of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0969] Additional strategies have been explored to further stabilize mRNA, including: chemical modification of the 3’ nucleotide (e.g., conjugation of a morpholino to the 3’ end of the poly A tail); incorporation of stabilizing sequences after the poly A tail (e.g., a co-polymer, a stem-loop, or a triple helix); and / or annealing of structured oligos to the 3' end of an mRNA, as described, for example, in International Patent Publication No. WO2017 / 049286, the stabilized linkages of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0970] Annealing an oligonucleotide (e.g., an oligonucleotide conjugate) with a complex secondary structure e.g., a triple-helix structure or a stem-loop structure) at the 3 ’end may provide nuclease resistance and increase half-life of mRNA.

[0971] Unique poly A tail lengths may provide certain advantages to the RNAs of the present disclosure. Generally, the length of a poly A tail of the present disclosure is greater than 30 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the poly A tail is greater than 35 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the length is at least 40 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 45 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 50 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 55 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 65 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 70 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 80 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 90 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 100 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 120 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 140 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 160 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 180 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 200 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 250 nucleotides. In some instances, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 the length is at least 300 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 350 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 400 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 450 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 500 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 600 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 700 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 800 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 900 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1000 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1100 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1200 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1300 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1400 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1500 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1600 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1700 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1800 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 1900 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 2000 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 2500 nucleotides. In some instances, the length is at least 3000 nucleotides.

[0972] In some instances, the poly A tail may be 80 nucleotides, 120 nucleotides, or 160 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the poly A tail may be 20, 40, 80, 100, 120, 140 or 160 nucleotides in length.

[0973] In some instances, the poly A tail is designed relative to the length of the mRNA. This design may be based on the length of the coding region of the mRNA, the length of a particular feature or region of the mRNA or based on the length of the ultimate product expressed from the RNA. When relative to any additional feature of the RNA (e.g., other than the mRNA portion which includes the poly A tail), poly A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% greater in length than the additional feature. The poly A tail may also be designed as a fraction of the mRNA to which it belongs. In this context, the poly A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% or more of the total length of the construct or the total length of the construct minus the poly A tail. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, engineered binding sites and / or the conjugation of nucleic acids or mRNA for poly A binding protein may be used to enhance expression. The engineered binding sites may be sensor sequences which can operate as binding sites for ligands of the local microenvironment of the nucleic acids and / or mRNA. As a nonlimiting example, the nucleic acids and / or mRNA may include at least one engineered binding site to alter the binding affinity of poly A binding protein (PABP) and analogs thereof. The incorporation of at least one engineered binding site may increase the binding affinity of the PABP and analogs thereof.

[0974] Additionally, multiple distinct nucleic acids or mRNA may be linked together to the PABP (poly A binding protein) through the 3 '-end using nucleotides at the 3'-terminus of the poly A tail. Transfection experiments can be conducted in relevant cell lines and protein production can be assayed by ELISA at 12hr, 24hr, 48hr, 72hr, and day 7 post-transfection. As a non-limiting example, the transfection experiments may be used to evaluate the effect on PABP or analogs thereof binding affinity as a result of the addition of at least one engineered binding site.

[0975] In some instances, a poly A tail may be used to modulate translation initiation. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the poly A tail recruits PABP which in turn can interact with translation initiation complex and thus may be essential for protein synthesis.

[0976] In some instances, a poly A tail may also be used in the present disclosure to protect against 3 ’-5’ exonuclease digestion.

[0977] In some instances, the nucleic acids or mRNA of the present disclosure are designed to include a poly A-G Quartet. The G-quartet is a cyclic hydrogen bonded array of four guanosine nucleotides that can be formed by G-rich sequences in both DNA and RNA. In this embodiment, the G-quartet is incorporated at the end of the poly A tail. The resultant nucleic acid or mRNA may be assayed for stability, protein production and other parameters including half-life at various time points. It has been discovered that the Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 poly A-G quartet results in protein production equivalent to at least 75% of that seen using a poly A tail of 120 nucleotides alone (SEQ ID NO: 286).

[0978] In some instances, the nucleic acids or mRNA of the present disclosure may include a poly A tail and may be stabilized by the addition of a chain terminating nucleoside. The nucleic acids and / or mRNA with a poly A tail may further include a 5 ’cap structure.

[0979] In some instances, the nucleic acids or mRNA of the present disclosure may include a poly A-G Quartet. The nucleic acids and / or mRNA with a poly A-G Quartet may further include a 5 ’cap structure.

[0980] In some instances, the chain terminating nucleoside which may be used to stabilize the nucleic acid or mRNA including a poly A tail or poly A-G Quartet may be, but is not limited to, those described in International Patent Publication No.

[0981] WO2013103659, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some instances, the chain terminating nucleosides which may be used with the present disclosure includes, but is not limited to, 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin), 3'-deoxyuridine, 3 '-deoxy cytosine, 3 '-deoxy uanosine, 3 '-deoxythymine, 2', 3 '-dideoxynucleosides, such as 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, 2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 2',3'-dideoxycytosine, 2', 3'- dideoxy guanosine, 2',3'-dideoxythymine, a 2'-deoxynucleoside, or a -O- methylnucleoside.

[0982] In some instances, the mRNA which includes a poly A tail or a poly A-G Quartet may be stabilized by an alteration to the 3 ’region of the nucleic acid that can prevent and / or inhibit the addition of oligo(U) (see, e.g., International Patent Publication No. WO2013 / 103659, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0983] In yet another embodiment, the mRNA, which includes a poly A tail or a poly A-G Quartet, may be stabilized by the addition of an oligonucleotide that terminates in a 3’-deoxynucleoside, 2’, 3’ -di deoxy nucleoside 3'-O-methylnucleosides, 3'-O-ethylnucleosides, 3 '-arabinosides, and other alternative nucleosides known in the art and / or described herein Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Synthesis of Polynucleotides

[0984] The polynucleotide molecules (e.g., mRNA) for use in accordance with the disclosure may be prepared according to any useful technique, as described herein. The alternative nucleosides and nucleotides used in the synthesis of polynucleotide molecules disclosed herein can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. Where typical or preferred process conditions (e.g., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are provided, a skilled artisan would be able to optimize and develop additional process conditions. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

[0985] The processes described herein can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g.,1H or13C) infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, or by chromatography (e.g., high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography).

[0986] Preparation of polynucleotide molecules of the present disclosure can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene, et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., Wiley & Sons, (1991), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0987] The reactions of the processes described herein can be carried out in suitable solvents, which can be readily selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially nonreactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates, or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out (i.e., temperatures which can range from the solvent’s freezing temperature to the Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 solvent’s boiling temperature). A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected.

[0988] Resolution of racemic mixtures of alternative polynucleotides or nucleic acids (e.g., polynucleotides or mRNA molecules) can be carried out by any of numerous methods known in the art. An example method includes fractional recrystallization using a “chiral resolving acid” which is an optically active, salt-forming organic acid. Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallization methods are, for example, optically active acids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids.

[0989] Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on a column packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g, dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine). Suitable elution solvent composition can be determined by one skilled in the art.

[0990] Alternative nucleosides and nucleotides (e.g., building block molecules) can be prepared according to the synthetic methods described in Ogata et al., J. Org. Chem. 74:2585-2588 (2009); Purmal et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 22(1): 72-78 (1994); Fukuhara et al., Biochemistry, 1(4): 563-568 (1962); and Xu et al., Tetrahedron, 48(9): 1729-1740 (1992), each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0991] If the polynucleotide includes one or more alternative nucleosides or nucleotides, the polynucleotides of the disclosure may or may not be uniformly altered along the entire length of the molecule. For example, one or more or all types of nucleotide (e.g., purine or pyrimidine, or any one or more or all of A, G, U, C) may or may not be uniformly altered in a polynucleotide of the disclosure, or in a given predetermined sequence region thereof. In some embodiments, all nucleotides X in a polynucleotide of the disclosure (or in a given sequence region thereof) are altered, wherein X may any one of nucleotides A, G, U, C, or any one of the combinations A+G, A+U, A+C, G+U, G+C, U+C, A+G+U, A+G+C, G+U+C or A+G+C. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Different sugar alterations, nucleotide alterations, and / or internucleoside linkages (e.g., backbone structures) may exist at various positions in the polynucleotide. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the nucleotide analogs or other alteration(s) may be located at any position(s) of a polynucleotide such that the function of the polynucleotide is not substantially decreased. An alteration may also be a 5' or 3' terminal alteration. The polynucleotide may contain from 1% to 100% alternative nucleosides, nucleotides, or internucleoside linkages (either in relation to overall nucleotide content, or in relation to one or more types of nucleotide, i.e. any one or more of A, G, U or C) or any intervening percentage (e.g., from 1% to 20%, from 1% to 25%, from 1% to 50%, from 1% to 60%, from 1% to 70%, from 1% to 80%, from 1% to 90%, from 1% to 95%, from 10% to 20%, from 10% to 25%, from 10% to 50%, from 10% to 60%, from 10% to 70%, from 10% to 80%, from 10% to 90%, from 10% to 95%, from 10% to 100%, from 20% to 25%, from 20% to 50%, from 20% to 60%, from 20% to 70%, from 20% to 80%, from 20% to 90%, from 20% to 95%, from 20% to 100%, from 50% to 60%, from 50% to 70%, from 50% to 80%, from 50% to 90%, from 50% to 95%, from 50% to 100%, from 70% to 80%, from 70% to 90%, from 70% to 95%, from 70% to 100%, from 80% to 90%, from 80% to 95%, from 80% to 100%, from 90% to 95%, from 90% to 100%, and from 95% to 100. In some embodiments, the remaining percentage is accounted for by the presence of A, G, U, or C.

