Power system for goods transportation containers and power management system

Abstract

A power system (10, 110) for a goods transportation container (12, 112), comprises: a power arrangement; and a mounting arrangement (14, 114) for mounting the power arrangement (10, 110) with the transportation container (12, 112).

Description

[0001] POWER SYSTEM FOR GOODS TRANSPORTATION CONTAINERS AND POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

[0002] FIELD

[0003] This relates to a power system for a goods transportation container, in particular a refrigerated goods transportation container; to a goods transportation container comprising the power system; to an associated method of transporting goods using the power system and / or transportation container; to a power management system; and to a method of managing supply of power from a power supply to a power consumer.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] National, international and global supply chains often require the transportation of goods over substantial distances. The transportation of perishable goods is typically carried out using refrigerated containers. Refrigerated containers are standard ISO shipping containers that have a refrigeration system installed so as to provide temperature and / or atmospheric control to maintain the integrity of the goods throughout their journey.

[0006] In order to power the refrigeration system, refrigerated containers require a significant amount of power, and so typically employ three phase electrical power.

[0007] On the container vessel, the container is plugged into the ship’s electrical grid. In port, the container is plugged into a shore side electrical grid network. However, when transported over land by terrestrial vehicles, e.g. by drayage trucks or by train, power is typically supplied by a Transport Refrigerated Unit (TRU) diesel generator set.

[0008] The diesel generator set of a TRU typically comprises a diesel engine coupled to a three-phase alternator which produces 440V three-phase electrical power on demand. The container is then plugged into the generator set which provides three phase power on demand.

[0009] Despite their widespread use, there are a number of drawbacks with conventional TRU diesel generator sets.

[0010] In conventional TRU diesel generator sets, the engine and / or alternator are oversized for the average load of the refrigerated container. Typically, the generator set is sized to deal with 15kW, however, for frozen produce, the average power level of the refrigerated container is at around 3kW, and 5kW for chilled goods. This means that the engine typically runs away from its most efficient load point. The engine may also wear faster due to running at low load.

[0011] 55740693-1 SUMMARY

[0012] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a power system for a goods transportation container, in particular a refrigerated goods transportation container; to a goods transportation container comprising the power system; to an associated method of transporting goods using the power system and / or transportation container; to a power management system that may be suitable for use with or in the power system; and to a method of managing supply of power from a power supply, e.g. the power system, to a power consumer, e.g. the goods transportation container.

[0013] According to a first aspect, there is provided a power system for a goods transportation container, the power system comprising: a power arrangement; and a mounting arrangement for mounting the power arrangement with the goods transportation container.

[0014] The power system may be a removeable power system. The mounting arrangement may be configured to releasably mount the power arrangement with the goods transportation container. The mounting arrangement may be a removable or clip- on mounting arrangement.

[0015] The power arrangement may be a removeable power arrangement. The power arrangement may be releasably coupled to the mounting arrangement. The power arrangement may comprise one or more power modules. Each power module may be independently releasably coupled to the mounting arrangement.

[0016] In use, the power system may be configured and / or operable to be mounted with a goods transportation container, the power system operable to provide power to the goods transportation container.

[0017] In use, the power system may be configured and / or operable to be mounted to, e.g. directly to, the goods transportation container. Alternatively, the power system may be configured and / or operable to be mounted indirectly with the goods transportation container, e.g. via a trailer upon which the goods transportation container is supported.

[0018] In particular, the goods transportation container may take the form of a refrigerated goods transportation container, a conditioned air goods transportation container, a controlled air goods transportation container, or the like. The power system may be operable to provide power to a refrigeration unit of the refrigerated goods transportation container, an air conditioning unit of the conditioned air goods transportation container, an air control unit of the controlled air goods transportation container, or the like.

[0019] 55740693-1 The goods transportation container may be mounted on or form part of a terrestrial vehicle, e.g. a truck or a train. The power system beneficially providing power during over land transportation.

[0020] In use, the mounting arrangement may mount the power arrangement directly to the goods transportation container.

[0021] Alternatively, in use, the mounting arrangement may mount the power arrangement indirectly to the goods transportation container in which case the mounting arrangement may mount the power arrangement to the terrestrial vehicle. In particular, the mounting arrangement may mount the power arrangement to a trailer upon which the goods transportation container is being transported.

[0022] The power system may additionally be operable to provide power to the terrestrial vehicle. In particular, where the terrestrial vehicle is an electric vehicle such as an electric drayage truck, the power system may extend the range of the vehicle.

[0023] The power system may provide a number of significant benefits.

[0024] The power system may be scalable and adaptable to various use cases and regulatory environments.

[0025] Moreover, the power system may be more flexible in the type of containers with which it can be utilised without compromising on performance of the container.

[0026] In contrast to conventional TRU diesel generator sets which may be oversized for the average load of the refrigerated container, the power system may be capable of providing the required, e.g. optimal, power level for the associated goods transportation container, improving efficiency and reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.

[0027] Additionally, in at least some embodiments, heat transferred to the goods transportation container, e.g. via radiation and / or conduction, may be reduced, facilitating improved efficiency of the container.

[0028] The power arrangement may comprise at least one of: a battery power module, a solar power module, a combustion power module, and a fuel cell power module. Each of the battery power module, the solar power module, the combustion power module, and the fuel cell power module may be comprised in a respective power module of the power arrangement. Each of the battery power module, the solar power module, the combustion power module, and the fuel cell power module may be independently releasably coupled to the mounting arrangement.

[0029] The provision of a power system utilising a battery power module may reduce the production of exhaust emissions during use.

[0030] 55740693-1 The provision of a solar power module may allow for generation of electrical power, for example when the power system is being stored, is in stand-by and / or when the goods transportation container is en-route.

[0031] The power arrangement may comprise a battery power module. Beneficially, the power system may provide zero-emission power to the goods transportation container. The power system may be particularly suitable for strict emission-regulated environments such as low-emission zones or the like, or for short transportation journeys.

[0032] The battery power module may be configured to be connectable to an external power supply, e.g. via an Electric Vehicle (EV) charger or a reefer plug available at a port.

[0033] The power system may be a hybrid power system. The power arrangement may be a hybrid power arrangement. The hybrid power arrangement may comprise a battery power module. The hybrid power arrangement may comprise a solar power module, and / or a combustion power module, and / or a fuel cell power module.

[0034] Beneficially, the hybrid power arrangement may provide increased range versus battery only and reduced emissions versus diesel, while allowing for zero-omission operation at times. The increased range may be particularly beneficial when the goods transportation container is transported via railway in which case transportation journeys can be up to 10 days long.

[0035] The hybrid power arrangement may be modular, and therefore scalable and adaptable to various use cases and regulatory environments.

[0036] Beneficially, this may provide significant decarbonisation in providing power to a goods transportation container, within a range of regulatory and operational requirements.

[0037] The hybrid power system may be configured to operate in a zero-emission mode in which the battery power module provides power to the goods transportation container. Where present, the solar power module and / or the fuel cell power module may also provide power to the goods transportation container in the zero-emission mode. In the zero-emission mode the combustion power module may be dormant, e.g. the combustion power module may be inoperative and may not provide power to the goods transportation container.

[0038] The hybrid power system may be configured to operate in a hybrid mode in which the combustion power module and at least one of the battery power module, the solar power module, and the fuel cell power module provide power to the goods transportation container.

[0039] 55740693-1 Beneficially, the zero-emission and hybrid modes may allow the power system to be suitable for use in varying regulatory environments.

[0040] The power arrangement may comprise a battery power module. The power arrangement may comprise a solar power module and / or a fuel cell power module.

[0041] Beneficially, the power arrangement may be configured to operate in a zeroemission mode. The provision of a power system that does not utilise a combustion power module may have reduced reliance on the presence of trained personnel along the supply chain for refuelling.

[0042] The solar power module and / or the battery power module and / or the fuel cell power module may be configured and / or operable to provide power directly to the goods transportation container, e.g. a refrigeration unit of a refrigerated goods transportation container.

[0043] The solar power module and / or the fuel cell power module may provide charging to the battery power module. Beneficially, the solar power module may be capable of charging the battery power module when the power system is in use and when the power system is not in use, e.g. during storage of the power system.

[0044] The power arrangement may comprise a battery power module and a combustion power module.

[0045] The battery power module and / or the combustion power module may be configured and / or operable to provide power directly to the goods transportation container, e.g. a refrigeration unit of a refrigerated goods transportation container. The combustion power module may be configured and / or operable to charge the battery power module.

[0046] The power arrangement may be configured to operate in a zero-emission mode in which the battery power module is operational to provide power to the goods transportation container and the combustion power module is dormant.

[0047] The power arrangement may be configured to operate in a hybrid mode in which the battery power module and the combustion power module are operational to provide power to the goods transportation container either alternatingly or simultaneously. In the hybrid mode, the combustion power generator may provide power to the battery power module when it is not providing power to the goods transportation container.

[0048] The power arrangement may comprise a battery power module and a combustion power module. The power arrangement may further comprise a solar power module and / or a fuel cell power module.

[0049] 55740693-1 The solar power module, the fuel cell power module, the combustion power module, and / or the battery power module may be configured and / or operable to provide power directly to the goods transportation container, e.g. a refrigeration unit of a refrigerated goods transportation container. The solar power module, the fuel cell power module, and / or the combustion power module may provide charging to the battery power module.

[0050] The power arrangement may be configured to operate in a zero-emission mode in which the solar power module, the fuel cell power module, and / or the battery power module are operational to provide power to the goods transportation container and the combustion power module is dormant.

[0051] The power arrangement may be configured to operate in a hybrid mode in which at least the battery power module and the combustion power module are operational to provide power to the goods transportation container either alternatingly or simultaneously. The solar power module and / or the fuel cell power module may also be operational to provide power to the goods transportation container in the hybrid mode. In the hybrid mode, the fuel cell power module, the combustion power module, and / or the solar power module may provide power to the battery power module when they are not providing power to the goods transportation container.

[0052] The power arrangement may be configured to operate in an emergency mode in which at least the combustion power module is operational. In the emergency mode, the battery power module, the solar power module, and / or the fuel cell power module may also be operational or partially operational.

[0053] The power arrangement may comprise an output, e.g. an AC power output, for power connection with the container, e.g. the refrigeration unit.

[0054] The power system may comprise a data connection arrangement configured for data connection with the container. The data connection arrangement may comprise a data connection port or a data connection lead. The data connection port may be configured to receive a data connection lead of the container, or vice versa the data connection lead may be configured to be received by a data connection port of the container. Alternatively, the data connection arrangement may be a wireless data connection arrangement.

[0055] The power system may comprise a power management arrangement.

[0056] The power management arrangement may comprise a location detector for monitoring the location of the power system. The location detector may comprise a GPS

[0057] 55740693-1 transmitter and / or receiver. The GPS transmitter and / or receiver may comprise a GPS antennae.

[0058] The power management arrangement may comprise sensors. The sensors may be configured to monitor system parameters. The monitored system parameters may include battery charge level, fuel level, combustion power module power output, solar power module power output, fuel cell power module output, reefer load, etc

[0059] The power management arrangement may comprise a controller. The controller may be configured to control the power arrangement. The controller may comprise a processor. The controller may be configured to control the power arrangement autonomously, e.g. without user intervention.

[0060] The controller may be configured to select the operation mode of the hybrid power arrangement, e.g. zero-emission mode, hybrid mode or emergency mode. The controller may be configured to select the operation mode autonomously, e.g. without user intervention. Beneficially, this facilitates regulatory compliance and operational efficiency while ensuring cargo integrity.

[0061] The controller may be configured to receive location data from the location detector. The controller may be configured to select the operation mode based on the location data. For example, in use, the controller may select the zero-emission mode when the goods transportation container is in a low-emission zone or the like. The controller may be configured to compare the location data to predefined geofence data. The controller may be configured to select the operation mode based on the comparison between the location data and the predefined geofence data.

[0062] The controller may be configured to receive data from the sensors. The controller may be configured to determine the remaining operating duration, e.g. range, and select the operation mode based on the range. The controller may be configured to select the operation mode based on the monitored system parameters such as battery charge level and fuel level. The controller may be configured to switch from the zero-emission mode of operation to the emergency mode of operation in the event that a capacity parameter of one or more of the power modules operating in the zero-emission mode falls below a threshold capacity parameter. The controller may be configured to prioritise cargo integrity over zero-emission operation. The capacity parameter may be battery charge level of the battery power module, fuel level of the fuel cell power module, etc. The threshold capacity parameter may be predefined. Alternatively, the threshold capacity parameter may be calculated, e.g. in real-time, based on situational data such as power

[0063] 55740693-1 requirement, traffic conditions, destination, estimated journey time, geofence of low- emission zone, etc. Beneficially, this may mitigate risk of spoiled cargo.

[0064] The controller may be configured to select the operation mode based on user input.

[0065] The controller may be configured to dynamically optimise the operation of the power system, based on real-time data and / or predefined data. The predefined data may comprise battery capacity. The predefined data may comprise pre-trip data. The pre-trip data may include origin, destination, estimated travel duration, estimated stand by time in customer yard, etc. The controller may be configured to query traffic streaming services to receive real-time traffic data on the route. The power management system may comprise a 5G antennae. The power system may be configured to receive data from an external source, e.g. traffic condition data and location of EV charging stations, via the 5G antennae. The controller may be in communication with the 5G antennae to receive data from the 5G antennae.

[0066] The controller may be configured to autonomously determine the most efficient operational mode(s) for a journey.

