3D printing-based methods for fabricating optical connector assembly
The 3D printing-based method addresses the limitations of existing multi-core optical connector fabrication by using photoactivable agents and direct writing lithography to achieve universal connectors with precise alignment and adjustable refractive indices, enhancing fiber optic transmission capacity and efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SUN YAT SEN UNIV
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-02
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Figure CN2025144002_02072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
3D PRINTING-BASED METHODS FOR FABRICATING OPTICAL CONNECTOR ASSEMBLY
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] The present application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application Nos. 202411927393.0 filed on December 25, 2024 and 202411980206.5 filed on December 31, 2024, whose disclosures are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This present disclosure relates generally to the field of space-division multiplexing communication technologies, and more specifically to 3D printing-based methods for fabricating an optical connector assembly.BACKGROUND
[0004] Due to the nonlinear effects of optical fibers, the fiber optic communication systems based on traditional single-mode fibers are approaching the Shannon limit, therefore there is an urgent need to research and develop high-capacity, high-spectral-efficiency, high-speed and commercially viable fiber optic transmission solutions.
[0005] The space-division multiplexing (SDM) technology, represented by multi-core fibers and few-mode fibers, is regarded as the second technological revolution in fiber optic transmission technology after the wavelength-division multiplexing technology. Space-division multiplexing refers to a multiplexing technology that establishes multiple partitionable spatial data channels, thus multiplicatively improving the system capacity and spectral efficiency. It is believed to be one crucial technology for building future optical networks.
[0006] A multi-core optical fiber typically contains multiple cores, which can more sufficiently utilize the spatial resources in the optical fiber to thereby achieve higher integration. The high-density optical interconnection technology uses optical signals as the transmission medium, and because of advantages of high bandwidth, low latency, and anti-electromagnetic interference, has become the key to breaking bottlenecks. Generally, depending on the core types, multi-core optical fibers can be classified as multi-core single-mode optical fibers and multi-core hollow-core optical fibers, etc. Due to the compact core arrangement in a multi-core optical fiber, how to efficiently couple the light fields from different channels to different cores in a multi-core optical fiber with a minimal loss has become a challenge that needs to be addressed. As such, multi-core optical connectors or connecting devices are particularly crucial for realizing a high-performance multi-core system.
[0007] Existing methods for fabricating (or manufacturing) multi-core optical connectors can be classified into the fusion taper type, the fiber bundle type, the laminated planar lightwave circuit (PLC) type, and the glass inscription type, etc.
[0008] Among these different types of multi-core optical connector fabrication methods, the fusion taper method and the fiber bundle method, such as that disclosed respectively in the Chinese Patent Nos. CN 100456066C and CN 216052279U, belong to the optical fiber class of multi-core optical connector fabrication methods. In the fusion-taper method, each single-mode fiber (SMF) is inserted into a multi-hole glass capillary tube whose cross-sectional structure is similar to a Fan-In-Fan-Out (FIFO) device of a multi-core fiber (MCF) , and then the glass capillary tube is annealed, stretched, and cut. Herein however, the mode field diameter (MFD) difference between the single-mode fiber and the multi-core fiber usually needs to be very small so as to realize a low fusion loss. In the fiber-bundle method, the diameter of the relatively thin cladding of the single-mode fiber is typically almost equal to the core spacing of the multi-core fiber, and the single-mode fibers are bundled with a polymer to control the refractive index and are connected to the multi-core fiber. Herein however, the relatively thin claddings of the single-mode fibers bring serious alignment challenges.
[0009] The laminated PLC class and the glass inscription class substantially belong to the waveguide class of multi-core optical connector fabrication methods. In the laminated PLC method, such as that disclosed in the Japanese Patent No. JP 6813680B2, the laminated PLC guides beams from specific cores in an MCF to the other side of the PLC while expanding the core spacing before connecting with the traditional SMFs. Herein however, the laminated structure requires precise positioning, and the laminated structure with three or more layers is challenging to realize. In the glass-inscription method, such as that disclosed in the Chinese Patent No. CN 111492282B, the optical waveguide structure can be formed in a glass by means of a femtosecond laser, which scans inside the glass so as to induce refractive index changes in the scanning area, thereby causing a refractive index contrast between the scanned and unscanned areas. Herein however, the refractive index change caused by glass modification is usually limited.
