Aqueous coating composition with low volatile organic compound coalescent agent
Low-VOC coalescent agents are produced through an alkoxylation process using alcohol initiators, addressing the challenge of maintaining film formation properties and environmental compliance, with improved performance in film formation temperature, freeze-thaw stability, and scrub resistance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-20
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-25
AI Technical Summary
Developing low-VOC coalescent agents that adhere to EPA Method 24 and ASTM D6886 standards while maintaining effective film formation properties remains a significant challenge.
The use of alcohol initiators with alkylene oxide groups in an alkoxylation process to produce coalescent agents without the need for additional separation steps, resulting in low VOC formulations that provide effective film formation properties.
The coalescent agents achieve reduced VOC content while maintaining or improving film formation temperature, freeze-thaw stability, and scrub resistance, adhering to environmental regulations and performance standards.
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Figure CN2024141024_25062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
AQUEOUS COATING COMPOSITION WITH LOW VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND COALESCENT AGENTTechnical Field
[0001] The disclosure relates to generally to coating compositions and in particular to aqueous coating compositions with a low volatile organic compound coalescent agent.Background
[0002] Coalescent agents are additives used in dispersion paints to help the film formation process. They work by temporarily softening the polymer particles in the dispersion paints, allowing the particles to merge and form a continuous, cohesive film. Coalescent agents do this by acting as a temporary plasticizer to lower the minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) of the polymer, which makes the paint more versatile in different climatic conditions. The coalescent agents also help to reduce the surface tension of the polymer particles, making them more likely to merge.
[0003] Traditional coalescent agents, such as Texanol ester alcohol (2, 2, 4-Trimethyl-1, 3-Pentanediol Monoisobutyrate) , are highly effective for applications where quick drying was desired and / or for use in paints for colder climates. Many traditional coalescent agents, including Texanol, however, are classified as 100%volatile organic compounds (VOC) under both Method 24 of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and ASTM D6886. As such, these traditional coalescent agents are highly regulated due to their environmental impact. In addition, consumers are also becoming more aware of the environmental impact of these traditional coalescent agents and so the industry is moving towards low VOC and non-VOC paint formulations. However, developing low-VOC coalescent agents that retain the performance of traditional ones, including attributes like MFFT, film homogeneity, and scrub resistance remains a significant challenge.
[0004] Therefore, there is a need in the art for low-VOC coalescent agents that adhere to EPA Method 24 and ASTM D6886 standards while maintaining effective film formation properties.Summary
[0005] The present disclosure provides for coalescent agents having low VOC formed using alcohol initiators with alkylene oxide groups in an alkoxylation process. Unlike traditional coalescent compounds formed from esters, ester alcohols and glycol ethers (synthesized using esterification chemistry following by the separation step to remove VOC content) , the coalescent agents of the present disclosure are made using an alkoxylated approach without the need for an additional separation step to remove VOCs. As discussed herein, the coalescent agents of the present disclosure adhere to VOC standards while also providing effective film formation properties of aqueous coating compositions that include the coalescent agent of the present disclosure.
[0006] For the various embodiments, the present disclosure provides an aqueous coating composition that includes a binder; a coalescent agent represented by Formula I:
[0007] and water. For the coalescent agent of Formula I, R1 is a linear C6-C16 alkyl or a branched C6-C16 alkyl, R2 is independently a methyl or an ethyl; x has an average value of 0 to 10; y has an average value of 0.25 to 5; z has an average value of 3 to 20; a ratio of y / z is from 0.01 to 0.5. For the various embodiments, the linear C6-C16 alkyl or branched C6-C16 alkyl can be derived from synthetic alcohols and / or natural alcohols, as discussed herein.
[0008] For the various embodiments, for Formula I; x can be in the range of 0 to 5; y can be in the range of 0.25 to 1.9; and z can be in the range of 3 to 10. In additional embodiments, for Formula I x can be in the range of 0 to 5; y can be in the range of 0.25 to 1.5; z has an average value of 4 to 9 and R2 is a methyl.
[0009] For the various embodiments, where x is 0 the coalescent agent for Formula I is represented by:
[0010] where y can have an average value of 0.25 to 5; z can have an average value of 3 to 20 and the ratio of y / z can be in the range of 0.01 to 0.5. In additional embodiments, when x is 0; y has an average value of 0.25 to 1.9; z has an average value of 3 to 10 and R2 is a methyl. In further embodiments, when x is 0, y can have an average value of 0.25 to 1.50; z can have an average value of 4 to 9 and R2 is a methyl.
[0011] For the various embodiments, for Formula I; R1 can be a linear C8-C14 alkyl or a branched C8-C14 alkyl. In additional embodiments, for Formula I R1 can either be a branched C8 alkyl, a linear C12-C14 alkyl or a branched C12-C14 alkyl.
[0012] For the various embodiments, the coalescent agent represented by Formula I has a theoretical molecular weight in a range of 300 to 1300 g / mole.
[0013] For the various embodiments, the aqueous coating composition can include 5 to 65 weight percent of solids in the binder based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. In additional embodiments, the aqueous coating composition can include 0.5 to 15 weight percent of the coalescent agent represented by Formula I based upon a total weight of the coalescent and solids in the binder. For the various embodiments, a coating can be formed from the aqueous coating composition as provided herein.Detailed Description
[0014] The present disclosure provides for coalescent agents having low VOC formed using alcohol initiators with alkylene oxide groups in an alkoxylation process. Unlike traditional coalescent compounds formed from esters, ester alcohols and glycol ethers (synthesized using esterification chemistry following by the separation step to remove VOC content) , the coalescent agents of the present disclosure are made using an alkoxylated approach without the need for an additional separation step to remove VOCs. As discussed herein, the coalescent agents of the present disclosure adhere to VOC standards while also providing effective film formation properties of aqueous coating compositions that include the coalescent agent of the present disclosure.