[0992] When referring to percentage incorporation by an alternative nucleoside, nucleotide, or intemucleoside linkage, in some embodiments the remaining percentage necessary to total 100% is accounted for by the corresponding natural nucleoside, nucleotide, or intemucleoside linkage. In other embodiments, the remaining percentage necessary to total 100% is accounted for by a second alternative nucleoside, nucleotide, or intemucleoside linkage.

[0993] Nanoparticles Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 The present disclosure also provides LNP compositions. The lipid nanoparticle compositions described herein may be used for the delivery of therapeutic and / or prophylactic agents, e.g., mRNAs, to mammalian cells or organs.

[0994] In some instances, the present application provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising: (a) a delivery agent (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle); and (b) a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a VHH, polypeptide, bispecific antibody, multispecific antibody, or CAR of the disclosure. The polynucleotide is formulated with the delivery agent. Lipid Nanoparticles

[0995] In some instances, polynucleotides of the present disclosure e.g., mRNA) are included in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP). Lipid nanoparticles according to the present disclosure may comprise: (i) an ionizable lipid e.g., an ionizable amino lipid); (ii) a sterol or other structural lipid; (iii) a non-cationic helper lipid or phospholipid; and (iv) a PEG-modified lipid. In some instances, lipid nanoparticles according to the present disclosure further comprise one or more polynucleotides of the present disclosure (e.g., mRNA).

[0996] In some cases, the lipid nanoparticle comprises an ionizable amino lipid, a structural lipid, a phospholipid, and a polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-modified lipid. In certain cases, the phospholipid is l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) or 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). In some cases, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (I). In one case, the ionizable amino lipid is Compound 1-1. In certain cases, the PEG-modified lipid is PEG 2000 dimyristoyl glycerol (PEG-DMG) or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90, 93,96,99, 102, 105, 108, 111, 114, 117, 120, 123, 126, 129, 132-tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate. In some cases, the structural lipid is cholesterol, adosterol, agosterol A, atheronals, avenasterol, azacosterol, blazein, cerevisterol, colestolone, cycloartenol, daucosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, 5-dehydroepisterol, 7-dehydrositosterol, 20a,22R-dihydroxycholesterol, dinosterol, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 epibrassicasterol, episterol, ergosterol, ergosterol, fecosterol, fucosterol, fungisterol, ganoderenic acid, ganoderic acid, ganoderiol, ganodermadiol, 7a-hydroxycholesterol, 22R-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, inotodiol, lanosterol, lathosterol, lichesterol, lucidadiol, lumisterol, oxycholesterol, oxysterol, parkeol, saringosterol, spinasterol, sterol ester, trametenolic acid, zhankuic acid, or zymosterol. In some cases, the structural lipid is cholesterol. In one instance, lipid nanoparticle comprises an ionizable amino lipid that is Compound 1-1, a phospholipid that is 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), a PEG-modified lipid that is 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90, 93,96,99, 102, 105, 108, 111, 114, 117, 120, 123, 126, 129, 132-tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate, and a structural lipid that is cholesterol.

[0997] The lipid nanoparticles according to the present disclosure can be generated using components, compositions, and methods as are generally known in the art, see, for example PCT / US2016 / 052352; PCT / US2016 / 068300; PCT / US2017 / 037551;

[0998] PCT / US2015 / 027400; PCT / US2016 / 047406; PCT / US2016000129;

[0999] PCT / US2016 / 014280; PCT / US2016 / 014280; PCT / US2017 / 038426;

[1000] PCT / US2014 / 027077; PCT / US2014 / 055394; PCT / US2016 / 52117;

[1001] PCT / US2012 / 069610; PCT / US2017 / 027492; PCT / US2016 / 059575 and PCT / US2016 / 069491 all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[1002] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle comprises: (i) 20 to 60 mol.% ionizable cationic lipid (e.g., ionizable amino lipid), (ii) 25 to 55 mol.% sterol or other structural lipid, (iii) 5 to 25 mol.% non-cationic lipid (e.g., phospholipid), and (iv) 0.5 to 15 mol.% PEG-modified lipid.

[1003] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle comprises: (i) 40 to 50 mol.% ionizable cationic lipid e.g., ionizable amino lipid), (ii) 30 to 45 mol.% sterol or other structural lipid, (iii) 5 to 15 mol.% non-cationic lipid (e.g., phospholipid), and (iv) 1 to 5 mol.% PEG-modified lipid. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle comprises: (i) 45 to 50 mol.% ionizable cationic lipid (e.g., ionizable amino lipid), (ii) 35 to 45 mol.% sterol or other structural lipid, (iii) 8 to 12 mol.% non-cationic lipid (e.g., phospholipid), and (iv) 1.5 to 3.5 mol.% PEG-modified lipid.

[1004] In the following sections, “Compounds” numbered with an “I-” prefix (e.g., “Compound 1-1,” “Compound 1-2,” “Compound 1-3,” “Compound I- VI,” etc., indicate specific ionizable lipid compounds. Likewise, compounds numbered with a “P-” prefix (e.g., “Compound P-I,” etc.) indicate a specific PEG-modified lipid compound.

[1005] Ionizable Amino Lipids

[1006] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle of the present disclosure comprises an ionizable cationic lipid e.g., an ionizable amino lipid) that is a compound of Formula (I):

[1007]

[1008] (I) or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof,

[1009] wherein R’ais R’branched; wherein

[1010] RaaRa7

[1011] R

[1012]

[1013] ’ branched js; RapRas. denotes a point of attachment; wherein Ra“, Ra|3, Ray, and RaSare each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C2-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl;

[1014] R2and R3are each independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-i4 alkyl and

[1015] C2-14 alkenyl;

[1016] R4is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)n0H, wherein n is selected from O. zP

[1017] Rio N \ / X

[1018] the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and

[1019]

[1020] H n2 Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[1021] wherein

[1022]

[1023] denotes a point of attachment; wherein

[1024] R10is N(R)?; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-6 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10;

[1025] each R5is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;

[1026] each R6is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;

[1027] M and M’ are each independently selected from the group consisting of -C(O)O-and

[1028] -OC(O)-;

[1029] R’ is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl;

[1030] 1 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and

[1031] m is selected from the group consisting of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.

[1032] Ra«RaY

[1033] In some instances, in Formula (I), R’ais R’branched; R

[1034]

[1035] ,branched -spapRa«. denotes a point of attachment; Ra“, Rap, Ray, and RaSare each H; R2and R3are each Ci-14 alkyl; R4is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2; each R5is H; each R6is H; M and M’ are each -C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; 1 is 5; and m is 7.

[1036] In some instances, in Formula (I), R’ais R’branched; R’branched js

[1037] Ra" Ray

[1038]

[1039] RapRae>. =s denotes apoint of attachment; Raa, Ra|3, Ray, and RaSare each H; R2and R3are each C1-14 alkyl; R4is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2; each R5is H; each R6is H; M and M’ are each -C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; 1 is 3; and m is 7.

[1040] In some instances of the compounds of Formula (I), R’ais R’brancbed;

[1041] Ra“ Ray

[1042] R’ branched js

[1043]

[1044] RapRao. denotes apoint of attachment; Ra“ is C2-12 Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[1045] p 10 N \ / \ 1

[1046]

[1047] H n2^7 • RioisNH(Ci-6 alkyl); n2 is 2; R is H; each R6is H; M and M’ are each -C(0)0-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; 1 is 5; and m is 7.

[1048] In some instances of the compounds of Formula (I), R’ais R,branched;

[1049] RaaR®7

[1050] R' R’ branched:

[1051] InS denotes a point of attachment; Raa, Ra^, and

[1052]

[1053] RaSare each H; Rayis C2-12 alkyl; R2and R3are each C1-14 alkyl; R4is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2;

[1054] each R5is H; each R6is H; M and M’ are each -C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; 1 is 5; and m is 7.