[0010] Furthermore, the above multi-core optical connector fabrication methods are usually only suitable for a specific type of multi-core optical fibers. For example, the optical fiber class of multi-core optical connector fabrication methods needs to process glass capillary tubes that constrain fibers according to specific core arrangements and core numbers during fabrication, and additionally needs to adjust the processing parameters according to different core numbers, so the core number imposes a limitation to these manufacturing methods. Existing waveguide class of multi-core optical connector fabrication methods, on the other hand, are limited by the inability to freely control the refractive indices of processing materials during fabrication, making it difficult to support higher-order few-mode transmission.
[0011] Therefore, with regard to the different types of multi-core optical fibers, such as multi-core single-mode optical fibers or multi-core hollow-core optical fibers, how to achieve a universal method for manufacturing multi-core optical connectors is believed to represent an increasingly important research and development direction.
[0012] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONS
[0013] In order to address the aforementioned needs for developing a universal method for manufacturing multi-core optical connectors, the present disclosure provides the following inventions.
[0014] In a first aspect, a method for fabricating an optical connector assembly that optically connects or couples a first optical waveguide with a second optical waveguide is provided. Herein, the optical connector assembly comprises at least one optical connector, and each optical connector is configured to optically connect a first end surface of one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with a second end surface of one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.
[0015] The method comprises the following steps:
[0016] (1) providing the first optical waveguide, the second optical waveguide, and a photoactivable agent, such that a first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and a second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are in a proximity and in contact with a volume of the photoactivable agent;
[0017] (2) determining a three-dimensional geometry for the each optical connector based on three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel in the first optical waveguide and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide; and
[0018] (3) forming, based on the determined three-dimensional geometry, the each optical connector in the volume of the photoactivable agent via direct writing lithography.
[0019] Herein throughout the disclosure, each of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide may be an optic fiber (e.g. a single-core fiber, a multi-core fiber, a single-core hollow-core fiber, or a multi-core hollow-core fiber, etc. ) or a waveguide array (e.g. an optic fiber array, a single-mode waveguide array, or an on-chip waveguide array, etc. ) . Each optical waveguide may be a single-mode fiber (SMF) , a few-mode fiber, or a multi-mode fiber. Furthermore, each optical waveguide may comprise one or more light transmission channels, each of which may correspond to a core portion or a hollow-core portion contained therein.
[0020] As used herein, the term "proximity" is referred as a distance of no more than 1000 μm (e.g. 100 μm, 250 μm, 500 μm, 750 μm, or 1000 μm, etc. ) between two objects, such as between the two terminal faces of the two optical waveguides that the optical connector assembly optically connects (i.e. the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide) .
[0021] As used herein, the term "three-dimensional coordinates" refer to XYZ values relative to a common reference three-axis coordinate system (x, y, z) , which respectively describe the length, width and depth / height values of a particular point, a two-dimensional (i.e. 2D) shape, or a three-dimensional (i.e. 3D) shape in a three-dimensional space.
[0022] As used herein, the term "three-dimensional geometry" refers to the complete shape of a particular optical connector of an optical connector assembly to be fabricated in a three-dimensional space, which can be expressed as a collection of points, 2D shapes, or 3D shapes with XYZ coordinates in a three-axis coordinate system.
[0023] As used herein, the term "photoactivable agent" refers to a transparent photosensitive material or composition (e.g. a photoresist) that is usually in a liquid or gel state, yet can polymerize upon multi-photon absorption (e.g. two-photon absorption) . In certain embodiments, the photoactivable agent may comprise a polymerizable resin, examples of which include, but are not limited to, acrylates (e.g., SCR500, pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETIA) , pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETA) , etc. ; these are popular choices due to their rapid curing properties and ease of incorporation with dopants) , epoxies (e.g., SU-8; these are known for high mechanical strength, SU-8 is used for bulk structures and MEMS devices) , hydrogels (e.g., poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) , N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) , etc. ; these are biocompatible resins) , and hybrid inorganic-organic materials (e.g., Ormocer, OrmoComp, etc. ; these are inorganic-organic hybrids that offer low shrinkage and high optical quality, and are used for photonic devices and scaffolds) .