[0015] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein can have one or more properties that are desirable for various applications. For instance, the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may have an improved (e.g., reduced) minimum film formation temperature as compared to other compositions. Minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) is the lowest temperature at which a composition will uniformly coalesce when laid on a substrate as a thin film. For a number of applications, it is desirable for compositions to have a reduced MFFT. Compositions having a reduced MFFT may advantageously cure under particular conditions, e.g., lower temperatures, as compared to compositions having a relatively greater MFFT.
[0016] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein can also have an improved freeze-thaw stability as compared to other compositions. Freeze-thaw stability may be evidenced as a comparatively lesser change in viscosity after number of freezing and thawing cycles. In other words, the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may have an improved, i.e., a comparatively lesser change in viscosity, freeze-thaw stability as compared to other compositions. Improved freeze-thaw stability is desirable for a number of applications.
[0017] Aqueous coating compositions are disclosed herein. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide that the aqueous coating compositions include a binder; water; and a coalescent agent represented by Formula I:
[0018] For the coalescent agent of Formula I, R1 is a linear C6-C16 alkyl or a branched C6-C16 alkyl, R2 is independently a methyl or an ethyl; x has an average value of 0 to 10; y has an average value of 0.25 to 5; z has an average value of 3 to 20; a ratio of y / z is from 0.01 to 0.5. For the various embodiments, for Formula I; x can be in the range of 0 to 5; y can be in the range of 0.25 to 1.9; and z can be in the range of 3 to 10. In additional embodiments, for Formula I x can be in the range of 0 to 5; y can be in the range of 0.25 to 1.5; z has an average value of 4 to 9 and R2 is a methyl.
[0019] For the various embodiments, when x is 0 the coalescent agent for Formula I is represented by:
[0020] where y can have an average value of 0.25 to 5; z can have an average value of 3 to 20 and the ratio of y / z can be in the range of 0.01 to 0.5. In additional embodiments, when x is 0; y has an average value of 0.25 to 1.9; z has an average value of 3to 10 and R2 is a methyl. In further embodiments, when x is 0, y can have an average value of 0.25 to 1.50; z can have an average value of 4 to 9 and R2 is a methyl.
[0021] For the various embodiments, “x” of the coalescent agent represented by Formula I has an average value of 0 to 10. All individual values and subranges from 0 to 10 are included; for example, “x” may be from a lower limit of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 to an upper limit of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. For the various embodiments, “y” of the coalescent agent represented by Formula I has an average value of 0.25 to 5. All individual values and subranges from 0.25 to 5 are included; for example, “y” may be from a lower limit of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 or 1.25 to an upper limit of 1.50, 1.75, 2, 3 or 5. For the various embodiments, “z” of the coalescent agent represented by Formula I has an average value of 3 to 20. All individual values and subranges from 3 to 20 are included; for example, “z” may be from a lower limit of 3, 4 or 5 to an upper limit of 6, 10, 15, 19 or 20. For the various embodiments, x can be in the range of 0 to 5; y can be in the range of 0.25 to 1.9; and z can be in the range of 3 to 10. In additional embodiments, y can be in the range of 0.25 to 1.5.
[0022] For the various embodiments, the ratio of y / z is from 0.01 to 0.5. Such a range of y / z ratios has been found to provide effective coalescent properties, as provided herein. All individual values and subranges from 0.01 to 0.5 for y / z are included; for example, a lower limit of the ratio of y / z can include 0.01, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.0375, 0.05, or 0.1 to an upper limit of the ratio of y / z of 0.2, 0.3 0.4 or 0.5. Preferably, for the ratio of y / z being from 0.01 to 0.5, R2 is preferably methyl. So, for Formula I, x can be 0; y has an average value of 1.25 to 1.75; z has an average value of 4 to 6 and R2 is a methyl. For these embodiments, y / z can be: 0.3125 when y is 1.25 and z is 4; 0.4375 when y is 1.75 and z is 4; 0.208 when y is 1.25 and z is 6; and 0.292 when y is 1.75 and z is 6. Other examples of y and z values are possible so as to arrive at the ratio of y / z being from 0.01 to 0.5.
[0023] The coalescent agent represented by Formula I is a copolymer formed from monomers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide, as provided herein, through an alkoxylation process. The structure of Formula I can be a random copolymer structure or a block copolymer structure. Mixtures of both the random copolymer structure and the block copolymer structure can also be produced and used as the coalescent agent for the aqueous coating compositions of the present disclosure. Preferably, the structure of Formula I is a block structure that is capped with moieties formed from propylene oxide. In other words, R2 is preferably a methyl.
[0024] The coalescent agent represented by Formula I is produced using an alkoxylation process in which alkylene oxide groups are added to an alcohol initiator in the presence of a catalyst. Such processes are well known. As seen in Formula I, ethylene oxide can be used to form the linkage of between R1, the first hydrophobe, and a propylene oxide or butylene oxide capping structure, for which z has an average value of 3 to 20, among others, as discussed herein. The alkylene oxide groups used in forming the moieties provided by x and / or z can be selected from propylene oxide (when R2 is methyl) and / or butylene oxide (when is R2 ethyl) . The coalescent agent represented by Formula I made by the alkoxylated approach is done without any additional separation to perform as low VOC coalescent in the coating formulation.