[1055] In some instances, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:

[1056] (Compound 1-1),

[1057] N

[1058] H<H

[1059] (Compound 1-2), and

[1060] N

[1061]

[1062] (Compound 1-3).

[1063] In some instances, the compound of Formula (I) is: Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 HO.

[1064]

[1065] In some instances, the compound of Formula (I) is:

[1066] 0

[1067]

[1068] (Compound 1-2).

[1069] In some instances, the compound of Formula (I) is:

[1070]

[1071] (Compound 1-3).

[1072] In one instance, the ionizable amino lipid is or comprises Compound 1-1.

[1073] Phospholipids

[1074] The lipid composition of the lipid nanoparticle composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more phospholipids, for example, one or more saturated or (poly)unsaturated phospholipids or a combination thereof. In general, phospholipids comprise a phospholipid moiety and one or more fatty acid moieties.

[1075] A phospholipid moiety can be selected, for example, from the non-limiting group consisting of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, 2-lysophosphatidyl choline, and a sphingomyelin.

[1076] A fatty acid moiety can be selected, for example, from the non-limiting group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, erucic acid, phytanoic acid, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, behenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.

[1077] Particular phospholipids can facilitate fusion to a membrane. For example, a cationic phospholipid can interact with one or more negatively charged phospholipids of a membrane (e.g., a cellular or intracellular membrane). Fusion of a phospholipid to a membrane can allow one or more elements (e., a therapeutic agent) of a lipid-containing composition (e.g., LNPs) to pass through the membrane permitting, e.g., delivery of the one or more elements to a target tissue.

[1078] Non-natural phospholipid species including natural species with modifications and substitutions including branching, oxidation, cyclization, and alkynes are also contemplated. For example, a phospholipid can be functionalized with or cross-linked to one or more alkynes e.g., an alkenyl group in which one or more double bonds is replaced with a triple bond). Under appropriate reaction conditions, an alkyne group can undergo a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition upon exposure to an azide. Such reactions can be useful in functionalizing a lipid bilayer of a nanoparticle composition to facilitate membrane permeation or cellular recognition or in conjugating a nanoparticle composition to a useful component such as a targeting or imaging moiety e.g., a dye).

[1079] Phospholipids include, but are not limited to, glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidy glycerols, and phosphatidic acids. Phospholipids also include phosphosphingolipid, such as sphingomyelin.

[1080] In some instances, a phospholipid of the present disclosure comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3- Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 phosphocholine (POPC), l,2-di-O-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphocholine (18:0 Diether PC), 1 -oleoyl-2 cholesterylhemisuccinoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OChemsPC), l-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 Lyso PC), 1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphocholine, l,2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, l,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (ME 16.0 PE), l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, l,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoethanolamine, l,2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(l -glycerol) sodium salt(DOPG), sphingomyelin, and mixtures thereof.

[1081] In some instances, a phospholipid of the present disclosure comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC).

[1082] In certain instances, a phospholipid useful or potentially useful in the present disclosure is an analog or variant of DSPC.

[1083] Alternative Lipids

[1084] In certain instances, a phospholipid useful or potentially useful in the present disclosure comprises a modified phosphocholine moiety, wherein the alkyl chain linking the quaternary amine to the phosphoryl group is not ethylene (e.g., n is not 2). Therefore, in certain instances, a phospholipid useful.

[1085] In certain instances, an alternative lipid is used in place of a phospholipid of the present disclosure.

[1086] In certain instances, an alternative lipid of the present disclosure is oleic acid.

[1087] In certain instances, the alternative lipid is one of the following: Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[1088] 5

[1089]

[1090] Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[1091]

[1092] O Structural Lipids

[1093] The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more structural lipids. As used herein, the term "structural lipid" refers to sterols and also to lipids containing sterol moieties.

[1094] Incorporation of structural lipids in the lipid nanoparticle may help mitigate aggregation of other lipids in the particle. Structural lipids can be selected from the group including but not limited to, cholesterol, fecosterol, sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, tomatidine, tomatine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, hopanoids, phytosterols, steroids, and mixtures thereof. In some instances, the structural lipid is a sterol. As defined herein, "sterols" are a subgroup of steroids consisting of steroid alcohols. In certain instances, the structural lipid is a steroid. In certain instances, the structural lipid is cholesterol. In certain instances, the structural lipid is an analog of cholesterol. In certain instances, the structural lipid is alpha-tocopherol.

[1095] In some instances, the structural lipid is cholesterol.

[1096] In some instances, the structural lipids may be one or more of the structural lipids described in U. S. Application No. 62 / 520,530.

[1097] Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Lipids

[1098] The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more a polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipid.

[1099] As used herein, the term “PEG-lipid” refers to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lipids. Non-limiting examples ofPEG-lipids include PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG- Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 CerC14 or PEG-CerC20), PEG-modified dialkylamines and PEG-modified 1,2-di acyl oxypropan-3 -amines. Such lipids are also referred to as PEGylated lipids. For example, a PEG lipid can be PEG-c-DOMG, PEG-DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPE lipid.

[1100] In some instances, the PEG-lipid includes, but not limited to 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG-DMG), l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)] (PEG-DSPE), PEG-disteryl glycerol (PEG-DSG), PEG-dipalmetoleyl, PEG-dioleyl, PEG-distearyl, PEG-diacylglycamide (PEG-DAG), PEG-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DPPE), or PEG-1, 2-dimyristyloxlpropyl-3-amine (PEG-c-DMA).

[1101] In some instances, the PEG-lipid is 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG-DMG), or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90, 93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132-tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate.

[1102] In some instances, the PEG-lipid is selected from the group consisting of a PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine, a PEG-modified phosphatidic acid, a PEG-modified ceramide, a PEG-modified dialkylamine, a PEG-modified diacylglycerol, a PEG-modified dialkylglycerol, and mixtures thereof.

[1103] In some instances, the lipid moiety of the PEG-lipids includes those having lengths of from about CM to about C22, preferably from about CM to about Ci6. In some instances, a PEG moiety, for example an mPEG-NFE, has a size of about 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, 15,000 or 20,000 daltons. In some instances, the PEG-lipid is PEG2k-DMG.

[1104] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticles described herein can comprise a PEG lipid which is a non-diffusible PEG. Non-limiting examples of non-diffusible PEGs include PEG-DSG and PEG-DSPE. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 PEG-lipids are known in the art, such as those described in U. S. Patent No.

[1105] 8,158,601 and International Publ. No. WO 2015 / 130584 A2, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[1106] In general, some of the other lipid components (e.g., PEG lipids) of various Formulae, described herein may be synthesized as described International Patent Application No. PCT / US2016 / 000129, filed December 10, 2016, entitled “Compositions and Methods for Delivery of Therapeutic Agents,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[1107] The lipid component of a lipid nanoparticle composition may include one or more molecules comprising polyethylene glycol, such as PEG or PEG-modified lipids. Such species may be alternately referred to as PEGylated lipids. A PEG lipid is a lipid modified with polyethylene glycol. A PEG lipid may be selected from the non-limiting group including PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamines, PEG-modified phosphatidic acids, PEG-modified ceramides, PEG-modified dialkylamines, PEG-modified diacylglycerols, PEG-modified dialkylglycerols, and mixtures thereof. For example, a PEG lipid may be PEG-c-DOMG, PEG-DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPE lipid.

[1108] In some instances, PEG lipids useful in the present disclosure can be PEGylated lipids described in International Publication No. WO2012099755, the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Any of these exemplary PEG lipids described herein may be modified to comprise a hydroxyl group on the PEG chain. In certain instances, the PEG lipid is a PEG-OH lipid. As generally defined herein, a “PEG-OH lipid” (also referred to herein as “hydroxy-PEGylated lipid”) is a PEGylated lipid having one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups on the lipid. In certain instances, the PEG-OH lipid includes one or more hydroxyl groups on the PEG chain. In certain instances, a PEG-OH or hydroxy-PEGylated lipid comprises an -OH group at the terminus of the PEG chain. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present disclosure. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some aspects, the lipid composition of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein does not comprise aPEG-lipid.

[1109] In some instances, the PEG-lipids may be one or more of the PEG lipids described in U. S. Application No. 62 / 520,530.

[1110] In some instances, a PEG lipid of the present disclosure comprises a PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine, a PEG-modified phosphatidic acid, a PEG-modified ceramide, a PEG-modified dialkylamine, a PEG-modified diacylglycerol, a PEG-modified dialkylglycerol, and mixtures thereof. In some instances, the PEG-modified lipid is PEG-DMG, PEG-c-DOMG (also referred to as PEG-DOMG), PEG-DSG and / or PEG-DPG.