[0067] To determine the most efficient operation mode(s) for a journey, the controller may be configured to gather and analyse journey data. The controller may be configured to receive at least one of origin coordinates, destination coordinates, and traffic conditions on route. The controller may be configured to analyse traffic conditions to estimate trip duration and dynamically adjust power strategies. The controller may be configured to estimate a time the reefer could be left on in the customer yard using previous unloading pattern data for the relevant customer.

[0068] The controller may be configured to calculate battery consumption rates based on reefer load. The controller may be configured to predict whether the journey can be completed in zero-emission mode and whether opportunity charging is planned (either from port charging infrastructure or EV chargers en-route). The controller may be configured to default to selecting the zero-emission mode of operation for journeys within the battery's predicted range. For journeys longer than the battery’s predicted range, e.g. longer journeys, the controller may be configured to initially select the hybrid mode of operation, combining battery and engine power to maximise efficiency and minimise emissions.

[0069] The controller may be configured to make real-time operation mode adjustments. The controller may be configured to continuously monitor at least one of travel progress, traffic updates, and energy. The controller may be configured to switch operation mode

[0070] 55740693-1 in response to changing conditions during a journey. Beneficially, this may ensure compliance with zero-emission zones by using geofencing capabilities to predict a cross over into a restricted zone and ensuring the battery power module is charged by the combustion power module if required in anticipation of a switch in operation mode.

[0071] The power management system may comprise a memory. After a journey, trip data may be transmitted to the memory for future use and calculation of better estimates. The trip data may include load profile of reefer, battery / engine use, standby time in customer yard, etc.

[0072] The power management arrangement may comprise or be operationally associated with a display. The display may form part of an external device, e.g. a mobile device, independent of the power system. The display may be configured and / or operable to receive user input. The display may be in communication with the controller to provide received user input data to the controller. The received user input data may be the predefined data for dynamically optimising the operation of the power system. The display may be configured and / or operable to display operation information such as operation mode, compliance reporting, location data, time data, monitored system parameters, etc.

[0073] The power management arrangement may be configured to determine, e.g. autonomously determine, an operating profile of the container, e.g. the refrigeration unit of the container. The operating profile may be a single technical identify that governs the electrical behaviour and future power demand of the container. The operating profile may be based on or comprise one or more of: the make of the container, the model of the container, the operating mode of the container, or other identifying characteristics of the container.

[0074] The power management arrangement may be configured to infer the operating profile of the container, e.g. by classifying the container. To determine the operating profile of the container, the power management arrangement may be configured to monitor the load, e.g. the real-time load, drawn through the output by the container. The power management arrangement may be configured to monitor the load over time. The power management arrangement may be configured to log the monitored load over time. The power management arrangement may be configured to store the monitored load over time. The power management arrangement may be configured to obtain a monitored load pattern for the load monitored over time. The power management arrangement may be configured to infer the operating profile of the container from the monitored load pattern.

[0075] 55740693-1 The controller of the power management arrangement may be configured to infer the operating profile of the container from the monitored load pattern by comparing the monitored load pattern with a plurality of known load patterns. The plurality of known load patterns, e.g. the reference load patterns, may be historical, predefined or learned. The plurality of known load patterns may be stored in the memory of the power management arrangement. Through comparison of the monitored load pattern with the plurality of known load patterns the controller may be configured to identify the known load pattern that matches, e.g. is most similar to, the monitored load pattern. Each known load pattern may be associated with a corresponding known operating profile. Thus, the power management arrangement may be configured to determine the operating profile of the container as the operating profile associated with the matching known load pattern.

[0076] The controller of the power management arrangement may be configured to infer the operating profile of the container from the monitored load pattern using a model such an artificial model or algorithm. The input to model may be the monitored load pattern. The output from the model may be the operating profile of the container. The model may be trained on labelled versions of the input. The model may be trained on the plurality of known load patterns, e.g. historical load patterns associated with known operating profiles. The model may be trained or otherwise configured to map the input to the output, e.g. the learned characteristics of the pre-trained model may map load behaviour to operating profiles, including classification and best-match interference. The controller may be configured to select a known operating profile and / or generate an operating profile, e.g. a new or unique operating profile, based on learned characteristics of load behaviour.

[0077] To determine the operating profile of the container, the power management arrangement may be configured to establish communication with the container via the data connection arrangement. The power management arrangement may be configured to receive or retrieve, e.g. via the data connection arrangement, the operating profile of the container from the container, e.g. from an internal memory or controller of the container.

[0078] The power management arrangement may be configured to store the operating profile of the container, e.g. the classification of the container. The operating profile may be stored in the memory of the power management arrangement.

[0079] The power management arrangement may be configured to control, e.g. automatically control, operating parameters of the power arrangement. The power

[0080] 55740693-1 management arrangement may control the operating parameters of the power arrangement based on the operating profile of the container. The operating parameters may be optimised for the operating profile of the container such that delivery of power may be optimised for the container. Different operating profiles, e.g. different makes, models and modes, impose distinct electrical behaviours and duty cycles, therefore the power management arrangement can select parameters that more accurately reflect the expected behaviour of the container. The operating parameters may comprise one or more of: battery discharge depth, battery charge thresholds, engine idling strategy, timing for starting or stopping the combustion power module, conditions for starting or stopping the combustion power module, allocation of load between the battery power module and the combustion power module, strategies to mitigate load-induced engine instability, measure to reduce fuel consumption of the combustion power module or the fuel-cell power module whilst maintaining operational reliability, measures to limit battery degradation whilst maintaining operational reliability, etc. The power management arrangement may be configured to retrieve stored operating parameter ranges. The power management arrangement may be configured to determine, e.g. select, the operating parameters of the power arrangement from the operating parameter ranges based on the operating profile of the container. The power management arrangement may be configured to adjust the operation of the power arrangement to match, e.g. operate according to, the determined operating parameters.

[0081] The power management arrangement may be configured to determine a remaining operating duration, e.g. range, of the power arrangement based on the operating profile of the container, e.g. at least one of: current load patterns associated with the operating profile, historical load patterns associated with the operating, profile anticipated future load dictated by the operating profile, etc. The power management arrangement may be configured to additionally base the determination of the range on the system parameter data, e.g. current battery condition, battery charge level, fuel level, etc.

[0082] The power management arrangement may be configured to store the estimated range. The estimated range may be stored in the memory of the power management arrangement. The power management arrangement may be configured to output or communicate the estimated range, e.g. via the display.

[0083] Conventional TRU diesel generator sets typically estimate remaining runtime based primarily on fuel level. This provides limited predictive value because actual consumption varies significantly between containers, e.g. refrigeration units, and

[0084] 55740693-1 operating modes. Beneficially, the power management arrangement provides improved estimates of remaining runtime by incorporating the full operating profile into the prediction method. By understanding the specific operating profile, e.g. the make, model and operating mode, and therefore the expected load behaviour over time, the system can calculate a more accurate operating direction and a more reliable estimate of remining runtime. This is particularly beneficial for extended transport operations, e.g. long duration transportation.

[0085] As described above, the power system comprises a battery power module.

[0086] The battery power module may comprise one or more battery modules. In use, the number of battery modules can be selected as required. Beneficially, this allows for incremental scalability in the energy capacity and range of the power system.

[0087] The battery power module may comprise one or more battery cells.

[0088] The battery cells may be lithium ion battery cells.

[0089] The battery cells may provide storage of electrical power.

[0090] The battery power module may comprise battery control electronics, e.g. a battery management system.

[0091] The battery control electronics may be configured to control charging and discharging of the battery, e.g. to optimise charging and discharging of the battery cells and protect the battery cells from damage during charging and discharging.

[0092] The battery control electronics may be integrated with or operatively associated with the power management arrangement.

[0093] The battery power module may comprise or be operatively associated with a charging arrangement.

[0094] The charging arrangement may facilitate charging of the battery cells. The control electronics and / or the power management arrangement may control the charging arrangement.

[0095] The charging arrangement may comprise one or more charge input ports. The charging arrangement may comprise or be configured for operational association with a one or more power plugs, e.g. the power plugs available at ports (so-called “Commando” plugs).

[0096] The charging arrangement may comprise a charger. The charger may be configured to charge the battery cells.

[0097] The charging arrangement may be configured for connection to an external power source, e.g. the electrical grid. The charging arrangement may be configured for connection to an external power source via an Electric Vehicle (EV) charger. The

[0098] 55740693-1 charging arrangement may comprise or be configured for operational association with a level 1 or level 2 Electric Vehicle (EV) charger.

[0099] The battery power module may comprise an inverter arrangement, e.g. a DC-AC three phase inverter. In particular the DC-AC three phase inverter may allow the production of three phase power on demand.

[0100] The battery power module may comprise a plug to facilitate supply power to the goods transportation container.

[0101] The plug may be a standard female 4 pin 32A commando plug.

[0102] The battery power module may comprise a wiring harness connecting the other components of the battery power module.

[0103] The battery power module may comprise cooling means.

[0104] As described above, the power system may comprise a solar power module.

[0105] The solar power module may be coupled to the mounting arrangement.

[0106] Beneficially, the solar power module may generate power, e.g. when the power system is sitting in a yard awaiting use and / or when the goods transportation container is en-route.

[0107] The solar power module and / or the fuel cell power module may be in electrical communication with the battery power module.

[0108] The solar power module and / or the fuel cell power module may be configured and / or operable to charge the battery module, e.g. one or more of the battery cells of the battery module.

[0109] The solar power module may comprise a solar array, e.g. an array of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels.

[0110] The solar array may be configured to cover a top wall, e.g. a roof, of the goods transportation container. Beneficially, the solar array may reduce heat transfer from solar radiation to the goods transportation container. In the case of a refrigerated goods transportation container the solar array may reduce heat transfer from solar radiation to a refrigeration unit of the container, in particular to the evaporator coils of the refrigeration unit, thereby facilitating improved efficiency of the refrigeration unit and in turn of the refrigerated good transportation container.

[0111] Alternatively or additionally, the solar array may be configured to cover one or both side walls of the goods transportation container.

[0112] The solar power module may comprise an insulation layer.

[0113] The insulation layer may be provided under the solar array. The insulation layer may be interposed between the solar array and the goods transportation container.

[0114] 55740693-1 The insulation layer may be configured and / or operable to insulate between the solar array and the goods transportation container.

[0115] Beneficially, the insulation layer may reduce heat transfer from solar radiation to the goods transportation container. In the case of a refrigerated goods transportation container the insulation layer may reduce heat transfer from solar radiation to a refrigeration unit of the container, in particular to the evaporator coils of the refrigeration unit, thereby facilitating improved efficiency of the refrigeration unit and in turn of the refrigerated good transportation container.

[0116] The combustion power module may comprise a combustion engine.

[0117] The combustion power module may take the form of a diesel power module. The diesel power module may comprise a diesel engine.

[0118] Beneficially, the diesel engine may be smaller than those of conventional TRU diesel generator sets, thus reducing, fuel consumption and emissions. Engine wear may also be reduced, resulting in reduced maintenance requirements and extended lifetime.

[0119] The combustion power module may comprise a generator arrangement. The generator arrangement may generate electrical power, e.g. the generator arrangement may convert kinetic energy to electrical energy.

[0120] The generator arrangement may be coupled to the combustion engine. The combustion engine may drive the generator arrangement, e.g. the combustion engine may provide kinetic energy to the generator arrangement.

[0121] The combustion power module may be configured to provide between 3 and 5 kW. Beneficially the combustion power module may be sized to operate at optimal operational load.

[0122] The combustion power module may configured to isolate heat from the goods transportation container, in particular the refrigeration unit of a refrigerated goods transportation container.

[0123] The power system may comprise a housing arrangement. The housing arrangement may be coupled to and / or integrated with the mounting arrangement.

[0124] The battery power module may be disposed within the housing arrangement.

[0125] The combustion power module may be disposed within the housing arrangement.

[0126] The fuel cell power module may be disposed within the housing arrangement.

[0127] The housing arrangement may comprise a single housing. The housing may contain the battery power module, the combustion power module, and / or the fuel cell power module.

[0128] 55740693-1 The housing arrangement may comprise a plurality of housings. The battery power module, the combustion power module and / or the fuel cell power module may be disposed in different housings.

[0129] Each housing may be configured and / or operable to contain one or more components of the battery power module. For example, a first housing may be configured and / or operable to contain the one or more battery cells, and second housing may be configured and / or operable to contain the control electronics. However, it will be understood that the components of the battery power module may be distributed between the plurality of housings in other combinations.

[0130] The battery power module components within the plurality of housings may be in electrical communication via the wiring harness of the battery power module.

[0131] The plurality of housings may be attached to the mounting arrangement at a plurality of locations, e.g. each housing of the plurality of housings may be attached to the mounting arrangement at a different location.

[0132] The housing arrangement may comprise forklift eyes, e.g. a pair of forklift eyes. The forklift eyes may be mounted on the outside of the housing. The forklift eyes may facilitate handling of the power system. The forklift eyes may be mounted on a wall of the housing that in use is the bottom of the housing.

[0133] As described above, the power system comprises a mounting arrangement.

[0134] The mounting arrangement may be configured to position the power arrangement on an end wall of the goods transportation container, e.g. an end wall proximal a refrigeration unit inside the goods transportation container. The mounting arrangement may be configured to position the power arrangement proximal the bottom of the goods transportation container. Beneficially, this may improve safety and stability of the power system and the goods transportation container during use.

[0135] The mounting arrangement may be configured to position the power arrangement on a top wall, e.g. a roof, of the goods transportation container.