[0025] For the various embodiments, the linear C6-C16 alkyl or branched C6-C16 alkyl can be derived from synthetic alcohols and / or natural alcohols. Examples of such linear or branched alcohols include primary alcohols selected from hexanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, 2-ethylhexanol, 2-propylheptanol, C8-C10 linear alcohol mixtures, tridecanol, isotridcanol, C12-C14 primary alcohols, C8-C16 primary alcohols. Preferably, the alcohol initiator is a C8 primary alcohol (e.g., 2-ethylhexanol) , C10 alcohols (e.g., 2-propylheptanol) and C12-C14 alcohols. For the various embodiments, for the resulting Formula I; R1 can be a linear C8-C14 alkyl or a branched C8-C14 alkyl. In additional embodiments, for Formula I R1 can either be a branched C8 alkyl, a linear C12-C14 alkyl or a branched C12-C14 alkyl.
[0026] The coalescent agent represented by Formula I may have a theoretical molecular weight from 300 to 1300 gram / mole (g / mol) . All individual values and subranges from 300 to 1300 g / mol are included; for example, the coalescent agent represented by Formula I may have a theoretical molecular weight from a lower limit of 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 g / mol to an upper limit of 1300, 1200, 1100, or 1000 g / mol.
[0027] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein include a binder. The binder may help to bind together one or more components of the aqueous coating compositions and / or bind one or more components of the aqueous coating compositions to a substrate. The binder may comprise one or more acrylic copolymers, s, acrylic copolymers, polyurethane, vinyl acetate copolymers, polyurea, wax, casein, egg tempera, gum arabic, linseed oil, shellac, starch, starch glue, gelatin, dextrin, polyester or combinations thereof. “Acrylic” , as used herein, includes (meth) acrylic acid, (meth) alkyl acrylate, (meth) acrylamide, (meth) acrylonitrile and their modified forms such as (meth) hydroxyalkyl acrylate.
[0028] The binder may comprise monomeric structural units derived from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers. Examples of ethylenically unsaturated monomers include, but are not limited to, (meth) acrylic ester monomers such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and hydroxypropyl methacrylate; (meth) acrylonitrile; styrene and substituted styrene; butadiene; ethylene, propylene, 1-decene; vinyl acetate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl versatate and other vinyl esters; vinyl monomers such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride; and combinations thereof. The ethylenically unsaturated monomer may comprise a functional group. Examples of the functional group include, but are not limited to, carbonyl, acetoacetate, alkoxysilane, carboxyl, ureido, amide, imide, amino group, and combinations thereof. Various functional groups and various concentrations of functional groups may be utilized for different applications.
[0029] The binder may comprise a chain transfer agent. Examples of chain transfer agents include, but are not limited to, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, dodecyl mercaptan, methyl 3-mercaptopropionate, benzenethiol, azelaic alkyl mercaptan, and combinations thereof. Various chain transfer agents and various concentrations of chain transfer agent may be utilized for different applications.
[0030] One or more embodiments provide that the binder may be in the form of a dispersion or an emulsion, which are herein referred to as a “binder emulsion” . The binder emulsion may have a solids content, e.g. the binder, from 30 to 75 weight percent, based upon a total weight of the binder emulsion. All individual values and subranges from 30 to 75 weight percent are included; for example, the binder emulsion may have a solids content from a lower limit of 30, 34, or 40 weight percent to an upper limit of 75, 65, or 60 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the binder emulsion.
[0031] The binder, e.g., the binder emulsion, can be formed using known equipment, reaction components, and reaction conditions. For example, the binder can be formed by emulsion polymerization.
[0032] The binder, e.g., the binder emulsion, can be obtained commercially. Examples of commercial binders include, but are not limited to, those under the trade name PRIMALTM, such as PRIMALTM AC-268 and PRIMALTM AC-261, available from The Dow Chemical Company; those under the trade name ROSHIELDTM, such as ROSHIELDTM 3311 and ROSHIELDTM EP-6060, available from The Dow Chemical Company; those under the trade name MAINCOTETM, such as MAINCOTETM 1100A, available from The Dow Chemical Company; those under the tradename BAYHYDROL, such as BAYHYDROL XP-2557, BAYHYDROL XP-2606, and BAYHYDROL XP-2427 available from Bayer, and combinations thereof, among other commercially available binders.
[0033] The aqueous coating composition may include from 5 to 65 weight percent binder solids based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 5 to 65 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include binder solids from a lower limit of 5, 10, or 15 weight percent to an upper limit of 65, 60, or 50 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
[0034] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein include water. The aqueous coating composition may include from 30 to 90 weight percent water based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 30 to 90 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include water from a lower limit of 30, 40, or 50 weight percent to an upper limit of 90, 80, or 70 weight percent water, based upon the total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
[0035] The aqueous coating composition may include from 0.5 to 15 weight percent of the coalescent agent represented by Formula I based upon a total weight of the coalescent agent and the solids in the binder. An individual values and subranges from 0.5 to 15 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the coalescent agent represented by Formula I from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 weight percent to an upper limit of 15, 10, or 8 weight percent based upon a total weight of the coalescent and the binder solids.
[0036] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a wetting and dispersing agent, which may also be referred to as a surfactant and / or a dispersant. “Wetting and dispersing agent” herein refers to a chemical additive that can reduce the surface tension and / or improve separation of particles of the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein.