[1111] In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an ionizable cationic lipid of Formula I, a phospholipid comprising DSPC, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid comprising PEG-DMG.

[1112] In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an ionizable cationic lipid of Formula I, a phospholipid comprising DSPC, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid.

[1113] In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an ionizable cationic lipid of

[1114]

[1115] In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an ionizable cationic lipid of Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[1116] HO'

[1117]

[1118] O O

[1119] and an alternative lipid comprising oleic acid.

[1120] In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an ionizable cationic lipid of

[1121] N

[1122]

[1123] an alternative lipid comprising oleic acid, a structural lipid comprising cholesterol, and a PEG lipid.

[1124] In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an ionizable cationic lipid of

[1125] O [

[1126] A. N

[1127] fNN N, J

[1128] N if

[1129] J O

[1130]

[1131] a phospholipid comprising DOPE, a structural lipid comprising cholesterol, and a PEG lipid.

[1132] In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an ionizable cationic lipid of Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1

[1133]

[1134] a phospholipid comprising DOPE, a structural lipid comprising cholesterol, and a PEG lipid.

[1135] In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an N: P ratio of from about 2: 1 to about 30: 1. In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an N: P ratio of about 6:1. In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises an N: P ratio of about 3:1. In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises a wt / wt ratio of the ionizable cationic lipid component to the RNA of from about 10:1 to about 100:1. In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises a wt / wt ratio of the ionizable cationic lipid component to the RNA of about 20:1. In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure comprises a wt / wt ratio of the ionizable cationic lipid component to the RNA of about 10:1. In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure has a mean diameter from about 50nm to about 150nm. In some instances, a LNP of the present disclosure has a mean diameter from about 70nm to about 120nm.

[1136] Other Lipid Composition Components

[1137] The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can include one or more components in addition to those described above. For example, the lipid composition can include one or more permeability enhancer molecules, carbohydrates, polymers, surface altering agents (e.g., surfactants), or other components. For example, a permeability enhancer molecule can be a molecule described by U. S.

[1138] Patent Application Publication No. 2005 / 0222064. Carbohydrates can include simple sugars (e.g, glucose) and polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen and derivatives and analogs thereof). Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 A polymer can be included in and / or used to encapsulate or partially encapsulate a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition in lipid nanoparticle form). A polymer can be biodegradable and / or biocompatible. A polymer can be selected from, but is not limited to, polyamines, polyethers, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbamates, polyureas, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyimides, polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyacetylenes, polyethylenes, polyethyleneimines, polyisocyanates, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, and polyarylates.

[1139] The ratio between the lipid composition and the polynucleotide range can be from about 10:1 to about 60:1 (wt / wt).

[1140] In some instances, the ratio between the lipid composition and the polynucleotide can be about 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1, 22:1, 23:1, 24:1, 25:1, 26:1, 27:1, 28:1, 29:1, 30:1, 31:1, 32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 35:1, 36:1, 37:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 41:1, 42:1, 43:1, 44:1, 45:1, 46:1, 47:1, 48:1, 49:1, 50:1, 51:1, 52:1, 53:1, 54:1, 55:1, 56:1, 57:1, 58:1, 59:1 or 60:1 (wt / wt). In some instances, the wt / wt ratio of the lipid composition to the polynucleotide encoding a therapeutic agent is about 20: 1 or about 15:1.

[1141] In some instances, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can contain more than one polypeptides. For example, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can contain two or more polynucleotides (e.g., RNA, e.g., mRNA).

[1142] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticles described herein can comprise polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) in a lipid:polynucleotide weight ratio of 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 35:1, 40:1, 45: 1, 50:1, 55:1, 60:1 or 70:1, or a range or any of these ratios such as, but not limited to, 5:1 to about 10:1, from about 5:1 to about 15:1, from about 5: 1 to about 20: 1, from about 5: 1 to about 25: 1, from about 5: 1 to about 30:1, from about 5: 1 to about 35:1, from about 5: 1 to about 40: 1, from about 5: 1 to about 45: 1, from about 5:1 to about 50:1, from about 5:1 to about 55:1, from about 5:1 to about 60:1, from about 5:1 to about 70:1, from about 10:1 to about 15:1, from about 10:1 to about 20:1, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 from about 10:1 to about 25:1, from about 10:1 to about 30:1, from about 10:1 to about 35:1, from about 10:1 to about 40:1, from about 10:1 to about 45:1, from about 10:1 to about 50:1, from about 10:1 to about 55:1, from about 10:1 to about 60:1, from about 10:1 to about 70:1, from about 15:1 to about 20:1, from about 15:1 to about 25:1, from about 15:1 to about 30:1, from about 15:1 to about 35:1, from about 15:1 to about 40:1, from about 15:1 to about 45:1, from about 15:1 to about 50:1, from about 15:1 to about 55:1, from about 15:1 to about 60:1 or from about 15:1 to about 70:1.

[1143] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticles described herein can comprise the polynucleotide in a concentration from approximately 0.1 mg / ml to 2 mg / ml such as, but not limited to, 0.1 mg / ml, 0.2 mg / ml, 0.3 mg / ml, 0.4 mg / ml, 0.5 mg / ml, 0.6 mg / ml, 0.7 mg / ml, 0.8 mg / ml, 0.9 mg / ml, 1.0 mg / ml, 1.1 mg / ml, 1.2 mg / ml, 1.3 mg / ml, 1.4 mg / ml, 1.5 mg / ml, 1.6 mg / ml, 1.7 mg / ml, 1.8 mg / ml, 1.9 mg / ml, 2.0 mg / ml or greater than 2.0 mg / ml.

[1144] Nanoparticle Compositions

[1145] In some instances, the binding polypeptides and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are formulated as lipid nanoparticles (LNP). Accordingly, the present disclosure also provides nanoparticle compositions comprising (i) a lipid composition comprising a delivery agent such as compound as described herein, and (ii) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide. In such nanoparticle compositions, the lipid composition disclosed herein is used to formulate the polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide.

[1146] Nanoparticle compositions are typically sized on the order of micrometers or smaller and can include a lipid bilayer. Nanoparticle compositions encompass lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes (.g., lipid vesicles), and lipoplexes. For example, a nanoparticle composition can be a liposome having a lipid bilayer with a diameter of 500 nm or less. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Nanoparticle compositions include, for example, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes, and lipoplexes. In some instances, nanoparticle compositions are vesicles including one or more lipid bilayers. In certain instances, a nanoparticle composition includes two or more concentric bilayers separated by aqueous compartments. Lipid bilayers can be functionalized and / or crosslinked to one another. Lipid bilayers can include one or more ligands, proteins, or channels.

[1147] In some instances, a lipid nanoparticle comprises an ionizable amino lipid, a structural lipid, a phospholipid, and mRNA. In some instances, the LNP comprises an ionizable amino lipid, a PEG-modified lipid, a sterol and a structural lipid. In some instances, the LNP has a molar ratio of about 40-50% ionizable amino lipid; about 5-15% structural lipid; about 30-45% sterol; and about 1-5% PEG-modified lipid.

[1148] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 47-49 mol.% ionizable cationic lipid (e.g. ionizable amino lipid, e.g., Compound 1-1, Compound 1-2, or Compound 1-3), 10-12 mol.% non-cationic lipid (e.g., phospholipid, e.g., DSPC), 38-40 mol.% sterol (e.g., cholesterol) or other structural lipid, and 1-3 mol.% PEG-modified lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or Compound P-1).