[0136] The mounting arrangement may be configured to connect to an end wall of the goods transportation container, e.g. an end wall proximal a refrigeration unit inside the goods transportation container.

[0137] The mounting arrangement may be configured to connect to one or more side walls and / or a top wall, e.g. a roof, of the goods transportation container.

[0138] The mounting arrangement may be configured to mount the power system to a Class 7 / 8 truck trailer upon which the goods transportation container may be supported.

[0139] 55740693-1 In particularly, the mounting arrangement may be configured to mount the power system underneath the Class 7 / 8 truck trailer.

[0140] The mounting arrangement may be configured to mount each power module of the power arrangement to a different position on the goods transportation container. This may facilitate distribution of mass of the power system over the goods transportation container, and lowering of the centre of mass.

[0141] The mounting arrangement may comprise fastenings for attaching to the goods transportation container. The fastenings may be releasable fastenings. The fastenings may be clamps, pins, or the like. The fastenings may be configured to attach to castings, e.g. corner castings and / or edge castings, of the goods transportation container. The fastenings may be configured to attach to 1 , 2, 3 or 4 corner castings of the goods transportation container. The fastenings may be configured for sidewise attachment or top down attachment to the castings.

[0142] The mounting arrangement may be reconfigurable between a collapsed configuration, e.g. a retraced, folded and / or storage configuration, and an extended configuration. In the collapsed configuration, the mounting arrangement may be folded. In the extended configuration the mounting arrangement may be planar or substantially planar.

[0143] Beneficially, the collapsed configuration may allow for easier storage and handling of the power system when not in use.

[0144] The mounting arrangement may support the housing arrangement.

[0145] The mounting arrangement may support the solar power module.

[0146] The mounting arrangement may comprise hinged portions.

[0147] The hinged portions may be folded in the collapsed configuration. The hinged portions may form a concertina in the collapsed configuration.

[0148] The mounting arrangement may comprise an actuator arrangement.

[0149] The actuator arrangement may be configured and / or operable to reconfigure the mounting arrangement between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration. The actuator arrangement may be configured and / or operable to reconfigure the hinged portions between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration.

[0150] Alternatively, the mounting arrangement may be manually reconfigurable between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration, for example the hinged portions may be manually reconfigurable between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration.

[0151] 55740693-1 The actuator arrangement may comprise an actuator motor.

[0152] The actuator arrangement may comprise or be in the form of a linear actuator or a rotary actuator. The linear actuator may comprise a retractable stem.

[0153] The mounting arrangement may comprise a harness.

[0154] The harness may be configured to mount at least a portion of the power arrangement, e.g. at least one power module of the power arrangement, to the goods transportation container.

[0155] The harness may be configured to mount the power arrangement to an end wall of the goods transportation container. Where the goods transportation container is a refrigerated goods transportation container, the harness may be configured to mount the power arrangement to an end wall proximal the refrigeration unit of the refrigerated goods transportation container.

[0156] The harness may be configured to mount the battery power module to the goods transportation container. The harness may be configured to mount the combustion power module to the goods transportation container. The harness may be configured to mount the fuel cell power module to the goods transportation container.

[0157] In use, the harness may support the housing arrangement, in particular one or more housings of the housing arrangement.

[0158] The harness may be configured and / or operable to mount the housing arrangement, in particular one or more housings of the housing arrangement, against an end wall of the goods transportation container, e.g. an end wall proximal a refrigeration unit inside the goods transportation container.

[0159] The harness may be configured and / or operable to mount the housing arrangement, in particular one or more housings of the housing arrangement, proximal the bottom of the goods transportation container. The mounting arrangement may facilitate easier manual handling, reducing risk to personnel.

[0160] Alternatively, the harness may be configured and / or operable to mount the housing arrangement, in particular one or more housings of the housing arrangement, proximal the top of the goods transportation container.

[0161] The harness may comprise a plurality, e.g. a pair, of mounting members. The mounting members may extend from the housing, e.g. upward from the housing in use. The mounting members may be configured to extend between the housing and the top of the goods transportation container, e.g. a top end edge of the goods transportation container. The mounting members may extend from adjacent opposing ends of the housing or from intermediate portions of the housing.

[0162] 55740693-1 The fastenings may be arranged on the mounting members. The fastenings may be arranged on at least an end of each mounting member, e.g. a top end of each mounting member in use. The fastenings may be arranged on either end of each mounting member. The fastenings may be configured to couple to corner castings of the goods transportation container. Beneficially, a refrigeration unit of a refrigerated goods transportation container may be unobstructed by the mounting arrangement.

[0163] Each mounting member may comprise a hinge, e.g. each mounting member may be a hinged portion as before described. Each mounting member may be configurable between the collapsed configuration in which the mounting member is folded, and an extended configuration in which the mounting member is straight. The mounting member may be configured to be stored and / or handled in the collapsed configuration. The mounting member may be configured to be attached to the goods transportation container in the extended configuration.

[0164] The harness may comprise one or more support element. The one or more support elements may provide rigidity to the harness. Each support element may be in the form of a member or a plate. The one or more support elements may extend between the mounting members and the housing. Alternatively, the one or more support elements may extend between the mounting members.

[0165] The harness may be configured to support the combustion power module and / or the fuel cell power module. The harness may comprise fastening portions for the combustion power module. The fastening portions may be arranged on the one or more support elements of the harness.

[0166] The mounting arrangement may comprise a frame.

[0167] The frame may be configured to mount at least a portion of the power arrangement, e.g. at least one power module of the power arrangement, to the goods transportation container.

[0168] The frame may be configured to mount the power arrangement to the top of the goods transportation container, in which case the power system may take the form of a cap or hat .

[0169] In use, the frame may support the housing arrangement, e.g. one or more housings of the housing arrangement, and / or the solar power module. Beneficially, the frame may mount the solar power module on top of the goods transportation container, thus maximising exposure of the solar power module to solar energy.

[0170] The fame may be configured and / or operable to support the housing arrangement and / or the solar power module.

[0171] 55740693-1 The frame may be generally planar or comprise generally planar portions. Beneficially, the frame may have a slim profile. This may prevent issues with regard to aerodynamic efficiency and stability. The frame may have a contoured profile to enhance aerodynamics and thus efficiency.

[0172] The frame may allow the power system to be stackable when not in use. When a plurality of power systems are stacked, the solar power module of the top power system in the stack may provide power to charge battery power modules of the other power systems in the stack. The distribution of power to charge the battery power modules may be controlled by the power management arrangement of at least one of the power systems, e.g. the power management arrangement of the top power system.

[0173] The frame may be configured, e.g. shaped and sized, to cover the top wall of the goods transportation container. The frame may be configured, e.g. shaped and sized, to cover and overhang the top wall of the goods transportation container. The frame may have a planar area larger than the area of the top wall of the goods transportation container.

[0174] The solar power module may be generally planar or comprise generally planar portions. The solar power module may be layered on the frame.

[0175] The housing arrangement may be attached to one or more edge of the frame. The housing arrangement may extend from the frame in a direction away from the solar power module. In use, the housing arrangement may hang from the frame. In use, the housing arrangement may be arranged against one or more sides and / or an end of the goods transportation container, e.g. an end of the goods transportation container in which a refrigeration unit is contained.

[0176] The frame may comprise a single planar portion configured to be mounted on the top of the goods transportation container. Alternatively, the frame may comprise a plurality of planar portions respectively configured to be mounted on the top and at least one side of the goods transportation container. The frame may have a ‘r’ or ‘n’ shaped cross section.

[0177] The mounting arrangement may comprise stands. The stands may extend from the frame in the same direction as the housing arrangement, e.g. away from the solar power module. The stands may be positioned on the frame distal the housing arrangement. The stands may facilitate storing the power system on a surface with reduced weight being supported through the housing arrangement. In use, the stands may sit against respective corners of the goods transportation container.

[0178] The fastenings may be arranged on the corners of the frame.

[0179] 55740693-1 The frame may comprise or be formed of hinged cross-members. The frame may comprise or be formed of a pair of hinged cross-members. The frame may comprise or be formed of a plurality of pairs of hinged cross-members. The hinged cross-members may be reconfigurable between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration. The hinged cross-members may change the shape of the frame between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration. In the extended configuration the frame may be generally planar, e.g. long and thin. In the collapsed configuration the frame may be generally rectangular, e.g. shorter and higher than in the extended configuration. The hinged cross-members may concertina the solar power module when reconfigured between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration. The hinged cross-members may comprise wheels to facilitate reconfiguring between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration.

[0180] The hinged cross-members may be reconfigurable between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration manually or by an actuator, e.g. a linear actuator. The linear actuator may comprise a retractable rod. The retractable rod may be fixed to an end of a hinged cross-member of a pair of hinged cross-members. The pair of hinged cross-members may be an end pair of hinged cross-members, e.g. a pair of hinged cross-members at an end of the frame. The retractable rod may be configured to move the end of the hinged cross-member towards and away from an end of the other hinged cross-member of the pair of hinged cross-members, e.g. an end of the crossing member, to reconfigure the frame between the extended configuration and the collapsed configuration.

[0181] Beneficially, the collapsed configuration may reduce the risk of damage to the solar power module.

[0182] The mounting arrangement may comprise the harness and the frame. The harness may mount the battery power module to the goods transportation container, e.g. the harness may mount the housing arrangement to the goods transportation container. The harness may mount the combustion power module to the goods transportation container. The frame may mount the solar power module to the goods transportation container. The harness and the frame may be mechanically separate.

[0183] In a second aspect, there is provided a power system for a goods transportation container, the power system comprising: a mounting arrangement for mounting the power system to the goods transportation container; a housing arrangement coupled to the mounting arrangement; and a battery power module disposed within the housing arrangement.

[0184] 55740693-1 Beneficially, the power system may provide zero-emission power to the goods transportation container. The power system may be particularly suitable for strict emission-regulated environments such as low-emission zones or the like, or for short transportation journeys.

[0185] The mounting arrangement may be configured to mount the power system to the nose of the goods transportation container.

[0186] Alternatively, the mounting arrangement may be configured to mount the power system to a Class 7 / 8 truck trailer upon which the goods transportation container may be supported. In particularly, the mounting arrangement may be configured to mount the power system underneath the Class 7 / 8 truck trailer.

[0187] In a third aspect, there is provided a power system for a goods transportation container, the power system comprising: a mounting arrangement for mounting the power system to the transportation container; a housing arrangement coupled to the mounting arrangement; a combustion power module disposed within the housing arrangement; and a battery power module disposed within the housing arrangement.

[0188] In use, the combustion power module and the battery power module may simultaneously or alternatingly provide power to the goods transportation container. The combustion power module may charge the battery power module when it is not providing power to the goods transportation container.

[0189] Beneficially, the power system may provide extended range with reduced emissions.

[0190] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a power system for a goods transportation container, the power system comprising: a mounting arrangement for mounting the power system to the transportation container; and a solar power module coupled to the mounting arrangement.

[0191] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a power system for a goods transportation container, the power system comprising: a mounting arrangement for mounting the power system to the transportation container; a solar power module coupled to the mounting arrangement; a housing arrangement coupled to the mounting arrangement; and a battery power module disposed within the housing arrangement.

[0192] In use, the solar power module and the battery power module may simultaneously or alternatingly provide power to the goods transportation container. The solar power module may charge the battery power module when it is not providing power to the goods transportation container.

[0193] 55740693-1 Beneficially, the power system may provide zero-emission power to the goods transportation container. The power system may be particularly suitable for strict emission-regulated environments such as low-emission zones or the like.

[0194] Beneficially, the power system may provide extended range.

[0195] Beneficially, the power system may allow for charging of the battery power module when the goods transportation container is stationary and / or when the power system is not in use on a goods transportation container.

[0196] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a power system for a goods transportation container, the power system comprising: a mounting arrangement for mounting the power system to the transportation container; a solar power module coupled to the mounting arrangement; a housing arrangement coupled to the mounting arrangement; a combustion power module disposed within the housing arrangement; and a battery power module disposed within the housing arrangement.

[0197] In use, the solar power module, combustion power module and battery power module may simultaneously or alternatingly provide power to the goods transportation container. The solar power module and combustion power module may charge the battery power module when not providing power to the goods transportation container.

[0198] Beneficially, the power system may provide extended range with reduced emissions.

[0199] Beneficially, the power system may allow for charging of the battery power module when the goods transportation container is stationary and / or when the power system is not in use on a goods transportation container.

[0200] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a container comprising the power system of any preceding aspect.

[0201] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a plurality of power systems of any preceding aspect, arranged in a stack.

[0202] The power arrangement of each power system may comprise a battery power module and a solar power module.

[0203] The mounting arrangement of each power system may comprise a frame. The frame may be generally planar.

[0204] A first solar power module of a first power system, e.g. a power system at the top of the stack, of the plurality of power systems may be configured to provide power to the battery power modules of the plurality of power systems. The power generated by the first solar power module may charge the battery power modules of the plurality of power systems.

[0205] 55740693-1 At least one of the power systems, e.g. the first power system, may comprise a power management arrangement. The power management arrangement may be configured to control distribution of power to the batter power modules of the plurality power systems. The power management arrangement may be in communication with battery control electronics of the battery power modules of the plurality of power systems.

[0206] At least one of the power systems may comprise a display, e.g. forming part of the power management arrangement of the respective power system. The power management arrangement may be configured to power distribution information. The power distribution information may include co-ordination and / or prioritisation of power distribution. Each power system may comprise a display, and the power distribution information may be viewable on each display.

[0207] A ninth aspect relates to a method for transporting goods using the container of the third aspect.