[0037] Examples of wetting agents include, but are not limited to, alcohol ethoxylate wetting agents, polycarboxylate wetting agents, anionic wetting agents, zwitterionic wetting agents, non-ionic wetting agents, and combinations thereof. Specific examples of wetting agents include sodium bis(tridecyl) sulfosuccinate, sodium di (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, sodium dihexylsulfosuccinate, sodium dicyclohexylsulfosuccinate, sodium diamylsulfosuccinate, sodium diisobutytsulfosuccinate, disodium iso-decylsulfosuccinate, the disodium ethoxylated alcohol half ester of sulfosuccinic acid, disodium alkylamidopolyethoxy sulfosuccinate, tetra-sodium N- (1, 2-dicarboxyethyl) -N-octadecyl sulfosuccinamate, disodium N-octasulfosuccinamate sulfated ethoxylated nonylphenol, among others. Examples of commercially available wetting agents include, for example, ECOSURFTM EH-9, available from The Dow Chemical Company, OROTANTM CA-2500, available from The Dow Chemical Company, SURFYNOL 104, available from Evonik, BYK-346 and BYK-349 polyether-modified siloxanes both available from BYK, among others.
[0038] The aqueous coating composition may include from 0.01 to 10 weight percent of the wetting agent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.01 to 10 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the wetting agent from a lower limit of 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 1.0 or 2.0 weight percent to an upper limit of 10, 8, 7, 5, 4, or 3 weight percent based upon the total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
[0039] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a freeze-thaw stabilizer. Examples of freeze-thaw stabilizers include alcohols, glycols, and combinations thereof, among others. Specific examples of freeze-thaw stabilizers include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol (1, 2, 3-trihydroxypropane) , ethanol, methanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, tristyrylphenol ethoxylate, and combinations thereof.
[0040] The aqueous coating composition may include from 0.1 to 15 weight percent of the freeze-thaw stabilizer based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 15 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the freeze-thaw stabilizer from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 weight percent to an upper limit of 15, 10, or 8 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
[0041] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a colorant, which may also be referred to as a pigment. Various colorants may be utilized. The colorant can be a natural colorant, a synthetic colorant, an organic colorant, an inorganic colorant, or a combination thereof Specific examples of colorants include titanium dioxide and polymeric pigments, such ROPAQUETM Ultra E, available from The Dow Chemical Company, among others.
[0042] The aqueous coating composition may include from 0.5 to 45 weight percent of the colorant based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.5 to 45 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the colorant from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 weight percent to an upper limit of 45, 30, or 25 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
[0043] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a thickener, which may also be referred to as a filler and / or a rheology modifier. Examples of thickeners include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) , clay materials, such as kaolin, acid derivatives, acid copolymers, urethane associate thickeners (UAT) , polyether urea polyurethanes (PEUPU) , polyether polyurethanes (PEPU) , and combinations thereof, thickeners such as alkali swellable emulsions (ASE) such as sodium or ammonium neutralized acrylic acid polymers; hydrophobically modified alkali swellable emulsions (HASE) such as hydrophobically modified acrylic acid copolymers; associative thickeners such as hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethanes (HEUR) ; and cellulosic thickeners such as methyl cellulose ethers, hydroxymethyl cellulose (HMC) , hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) , hydrophobically-modified hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HMHEC) , sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) , sodium carboxymethyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose, 2-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl cellulose, and 2-hydoxypropyl cellulose, and combinations thereof may be utilized. Commercial examples include those available under the ACRYSOLTM tradename, such as ACRYSOLTM TT-935, ACRYSOLTM DR-770, and ACRYSOLTM RM-2020 NPR, available from The Dow Chemical Company; and Natrosol 250HBR available from Ashland.
[0044] The aqueous coating composition may include from 0.1 to 45 weight percent of the thickener based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 4 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the thickener from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 weight percent to an upper limit of 4, 3, or 2 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
[0045] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a matting agent. The matting agent may include various inorganic particles, organic particles, and combinations thereof, as is known in the art. The matting agent may be a powder. Examples of the matting agent include, but are not limited to, silica matting agents, diatomate, polyurea matting agents, polyacrylate, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethene, and combinations thereof. Examples of commercial matting agents are commercially available matting agents may include, for example, CILITE 499 available from World Minerals Co. Ltd, ACEMATT TS-100 and ACEMATT OK520 silica matting agents both available from Evonik, DEUTERON MK polyurea matting agent available from Deuteron, and micronized wax additives CERAFLOUR 929 and CERAFLOUR 920 both available from BYK, SYLOID Silica 7000 matting agent available from Grace Davison.
[0046] The aqueous coating composition may include from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of the matting agent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 10 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the matting agent from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 weight percent to an upper limit of 10, 8, or 5 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
[0047] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include an additional coating additive, as known in the art. Examples of the additional coating additive include, but are not limited to leveling agents; flow control agents such as silicones, fluorocarbons or cellulosics; extenders; flatting agents; ultraviolet light (UV) absorbers; hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) ; phosphites; defoamers and anti-foaming agents; anti settling, anti-sag and bodying agents; anti-skinning agents; anti-flooding and anti-floating agents; biocides, fungicides and mildeweides; corrosion inhibitors, and combinations thereof, among others. Various amounts of the additional coating additive may be utilized for different applications.
[0048] The aqueous coating composition may include from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of the additional coating additive based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 10 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the additional coating additive from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 weight percent to an upper limit of 10, 9, or 8 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
[0049] The aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may be formed by a known process; the aqueous coating compositions may be made using known equipment and reaction conditions. For instance, forming the aqueous coating compositions can include a grind stage. For the grind stage, a number of components of the aqueous coating composition, such as the pigment, as well as other materials that may not homogenize under low-shear mixing and / or are selected for a particle size reduction, can be combined with water to be ground and / or dispersed, e.g., via a mill under high shear conditions. Other components, such as defamer and / or wetting agent, among others, may be utilized in the grind stage.