[1149] For instance, in some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-1”) may comprise the following components at the following molar ratios:

[1150] (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-1

[1151] (ii) 35-45 mol.% sterol (e.g., cholesterol);

[1152] (iii) 8-12 mol.% phospholipid (e.g., DSPC or DOPE); and

[1153] (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75, 78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1154] For instance, in some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-1 A”) may comprise the following components at the following molar ratios: Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-1

[1155] (ii) 35-45 mol.% Cholesterol;

[1156] (iii) 8-12 mol.% DSPC; and

[1157] (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75, 78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1158] For instance, in some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-1B”) may comprise the following components at the following molar ratios:

[1159] (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-1

[1160] (ii) 35-45 mol.% Cholesterol;

[1161] (iii) 8-12 mol.% DSPC; and

[1162] (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75, 78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1163] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-2”) may comprise the following:

[1164] (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-2;

[1165] (ii) 35-45 mol.% sterol (e.g., Cholesterol);

[1166] (iii) 8-12 mol.% phospholipid (e.g., DSPC or DOPE); and

[1167] (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75, 78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1168] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-2A”) may comprise the following:

[1169] (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-2;

[1170] (ii) 35-45 mol.% Cholesterol; Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (iii) 8-12 mol.% DSPC; and

[1171] (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75, 78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1172] For instance, in some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-2B”) may comprise the following components at the following molar ratios:

[1173] (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-2;

[1174] (ii) 35-45 mol.% Cholesterol;

[1175] (iii) 8-12 mol.% DSPC; and

[1176] (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75, 78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1177] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-3”) may comprise the following:

[1178] (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-3;

[1179] (ii) 35-45 mol.% sterol (e.g., Cholesterol);

[1180] (iii) 8-12 mol.% phospholipid (e.g., DSPC or DOPE); and

[1181] (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g, PEG-DMG or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75, 78,81, 84,87,90,93,96,' 99, 102,105,108,111, 114, 117,120,123,126, 129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1182] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-3 A”) may comprise the following:

[1183] (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-3;

[1184] (ii) 35-45 mol.% Cholesterol;

[1185] (iii) 8-12 mol.% DSPC; and Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or

[1186] 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1187] In some instances, the lipid nanoparticle (“LNP-3B”) may comprise the following:

[1188] (i) 45-50 mol.% Compound 1-3;

[1189] (ii) 35-45 mol.% Cholesterol;

[1190] (iii) 8-12 mol.% DSPC; and

[1191] (iv) 1.5-3.5 mol.% PEG-lipid (e.g., PEG-DMG or 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75, 78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132- tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate).

[1192] In some instances, the LNP has a polydispersity value of less than 0.4. In some instances, the LNP has a net neutral charge at a neutral pH. In some instances, the LNP has a mean diameter of 50-150 nm. In some instances, the LNP has a mean diameter of 80-100 nm.

[1193] As generally defined herein, the term “lipid” refers to a small molecule that has hydrophobic or amphiphilic properties. Lipids may be naturally occurring or synthetic. Examples of classes of lipids include, but are not limited to, fats, waxes, sterol-containing metabolites, vitamins, fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides, and prenol lipids. In some instances, the amphiphilic properties of some lipids lead them to form liposomes, vesicles, or membranes in aqueous media.

[1194] In some instances, a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) may comprise an ionizable amino lipid. As used herein, the term “ionizable amino lipid” has its ordinary meaning in the art and may refer to a lipid comprising one or more charged moieties. In some instances, an ionizable amino lipid may be positively charged or negatively charged. An ionizable Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 amino lipid may be positively charged, in which case it can be referred to as “cationic lipid”. In certain instances, an ionizable amino lipid molecule may comprise an amine group, and can be referred to as an ionizable amino lipid. As used herein, a “charged moiety” is a chemical moiety that carries a formal electronic charge, e.g., monovalent (+1, or -1), divalent (+2, or -2), trivalent (+3, or -3), etc. The charged moiety may be anionic (i.e., negatively charged) or cationic (z.e., positively charged). Examples of positively-charged moi eties include amine groups (e.g., primary, secondary, and / or tertiary amines), ammonium groups, pyridinium group, guanidine groups, and imidizolium groups. In a particular embodiment, the charged moieties comprise amine groups. Examples of negatively- charged groups or precursors thereof, include carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfate groups, phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, hydroxyl groups, and the like. The charge of the charged moiety may vary, in some cases, with the environmental conditions, for example, changes in pH may alter the charge of the moiety, and / or cause the moiety to become charged or uncharged. In general, the charge density of the molecule may be selected as desired.

[1195] It should be understood that the terms “charged” or “charged moiety” does not refer to a “partial negative charge" or “partial positive charge" on a molecule. The terms “partial negative charge" and “partial positive charge" are given their ordinary meaning in the art. A “partial negative charge" may result when a functional group comprises a bond that becomes polarized such that electron density is pulled toward one atom of the bond, creating a partial negative charge on the atom. Those of ordinary skill in the art will, in general, recognize bonds that can become polarized in this way.

[1196] The ionizable amino lipid is sometimes referred to in the art as an “ionizable cationic lipid”. In some instances, the ionizable amino lipid may have a positively charged hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail that are connected via a linker structure.

[1197] In addition to these, an ionizable amino lipid may also be a lipid including a cyclic amine group. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, the ionizable amino lipid may be selected from, but not limited to, an ionizable amino lipid described in International Publication Nos. WO2013086354 and WO2013116126; the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[1198] In yet another embodiment, the ionizable amino lipid may be selected from, but not limited to, Formula CLI-CLXXXXII of US Patent No. 7,404,969; each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[1199] In some instances, the lipid may be a cleavable lipid such as those described in International Publication No. WO2012170889, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some instances, the lipid may be synthesized by methods known in the art and / or as described in International Publication Nos. WO2013086354; the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[1200] Nanoparticle compositions can be characterized by a variety of methods. For example, microscopy (e.g., transmission electron microscopy or scanning electron microscopy) can be used to examine the morphology and size distribution of a nanoparticle composition. Dynamic light scattering or potentiometry (e., potentiometric titrations) can be used to measure zeta potentials. Dynamic light scattering can also be utilized to determine particle sizes. Instruments such as the Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) can also be used to measure multiple characteristics of a nanoparticle composition, such as particle size, poly dispersity index, and zeta potential.

[1201] The size of the nanoparticles can help counter biological reactions such as, but not limited to, inflammation, or can increase the biological effect of the polynucleotide.

[1202] As used herein, “size” or “mean size” in the context of nanoparticle compositions refers to the mean diameter of a nanoparticle composition. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some instances, the polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide(s) described herein are formulated in lipid nanoparticles having a diameter from about 10 to about 100 nm such as, but not limited to, about 10 to about 20 nm, about 10 to about 30 nm, about 10 to about 40 nm, about 10 to about 50 nm, about 10 to about 60 nm, about 10 to about 70 nm, about 10 to about 80 nm, about 10 to about 90 nm, about 20 to about 30 nm, about 20 to about 40 nm, about 20 to about 50 nm, about 20 to about 60 nm, about 20 to about 70 nm, about 20 to about 80 nm, about 20 to about 90 nm, about 20 to about 100 nm, about 30 to about 40 nm, about 30 to about 50 nm, about 30 to about 60 nm, about 30 to about 70 nm, about 30 to about 80 nm, about 30 to about 90 nm, about 30 to about 100 nm, about 40 to about 50 nm, about 40 to about 60 nm, about 40 to about 70 nm, about 40 to about 80 nm, about 40 to about 90 nm, about 40 to about 100 nm, about 50 to about 60 nm, about 50 to about 70 nm, about 50 to about 80 nm, about 50 to about 90 nm, about 50 to about 100 nm, about 60 to about 70 nm, about 60 to about 80 nm, about 60 to about 90 nm, about 60 to about 100 nm, about 70 to about 80 nm, about 70 to about 90 nm, about 70 to about 100 nm, about 80 to about 90 nm, about 80 to about 100 nm and / or about 90 to about 100 nm.

[1203] In some instances, the nanoparticles have a diameter from about 10 to 500 nm. In some instances, the nanoparticle has a diameter greater than 100 nm, greater than 150 nm, greater than 200 nm, greater than 250 nm, greater than 300 nm, greater than 350 nm, greater than 400 nm, greater than 450 nm, greater than 500 nm, greater than 550 nm, greater than 600 nm, greater than 650 nm, greater than 700 nm, greater than 750 nm, greater than 800 nm, greater than 850 nm, greater than 900 nm, greater than 950 nm or greater than 1000 nm.

[1204] In some instances, the largest dimension of a nanoparticle composition is 1 pm or shorter (e.g., 1 pm, 900 nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 175 nm, 150 nm, 125 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, or shorter).

[1205] A nanoparticle composition can be relatively homogenous. A poly dispersity index can be used to indicate the homogeneity of a nanoparticle composition, e.g., the particle Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 size distribution of the nanoparticle composition. A small (e.g., less than 0.3) polydispersity index generally indicates a narrow particle size distribution. A nanoparticle composition can have a polydispersity index from about 0 to about 0.25, such as 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, or 0.25. In some instances, the poly dispersity index of a nanoparticle composition disclosed herein can be from about 0.10 to about 0.20.

[1206] The amount of a polynucleotide present in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can depend on multiple factors such as the size of the polynucleotide, desired target and / or application, or other properties of the nanoparticle composition as well as on the properties of the polynucleotide.

[1207] For example, the amount of an mRNA useful in a nanoparticle composition can depend on the size (expressed as length, or molecular mass), sequence, and other characteristics of the mRNA. The relative amounts of a polynucleotide in a nanoparticle composition can also vary.