[0024] In certain embodiments, the photoactivable agent may further comprise one or more components selected from (i) photoinitiators (PIs) , (ii) photosensitizer (PSs) , and (iii) functional dopants.
[0025] The term "photoinitiator" or PI as used herein refers to a component that absorbs photons to generate radicals or active species, thereby initiating the polymerization of the photoactivable agent. Examples of PIs include Lucirin TPO-L (i.e., a commercial PI used in acrylate-based resins (e.g., PETIA, etc. ) for fabricating microstructures with high resolution) , curcumin (i.e., a natural molecule explored as a PI to induce free radical polymerization in PETIA monomer resin) , etc. ) .
[0026] The term "photosensitizer" or PS as used herein refers to a molecule that enhances light absorption characteristics and energy transfer to PIs, thereby reducing the threshold power required for the polymerization of the photoactivable agent. Examples of PSs include organic dyes (e.g., rhodamine B, methylene blue, etc. ; commonly used dopants to impart fluorescent properties or enhance absorption) , and quantum dots (e.g., CdSe / CdS) , etc.
[0027] The term "functional dopants" as used herein refer to molecules that can be used as a dopant in the photoactivable agent so as to impart additional properties such as fluorescence, conductivity, or magnetic response, expanding the functionality of fabricated structures. Examples of a functional dopant include metallic nanoparticles (e.g., Au, Ag, Ni, etc. ; introduced as precursors or dopants to create plasmonic nanostructures) , carbon nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) , etc. ; incorporated to enhance mechanical and electrical properties) , and magnetic nanoparticles.
[0028] According to some embodiments of the method, the photoactivable agent comprises at least one polymerizable resin, each selected from an acrylate, an epoxy, a hydrogel, or a hybrid inorganic-organic material, wherein the photoactivable agent optionally further comprises at least one photoinitiator, at least one photosensitizer, and / or at least one functional dopant.
[0029] As used herein, the term "direct writing lithography" refers to a maskless patterning technique that uses a focused laser or electron beam to draw a digital pattern directly onto a substrate coated with a photoresist, or fabricate a three-dimensional structure directly within a photoresist.
[0030] According to some embodiments, the direct writing lithography is multiphoton lithography. The term "multiphoton lithography" as used herein refers to a technique that relies on multi-photon polymerization to create an arbitrary three-dimensional pattern in a volume of a photoactivable agent, which works by scanning and properly modulating the laser so as to induce polymerization at the focal spots of the laser. Herein, the multi-photon polymerization process may include two-photon polymerization (i.e. 2PP) , but may also include a polymerizations induced by more than two photons.
[0031] According to some embodiments, the fabrication method may further comprise, after the aforementioned step (3) , the step (4) of forming a cladding that surrounds the at least one optical connector, and it is configured such that the cladding has a refractive index smaller than the at least one optical connector.
[0032] Herein, there is no limitation to the material or method used to fabricate the cladding as long as the refractive index (RI) of the cladding is smaller than that of the at least one optical connector in the optical connector assembly. As used herein, the phrase "smaller than" is defined as a difference of RI between the cladding and the at least one optical connector is at least 1 x 10-3, i.e. RIoptical connector -RIcladding ≥ 1 x 10-3.
[0033] Herein optionally, the cladding is formed via curing a curable agent, which can be induced by heat, UV radiation, or a chemical additive, or any combination thereof. As used herein, the term "curable agent" or "curing agent" refers to a material or composition that is usually in a liquid or gel state but can solidify or harden upon induction by heat, radiation, a chemical additive, or a combination thereof. It usually involves cross-linking of polymer chains. Examples of a curable agent may include an epoxy resin (e.g. polyamines can be the chemical additive that induces its polymerization) , an acrylate-based resin (e.g. dibenzoyl peroxide as a thermally activated catalyst which upon heating, induces solidification by initiating the crosslinking of acrylates) , and a UV-curable system, which may include the aforementioned photoactivable agents as well as other materials such as polydegradable ionic liquid-based resins (e.g., tert-butyl hexylphosphine polysulfopropyl acrylate) , novolac-based resins (e.g., AZ-4562) , and chemically modified resins (e.g., THPMA-MMA, tetrahydrofuran methyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate) .