[0050] The grind stage can provide that resultant particles have an average particle diameter from 0.1 μm to 100 μm. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 μm to 100 μm are included; for example, resultant particles may have an average particle diameter from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 μm to an upper limit of 100, 75, or 50 μm.
[0051] Following the grind stage, a let-down stage may be performed. Output resultant from the grind stage, e.g., a number of ground and / or dispersed aqueous coating composition components, can be combined with the remaining components utilized to form the aqueous coating composition. The let-down stage may utilize low shear mixing, for instance.
[0052] The aqueous coating composition disclosed herein can be utilized to form a coating. Such a coating may be used for a number of different coating applications such as industrial coating applications, architectural coating applications, automotive coating applications, outdoor furniture coating applications, among others.
[0053] The aqueous coating composition disclosed herein may be applied to a substrate, e.g., to one or more surfaces of an article or a structure, via any method. Such methods include, but are not limited to, spraying, dipping, rolling, and any other conventional technique generally known to those skilled in the art. The surface of such structures to be coated with the aqueous coating composition may comprise concrete, wood, metal, plastic, glass, drywall, among others. Known equipment, components, and conditions may be utilized when applying the aqueous coating compositions.
[0054] Following application to the substrate, the aqueous coating composition can be cured, e.g., dried, to form a coating. The coatings can form one or more layers having various thicknesses for different applications.
[0055] Advantageously, the coatings disclosed herein can have one or more properties that are desirable for various applications. For instance, the coatings disclosed herein may have an improved scrub resistance as compared to coatings formed from other compositions, e.g., when the coatings are dried within a particular temperature range. For instance, the coatings disclosed herein may have an improved scrub resistance when dried at a temperature at or below 15℃., e.g., from -25 to 15℃., or -20 to 10℃. As used herein, the term “scrub resistance” refers to a number of scrub cycles required to erode a coating from the substrate. Scrub resistance can be determined according to GB / T 9266-2009.
[0056] Examples
[0057] The following Examples (EX) and Comparative Examples (CE) are provided to illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure, but are not intended to limit the scope thereof. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. All materials were purchased from commercial vendors and used as received unless otherwise noted.
[0058] Texanol ester alcohol (2, 2, 4-Trimethyl-1, 3-Pentanediol Monoisobutyrate) (Texanol) was purchased from Eastman and used as supplied. CE B through CE D and EX 1 through EX 9 were prepared or acquired as described below.
[0059] Volatile Organic Compound Tests
[0060] Both Method 24 EPA and ASTM D6886 were used to determine the volatile organic compound (VOC) content of the EX and CE coalescent agents. Theoretical molecular weight values (Theo. Mw) were calculated molecular weight of a molecule based solely on its chemical formula of the coalescent structure. VOC results for CE A through CE D and EX 1 through EX 9 are provided in Table 1.
[0061] Table 1 -VOC wt. %of CE A-CE D and EX 1 -EX 9
[0062] EH is 2-ethylhexanol
[0063] Results from Table 1
[0064] VOC wt. %values of Texanol ester alcohol (CE A) as determined by Method 24 and ASTM D6886 were found to be greater than 99 wt. %. In contrast, most of the coalescent agents of EX 1 –EX 9 showed VOC contents below 5 wt. %based on Method 24 EPA. From these results it is believed that the alcohol alkoxylation approach of the present disclosure can produce high molecular weight coalescent agents having a reduced VOC content. CE B and CE C (also alcohol alkoxylates having structures composed of an alcohol hydrophobe with PO block, followed by the EO capping) had similar reductions in VOC, but as demonstrated below did not demonstrate as effective coalescent agents as the EXs provided herein. In addition, while CE D demonstrated a VOC content of 1.8 wt. % (Method 24 EPA) , it has regional regulation concerns that limit its use globally.
[0065] As seen in Table 1, each of EX 1 –EX 9 can be considered as a low VOC coalescent, as the Method 24 EPA results demonstrated VOC contents below 1 wt. %, except for EX 4, which had a 4.9 wt. %VOC. EX 3 and EX 6 can be considered as zero VOC coalescent based on Method 24. Although EX 4 displayed higher VOC content than other samples, it is believed that it could be that the 2EH alcohol initiator did not react completely in the alkoxylation process and that the VOC content could be further reduced by the optimization of the alkoxylation process.
[0066] Minimum Film Formation Temperature (MFFT) Test
[0067] The MFFT was tested as discussed below. Briefly, MFFT was tested using PRIMALTM DC-450V Emulsion, which is a water-based polymer emulsion based on the AVANSETM Technology platform and applies low odor polymerization technology to further reduce odor and VOC. PRIMALTM DC-450V Emulsion is designed to facilitate the formulation of coatings with low VOC and low odor that addresses stringent environmental standards. To test the MMFT temperature of each of CE A through CE D and EX 1 through EX 9, 8 wt. %of the coalescent agent was added to the PRIMALTM DC-450V emulsion, where the wt. %was based on the solid content of DC-450V. The results are provided in Table 2.
[0068] Table 2 -MFFT of CE A through CE D and EX 1 through EX 9
[0069] As seen in Table 2, the control (PRIMALTM DC-450V emulsion, with no coalescent agent) showed a MFFT of 29 ℃. CE A (Texanol) , considered the industrial benchmark coalescent agent, displayed an MFFT of 12.7 ℃. As discussed herein, however, Texanol’s high VOC is of ongoing concern. Comparison of the MFFT values of EX 1 through EX 9 to CE A showed the following. With the 8 wt. %coalescent agents in DC-450, EX 1 through EX 9 showed MFFT values in the range of 16.3 ℃ to 14.9 ℃. EX 4 and EX 7 demonstrated the lowest MFFT values for the EX at 14.9 ℃, which is relatively close to the 12.7 ℃ value of CE A. These results might suggest that the coalescent agents of the present disclosure can effectively reduce the MFFT while also significantly reducing the amount of VOC in the coalescent agents.