[1208] The relative amounts of the lipid composition and the polynucleotide present in a lipid nanoparticle composition of the present disclosure can be optimized according to considerations of efficacy and tolerability. For compositions including an mRNA as a polynucleotide, the N: P ratio can serve as a useful metric.

[1209] As the N: P ratio of a nanoparticle composition controls both expression and tolerability, nanoparticle compositions with lowN: P ratios and strong expression are desirable. N: P ratios vary according to the ratio of lipids to RNA in a nanoparticle composition.

[1210] In general, a lower N: P ratio is preferred. The one or more RNA, lipids, and amounts thereof can be selected to provide an N: P ratio from about 2: 1 to about 30:1, such as 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 24:1, 26:1, 28:1, or 30:1. In certain instances, the N: P ratio can be from about 2:1 to about 8:1. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In other instances, the N: P ratio is from about 5: 1 to about 8: 1. In certain instances, the N: P ratio is between 5:1 and 6: 1. In one specific aspect, the N: P ratio is about is about 5.67:1.

[1211] In some instances, the polynucleotides described herein can be formulated for controlled release and / or targeted delivery. As used herein, "controlled release" refers to a pharmaceutical composition or compound release profile that conforms to a particular pattern of release to effect a therapeutic outcome. In some instances, the polynucleotides is formulated with a delivery agent described herein and / or known in the art for controlled release and / or targeted delivery. As used herein, the term "encapsulate" means to enclose, surround or encase. As it relates to the formulation of the compounds of the present disclosure, encapsulation can be substantial, complete or partial. The term "substantially encapsulated" means that at least greater than 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or greater than 99% of the pharmaceutical composition or compound of the present disclosure can be enclosed, surrounded or encased within the delivery agent. " Partial encapsulation" or “partially encapsulate” means that less than 10, 10, 20, 30, 40 50 or less of the pharmaceutical composition or compound of the present disclosure can be enclosed, surrounded or encased within the delivery agent.

[1212] In some instances, the therapeutic nanoparticle polynucleotide can be formulated for sustained release. As used herein, "sustained release" refers to a pharmaceutical composition or compound that conforms to a release rate over a specific period of time. The period of time can include, but is not limited to, hours, days, weeks, months and years. As a non-limiting example, the sustained release nanoparticle of the polynucleotides described herein can be formulated as disclosed in Inti. Pub. No.

[1213] W02010075072 and U. S. Pub. Nos. US20100216804, US20110217377, US20120201859 and US20130150295, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[1214] In some instances, the therapeutic nanoparticle polynucleotide can be formulated to be target specific, such as those described in Inti. Pub. Nos. WO2008121949, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 W02010005726, W02010005725, WO2011084521 and WO2011084518; and U. S. Pub. Nos. US20100069426, US20120004293 and US20100104655, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[1215] The LNPs can be prepared using microfluidic mixers or micromixers. Exemplary microfluidic mixers can include, but are not limited to, a slit interdigital micromixer including, but not limited to those manufactured by Microinnova (Allerheiligen bei Wildon, Austria) and / or a staggered herringbone micromixer (SHM) (see, Zhigaltsev et al., Langmuir. 28:3633-40 (2012); Belliveau et al., Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids. I:e37 (2012); Chen et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(16):6948-51 (2012); each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Exemplary micromixers include Slit Interdigital Microstructured Mixer (SIMM-V2) or a Standard Slit Interdigital Micro Mixer (SSIMM) or Caterpillar (CPMM) or Impinging-j et (IJMM,) from the Institut fur Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Mainz Germany. In some instances, methods of making LNP using SHM further comprise mixing at least two input streams wherein mixing occurs by microstructure-induced chaotic advection (MICA). According to this method, fluid streams flow through channels present in a herringbone pattern causing rotational flow and folding the fluids around each other. This method can also comprise a surface for fluid mixing wherein the surface changes orientations during fluid cycling. Methods of generating LNPs using SHM include those disclosed in U. S. Pub. Nos.

[1216] US20040262223 and US20120276209, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[1217] In some instances, the polynucleotides described herein can be Formulated in lipid nanoparticles using microfluidic technology (see, Whitesides, George M., Nature 442: 368-373 (2006); and Abraham et al., Science 295: 647-651 (2002); each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). In some instances, the polynucleotides can be Formulated in lipid nanoparticles using a micromixer chip such as, but not limited to, those from Harvard Apparatus (Holliston, MA) or Dolomite Microfluidics (Royston, Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 UK). A micromixer chip can be used for rapid mixing of two or more fluid streams with a split and recombine mechanism.

[1218] In some embodiment, the nanoparticles described herein are stealth nanoparticles or target-specific stealth nanoparticles such as, but not limited to, those described in U. S. Pub. No. US20130172406, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The stealth or target-specific stealth nanoparticles can comprise a polymeric matrix, which can comprise two or more polymers such as, but not limited to, polyethylenes, polycarbonates, polyanhydrides, polyhydroxyacids, polypropylfumerates, polycaprolactones, polyamides, polyacetals, polyethers, polyesters, poly(orthoesters), polycyanoacrylates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyurethanes, polyphosphazenes, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polycyanoacrylates, polyureas, polystyrenes, polyamines, polyesters, polyanhydrides, polyethers, polyurethanes, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polycyanoacrylates, or combinations thereof.

[1219] Methods of Treatment

[1220] In some aspects, binding proteins of the present disclosure or nucleic acids encoding same are administered to a human subject in need thereof. In some aspects, the human subject in need thereof is a subject with a disease, disorder, and / or condition that may be treated with the polypeptides described herein. In one instance the human subject in need thereof is a subject having or at risk of developing a cancer (e.g., a leukemia, a lymphoma, a solid tumor). In one instance, the cancer is a CLDN6+ solid tumor.

[1221] Examples of cancers that may be treated in accordance with the technologies of the present disclosure include, for example, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, testicular cancer (e.g., testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs)), gastric cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer (e.g., uterine cervical adenocarcinoma (ADC)), lung cancer, esophageal cancer (e.g., esophageal squamous cell carcinoma), and atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumors. In one instance, the cancer is a relapsed or refractory CLDN6+ solid tumor. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 In some aspects, a human subject in need thereof is administered a binding protein of the present disclosure or a nucleic acid encoding same. In some aspects, a human subject in need thereof is administered a lipid nanoparticle that is formulated with an mRNA encoding a binding protein disclosed herein.

[1222] The methods involve administering to the human subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a VHH containing polypeptide described herein or an mRNA encoding such a polypeptide (e.g., formulated in a LNP). In some cases, the VHH containing polypeptide is a monovalent polypeptide. In some cases, the VHH containing polypeptide is a bivalent polypeptide. In some cases, the VHH containing polypeptide is a bivalent polypeptide (e.g., a CLDN6 binding VHH-linked to IgG4PAA). In some cases, the VHH containing polypeptide is a bispecific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody that binds both CLDN6 and a T cell antigen or a tumor associated / related antigen). In some cases, the VHH containing polypeptide is a multispecific antibody construct. In some cases, the VHH containing polypeptide is a conjugate (e.g., an antibody drug conjugate). In some cases, the human is administered an mRNA encoding a CLDN6 binding CAR described herein. In other cases, the human is administered a CAR-T cell wherein the T cell expresses a CAR comprising a VHH that specifically binds CLDN6.

[1223] The polypeptides of this disclosure may be administered subcutaneously or intravenously. In some instances, the antibodies are administered to a subject as a bolus IV injection or bolus. This form of delivery can produce high levels of expressed antibody.

[1224] Kits

[1225] Also included herein are kits that contain a VHH, a polypeptide, a bispecific antibody, a VHH-conjugate, or a CAR of this disclosure, and / or nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) encoding the same. In some embodiments, the kits provided herein contain one or more cells engineered to express and secrete a polypeptide(s) comprising an anti- Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 CLDN6 VHH of the disclosure, such as a cell containing a nucleic acid molecule(s) of the disclosure.

[1226] A kit described herein may include reagents that can be used to produce a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Optionally, kits described herein may include reagents that can induce the expression of a polypeptide(s) comprising an anti-CLDN6 VHH of the disclosure within cells (e.g., bacterial, yeast, insect, or mammalian cells).

[1227] Other kits described herein may include tools for engineering a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell (e.g., a CHO cell or a BL21(DE3) E. Coll cell or an immune cell) so as to express and secrete a polypeptide(s) comprising an anti-CLDN6 VHH of the disclosure. For example, a kit may contain CHO cells stored in an appropriate media and optionally frozen according to methods known in the art. The kit may also contain a nucleic acid encoding the desired VHH antibody as well as reagents for expressing the VHH antibody or binding protein in the cell.