[0208] A tenth aspect relates to a power management system for controlling provision of power from a power supply to a power consumer, the power management system comprising a controller and a memory, wherein the controller is configured to: determine an operating profile of the power consumer; and control operating parameters of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer and / or determine a remaining operating duration of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer.

[0209] The power management system may be suitable for use with or in the power system of any of the first to sixth aspects. The power supply may comprise or take the form of the power system of any of the first to sixth aspects, or at least the power arrangement of the power system. The power management system may be or form part of the power management arrangement of the power system. The power consumer may be a goods transportation container, e.g. a refrigeration unit of a refrigerated goods transportation container. However, the power management system may be suitable for use in other applications.

[0210] The power management system may comprise a first data connection arrangement for data communication with the power consumer, e.g. at least one or a controller, a memory, etc. of the power consumer.

[0211] The power management system may comprise a second data connection arrangement for data communication with the power supply, e.g. at least one of sensors, a switching arrangement, a controller, etc. of the power supply.

[0212] 55740693-1 The controller may be configured to autonomously determine the operating profile of the power consumer. The operating profile may be a single technical identify that governs the electrical behaviour and future power demand of the power consumer. The operating profile may be based on or comprise one or more of: the make of the power consumer, the model of the power consumer, the operating mode of the power consumer, or other identifying characteristics of the power consumer.

[0213] The controller may be configured to infer the operating profile of the power consumer, e.g. by classifying the power consumer. To determine the operating profile of the power consumer, the controller may be configured to monitor the load, e.g. the real-time load, drawn from the power supply by the power consumer. The controller may be configured to control sensors, e.g. the sensors of the power supply, to monitor the load. The controller may receive load data from the power supply, e.g. via the second data connection arrangement. The controller may be configured to log the monitored load over time to obtain a monitored load pattern. The controller may receive a monitored load pattern from the power supply, e.g. via the second data connection arrangement. The monitored load may be stored in the memory. The controller may be configured to infer the operating profile of the power consumer from the monitored load pattern.

[0214] The controller may be configured to infer the operating profile of the power consumer from the monitored load pattern by comparing the monitored load pattern with a plurality of known load patterns. The plurality of known load patterns, e.g. the reference load patterns, may be historical, predefined or learned. The plurality of known load patterns may be stored in the memory. Through comparison of the monitored load pattern with the plurality of known load patterns the controller may be configured to identify the known load pattern that matches, e.g. is most similar to, the monitored load pattern. Each known load pattern may be associated with a corresponding known operating profile. Thus, the controller may be configured to determine the operating profile of the power consumer as the operating profile associated with the matching known load pattern.

[0215] The controller may be configured to infer the operating profile of the power consumer from the monitored load pattern using a model such an artificial model or algorithm. The model may be a pre-trained model, e.g. a neural network or other machine-learning classifier. The input to model may be the monitored load pattern. The output from the model may be the operating profile of the power consumer. The model may be trained on labelled versions of the input. The model may be trained on the plurality of known load patterns, e.g. historical load patterns associated with known

[0216] 55740693-1 operating profiles. The model may be trained or otherwise configured to map the input to the output, e.g. the learned characteristics of the pre-trained model may map load behaviour to operating profiles, including classification and best-match interference. The controller may be configured to select a known operating profile and / or generate an operating profile, e.g. a new or unique operating profile, based on learned characteristics of load behaviour.

[0217] To determine the operating profile of the power consumer, the controller may be configured to establish communication with the power consumer via the first data connection arrangement. The controller may be configured to receive or retrieve, e.g. via the data connection arrangement, the operating profile of the power consumer from the power consumer, e.g. from an internal memory or controller of the power consumer.

[0218] The controller may be configured to store the operating profile of the power consumer, e.g. the classification of the power consumer, in the memory.

[0219] The controller may be configured to automatically control operating parameters of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer. The operating parameters may be optimised for the operating profile of the power consumer. Different operating profiles, e.g. different makes, models and modes, impose distinct electrical behaviours and duty cycles, therefore the power management system can select parameters that more accurately reflect the expected behaviour of the power consumer. The operating parameters may comprise one or more of: battery discharge depth of a battery supply module of the power supply, battery charge thresholds, idling strategy of a combustion power module of the power supply, timing for starting or stopping the combustion power module, conditions for starting or stopping the combustion power module, allocation of load between the battery power module and the combustion power module, strategies to mitigate load-induced engine instability, measure to reduce fuel consumption of the combustion power module or a fuel-cell power module of the power supply whilst maintaining operational reliability, measures to limit battery degradation whilst maintaining operational reliability, etc. The controller may be configured to retrieve stored operating parameter ranges from the memory. The controller may be configured to determine, e.g. select, the operating parameters of the power supply from the operating parameter ranges based on the operating profile of the power consumer. The power management arrangement may be configured to adjust the operation of the power supply to match, e.g. operate according to, the determined operating parameters.

[0220] The controller may be configured to determine the range based on at least one of: current load patterns associated with the operating profile, historical load patterns

[0221] 55740693-1 associated with the operating profile, anticipated future load dictated by the operating profile, etc. The controller may be configured to additionally base the determination of the range on system parameter data of the power supply, e.g. current battery condition, battery charge level, fuel level, etc. The controller may receive the system parameter data from the power supply via the second data connection arrangement.

[0222] The controller may be configured to store the estimated range in the memory. The controller may be configured to output or communicate the estimated range, e.g. via a display of the power management system.

[0223] An eleventh aspect relates to a method of managing supply of power from a power supply to a power consumer, the method comprising: determining an operating profile of the power consumer; and controlling operating parameters of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer and / or determining a remaining operating duration of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer.

[0224] The method may be performed using the power management system of the tenth aspect.

[0225] The determining the operating profile of the power consumer may comprise receiving the operating profile, e.g. from the power consumer.

[0226] The determining the operating profile of the power consumer may comprise obtaining a monitored load pattern. Obtaining the monitored load pattern may comprise receiving a monitored load pattern. Obtaining the monitored load pattern may comprise receiving monitored load data. Obtaining the monitored load pattern may comprise controlling sensors to monitor load data. Obtaining the monitored load pattern may comprise logging the monitored load data over time.

[0227] The determining the operating profile of the power consumer may comprise inferring the operating profile of the power consumer from the monitored load pattern.

[0228] The inferring the operating profile of the power consumer from the monitored load pattern may comprise comparing the operating profile with a plurality of known load patterns and identifying the known load pattern that matches, e.g. is most similar to, the monitored load pattern. Each known load pattern may be associated with a corresponding known operating profile. Thus, the operating profile may be selected as the operating profile associated with the matching known load pattern.

[0229] The inferring the operating profile of the power consumer from the monitored load pattern may be performed by a model such as an artificial intelligence model or algorithm. The artificial intelligence model may receive as input the monitored load pattern, or one

[0230] 55740693-1 or more parameters derived therefrom or indicative thereof. The output of the artificial intelligence model may comprise the operating profile of the power consumer or the like. The artificial intelligence model may be trained or otherwise configured to map the input to the output. The artificial intelligence model may comprise a plurality of convolutional layers, one or more pooling layers, and / or the like. The artificial intelligence model may be a trained model, trained on labelled training data, e.g. manually labelled training data or training data that has been labelled by a suitably trained classification algorithm, or the like. The training data may comprise collected data or data derived therefrom, or synthetic data. The labelled training data may comprise labelled versions of the inputs, e.g. of the collected data or synthetic data. The artificial intelligence model may be a generative or self-learning artificial intelligence model, such as a generative adversarial network (GAN), and / or may be otherwise self-learning.

[0231] According to a twelfth aspect there is a computer program product configured such that, when executed by a computer, causes the computer to carry out the method of the eleventh aspect (or one or more of the method steps recited therein). The computer program product may comprise computer readable instructions. The computer program product may be embodied on a tangible, non-transient carrier medium.

[0232] According to a thirteenth aspect there is a processing system configured to carry out the method of the eleventh aspect (or one or more of the method steps recited therein). The processing system may be or comprise a computer and / or one or more processors or other data processing circuitry. The processing system may comprise and / or be configured by the computer program product of the twelfth aspect.

[0233] The invention is defined by the appended claims. However, for the purposes of the present disclosure it will be understood that any of the features defined above or described below may be utilised in isolation or in combination. For example, features described above in relation to one of the above aspects or below in relation to the detailed description below may be utilised in any other aspect, or together form a new aspect.

[0234] 55740693-1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0235] Figure 1 is a system view of a power system for a goods transportation container;

[0236] Figure 2 is a system view of another power system for a goods transportation container;

[0237] Figure 3 is a schematic view of a power system according to Figure 2;

[0238] Figure 4 is a side view of the power system of Figure 3 in an extended configuration;

[0239] Figure 5 is a side view of the power system of Figure 3 in extended collapsed configuration;

[0240] Figure 6 is a schematic view of the power system of Figure 3 being handled;

[0241] Figure 7 is a schematic view of the power system of Figure 3 mounted to the transportation container;

[0242] Figure 8 is a schematic view of another power system according to Figure 2;

[0243] Figure 9 is a side view of the power system of Figure 8;

[0244] Figure 10 is a schematic view of the power system of Figure 8 mounted to the transportation container;

[0245] Figure 11 is schematic view of another power system according to Figure 2;

[0246] Figure 12 is a side view of the power system of Figure 11 ;

[0247] Figure 13 is a schematic end view of the power system of Figure 11 mounted to the transportation container;

[0248] Figure 14 is a schematic side view of the power system of Figure 11 mounted to the transportation container;

[0249] Figure 15 is a schematic view of another power system according to Figure 2;

[0250] Figure 16 is a schematic view of the power system of Figure 15 mounted to the transportation container

[0251] Figure 17 is a schematic view of another power system according to Figure 2;

[0252] Figure 18 is a schematic view of the power system of Figure 17 mounted to a Class 7 / 8 truck trailer.

[0253] Figure 19 is a system view of another power system for a goods transportation container;

[0254] Figure 20 is a schematic view of a power system according to Figure 19;

[0255] Figure 21 is a schematic view of side view of the power system of Figure 20;

[0256] Figure 22 is a schematic view of another power system according to Figure 19;

[0257] Figure 23 is a schematic view of side view of the power system of Figure 22;

[0258] 55740693-1 Figure 24 is a system view of another power system for a goods transportation container;

[0259] Figure 25 is a schematic view of a power system according to Figure 24;

[0260] Figure 26 is a side view of the power system of Figure 25;

[0261] Figure 27 is a schematic side view of the power system of Figure 25 mounted to the transportation container;

[0262] Figure 28 is a schematic view of another power system according to Figure 24;

[0263] Figure 29 is side view of the power system of Figure 28;

[0264] Figure 30 is a schematic side view of the power system of Figure 28 mounted to the transportation container;

[0265] Figure 31 is a schematic view of another power system according to Figure 24, being handled for mounting on the transportation container;

[0266] Figure 32 is a schematic side view of the power system of Figure 31 mounted on the transportation container;

[0267] Figure 33 is a schematic end view of the power system of Figure 31 mounted on the transportation container;

[0268] Figure 34 is a schematic end view of another power system according to Figure 24, mounted on a goods transportation container;

[0269] Figure 35 is a schematic side view of another power system according to Figure 24;

[0270] Figure 36 is a schematic side view of the power system of Figure 35 in a collapsed configuration and mounted on the transportation container;

[0271] Figure 37 is a schematic side view of the power system of Figure 35 in an extended configuration and mounted on the transportation container;

[0272] Figure 38 is a schematic view of a plurality of power systems according to Figure 28, arranged in a stack;

[0273] Figure 39 is a schematic view of a power management system;

[0274] Figure 40 is a block diagram showing functionality of the power management system of Figure 39;

[0275] Figure 41 is a detailed block diagram of process 1000 shown in Figure 40;

[0276] Figure 42 is a detailed block diagram of process 1100 shown in Figure 40; and

[0277] Figure 43 is a detailed block diagram of process 1200 shown in Figure 40.

[0278] 55740693-1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0279] Figure 1 shows a system view of a power system 10 for a goods transportation container. The power system 10 comprises a power arrangement 12. The power system 10 comprises a mounting arrangement for mounting the power arrangement 12 to the goods transportation container.

[0280] The power system 10 is a hybrid power system. The power arrangement 12 is a hybrid power arrangement. The hybrid power arrangement comprises a plurality of power modules 1 , 2, 3. The first power module 1 comprises a combustion power module 14. The second power module 2 comprises a battery power module 16. The third power module 3 comprises a solar power module 18. Each power module 1 , 2, 3 is independently releasably coupled to the mounting arrangement, to facilitate scalability and adaptability of the power system to various use cases.

[0281] The combustion power module 14 takes the form of a combustion generator. The combustion power module 14 is configured to provide 3-5 kW of power. The combustion power module 14 comprises a combustion engine 20, in particular a reciprocating diesel engine. The combustion power module comprises an alternator 22, in particular a three phase alternator. The alternator 22 is coupled to the combustion engine 20. The alternator 22 is configured to convert kinetic energy received from the combustion engine 20 into electrical energy. The combustion power module 14 further comprises a fuel tank 24, in particular a diesel fuel tank.

[0282] The battery power module 16 takes the form of a battery system. The battery power module 16 comprises a base battery module 26. The battery power module 16 may be configured to selectively comprise one or more additional battery modules 28, to facilitate scalability. Each battery module 26, 28 comprises one or more battery cells. The battery modules 26, 28 are electrically connected. The battery power module 16 further comprises a battery management system 30. The battery management system 30 is configured to control charging and discharging of the battery cells.