[0070] In contrast, even though CE B and CE C have structures similar to EX 1 through EX 9, their MFFT is significantly higher, 19.5 ℃ for CE B and 17.8 ℃ for CE C. Such MFFT values indicate the coalescent performance is not effective and may require the use of additional materials to show coalescent effectiveness. This also demonstrates the novelty of Formula I of the present disclosure, as the EXs not only show low VOC, but also show effectiveness to reduce MFFT. CE D has a MFFT reduction to 15.8 ℃ and indicate 2EH+10PO is good coalescent, but due to regulation concerns this alcohol propoxylate is less desirable for use as a globally available coalescent agent.
[0071] Evaluation of Coating Formulation
[0072] Based on the above data, architectural coating formulations were prepared to evaluate the performance of the CE A, EX 4 and EX 7 coalescing agents. The composition of the architectural coating formulation is listed in Table 3 and was tested using the below procedures. Water was added in a 5L stainless steel cup, then freeze thaw stabilizer, wetting agent, dispersing agent, defoamer and pH neutralizer were respectively added into water with stirring by dispersion plate at around 450 rpm for 10 minutes with dispersing machine (SFJ-400 from Shanghai Modern Environment Engineering Technique Co., Ltd. ) . The rheology modifier was added into the mixture. Stirring was continued for 10 minutes over which time the mixture became gradually thick. Pigment and fillers were then added into the mixture and the dispersing speed was raised to 1800 rpm gradually while the viscosity increased. The above mixture was kept dispersing for 30 minutes. Next, the binder and opaque polymer were added into the mixture, followed by adding the coalescing agent and defoamer, and using stirrer plate to mix at 1800 rpm for 10 minutes. Rheology modifier, biocide and remaining water were added into the mixture with another 10 minutes of stirring. The prepared coatings were allowed to sit overnight at lab conditions (23 ℃) to obtain the architectural coating.
[0073] Table 3 -Architectural Coating Formulation
[0074] Coalescent agents CE A, EX 4 and EX 7 were tested using the architectural coating of Table 3, where the viscosity changes were measured to understand the stability of the coating. The viscosity was measured at t=0, after 1 day (t=24 hours) , after freeze-thaw storage and after thermal storage of the coating, respectively. The bottles of coating sample were sealed by adhesive tapes before freeze-thaw and thermal storage. The freeze-thaw storage was conducted with freezer (DW-FW110) for 3 cycles of 18 hours in (-5 ± 2) ℃ plus 6 hours in (23 ± 2) ℃, as described in GB / T 9268-2008. The thermal storage was conducted with oven ( UF 110 from Thermo Fisher Scientific China for 10 days in (50 ± 2) ℃, as described in GB / T 6753.3-1986. The results as seen in Table 4.
[0075] Table 4 -Viscosity Changes of Architectural Coating Formulation
[0076] CE A demonstrated the great thermal stability, where delta KU only change 0.8 KU during the thermal storage and also demonstrated the freeze thaw stability (delta KU changes 6.3KU) . EX 4 and EX 7 also demonstrated great thermal stability and great freeze thaw stability, very similar to CE A.
[0077] The scrub resistance of the architectural coatings was also tested according to GB / T 9266-2009, which is discussed more fully below. Scrub resistance is typically assessed using a scrubability instrument or an abrasion tester. The coating is applied to a test panel and allowed to dry. The panel is then subjected to a set number of scrubbing cycles using a brush or cloth with either abrasive or non-abrasive cleaning agents. The wear is evaluated visually or by measuring weight loss. High scrub resistance ensures that the coating can endure regular cleaning without significant wear, maintaining its protective and aesthetic properties. The coalescent agents are applied for the coating formulation and scrub resistance of these samples EX 4 and EX 7 seen in Table 5 showed very similar scrub resistance to CE A.
[0078] Table 5 -Scrub Resistance
[0079] Formulation of CE B through CE D and EX 1 through EX 9
[0080] A 15 L conical reaction vessel (reactor) , equipped with magnetically coupled stirrer-head and temperature control was used for each of the preparation of CE B through CE D and EX 1 through EX9. The initial solution in each preparation was stirred at 200 rpm and heated to 100 ℃ in the reactor. A vacuum was applied to the reactor to keep the initial solution at 70 mBar in order to remove the water. The residual water in the initial solution was measured by means of Karl Fischer titration equipment. After the water flashing step nitrogen was introduced in the reactor to release vacuum.