[1228] A kit described herein may also provide a polypeptide(s) comprising an anti-CLDN6 VHH of the disclosure, or a nucleic acid encoding the same (e.g., mRNA) in combination with a package insert describing how the VHH antibody, or nucleic acid may be administered to a subject, for example, for the treatment of a disease, disorder and / or condition (e.g., cancer such as a CLDN6+ solid tumor).

[1229] EXAMPLES

[1230] Example 1: Materials & Methods

[1231] Immunization of Camelids’. Both llamas and alpacas underwent immunization with mRNA encoding Claudin-6. For primary immunization formulated mRNA (200-1000 pg) was injected intramuscularly (IM). Following the initial immunizations, 4 boost immunizations were given approximately every two to three weeks. Test bleeds were taken on day 42 post immunization to determine antibody titers against the immunized targets in the serum. A final intravenous immunization was given approximately seven days prior to Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 production bleeds, which were collected on days 77, 105, and 161, and PBMCs were isolated and PBMCs cryopreserved over liquid nitrogen.

[1232] Single Cell Screening and Recovery'. Single cells secreting Claudin-6-specific antibodies were identified using multiplexed live cell assays using AbCellera’s microfluidic screening devices (US 10,421,936; US 10,704,018). CHO cells expressing Claudin-6, Claudin-3, Claudin-4 and Claudin-9 were flowed onto microfluidic screening devices and incubated with single antibody-secreting cells, and mAb binding to cognate antigens was detected via a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody. Positive hits were identified using machine vision and manual curation and recovered using automated robotics-based protocols. Single-cell polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were performed by AbCellera. A subset of Claudin-6 specific hits were selected by Modema for expression and next steps of functional characterization.

[1233] Purification of Single Domain Antibodies: Recombinant antibodies were expressed at Biointron Biologies Inc. (Shanghai, China) in the VHH-His format in the CHO cells. The antibodies were purified from 30 mL CHO cultures using Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC). The purified proteins were assessed on Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) to verify size and homogeneity. The antibodies were further analyzed by SDS-PAGE under both reducing and non-reducing conditions to determine purity and validate molecular weight. An average of 2-5 mg protein was obtained from 30 mL CHO culture supernatants post purification.

[1234] FACS Cell Binding Assays: Primary cancer cell lines and / or CHO cell lines that stably express Human or Cynomolgus target protein were resuspended in FACS buffer (PBS pH7.4 + 2%FBS +2mM EDTA) at 1,000,000 cells / mL, and 80 pl of the cell suspension was added in each well in a 96-well V bottom polypropylene plate (Nunc). 80 pl of the VHH antibody were mixed to each well at starting concentration of 1 pM. After one-hour incubation at 4°C, pelleted cells were washed 2 times with ice cold FACS buffer and then resuspended in 80 pl anti-His-iFluor 647 from Biolegend at 1:500 dilution in FACS buffer, incubated 15 min at 4°C, centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 3 min; cell pellets Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 were washed twice and resuspended in 100 pl FACS buffer for analysis. Cellular fluorescence was determined on BD FACSCanto TI. The data was processed with FlowJo software (10.8.1), and EC50 values were determined by fitting the data with a nonlinear regression model using GraphPad Prism 9.4.1 (La Jolla, CA) (FIG. 1).

[1235] Evaluation of Off-Target Binding: Off-target antibody binding to protein family members and / or other species with high homology was evaluated for anti-Claudin 6 VHH antibodies. CHO cell lines that stably express human Claudin -3, -4 and -9 target protein were resuspended in FACS buffer (PBS pH 7.4 + 2% FBS +2 mM EDTA) at 1,000,000 cells / mL, and 80 pl of the cell suspension was added in each well in a 96-well V bottom polypropylene plate (Nunc). 80 pl of the VHH antibody were mixed to each well at starting concentration of 1 pM. After one-hour incubation at 4°C, pelleted cells were washed 2x by ice cold FACS buffer and then resuspended in 80 pl anti-His-iFluor 647 from Biolegend at 1.500 dilution in FACS buffer, incubated 15min at 4°C, centrifuged at 1500rpm for 3 min; cell pellets were washed twice and resuspended in lOOul FACS buffer for analysis. Cellular fluorescence was determined on BD FACSCanto II. The data was processed with FlowJo software (10.8.1), and MFI values were determined by fitting the data with a nonlinear regression model using GraphPad Prism 9.4.1 (FIG. 2 and Table I).

[1236] Humanization of VHH antibodies: VHH antibodies were humanized using a method similar to that described by Hanf et al., Methods 65(l):68-76 (2014). Briefly, the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the antibody sequences were annotated using the IMGT numbering scheme. Each VHH nucleotide sequence was generated and used to identify the nearest human germline VH sequences by searching for similar sequences with the NCBI IgBLAST program. Common J and D gene sequences were attached to the VH as the acceptor. Next, the most similar human VH sequences were identified using BLASTp and used to choose the nearest framework sequences into which the antibody CDR sequences are grafted replacing the human CDRs. Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 Alphafold was used to create the structural 3D homology model the of the appropriate CDRs that were grafted into the acceptor framework. The framework residues that were critical for huVH / VL interactions are back mutated to llama sequence canonical llama residues, also potentially structural defects due to mismatches at the graft interface can be fixed by mutating some framework residues to llama, or by mutating some residues on the CDRs’ backside to human or to a de novo designed sequence (FIGs. 3A and 3B). CDR stabilizing or overall fold stabilizing sequences were then backmutated to the corresponding llama sequence to maintain the biophysical properties and target binding affinity. Each of the humanized variants was expressed as VHH-His in CHO cells (Biointron, Shanghai) and the binding affinity was validated by FACS binding to target expressing cells as previously described. Humanized anti-Claudin 6 VHH constructs were evaluated for cross reactivity to the other human claudin family member proteins Claudin-3, -4, and -9 via FACS cell binding analysis to CHO cells expressing the target proteins as described above (Table II).

[1237] Example 2: Generation and Selection of VHH Antibodies Against CLDN6 Thirty-two single domain antibodies were discovered against the human solid tumor protein Claudin-6. FIG. 1 shows the monovalent binding of these antibodies to primary cancer cells expressing CLDN6 (PA-1 cells). Anti-CLDN6 VHH binders were assessed for cross-reactivity towards Claudin 3, -4, and -9 respectively. The anti-CLDN6 VHHs showed no binding to other claudin family members tested based on cell binding analysis to human Claudin expressing CHO cells (FIG. 2, Table I).

[1238] Table I: MFI values for anti -Claudin-6 VHHs binding at 1000 nM on CHO Claudin-3 and CHO Claudin-4 cells.

[1239] Clone MFI APC (CHO Claudin-3) MFI APC (CHO Claudin-4)

[1240] CSV9 156 139

[1241] CSV10 157 147

[1242] CSV11 149 138

[1243] CSV13 143 132

[1244] CSV14 147 129 Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 CSV15 140 132

[1245] CSV16 139 125

[1246] CSV18 212 530

[1247] CSV19 150 132

[1248] CSV20 146 129

[1249] CSV21 143 128

[1250] CSV24 133 125

[1251] CSV28 141 120

[1252] CSV32 141 119

[1253] CSV33 175 154

[1254] CSV36 147 131

[1255] CSV40 145 127

[1256] CSV41 144 125

[1257] CSV42 141 125

[1258] CSV44 138 120

[1259] CSV46 139 118

[1260] CSV51 133 117

[1261] CSV61 142 128

[1262] CSV62 148 131

[1263] CSV63 146 127

[1264] CSV64 142 129

[1265] CSV65 138 125

[1266] CSV66 137 120

[1267] CSV68 138 261

[1268] CSV72 NA NA

[1269] CSV77 NA NA

[1270] CSV79 NA NA

[1271] Secondary Control 185 147

[1272] The top clones against CLDN6, i.e., clones CSV51, CSV18, CSV42, and CSV32 were humanized and evaluated for binding against PA-1 cancer cells that express CLDN6 (FIG. 4). Most humanized VHH CLDN6 binders showed good binding to PA-1 cancer cells expressing Claudin-6 with a range of EC50 values. However, CSV42h6, CSV42h7, CSV42hlO, CSV32h2 and CSV32hlO did not show any binding. Humanized CLDN6 VHH antibodies showed no cross reactivity to Claudin 3, -4, and -9 (Table II).