[0283] The solar power module 18 takes the form of an array of solar PV panels 32.

[0284] The power arrangement 12 is operable in a hybrid mode and a zero emission mode. In the hybrid mode, each power module 1 , 2, 3 of the power arrangement 12 can provide power to the goods transportation container. In the zero emission mode, only the solar power module 18 and the battery power module 16 can provide power to the goods transportation container. In the zero emission mode, the combustion power module 14 is switched off and cannot provide power to the goods transportation container.

[0285] 55740693-1 The power system 10 comprises a power management arrangement 34 in the form of an electronic control system. The power management arrangement 34 comprises a controller 36, in particular a hybrid controller. The power management arrangement 34 comprises a switch 38, in particular an operation mode switch. The switch 38 is configured to select an operation mode of the power arrangement 12. The controller 36 is configured to control the switch 38.

[0286] The power management arrangement 34 further comprises a location tracker 40. The location tracker 40 comprises a GPS antennae. The location tracker 40 is in communication with the controller 36. The controller 36 is configured to control the switch 38 based on location data received from the location tracker 40.

[0287] The power management arrangement 34 further comprises a battery charger 42 and a DC-AC inverter 44. In other power systems, the battery charger and / or the DC- AC inverter may form part of the battery power module.

[0288] The battery management system 30 is in communication with the power management arrangement 34. In other power systems the battery management system and the power management arrangement may be integrated.

[0289] The power system 10 further comprises an input 46, e.g. an AC charging input. The AC charging input is configured to charge the battery cells of the battery power module 16. The AC charging input may be connected to another power system. In other power system the input may form part of the battery power module.

[0290] The power system 10 further comprises an output 48, e.g. an AC power output. In use, the AC power output may be connected to the goods transportation container to provide power to the goods transportation container. Alternatively, in use, the AC power output may be connected to another power system. In other power systems, the output may form part of the battery power module.

[0291] Figure 2 shows a system view of another power system 110 for a goods transportation container. The power system 110 comprises a power arrangement 112. The power arrangement 112 comprises a battery power module 116. The power system 110 comprises a mounting arrangement for mounting the power arrangement 112 to the goods transportation container. The power system 110 comprises a housing arrangement. The housing arrangement is coupled to the mounting arrangement. The battery power module 116 is disposed within the housing arrangement.

[0292] The battery power module 116 takes the form of a battery system. The battery power module 116 comprises a base battery module 126. The battery power module 116 may be configured to selectively comprise one or more additional battery modules

[0293] 55740693-1 128, to facilitate scalability. Each battery module 126, 128 comprises one or more battery cells. The battery modules 126, 128 are electrically connected. The battery power module 116 further comprises a battery management system 130. The battery management system 130 is configured to control charging and discharging of the battery cells.

[0294] The power system 110 comprises a power management arrangement 134 in the form of an electronic control system. The power management arrangement 134 comprises a controller 136. The power management arrangement 134 further comprises a location tracker 140. The location tracker 140 comprises a GPS antennae. The location tracker 140 is in communication with the controller 136. The power management arrangement 134 further comprises a battery charger 142 and a DC-AC inverter 144. In other power systems, the battery charger and / or the DC-AC inverter may form part of the battery power module. The battery management system 130 is in communication with the power management arrangement 134. In other power systems the battery management system and the power management arrangement may be integrated.

[0295] The power system 110 further comprises an input 146, e.g. an AC charging input. The AC charging input is configured to charge the battery cells of the battery power module 116. The AC charging input may be connected to another power system. In other power system the input may form part of the battery power module. The power system 110 further comprises an output 148, e.g. an AC power output. In use, the AC power output may be connected to the goods transportation container to provide power to the goods transportation container. Alternatively, in use, the AC power output may be connected to another power system. In other power systems, the output may form part of the battery power module.

[0296] Figures 3 to 14 of the accompanying drawings show three examples of a power system 110a-c for a goods transportation container 150a-c, in particular a refrigerated goods transportation container. These illustrated examples take the form of a ‘clip-on’ power system. Each power system 110a-c comprises a mounting arrangement 152a-c for mounting the power system 110a-c to the transportation container 150a-c, a housing arrangement 154a-c attached to the mounting arrangement 152a-c, and a battery power module 116a-c within the housing arrangement 154a-c.

[0297] The battery power module 116a-c of each power system 110a-c comprises one or more battery cells, a battery management system, and a DC-AC three phase inverter allowing the production of 440V three phase power on demand from a standard female 4 pin 32A commando plug. The battery power module 116a-c is also equipped with a

[0298] 55740693-1 22 kW battery charger allowing charging of the battery cells from a standard ICC 5 pin 32A three phase 50-60Hz grid outlet, IEC61851 mode 1-3 compliant cables, or a 4 pin 32A commando plug. The battery power module 116a-c can be used to store energy for powering the goods transportation container 150a-c, e.g. a refrigeration unit of the refrigerated goods transportation container, en-route. The battery power module 116a- c can power the goods transportation container 150a-c with zero tailpipe emissions.

[0299] The battery power module 160a-c of each power system 110a-c is housed in a housing 156a-c of the housing arrangement 154a-c. The housing 156a-c is oblong. The housing 156a-c generally has the form of a rectangular prism. Each power system 110a- c can be transported by either a manual single person pallet truck 158a-c, or a forklift truck if desired but this is not required. The housing arrangement 154a-c comprises forklift eyes 160a-c. The forklift eyes 160a-c are provided on the outside of a bottom wall 162a-c of the housing 156a-c. The forklift eyes 160a-c facilitate handling of the power system 110a-c by a handling device such as the pallet truck 158a-c. The forklift eyes 160a-c are configured to be engaged by the palette truck 158a-c.

[0300] The power system 110a-c also comprises ancillary devices including a system controller, a GPS antenna, and a telecommunication device allowing the broadcasting of its location and operation state, errors and warnings. The ancillary devices are also contained in the housing arrangement 154a-c.

[0301] The mounting arrangement 152a-c of each power system 110a-c comprises a harness 164a-c, which supports the housing arrangement 154a-c containing the battery power module 116a-c. The harness 164a-c mounts to the container via fastenings, e.g. clamp fastenings, of the mounting arrangement 152a-c, to castings, e.g. upper corner castings, of the goods transportation container 150a-c. The power systems 110a-c can be fastened to the goods transportation container 150a-c in a variety of orientations, with the mounting arrangement 152a-c having different configurations, as will now be described with reference to Figures 3 to 14. Common components are identified by like reference signs.

[0302] Figures 3 to 7 show a first power system 110a comprising a mounting arrangement 152a, a housing arrangement 154a attached to the mounting arrangement 152a, and a battery power module 116a within the housing arrangement 152a, as afore described.

[0303] The harness 164a of the mounting arrangement 152a comprises a pair of mounting members 166a. The mounting members 166a extend from a top wall of the housing 156a. The mounting members 166a are generally flush with a container facing

[0304] 55740693-1 wall of the housing 156a, e.g. a wall of the housing configured to face the transportation container 150a. The mounting members 166a are positioned adjacent each side wall of the housing 150a.

[0305] Each mounting member 166a comprises a hinge 168a. The hinge 168a is generally positioned at a centre region of the mounting member 166a. The hinges 168a allow the mounting arrangement 152a to be reconfigured between an extended configuration (see Figure 4) and a collapsed configuration (see Figure 5). In the extended configuration the mounting members 166a are unfolded and generally straight. In the collapsed configuration the mounting members 166a are folded. The height of the power system 110a is smaller in the collapsed configuration than in the extended configuration. The collapsed configuration may be considered a stowed configuration, suitable for storage and handling of the power system 110a. The extended configuration may be considered an operational configuration suitable for use of the power system 110a with the goods transportation container 150a.

[0306] The mounting arrangement 152a comprises fastenings in the form of clamp fastenings 170a. Two of the clamp fastenings 170a are arranged at the top end of each of the mounting members 166a, e.g. the end of the mounting members 166a in the extended configuration distal the housing 156a. Another two clamp fastenings 170a are arranged on the bottom wall of the housing 156a, adjacent the container facing wall of the housing 156a, and adjacent either side wall of the housing 156a respectively. As shown in Figure 7, the clamp fastenings 170a are configured to attach to corner castings 172a at an end wall of the goods transportation container 150a, e.g. the end of the refrigerated goods transportation container in which a refrigeration unit is contained. The mounting arrangement 152a is configured so that the harness 164a and the housing 156a sit against the end wall of the transportation container 150a.

[0307] The harness 164a of the mounting arrangement 152a further comprises a pair of support elements in the form of support members 174a. Each support member 174a extends between a respective mounting member 166a and the housing 156a. Each support member 174a is engaged with the mounting member 166a at a position below the hinge 168a, e.g. at a position between the hinge 168a and the housing 156a and proximal the hinge 168a. Each support member 174a is engaged with the top wall of the housing 156a, at an intermediate region between the side walls of the housing 156a. The support members 174a are generally flush with the container facing wall of the housing 156a. The support members 174a provide the harness 164a with rigidity and support.

[0308] 55740693-1 Figures 8 to 10 show another power system 110b comprising a mounting arrangement 152b, a housing arrangement 154b attached to the mounting arrangement 152b, and a battery power module 116b within the housing arrangement 154b, as afore described.

[0309] The harness 164b of the mounting arrangement 152b comprises a pair of mounting members 166b. The mounting members 166b extend from a top wall of the housing 156b. The mounting members 166b extend from the top wall at an intermediate region of the top wall between the side walls of the housing 156b. The mounting members 166b are generally flush with a container facing wall of the housing 156b.

[0310] The mounting arrangement 152b comprises fastenings in the form of pin fastenings 176b and clamp fastenings 170b. The pin fastenings 176b are arranged at the top end of each of the mounting members 166b, e.g. the end of the mounting members 166b distal the housing 156b. The pin fastenings 176b are configured to attach to edge castings 178b at a top end edge of the goods transportation container 150b (see Figure 10). The clamp fastenings 170b are arranged on the bottom wall of the housing 156b, adjacent the container facing wall of the housing 156b, and adjacent either side wall of the housing 156b respectively. The clamp fastenings 170b are configured to attach to corner castings 172b at the bottom corners of an end wall of the goods transportation container 150b (see Figure 10), e.g. an end of the refrigerated goods transportation container in which a refrigeration unit is contained. The mounting arrangement 152b is configured so that the harness 164b and the housing 156b sit against the end wall of the goods transportation container 150b.

[0311] Figures 11 to 14 show another power system 110c comprising a mounting arrangement 152c, a housing arrangement 154c attached to the mounting arrangement 152c, and a battery power module 116c within the housing arrangement 152c, as afore described.

[0312] The harness 164c of the mounting arrangement 152c comprises a pair of mounting members 166c. Each mounting member 166c is attached at one end to a respective side wall of the housing 156c. The mounting members 166c are arranged outward of the side walls of the housing 156c. The mounting members 166c are attached to the housing 156c adjacent the container facing wall of the housing 156c. The mounting members 166c are arranged forward of the container facing wall of the housing 156c, e.g. the mounting members 166c are arranged to be closer to the transportation container 150c than the container facing wall of the housing 156c in use. The harness 164c is configured such that the mounting members 166c sit against the sides of the

[0313] 55740693-1 transportation container 150c in use, adjacent an end wall of the transportation container 150c (see Figure 14), e.g. the end of the refrigerated goods transportation container 150c in which a refrigeration unit is contained. The harness 164c is configured such that the housing 156c sits against the end wall of the transportation container 150c. This permits other objects to be attached to the end wall of the transportation container 150c. For example, castings of the transportation container 150c can be left free for co-mounting a combustion power module.

[0314] The mounting arrangement 152c comprises fastenings in the form of pin fastenings 176c and clamp fastenings 170c. The pin fastenings 176c are arranged at the top end of each of the mounting members 166c, e.g. the end of the mounting members 166c distal the housing 156c. The clamp fastenings 170c are arranged on the bottom wall of the housing 156c, adjacent the container facing wall of the housing 156c, and adjacent either side wall of the housing 156c respectively. The pin fastenings 176c and the clamp fastenings 170c are configured to attach to corner castings 172c at the end wall of the transportation container 150c (see Figure 13).

[0315] The harness 164c of the mounting arrangement 152c further comprises a pair of support elements in the form of support plates 180c. Each support plate 180c extends between a respective mounting member 166c and the housing 156c. The support plates 180c provide the harness 164c with rigidity and support.

[0316] Figure 15 and 16 of the accompanying drawings show an example of a power system for a goods transportation container 150d, in particular a refrigerated goods transportation container. The power system 110d comprises a mounting arrangement 152d for mounting the power system 110d to the transportation container 150d, a housing arrangement 154d attached to the mounting arrangement 152d, and a battery power module 116d within the housing arrangement 154d. The battery power module 116d is as afore described.

[0317] The mounting arrangement comprises a mounting member 166d. The housing arrangement 154d comprises a housing 156d. The mounting member 166d extends along a top edge of the housing 156d. The mounting member 166d is flush with a container facing wall of the housing 156d, e.g. a wall of the housing 156d configured to face the transportation container 150d.

[0318] The mounting arrangement 152d comprises fastenings in the form of clamp fastenings 170d. The clamp fastenings 170d are arranged at either end of the mounting member 166d. The clamp fastenings 170d are configured to attach to corner castings 172d at top corners of an end wall of the transportation container 150d, e.g. an end of

[0319] 55740693-1 the refrigerated goods transportation container 150d in which a refrigeration unit is contained. The mounting arrangement 152d is configured so that the mounting member 166d and the housing 156d sit against the end wall of the transportation container 150d, proximal the top of the transportation container 150d.