[0081] Preparation of EX 1 -2EH+5PO+1.5EO5PO:
[0082] The reactor was charged with 197.6 g of 2-ethylhexanol blend and 6.6 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution to form the initial solution. Residual water was measured to be 1000 ppm after one hour at the above-mentioned conditions. The alkoxylation reaction was carried out in two steps. First, 439.9 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide was fed to the initial solution at a feed rate of 5.0 g / min at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 6 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Second, 439.9 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 100.1 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 5.0 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 20 min, while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 88 min. Reaction occurred at 135 ℃ with stirring at 325 rpm. After feeding all the oxide, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 5 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. In both steps, the pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0083] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 29.8 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0084] Preparation of EX 2 -2EH+5PO+1.5EO9PO:
[0085] The reactor was charged with 150.9 g of 2-ethylhexanol blend and 6.5 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. This solution was stirred at 200 rpm and heated to 100℃. Residual water was 720ppm after two hours at the above-mentioned conditions. The alkoxylation reaction was carried out in two steps. First, 336.0 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide was fed to the initial solution at a feed rate of 3.5 g / min at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 6 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Second, 604.8 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 76.5 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 3.5 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 22 min while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 173 min. Reaction occurred at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 5 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. In both steps, pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0086] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 29.3 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0087] Preparation of EX 3 -2EH+5PO+1.5EO13PO
[0088] The reactor was charged with 121.0 g of 2-ethylhexanol blend and 6.4 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Residual water was measured to be 900 ppm after two hours at the above-mentioned conditions. The alkoxylation reaction was carried out in two steps. First, 269.4 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide was fed to the initial solution at a feed rate of 2.7 g / min at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 6 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Second, 700.4 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 61.3 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 2.7 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 23 min while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 260 min. The reaction occurred at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 5 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. In both steps, pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0089] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 28.8 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0090] Preparation of EX 4 -2EH+1.5EO5PO:
[0091] The reactor was charged with 350.6 g of 2-ethylhexanol and 7.6 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Residual water was measured to be 936 ppm after two hours at the above-mentioned conditions. 781.8 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 177.9 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 7.8 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 23 min while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 100 min. The reaction occurred at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 8 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0092] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 35.3 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0093] Preparation of EX 5 -2EH+1.5EO9PO:
[0094] The reactor was charged with 241.6 g of 2-ethylhexanol and 7.8 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Residual water was measured to be 385 ppm after two hours at the above-mentioned conditions. 969.9 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 122.6 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 5.4 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 23 min while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 180 min. reaction occurred at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 8 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0095] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 35.1 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0096] Preparation of EX 6 -2EH+1.5EO13PO:
[0097] The reactor was charged with 181.8g of 2-ethylhexanol and 7.6g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Residual water was measured to be 557 ppm after two hours at the above-mentioned conditions. 1054.0 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 92.2 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 4.1 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 23 min while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 260 min. reaction occurred at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 8 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0098] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 33.5 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0099] Preparation of EX 7 -C12-C14 (70 / 30) +1.5EO5PO:
[0100] The reactor was charged with 440.4g of a 1-dodecanol / 1tetradecanol 70 / 30 blend and 7.0g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Vacuum was applied to keep the solution at 30 mBar in order to remove the water. Residual water was measured to be 346 ppm after one hour at the above-mentioned conditions. 659.5 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 150.1 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 6.6 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 23 min while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 100 min. reaction occurred at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 8 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0101] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 34.0 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0102] Preparation of EX 8 -C12-C14 (70 / 30) +1.5EO9PO:
[0103] The reactor was charged with 319.2g of a 1-dodecanol / 1tetradecanol 70 / 30 blend and 7.3g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Vacuum was applied to keep the solution at 30 mBar in order to remove the water. Residual water was measured to be 685ppm after one hour at the above-mentioned conditions. 862.0 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 109.0 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 4.8 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 23 min while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 180 min. reaction occurred at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 8 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0104] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 36.3 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0105] Preparation of EX 9 -C12-C14 (70 / 30) +1.5EO13PO:
[0106] The reactor was charged with 247.2 g of a 1-dodecanol / 1tetradecanol 70 / 30 blend and 7.3 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Vacuum was applied to keep the solution at 30 mBar in order to remove the water. Residual water was measured to be 762ppm after one hour at the above-mentioned conditions. 962.3 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide and 84.2 g of ethylene oxide were co-fed to the solution. Both oxides feed started at the same time and with a feed rate of 3.7 g / min for both oxides. Ethylene oxide feed was completed in 23 min while 1, 2-propylene oxide feed lasted 260 min. reaction occurred at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 8 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0107] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 37.9 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0108] CE B: Preparation of 2EH+5PO+3EO
[0109] The reactor was charged with 135.0 g of 2-ethylhexanol blend and 7.1 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Residual water was measured to be 1000 ppm after two hours at the above-mentioned conditions. The alkoxylation reaction was carried out in two steps. First, 301.0 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide was fed to the initial solution at a feed rate of 3.0 g / min at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 6 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Second, 137.0 g of ethylene oxide were fed to the solution at a feed rate of 2.5 g / min at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 5 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. In both steps, pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0110] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 5.1 g of 70%acetic acid aqueous solution at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor.
[0111] CE C: Preparation of C12-C14 (70 / 30) +9PO+1.5EO:
[0112] The reactor was charged with 322.3 g of a 1-dodecanol / 1tetradecanol 70 / 30 blend and 7.4 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. A vacuum was applied to keep the solution at 30 mBar in order to remove the water . Residual water was measured to be 872 ppm after one hour at the above-mentioned conditions. The alkoxylation reaction was carried out in two steps. First, 868.5 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide was fed to the solution at a feed rate of 4.8 g / min at 135 ℃ while stirring at 325 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 8 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. Second, 109.8 g of ethylene oxide was fed at feed rate of 4.8 g / min at 135 ℃. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 5 h at 135 ℃ to digest the oxide. In both steps, pressure in the reaction vessel was closely monitored and oxide feed constraints were in place to not exceed a pressure of 3.5 bar.