[1273] Table II. MFI values for humanized anti-Claudin-6 VHHs binding at lOOOnM on CHO Claudin-3 and CHO Claudin-4 and CHO Claudin-9 cells

[1274] Clone MFI APC (CHO Claudin-3) MFI APC (CHO Claudin-4) MFI APC (CHO Claudin-9) Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 CSV18h1 294 450 272 CSV18h2 251 334 252 CSV18h3 255 429 322 CSV18h4 255 570 361 CSV18h5 253 637 355 CSV18h6 253 438 308 CSV18h7 257 394 415 CSV18h8 263 455 462 CSV18h9 281 459 1338 CSV18h10 282 335 1227 CSV51h1 258 239 247 CSV51 h2 248 257 251 CSV51h3 252 262 250 CSV51 h4 263 238 259 CSV51h5 251 248 255 CSV51 h6 264 274 274 CSV51 h7 247 259 261 CSV51 h8 248 277 263 CSV51 h9 254 258 254 CSV51h10 253 257 255 CSV42h1 250 247 252 CSV42h2 262 253 251 CSV42h3 258 250 263 CSV42h4 258 257 261 CSV42h5 253 231 240 CSV42h6 258 236 262 CSV42h7 254 238 251 CSV42h8 258 236 269 CSV42h9 266 242 251 CSV42h10 255 247 248 CSV32h1 247 228 250 CSV32h2 246 232 245 CSV32h3 271 248 243 CSV32h4 260 234 247 CSV32h5 250 246 231 CSV32h6 231 247 227 CSV32h7 266 255 245 CSV32h8 251 253 253 CSV32h9 255 240 236 CSV32h10 233 231 230 Secondary Control 192 191 225

Claims

Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A polypeptide comprising a variable domain of the heavy chain of a heavy chain-only antibody (VHH) that specifically binds CLDN6, the VHH comprising VHH complementarity determining region (CDR) 1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 of any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 143, 153, 1 to 32, 139-142, 144-152, or 154-178, optionally wherein the VHH CDR1, VHH CDR2, and VHH CDR3 are based on CDR definitions according to Kabat, Chothia, enhanced Chothia, contact, IMGT, or AbM, further optionally wherein the CLDN6 is human, or human and cynomolgus CLDN6, and also further optionally wherein the VHH does not bind to, or binds at essentially background levels to, CLDN3, 4, or 9.

2. The polypeptide of claim 1, further comprising (i) an agent selected from the group consisting of a purification tag, a fluorophore, a drug, a photosensitizer, a nanoparticle, a toxic agent, a radionuclide, a VHH, an Fab, a scFv, a multimerization module, a moiety that facilitates the polypeptide crossing the blood brain barrier, and a half-life extension moiety, optionally wherein the agent is attached or linked to the C-terminus of the VHH; or (ii) a human Ig Fc domain, optionally further comprising a human Ig hinge domain, and further optionally comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the human IgG4 PAA hinge and Fc domain sequence (SEQ ID NO: 186).

3. The polypeptide of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a second VHH that specifically binds to a T cell surface antigen or a tumor associated antigen.

4. The polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the VHH comprises:(a) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:79, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:80, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:81;Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (b) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:99, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;(c) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 119, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 120, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;(d) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 128, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 129;(e) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;(f) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:46, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47;(g) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;(h) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 121, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 122, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;(i) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 130, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 131, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132;Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 (j) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;(k) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:60, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:61;(l) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:72, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 73, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70;(m) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:72, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 179, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:70;(n) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 180, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107;(o) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 123, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 181, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107;(p) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 133, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 182, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 135; or(q) a VHH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, a VHH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116, and a VHH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107.

5. The polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the VHH comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, atAttorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 1 to 32 or 139-178, optionally wherein the VHH comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs.: 143, 153, 142, or 166.

6. A bispecific antibody comprising (i) the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5; and (ii) a binding molecule that binds to a different epitope of human CLDN6 than the polypeptide or binds to a different antigen, optionally wherein the different antigen is an antigen on a T cell, an NK cell, or a tumor cell.

7. A CLDN6 binding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5, optionally further comprising a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain; optionally, wherein the CLDN6 binding CAR comprises CD28 and CD137 signaling domains and CD3(^ (human CLDN6-28-137-3Q, or the transmembrane and intracellular signaling domain of human CD28 (Uniprot Entry Pl 0747; aa 153-220) and the intracellular domain of human CD3(^ (Uniprot Entry P20963; aa 52-164).

8. A nucleic acid or nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5, the bispecific antibody of claim 6, or the CLDN6 binding CAR of claim 7.

9. A vector or vectors comprising the nucleic acid or nucleic acids of claim 8.

10. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid or nucleic acids of claim 8 or the vector or vectors of claim 9.

11. A method of making a polypeptide or a bi specific antibody, the method comprising culturing the host cell of claim 10 under conditions that facilitate expression of the polypeptide or the bispecific antibody, and isolating the polypeptide or the bispecific antibody, optionally further comprising formulating the polypeptide or the bispecific antibody as a sterile pharmaceutical composition.Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5, the bispecific antibody of claim 6, or a T cell or NK cell expressing the CLDN6 binding CAR of claim 7, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

13. A method of treating a CLDN6+ cancer in a human subject in need thereof, killing a CLDN6+ tumor cell in a human subject in need thereof, or decreasing the rate of CLDN6+ tumor growth in a human subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the human subject a therapeutically effective amount of the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5, the bispecific antibody of claim 6, or a T cell or NK cell expressing the CLDN6 binding CAR of claim 7, optionally wherein the cancer is breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, testicular cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, an atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor, or a relapsed and / or refractory CLDN6+ solid tumor, further optionally wherein administration is intravenous or subcutaneous.

14. A messenger RNA (mRNA) comprising an open reading frame (ORF) encoding the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5, the bispecific antibody of claim 6, or the CLDN6 binding CAR of claim 7.

15. A polynucleotide comprising an mRNA comprising:(i) a 5' UTR;(ii) an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5, the bispecific antibody of claim 6, or the CLDN6 binding CAR of claim 7;(iii) a stop codon; and(iv) a 3' UTR.

16. The polynucleotide of claim 15, wherein the mRNA comprises a microRNA (miR) binding site.Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 17. The polynucleotide of any one of claim 15 or 16, wherein the 5' UTR comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 236-239 or 243-258.

18. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the 3' UTR comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 259-271.

19. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the mRNA comprises a 5' terminal cap, optionally wherein the terminal cap is or comprises m7GpppGm.

20. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 15 to 19, wherein the mRNA comprises a poly A region, optionally wherein the poly A region is about 100 nt in length..

21. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 15 to 20, wherein the mRNA comprises at least one chemically modified nucleobase, sugar, backbone, or any combination thereof, optionally wherein the at least one chemically modified nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of pseudouracil (y), N1 -methylpseudouracil (mly), 1-ethylpseudouracil, 2-thiouracil (s2U), 4’-thiouracil, 5-methylcytosine, 5-methyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, and any combination thereof.

22. The polynucleotide of claim 21, wherein at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or 100% of the uracils are N1 -methylpseudouracils, optionally wherein 100% of the uracils areN1 -methylpseudouracils.

23. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 15 to 20, wherein the open reading frame consists of nucleosides selected from the group consisting of (i) uridine or a modified uridine, (ii) cytidine or a modified cytidine, (iii) adenosine or a modified adenosine, and (iv) guanosine or a modified guanosine, optionally wherein the modified uridine is 1-methylpseudouridine.Attorney Docket No.: 45817-0171WO1 24. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 15 to 23, wherein the mRNA comprises a 5’terminal cap comprising m7GpppGm and a poly A region 100 nucleotides in length, optionally wherein all uracils of the polynucleotide are N1 -methylpseudouracils.

25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the polynucleotide of any one of claims 15 to 24, and a delivery agent, optionally wherein the delivery agent comprises a lipid nanoparticle, further optionally wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a neutral lipid, an ionizable amino lipid, a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) lipid, and / or a sterol, and further optionally wherein the neutral lipid is l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; wherein the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (I), optional Compound 1-1; wherein the PEG lipid is PEG 2000 dimyristoyl glycerol or 134-hydroxy-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90, 93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132-tetratetracontaoxatetratriacontahectyl stearate, and wherein the sterol is cholesterol.

26. A method of treating a CLDN6+ cancer in a human subject in need thereof, killing a CLDN6+ tumor cell in a human subject in need thereof, or decreasing the rate of CLDN6+ tumor growth in a human subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the human subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, optionally wherein the cancer is breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, testicular cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, an atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor, or a relapsed and / or refractory CLDN6+ solid tumor, further optionally wherein administration is intravenous or subcutaneous.

27. A kit comprising (i) the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5; the bispecific antibody of any one of claim 6; a T cell or NK cell expressing the CLDN6 binding CAR of claim 7; the pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 or 25; or the polynucleotide of any one of claims 14-24, and (ii) a package insert instructing a user of the kit to administer the polypeptide, bispecific antibody, CLDN6 binding CAR, pharmaceutical composition, or polynucleotide to a human subject in need thereof.

Images