[0320] The housing arrangement 154d comprises forklift eyes 160d. The forklift eyes 160d are provided on the outside of a bottom wall of the housing 156d. The forklift eyes 160d facilitate handling of the power system 110d by a handling device. The forklift eyes 160d are configured to be engaged by the handling device.

[0321] Figures 17 and 18 of the accompanying drawings shows an example of a power system 110e for a goods transportation container 150e, in particular a refrigerated goods transportation container. The power system 110e comprises a mounting arrangement 152e for mounting the power system 110e to the transportation container 150e, a housing arrangement 154e attached to the mounting arrangement 152e, and a battery power module 116e within the housing arrangement 154e. The battery power module 116e is as afore described. The mounting arrangement 152e is configured for mounting the power system 110e to the goods transportation container 150e indirectly. The mounting arrangement 152e is configured for mounting the power system 110e to the goods transportation container 150e via a trailer 182e supporting the goods transportation container 150e, in particular a Class 7 / 8 truck trailer 182e. The mounting arrangement 152e is configured to mount the power system 110e to the underside of the Class 7 / 8 truck trailer 182e.

[0322] The mounting arrangement 152e comprises mounting members 166e. The mounting members 166d are attached to a housing a56e of the housing arrangement 154e. The mounting arrangement 152e further comprises fasteners 170e, e.g. clamp fasteners, configured for fastenings to the trailer 182e.

[0323] Figure 19 shows a system view of another power system 210 for a goods transportation container. The power system 210 comprises a power arrangement 212 The power system 210 comprises a mounting arrangement for mounting the power arrangement 212 to the goods transportation container.

[0324] The power system 210 is a hybrid power system. The power arrangement 212 is a hybrid power arrangement. The hybrid power arrangement comprises a plurality of power modules 201 , 202. The first power module 201 comprises a combustion power module 214. The second power module 202 comprises a battery power module 216. Each power module 201 , 202 is independently releasably coupled to the mounting

[0325] 55740693-1 arrangement, to facilitate scalability and adaptability of the power system 210 to various use cases.

[0326] The combustion power module 214 takes the form of a combustion generator. The combustion power module 214 is configured to provide 3-5 kW of power. The combustion power module 214 comprises a combustion engine 220, in particular a reciprocating diesel engine. The combustion power module comprises an alternator 222, in particular a three phase alternator. The alternator 222 is coupled to the combustion engine 220. The alternator 222 is configured to convert kinetic energy received from the combustion engine 220 into electrical energy. The combustion power module 214 further comprises a fuel tank 224, in particular a diesel fuel tank.

[0327] The battery power module 216 takes the form of a battery system. The battery power module 216 comprises a base battery module 226. The battery power module 216 may be configured to selectively comprise one or more additional battery modules 228, to facilitate scalability. Each battery module 226, 228 comprises one or more battery cells. The battery modules 226, 228 are electrically connected. The battery power module 216 further comprises a battery management system 230. The battery management system 230 is configured to control charging and discharging of the battery cells.

[0328] The power arrangement 212 is operable in a hybrid mode and a zero emission mode. In the hybrid mode, both power modules 201 , 202 of the power arrangement 212 can provide power to the goods transportation container. In the zero emission mode, only the battery power module 216 can provide power to the goods transportation container. In the zero emission mode, the combustion power module 214 is switched off and cannot provide power to the goods transportation container.

[0329] The power system 210 comprises a power management arrangement 234 in the form of an electronic control system. The power management arrangement 234 comprises a controller 236, in particular a hybrid controller. The power management arrangement 234 comprises a switch 238, in particular an operation mode switch. The switch 238 is configured to select an operation mode of the power arrangement 212. The controller 236 is configured to control the switch 238. The power management arrangement 234 further comprises a location tracker 240. The location tracker 240 comprises a GPS antennae. The location tracker 240 is in communication with the controller 236. The controller 236 is configured to control the switch 238 based on location data received from the location tracker 240.

[0330] 55740693-1 The power management arrangement 234 further comprises a battery charger 242 and a DC-AC inverter 244. In other power systems, the battery charger and / or the DC-AC inverter may form part of the battery power module. The battery management system 230 is in communication with the power management arrangement 234. In other power systems the battery management system and the power management arrangement may be integrated.

[0331] The power system 210 further comprises an input 246, e.g. an AC charging input. The AC charging input is configured to charge the battery cells of the battery power module 216. The AC charging input may be connected to another power system. In other power system the input may form part of the battery power module. The power system 210 further comprises an output 248, e.g. an AC power output. In use, the AC power output may be connected to the goods transportation container to provide power to the goods transportation container. Alternatively, in use, the AC power output may be connected to another power system. In other power systems, the output may form part of the battery power module.

[0332] Figures 20 and 21 show another power system 210a comprising a mounting arrangement 252a, a housing arrangement 254a attached to the mounting arrangement 252a, and a battery power module 216a within the housing arrangement 254a, as afore described.

[0333] The harness 264a of the mounting arrangement 252a comprises a pair of mounting members 266a. Each mounting member 266a is attached at one end to a respective side wall of the housing 256a. The mounting members 266a are attached to the housing 256a adjacent the container facing wall of the housing 256a.

[0334] The mounting arrangement 252a comprises fastenings in the form of clamp fastenings 270a. The clamp fastenings 270a are arranged at the top end of each of the mounting members 266a, e.g. the end of the mounting members 266a distal the housing 256a. The clamp fastenings 270a protrude from the top ends of the mounting members 266a towards the transportation container 250a, e.g. in a direction away from the housing 256a. The clamp fastenings 270a are configured to attach to corner castings 272a at top corners of an end wall of the transportation container 250a (see Figure 21), e.g. an end of the refrigerated goods transportation container 250a in which a refrigeration unit is contained. The mounting arrangement 252a is configured so that the mounting members 266a and the housing 256a sit adjacent but spaced from the end wall of the transportation container 250a.

[0335] 55740693-1 The harness 264a of the mounting arrangement 252a further comprises support elements. The support elements include a support member 274a extending between the mounting members 266a at the top ends of the mounting members 266a, e.g. ends distal the housing 256a. The support member 274a provides the harness 264a with rigidity and support. The support elements further comprise support chocks 284a. The support chocks 284a protrude from the mounting members 266a at an intermediate portion between the top ends of the mounting members 266a and the housing 256a. The support chocks 284a protrude towards the transport container 250a, e.g. away from the housing 256a. The support chocks 284a are configured to fill a gap between the mounting members 266a and the end wall of the transportation container 250a to provide the power system 210a with additional support when mounted on the transportation container 250a.

[0336] The power system 210a includes a ‘clip-on’ combustion power module 214a to enable hybrid operation. In this variant, both the battery power module 216a and the combustion power module 214a are mounted together on the transportation container 250a. The battery power module 216a can be plugged to the combustion power module 214a through the standard 4 pin connection of the battery power module 216a. The battery power module 216a can then alter the load drawn from the combustion power module 214a such as to optimise fuel consumption based on calculation from the controller of the battery power module 216a. The mounting arrangement 252a comprises additional fastenings, e.g. corner castings 272a and pin holes 286a, for releasably coupling the combustion power module 214a to the mounting arrangement 252a. The corner castings 272a are provided at the top ends of the mounting members 266a, adjacent the protruding clamp fastenings 270a. The pin holes 286a are provided at an intermediate portion of the support member 274a between the mounting members 266a.

[0337] Figures 22 and 23 show another power system 210b comprising a mounting arrangement 252b, a housing arrangement 254b attached to the mounting arrangement 252b, and a battery power module 216b within the housing arrangement 254b, as afore described.

[0338] The harness 264b of the mounting arrangement 252b comprises a pair of mounting members 266b. Each mounting member 266b is attached at one end to a respective side wall of the housing 256b. The mounting members 266b have a width corresponding to the width of the side walls of the housing 256b such that the end

[0339] 55740693-1 portions of the mounting members 266b attached to the side walls also cover the side walls.

[0340] The mounting arrangement 252b comprises fastenings in the form of clamp fastenings 270b. The clamp fastenings 270b are arranged at the top end of each of the mounting members 266b, e.g. the end of the mounting members 266b distal the housing 256b, and proximal a container facing side of the mounting members 266b. The clamp fastenings 270b are configured to attach to corner castings 272b at top corners of an end wall of the transportation container 250b (see Figure 23), e.g. an end of the refrigerated goods transportation container 250b in which a refrigeration unit is contained. The mounting arrangement 252b is configured so that the mounting members 266b and the housing 256b sit against the end wall of the transportation container 250b.

[0341] The harness 264b of the mounting arrangement 252b further comprises a support member 274b extending between the mounting members 266b at the top ends of the mounting members 266b, e.g. ends distal the housing 256b. The support member 274b provides the harness 264b with rigidity and support.

[0342] The power system 210b includes a ‘clip-on’ combustion power module 214b to enable hybrid operation. In this variant, both the battery power module 216b and the power arrangement 214b are mounted together on the transportation container 250b and the battery power module 216b can be plugged to the combustion power module 214b through the standard 4 pin connection of the battery power module 216b. The battery power module 216b can then alter the load drawn from the combustion power module 214b such as to optimise fuel consumption based on calculation from the controller of the battery power module 216b. The mounting arrangement 252b comprises additional fastenings, e.g. corner castings 272b and pin holes 286b, for releasably coupling the combustion power module 214b to the mounting arrangement 252b. The corner castings 272b are provided at the top ends of the mounting members 266b, adjacent the clamp fastenings 270b, distal the container facing sides of the mounting members 266b. The pin holes 286b are provided at an intermediate portion of the support member 274b between the mounting members 266b. The pin holes 286b are provided at a side of the support member 274b facing away from the goods transportation container 250b.

[0343] Figure 24 shows a system view of another power system 310 for a goods transportation container. The power system 310 comprises a power arrangement 312. The power system 310 comprises a mounting arrangement for mounting the power arrangement 312 to the goods transportation container.

[0344] 55740693-1 The power system 310 is a hybrid power system. The power arrangement 312 is a hybrid power arrangement. The hybrid power arrangement comprises a plurality of power modules 301 , 302. The first power module 301 comprises a battery power module 316. The second power module 302 comprise a solar power module 318. Each power module 301 , 302 is independently releasably coupled to the mounting arrangement, to facilitate scalability and adaptability of the power system 310 to various use cases.

[0345] The battery power module 316 takes the form of a battery system. The battery power module 316 comprises a base battery module 326. The battery power module 316 may be configured to selectively comprise one or more additional battery modules 328, to facilitate scalability. Each battery module 326, 328 comprises one or more battery cells. The battery modules 326, 328 are electrically connected. The battery power module 316 further comprises a battery management system 330. The battery management system 330 is configured to control charging and discharging of the battery cells.

[0346] The solar power module 318 takes the form of an array of solar PV panels 332.

[0347] The power system 310 comprises a power management arrangement 334 in the form of an electronic control system. The power management arrangement 334 comprises a controller 336. The power management arrangement 334 further comprises a location tracker 340. The location tracker 340 comprises a GPS antennae. The location tracker 340 is in communication with the controller 336. The power management arrangement 334 further comprises a battery charger 342 and a DC-AC inverter 344. In other power systems, the battery charger and / or the DC-AC inverter may form part of the battery power module. The battery management system 330 is in communication with the power management arrangement 334. In other power systems the battery management system and the power management arrangement may be integrated.

[0348] The power system 310 further comprises an input 346, e.g. an AC charging input. The AC charging input is configured to charge the battery cells of the battery power module 316. The AC charging input may be connected to another power system. In other power system the input may form part of the battery power module. The power system 310 further comprises an output 348, e.g. an AC power output. In use, the AC power output may be connected to the goods transportation container to provide power to the goods transportation container. Alternatively, in use, the AC power output may be connected to another power system. In other power systems, the output may form part of the battery power module.

[0349] 55740693-1 Figures 25 to 30 of the accompanying drawings show two examples of a ‘solar PV cap’ power system 310a-b for a goods transportation container 350a-b, in particular a refrigerated goods transportation container, e.g. a solar PV cap’ power system. The power system 310a-b is configured to be mounted on a truck for transportation. For mounting on the transportation container 350a-b, the power system 310a-b can be lifted by a container crane or a forklift and placed on top of the suitably sized refrigerated goods transportation container 350a-b. Each power system 310a-b comprises a mounting arrangement 352a-b for mounting the power system 310a-b to the transportation container 350a-b, a housing arrangement 354a-b attached to the mounting arrangement 352a-b, and a battery power module 316a-b within the housing arrangement 354a-b. The battery power module 316a-b is the same as afore described. The power system 310a-b also comprises ancillary devices as afore described.

[0350] Each power system 310a-b further comprises a solar power module 318a-b. The solar power module 318a-b is attached to the mounting arrangement 352a-b. The mounting arrangement 352a-b is configured to mount the solar power module 318a-b to a top wall of the transportation container 350a-b, e.g. the container roof. The solar power module 318a-b can generate energy en-route, e.g. during transportation. The solar power module 318a-b also provides DC electrical energy to charge the battery power module 316a-b at all times when exposed to daylight allowing the device to recharge itself when not in use. The solar power module 318a-b generates zero tailpipe emissions, and under certain use cases, whereby it is fully charged by the sun, fully zero emissions. This also means that under certain use cases, there is zero electricity cost to use the power systems 310a-b. These power systems 310a-b provide ‘all-in-one’ power generation and storage for powering the refrigerated transportation container 350a-b when on a truck. The solar power module 318a-b can charge the battery power module 316a-b without any human intervention, as long as the power system 310a-b is left exposed to sunlight.