[0113] The solution was then cooled to 80 ℃ and mixed with 37.3 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 350 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0114] CE D: Preparation of 2EH+10PO:
[0115] The reactor was charged with 183 g of 2-ethylhexanol blend and 3 g of 45%potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. This solution was stirred at 500 rpm and heated to 115℃. 817 g of 1, 2-propylene oxide was fed to the initial solution at a feed rate of 5 g / min at 115 ℃while stirring at 500 rpm. After all the oxide was fed, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 6 h at 115 ℃ to digest the oxide. The solution was then cooled to 85 ℃ and mixed with 7.3g 85%phosphoric acid for 60 minutes. Then, the solution was mixed with 3 g of magnesium silicate at stirring rate of 500 rpm for 1 h. The resulting solution was subsequently unloaded from the reactor and transferred to a porcelain Buchner filter funnel and a paper filter with pore size of 20 μm and filtered under vacuum. A vacuum of less than 0.3 bar was maintained over the filtrate to give a clear solution.
[0116] Tests
[0117] MFFT Reduction
[0118] To evaluate the coalescing agent’s capability of lowering the MFFT of emulsion, mixtures of different concentrations of coalescing agents in emulsions were prepared. 50 g emulsion and 8 wt. %coalescing agents (8 wt. %is based on the solid content of emulsion) were added into a plastic flask and mechanically mixed at 500 rpm for 15 minutes with stirrer ( RW 20 digital from Guangzhou IKA) . Flasks were kept closed and allowed to stand at least 24 hours before testing MFFT.
[0119] The MFFT tester ( 452 from Guangzhou Biuged) was turned on at least 2 hours before starting the experiment to ensure the stability of the temperature gradient. The lid of the equipment was lifted, and the steel plate was cleaned with ethanol. A 75μm film applicator was placed on the steel plate. Around 2 mL of above sample was added into the applicator. The applicator was moved to form a film on the plate. The lid was closed. After the film was dry (about 2 hours) , the lid was lifted. The appearance of the dry film was visually evaluated. The position from which the film was no longer continuous, or in which it started to show cracks, was marked and the temperature related to that position was recorded as MFFT. Each mixture of coalescing agent and emulsion was tested in triplicate. The reported result was the averages of individual values.
[0120] VOC Characterization (Method 24 EPA / ASTM D5403-93)
[0121] Weigh and record the weight of an aluminum foil weighing dish (A) . About 0.3 g sample was added to the weighing dish and record the total weight (B) . Heat the aluminum foil dishes containing the sample in oven for 60 min at 110 ±5 ℃. Remove the dishes from the oven, place immediately in a desiccator and cool to ambient temperature (23 ℃) , and weigh to within 1 mg (C) . VOC was calculated as follow:
[0122] VOC = [ (B-C) / (B-A) ] *100%
[0123] VOC Characterization (ASTM D68886-18)
[0124] The coalescent VOC content was determined using ASTM D6886-18.
[0125] Viscosity stability
[0126] According to GB / T 9269-2009, viscosity was measured in KU (Krebs Units) with Viscometer ( KU-2 from BROOKFIELD China) at room temperature to understand the stability of the coating. It was measured for Initial, after 1 day, after freeze-thaw storage and after thermal storage of the coating, respectively. The bottles of coating sample were sealed by adhesive tapes before freeze-thaw and thermal storage. The freeze-thaw storage was conducted with freezer (DW-FW110) for 3 cycles of 18 hours in (-5 ± 2) ℃ plus 6 hours in (23 ± 2) ℃, as described in GB / T 9268-2008. The thermal storage was conducted with oven ( UF 110 from Thermo Fisher Scientific China for 10 days in (50 ± 2) ℃, as described in GB / T 6753.3-1986.
[0127] Scrub resistance
[0128] According to GB / T 9266-2009, the coatings were painted on a polyester board with the wet film thickness of 150 μm and dried in the ASTM room with (23 ± 2) ℃ and (50 ± 2) %RH for 7 days. The aqueous scrubbing solution was 5 wt. %of detergent powder in water, with pH value in the range of 9.5 -11.0. The scrubbing test was conducted by Auto Scrub Machine ( 526 from Guangzhou Biuged) and scrubbing time was recorded when the film was broken through by visual check.
Claims
1.An aqueous coating composition, comprising:a binder;a coalescent agent represented by Formula I:wherein R1 is a linear C6-C16 alkyl or a branched C6-C16 alkyl; R2 is independently a methyl or an ethyl; x has an average value of 0 to 10; y has an average value of 0.25 to 5; z has an average value of 3 to 20; a ratio of y / z is from 0.01 to 0.5; andwater.2.The aqueous coating composition of claim 1, wherein x is in the range of 0 to 5; y is in the range of 0.25 to 1.9; and z is in the range of 3 to 10.3.The aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 1-2, wherein y is in the range of 0.25 to 1.5; z has an average value of 4 to 9 and R2 is a methyl.4.The aqueous coating composition of claim 1, wherein x is 0 so that the coalescent agent of Formula I is: wherein y has an average value of 0.25 to 5; z has an average value of 3 to 20 and the ratio of y / z is 0.01 to 0.5.5.The aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein x is 0; y has an average value of 0.25 to 1.9; z has an average value of 3 to 10 and R2 is a methyl.6.The aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 4-5, wherein y has an average value of 0.25 to 1.50; z has an average value of 4 to 9 and R2 is a methyl.7.The aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein R1 is a linear C8-C14 alkyl or a branched C8-C14 alkyl.8.The aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein R1 is either a branched C8 alkyl, a linear C12-C14 alkyl or a branched C12-C14 alkyl.9.The aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the coalescent agent represented by Formula I has a theoretical molecular weight in a range of 300 to 1300 g / mole.10.The aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the aqueous coating composition includes 5 to 65 weight percent of solids in the binder based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.11.The aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the aqueous coating composition includes 0.5 to 15 weight percent of the coalescent agent represented by Formula I based upon a total weight of the coalescent and solids in the binder.12.A coating formed from the aqueous coating composition of any one of claims 1-11.