[0351] The solar power module 318a-b comprises a solar array 332a-b, e.g. an array of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. The solar power module 318a-b further comprises an insulation layer 388a-b. In use, the insulation layer 388a-b is underneath the solar array 332a-b, e.g. between the solar array 332a-b and the top wall of the transportation container 350a-b. The insulation layer 388a-b can decrease heat exchange from the solar array 332a-b to the top wall of the transportation container 350a-b, and from the atmosphere to the top wall of the transportation container 350a-b. The solar array 332a- b and insulation layer 388a-b can decrease the amount of heat absorbed by the

[0352] 55740693-1 transportation container 350a-b thereby increasing the efficiency of the refrigeration unit within the transportation container 350a-b.

[0353] In each illustrated example the mounting arrangement 352a-b comprises a frame 390a-b. The frame 390a-b is generally planar. The frame 390a-b has the same footprint as a 20’ or 40’ transportation container 350a-b. The frame 390a-b comprises four ISO standard clamp fastenings. The frame 390a-b supports the solar power module 318a-b. The array 332a-b of solar PV panels is mounted within the frame 390a-b. The mounting arrangement 352a-b further comprises fastenings in the form of clamp fastenings 370a- b. The power system 310a-b is fastened in place on the transportation container 350a- b using the clamp fastenings 370a-b. The camp fastenings 370a-b, e.g. four clamps, are located in the corner castings to fasten the frame 390a-b vertically to corner castings 372a-b of the top wall of the refrigerated goods transportation container 350a-bg. The mounting arrangement 352a-b further comprise a stand arrangement 392a-b. The stand arrangement 392a-b improves the position of the solar power module 318a-bg for receiving sunlight when the power system 310a-b is on the ground.

[0354] The power systems 310a-b can have different housing arrangements 354a-b, and variations in the stand arrangements 392a-b as will now be described with reference to Figures 25 to 30. Common components are identified by like reference signs.

[0355] In the power system 310a of Figures 25 to 27, the housing arrangement 354a comprises two housings 356a, each containing components of the battery power module 316b. The housings 356a are attached to opposite sides of the frame 390a. Each housing 356a is attached at a central region of the respective side of the frame 390a. The housings 356a are oriented perpendicular to the frame 390a. The stand arrangement 392a comprises four stands 394a, each extending from a corner of the frame 390a. The stands 394a are oriented perpendicular to the frame 390a. The stands 394a all have the same length. The stand arrangement 392a facilitates the power system 310a standing on the ground when not in use (see Figure 26). The solar power module 318a is raised off the ground, and therefore protected. When the power system 310a is mounted on the transportation container 350a, the stands 394a are positioned at respective corners of the transportation container 350a such that they do not occlude door opening (see Figure 27).

[0356] In the power system 310b of Figures 28 to 30, the housing arrangement 354b comprises a housing 356b containing the battery power module 316b. The housing 356b is attached to one end of the frame 390b. The housing arrangement 354b is positioned at an end wall of the transportation container 350b, e.g. proximal a refrigeration unit

[0357] 55740693-1 within the refrigerated goods transportation container. The housing 356b is oriented perpendicular to the frame 390b. The mounting arrangement 352b further comprise a stand arrangement 392b. The stand arrangement 392b comprise two stands 394b extending from the frame 390b at the opposite end from the housing 356b. The stands 394b are oriented perpendicular to the frame 390b. The stands 394b are arranged at the corners of the frame 390b. Each stand 394b has a length approximately the same as the height of the housing 356b, e.g. the dimension of the housing 356b away from the frame 390b. The stand arrangement 392b facilitates the power system 310b standing on the ground when not in use (see Figure 29). The solar power module 318b is raised off the ground, and therefore protected. When the power system 310b is mounted on the transportation container 350b, the stands 394b are positioned at respective corners at a door end of the transportation container 350b.

[0358] Figures 31 to 34 of the accompanying drawings show two examples of a power system 310c-d for a goods transportation container 350c-d, in particular a refrigerated goods transportation container, e.g. a ‘solar PV full cap’ power system. The goods transportation container 350c-d is configured to be mounted on a train 396c-d for transportation. For mounting on the transportation container 350b, on the train 396c-d, the power system 310c-d can be lifted by a container crane 398c and placed over the transportation container 350c-d (see Figure 31). Each power system 310c-d comprises a mounting arrangement 352c-d for mounting the power system 310c-d to the transportation container 350c-d, a housing arrangement 354c-d attached to the mounting arrangement 352c-d, and a battery power module 316c-d within the housing arrangement 354c-d. The battery power module 316c-d is the same as afore described. The power system 310c-d also comprises ancillary devices as afore described.

[0359] Each power system 310c-d further comprises a solar power module 319c-d. The solar power module 318c-d can generate energy en-route, e.g. during transportation. The solar power module 318c-d generates zero tailpipe emissions, and under certain use cases, whereby it is fully charged by the sun, fully zero emissions. This also means that under certain use cases, there is zero electricity cost to use the power system 310c- d. These power systems 310c-d provide ‘all-in-one’ power generation and storage for powering the refrigerated goods transportation container 350c-d when on the train 396c- d. The solar power module 318c-d can charge the battery power module 316c-d without any human intervention, as long as the power system 310c-d is left exposed to sunlight.

[0360] The solar power module 318c-d is attached to the mounting arrangement 352c- d. The mounting arrangement 352c-d is configured to mount the solar power module

[0361] 55740693-1 318c-d to a top wall and side walls of the transportation container 350c-d. The solar power module 318c-d comprises three solar arrays 332c-d, e.g. three arrays of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. The solar power module 318c-d further comprises an insulation layer (not visible). In use, the insulation layer is underneath the solar arrays 332c-d, e.g. between the solar arrays 332c-d and the transportation container 350c-d. The insulation layer can decrease heat exchange from the solar arrays 332c-d to the transportation container 350c-d, and from the atmosphere to the transportation container 350c-d. The solar arrays 332c-d and insulation layer can decrease the amount of heat absorbed by the transportation container 350c-d thereby increasing the efficiency of the refrigeration unit within the refrigerated goods transportation container 350c-d.

[0362] In each example the mounting arrangement 352c-d comprises a frame 390c-d. The frame 390c-d supports the solar power module 318c-d. The frame 390c-d comprises three portions arranged in a square inverted U-shape, e.g. an n shape. Each frame portion is generally planar. When mounted on the transportation container 350c- d, two side frame portions are arranged on vertical planes, and a middle frame portion is arranged on a horizontal plane, e.g. two side frame portions sit against opposing side walls of the transportation container 350c-d and the middle frame portion sits on the top wall of the transportation container 350c-d. The three solar arrays 332c-d are respectively mounted within the three portions of the frame 390c-d. The mounting arrangement 352c-d further comprises fastenings in the form of clamp fastenings 370c- d. The power system 310c-d is fastened in place on the transportation container 350c- d using the clamp fastenings 370c-d. The clamp fastenings 370c-d, e.g. four clamp fastenings 370c-d, are located in corner castings of the middle frame portion to fasten the frame 390c-d vertically to the corner castings of the top wall of the refrigerated goods transportation container 350c-d.

[0363] The housing arrangement 354c-d comprises a housing 356c-d containing the battery power module 316c-d. The housing 356c-d is attached to one end of the frame 390c-d. The housing 356c-d is attached to the frame 390c-d adjacent the middle frame portion. The housing 356c-d extends between the side frame portions. The door end and the refrigeration unit end of the transportation container 350c-d are left uncovered, apart from a portion covered by the housing 356c-d.

[0364] The power systems 31 Od of Figure 34 differs from that of Figures 31 to 33 in that the side frame portions of Figure 34 are ‘double height’, e.g. have a dimension away from the middle frame portion twice that of the dimension in Figures 31 to 33, so that they may cover the side walls of two stacked transportation containers 350d.

[0365] 55740693-1 Figures 35 to 37 of the accompanying drawings show a ‘retractable solar’ power system 31 Oe comprising a retractable solar power module 318e combined with a battery power module 316e. The power system 31 Oe is configured to be mounted on a goods transportation container 350e, in particular a refrigerated goods transportation container, e.g. a top wall of the transportation container 350e. The power system 31 Oe comprises a mounting arrangement 352e for mounting the power system 31 Oe to the transportation container 350e, a housing arrangement 354e attached to the mounting arrangement 352e, and a battery power module 316e within the housing arrangement 354e. The battery power module 316e is the same as afore described. The power system 31 Oe also comprises ancillary devices as afore described. The power system 31 Oe is a zeroemission refrigerated goods transportation container power system that fixes to the refrigerated goods transportation container 350e proximal a refrigeration unit contained therein.

[0366] The solar power module 318e is attached to the mounting arrangement 352e. The mounting arrangement 352e is configured to mount the solar power module 318e to a top wall of the transportation container 350e. The solar power module 318e comprises a solar array 332e, e.g. an array of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. The solar power module 318e further comprises an insulation layer 388e within each solar panel. The insulation layer 388e is arranged in the solar panels to be proximal the transportation container 350e in use. The insulation layer 388e can decrease heat exchange from the solar array 332e to the transportation container 350e, and from the atmosphere to the transportation container 350e. The solar array 332e and the insulation layer 388e can decrease the amount of heat absorbed by the transportation container 350e thereby increasing the efficiency of the refrigeration unit within the refrigerated goods transportation container 350e.

[0367] The mounting arrangement 352e comprises a frame 390e. The frame 390e is configured to be mounted to the top wall of the transportation container 350e, e.g. proximal a refrigeration unit within the transportation container 350e. The mounting arrangement 352e comprises fastenings to fasten the power system 31 Oe in place on the transportation container 350e. The frame 390e supports the solar power module 318e. The solar array 332e is mounted on the frame 390e.

[0368] The frame 390e comprises a plurality of pairs of hinged cross-members 311e. The hinged cross-members 311e are reconfigurable between a collapsed configuration (see Figures 35 and 36) and an extended configuration (see Figure 37). The hinged cross-members 311e change the shape of the frame 390e between the collapsed

[0369] 55740693-1 configuration and the extended configuration. In the extended configuration the frame 390e is generally planar, e.g. long and thin. In the collapsed configuration the frame 390e is generally rectangular, e.g. shorter and higher than in the extended configuration. The mounting arrangement 352e comprises hinges 313e between rows of the solar panels in the solar array 332e. The hinged cross-members 311e concertina the solar array 332e when reconfigured between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration. The solar array 332e folds into a concertina at the hinges 313e between the rows of the solar array 332e. The mounting arrangement 352e comprises wheels 315e to facilitate reconfiguring between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration. The wheels 315e are provided at alternating hinges 313e between the rows of the solar array 332e so that in the collapsed configuration the wheels 315e are provided at folds in the solar array 332e adjacent the transportation container 350e.

[0370] The hinged cross-members 311e are reconfigurable between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration by an actuator arrangement 317e in the form of a linear actuator of the mounting arrangement 352e. The linear actuator 317e is attached to an end of the frame 390e. The linear actuator 317e comprises a motor 319e. The linear actuator 317e comprises a retractable rod 321e. The retractable rod 321e is fixed to an end of a cross member of a pair of the hinged cross-members 311e. The pair of hinged cross-members is an end pair of hinged cross-members 311e, e.g. a pair of hinged cross-members 311e at an end of the frame 390e. The retractable rod 321 e is configured to move the end of the hinged cross-member 311e towards and away from an end of the other hinged cross-member of the pair of the hinged cross-members 311e, e.g. an end of the crossing member, to reconfigure the frame 390e between the extended configuration and the collapsed configuration. The end of the crossing member may be fixed to the linear actuator 317e, e.g. a stationary portion of the linear actuator 317e.

[0371] The housing arrangement 354e comprises a housing 356e containing the battery power module 316e. The housing 356e is attached to the end of the frame 390e, e.g. the same end of the frame 390e to which the linear actuator 317e is attached. The housing 356e is arranged to hang from the frame 390e against a side of the transportation container 350e.

[0372] The power system 31 Oe comprises a concertina type expandable solar array 332e which can be deployed onto the top wall of the transportation container 350e once fastened into place. Alternative power systems may contain a linear type, e.g. telescopic, expandable solar array which may be deployed onto the top of the container.

[0373] 55740693-1 Figure 38 shows a plurality of power systems 310b arranged in a stack. Each frame 390b is generally planar. A first solar power module 318b-i of a first power system 31 Ob-i in the stack, e.g. a power system at the top of the stack, is configured to provide power to the battery power modules 316b of the plurality of power systems 310b. The power generated by the first solar power module 318b-i charges the battery power modules 316b of the plurality of power systems 310b.

[0374] The first power system 31 Ob-i comprises a power management arrangement. The power management arrangement is configured to control distribution of power to the batter power arrangements 316b of the plurality power systems 310b. The power management arrangement is in communication with battery control electronics of the battery power modules 316b of the plurality of power systems 310b.

[0375] Figure 39 shows a power management system 434 for controlling provision of power P from a power supply 412 to a power consumer 450. The power management system comprises a controller 436, e.g. comprising or taking the form of a processor, and a memory 403. The power management system may further comprise a display 404, e.g. comprising or taking the form of a screen. The power management system comprises a first data connection arrangement 405 for data communication with the power consumer 450. The power management system comprises a second data connection arrangement 406 for data communication with the power supply 412. The second data connection arrangement 406 may be in data communication with one or more sensors, a switching arrangement, and / or a controller, etc. of the power supply 412.

[0376] The power management system 434 may be suitable for use with or part of a power system previous described, for example the power management system 434 may form part of or be operatively associated with the power management arrangement of a power system previously described. The power supply 412 may comprise or form part of a power system previously described, or at least the power arrangement of a power system previously described. The power consumer 450 may be a goods transportation container, e.g. a refrigeration unit of a refrigerated goods transportation container. However, the power management system may be suitable for use in other applications.

[0377] As shown in Figure 40, in process 1000 the controller 436 is configured to determine, e.g. autonomously determine, an operating profile of the power consumer 450. The operating profile is a single technical identify that governs the electrical behaviour and future power demand of the power consumer 450. The operating profile is based on one or more of: the make of the power consumer 450, the model of the

[0378] 55740693-1 power consumer 450, the operating mode of the power consumer 450, or other identifying characteristics of the power consumer 450. The operating profile may comprise current load patterns, historical load patterns, anticipated future load, etc.

[0379] Two exemplary processes by which the controller 436 can determine the operating profile of the power consumer 450 are process 1000a shown in Figure 41 and process 1000b shown in Figure 42.

[0380] In process 1000a the controller 436 is configured to determine the operating profile by inferring the operating profile of the power consumer 450, e.g. by classifying the power consumer 450. To determine the operating profile of the power consumer 450, in operation 1002a the controller is configured to monitor the load, e.g. the real-time load, drawn from the power supply 412 by the power consumer 450. The controller 436 receives the load data from the power consumer 450, e.g. via the first data connection arrangement 405, or from the power supply 412, e.g. via the second data connection arrangement 406. The controller is configured to log the monitored load over time to obtain a monitored load pattern. The monitored load can be stored in the memory 403. In operation 1004a the controller is configured to compare the monitored load pattern with a plurality of known load patterns. The plurality of known load patterns, e.g. the reference load patterns, may be historical, predefined or learned. The plurality of known load patterns may be stored in the memory 403. Through comparison of the monitored load pattern with the plurality of known load patterns the controller is configured to identify the known load pattern that matches, e.g. is most similar to, the monitored load pattern. Each known load pattern may be associated with a corresponding known operating profile. Thus, in operation 1006a the controller is configured to classify the power consumer 450 by determining the operating profile of the power consumer 450 as the operating profile that is associated with the matching known load pattern.

[0381] In another example, the controller may be configured to infer the operating profile using an artificial intelligence model or algorithm, e.g. a pre-trained model, for which the monitored load pattern is the input to the model and the output from the model is the operating profile. The model may be trained on labelled versions of the input, e.g. the plurality of known load patterns. The model may be trained to map load behaviour to operating profiles. In classifying the power consumer, the controller may select a known operating profile and / or generate an operating profile, e.g. a new or unique operating profile, based on the learned characteristics of the model.

[0382] 55740693-1 In operation 1008a the controller 436 is configured to store the operating profile of the power consumer 450, e.g. the classification of the power consumer, in the memory 403.

[0383] In process 1000b the controller 436 is configured to determine the operating profile of the power consumer 450 by receiving the operating profile. In operation 1002b the controller 436 is configured to establish communication with the power consumer 450, e.g. via the first data connection arrangement 405. In operation 1004b the controller 436 is configured to receive or retrieve, e.g. via the first data connection arrangement 450, the operating profile of the power consumer 450 from the power consumer 450, e.g. from an internal memory or controller of the power consumer 450. In operation 1006b the controller is configured to store the operating profile of the power consumer 450, e.g. the classification of the power consumer, in the memory 403.

[0384] Referring again to Figure 40, based on the operating profile of the power consumer 420, the controller 436 may in process 1100 control operating parameters of the power supply 412 and / or in process 1200 determine a remaining operating duration, e.g. range, of the power supply 412.

[0385] Details of process 1100 are shown in Figure 43. The controller 436 is configured to automatically control operating parameters of the power supply 412 based on the operating profile of the power consumer 450. The operating parameters can be optimised for the operating profile of the power consumer 450. Different operating profiles, e.g. different makes, models and modes, impose distinct electrical behaviours and duty cycles, therefore the power management system 434 can select parameters that more accurately reflect the expected behaviour of the power consumer 450. The operating parameters may comprise one or more of: battery discharge depth of a battery supply module of the power supply, battery charge thresholds, idling strategy of a combustion power module of the power supply, timing for starting or stopping the combustion power module, conditions for starting or stopping the combustion power module, allocation of load between the battery power module and the combustion power module, strategies to mitigate load-induced engine instability, measure to reduce fuel consumption of the combustion power module or a fuel-cell power module of the power supply whilst maintaining operational reliability, measures to limit battery degradation whilst maintaining operational reliability, etc.

[0386] In operation 1102 the controller 436 is configured to receive the stored operating profile of the power consumer 450, e.g. the classification of the power consumer 450, from the memory 403. In operation 1104 the controller 436 is configured to retrieve

[0387] 55740693-1 stored operating parameter ranges from the memory 403. In operation 1106 the controller 436 is configured to determine, e.g. select, the operating parameters of the power supply 412 from the operating parameter ranges based on the operating profile of the power consumer 450. In operation 1108 the power management system 434 may be configured to adjust the operation of the power supply 412 to match, e.g. operate according to, the determined operating parameters. For example, the controller 436 may output operation control signals based on the determined operating parameters, for execution by the power supply 412.

[0388] Details of process 1200 are shown in Figure 44. In operation 1202 the controller 436 is configured to receive the stored operating profile of the power consumer 450, e.g. the classification of the power consumer 450, from the memory 403. In operation 1204 the controller 436 is configured to receive system parameter data from the power supply 412, e.g. via the second data connection arrangement 406. The system parameter data of the power supply 412 may comprise one or more of current battery condition, battery charge level, fuel level, etc. In operation 1206 the controller 436 is configured to determine the estimated range based on the operating profile, e.g. classification, of the power consumer 450 and the system parameter data of the power supply 412. In operation 1208 the controller 436 is configured to store the estimated range in the memory 403 and / or output the estimated range, e.g. communication the estimated range via the display 404 of the power management system 434.

[0389] Method steps, e.g. one or more of the processes or operations, can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing a computer program to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. Method steps can also be performed by special purpose or programmable logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) or other customised circuitry. Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include CPUs and microprocessors, and any one or more other forms of processor, such as but not limited to maths co-processors, graphics processing units (GPUs), tensor processing units (TPUs) or any other processor enhanced or specifically configured for use in implementing Al models, or the like. The processors may be single core or multicore. References to processors may cover multiple processors, which may be localised together or distributed over multiple separate circuits or machines. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data.

[0390] 55740693-1 Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g. EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in special purpose logic circuitry.

[0391] Method steps, e.g. one or more of the processes or operations, can be preformed locally on one or multiple processors or devices at the same location, environment or premises, or be performed remotely using one or more servers, cloud base resources, or other network connected or connectable devices that are at a remote location, environment or premises, or may be distributed between multiple devices, which may include both local and remote devices or processors. The processor or processors may be comprised in any suitable computing device such as a smart phone, tablet computer, a laptop or desktop computer, a server or mainframe, a microcontroller or micro computer, a programmable logic device, a bespoke electronic circuit or the like. If data is transmitted for processing, then it is optionally encrypted and / or provided as part of an immutable ledger or blockchain. Data may be transmitted between devices, e.g. over physical signal channels or cables, via local or long range wireless communications, such as via a cellular telecommunications network, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Sidewalk, or other suitable wireless protocol, via the cloud or internet implementing infrastructure or the like.

[0392] To provide for interaction with a user, the invention can be implemented on a device having a screen, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube), plasma, LED (light emitting diode) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and an input device, e.g., a keyboard, touch screen, a mouse, a trackball, and the like by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used, for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

[0393] Various modifications made may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

[0394] 55740693-1

Claims

CLAIMS1. A power system for a goods transportation container, the power system comprising: a power arrangement; and a mounting arrangement for mounting the power arrangement with the goods transportation container.

2. The power system of claim 1 , wherein the power arrangement comprises one or more power modules.

3. The power system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the power arrangement comprises at least one of: a battery power module; a solar power module; a combustion power module; and a fuel cell power module.

4. The power system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the power arrangement is a hybrid power arrangement, wherein the hybrid power arrangement comprises: a battery power module; and at least one of: a combustion power module, a solar power module, and a fuel cell power module.

5. The power system of claim 4, wherein the hybrid power arrangement is operable in:(i) a hybrid mode in which the combustion power module and at least one of the battery power module, the solar power module and the fuel cell power module provide power to the goods transportation container;(ii) a zero emission mode in which the combustion power module is inoperative and at least one of the battery power module, the solar power module and the fuel cell power module; and55740693-1(iii) an emergency mode in which at least the combustion power module provides power to the goods transportation container.

6. The power system of claim 5, further comprising a power management arrangement, the power management arrangement comprising a controller configured to select the operation mode.

7. The power system of claim 6, wherein the power management arrangement further comprises a location detector, and wherein the controller is configured to select the operation mode based on location data received from the location detector.

8. The power system of claim 6 or 7, wherein the power management arrangement comprises sensors configured to monitor system parameters, the system parameters including charge level of the battery power module and fuel level of the combustion power module and / or fuel cell power module, wherein the controller is configured to select the operation mode based on system parameter data received from the sensors.

9. The power system of any of claims 6 to 8, wherein the controller is configured to determine an operating profile of the goods transportation container.

10. The power system of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to control operating parameters of the power arrangement based on the operating profile of the goods transportation container.

11. The power system of claim 9 or 10, when dependent on claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to determine a remining operating duration of the power arrangement based on the operating profile of the goods transportation container and the monitored system parameters.

12. The power system of claim 3 or 8, wherein the solar power module comprises an array of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels.

13. The power system of claim 12, wherein the array of solar PV panels is configured to cover a top wall of the goods transportation container and optionally one or both side walls of the goods transportation container.55740693-114. The power system of claim 12 or 13, wherein the solar power module further comprises an insulation layer and wherein the insulation layer is arranged for location between the solar array and the goods transportation container.

15. The power system of any of claims 3 to 14, wherein the battery power module comprises one or more battery cells.

16. The power system of any one of claims 3 to 15, wherein the battery power module comprises a charging arrangement configured to be connectable to an external power source.

17. The power system of claim 15 or 16, wherein the battery power module comprises at least one of: control electronics, an inverter, a power supply plug, and a wiring harness.

18. The power system of any of claims 3 to 17, further comprising a housing arrangement, wherein the battery power module, the combustion power module, and / or the fuel cell power module is disposed in the housing arrangement.

19. The power system of claim 18, wherein the housing arrangement comprises a housing or a plurality of housings.

20. The power system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of housings are attached to the mounting arrangement at a plurality of locations.

21. The power system of any of claims 18 to 20, wherein the housing arrangement comprises a pair of forklift eyes.

22. The power system of any preceding claim, wherein the mounting arrangement is configured to mount the power arrangement directly to the goods transportation container.55740693-123. The power system of claim 22, wherein the mounting arrangement is configured to mount the power arrangement to an end wall, one or more side walls and / or a top wall of the goods transportation container.

24. The power system of any of claims 1 to 21 , wherein the mounting arrangement is configured to mount the power arrangement to the goods transportation container indirectly via a trailer supporting the goods transportation container.

25. The power system of any preceding claim, wherein the mounting arrangement comprises fastenings for attaching the power system with the goods transportation container.

26. The power system of claim 25, wherein the fastenings comprise clamp fastenings and / or pin fastenings configured to attach to corner castings and / or edge castings of the goods transportation container.

27. The power system of any preceding claim, wherein the mounting arrangement comprises hinged portions configurable between a collapsed configuration and an extended configuration.

28. The power system of claim 27, wherein the hinged portions are reconfigurable between the collapsed configuration and the extended configuration manually or via an actuator arrangement of the mounting arrangement.

29. A goods transportation container comprising the power system of any one of claims 1 to 28.

30. A plurality of power systems according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the power systems are arranged in a stack.31 . A method for transporting goods using the container of claim 29.

32. A power management system for controlling provision of power from a power supply to a power consumer, the power management system comprising a controller and a memory, wherein the controller is configured to:55740693-1determine an operating profile of the power consumer; and control operating parameters of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer and / or determine a remaining operating duration of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer.

33. The power management system of claim 32, wherein the controller is configured to determine the operating profile by: receiving load data of the power consumer to obtain a monitored load pattern; comparing the monitored load pattern to a plurality of known load patterns stored in the memory, wherein each known load pattern is associated with an operating profile stored in the memory; identifying the known load pattern of the plurality of known load patterns that matches the monitored load pattern; and determining the operating profile of the power consumer as the operating profile associated with the identified known load pattern that matches the monitored load pattern.

34. The power management system of claim 33, wherein the controller is configured to determine the operating profile by receiving the operating profile from the power consumer.

35. The power management system of any of claims 32 to 34, wherein the controller is configured to control the operating parameters of the power supply by: retrieving operating parameter ranges stored in the memory; determining operating parameters based on the operating profile and the operating parameter ranges; and adjusting operation of the power supply to match the operating parameters.

36. The power management system of any of claims 32 to 35, wherein the controller is configured to determine a remaining operating duration of the power supply by: receiving system parameter data from the power supply; and determine an estimated remaining operating duration based on the operating profile and the system parameter data.55740693-137. A method of managing supply of power from a power supply to a power consumer, the method comprising: determining an operating profile of the power consumer; and controlling operating parameters of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer and / or determining a remaining operating duration of the power supply based on the operating profile of the power consumer.55740693-1

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