[0034] Herein according to some embodiments, the curable agent used in the step (4) is different from the photoactivable agent, and the method comprises, between the step (3) and (4) , the steps of: removing undeveloped photoactivable agent; and applying a volume of the curable agent such that the at least one optical connector is fully embedded into the volume of the curable agent. Herein, the curable agent may comprise a UV-curable composition, which may comprise at least one polydegradable ionic liquid-based resin, at least one novolac-based resin, at least one chemically modified resin, or a combination thereof, and the curing of the curable agent is correspondingly induced by UV radiation. Examples of the UV-curable composition may include IP-DIP, IP-S, IP-L, IP-n162, SFH-167HI, or SU-8.
[0035] Yet according to some other embodiments, the curable agent is same as the photoactivable agent, and the step (4) is immediately after the step (3) . Herein the curing of the curable agent in the step (4) may be induced by a single-photon lithography or by UV induction, but may optionally be induced by other conditions (e.g. heat, irradiation, or chemical additives, etc. ) .
[0036] Depending on different embodiments, there may be different manners to allow the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity and in contact with the volume of the photoactivable agent in the step (1) .
[0037] According to some embodiments of the method, the step (1) involves no use of a carrier.
[0038] Yet according to some other embodiments of the method, in the step (1) , a carrier is used to facilitate the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity and in contact with the volume of the photoactivable agent.
[0039] As used herein, the term "carrier" refers to a component that contacts the first optical waveguide, the second optical waveguide, and the volume of the photoactivable agent to thereby provide a means for facilitating the spatial arrangement such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are in a proximity and in contact with the volume of the photoactivable agent.
[0040] Herein optionally, the carrier comprises a transparent tube having a composition that is compatible for multiphoton lithography, such as a glass capillary. Furthermore, the transparent tube is provided with two openings, configured to respectively allow a terminus of the first optical waveguide and a terminus of the second optical waveguide to be inserted into the transparent tube at a position such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity within the transparent tube.
[0041] Depending on different embodiments, the step (1) may comprise different sub-steps to allow the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity and in contact with the volume of the photoactivable agent.
[0042] According to a first embodiment of the method, the step (1) comprises the sub-steps of:
[0043] (a1) spatially arranging the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide is in a proximity to the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide; and
[0044] (a2) applying the volume of the photoactivable agent that contacts both the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide.
[0045] Yet according to a second embodiment of the method, the step (1) comprises the sub-steps of:
[0046] (b1) providing the volume of the photoactivable agent; and
[0047] (b2) spatially arranging the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are embedded within the volume of the photoactivable agent and are in a proximity to each other.
[0048] Optionally in the second embodiment of the method, a transparent tube is used as a carrier in the step (1) . The sub-step (b1) comprises: filling the transparent tube with the volume of the photoactivable agent; the sub-step (b2) comprises: inserting a terminus of the first optical waveguide and a terminus of the second optical waveguide respectively into the transparent tube from two openings thereof such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are at a preset distance with each other and embedded within the volume of the photoactivable agent. Herein, further optionally, the transparent tube is a glass capillary, and the preset distance is no larger than 200 nm.
[0049] In both the first and second embodiments as described above, the sub-step of spatially arranging the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide can be by means of a holding device. Herein, the holding device comprises a pair of mounting means for detachably mounting the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide respectively so as to allow the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity to each other. Herein optionally, each mounting means is selected from a clamp or a groove.
[0050] In the first embodiment of the method as described above, the step (1) further comprises a sub-step of determining, for the each optical connector, the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel in the first optical waveguide and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, by means of an imaging and measuring system. Herein, the determining sub-step may optionally be carried out before the sub-step (a2) , or may optionally be carried out after the sub-step (a2) .
[0051] In the second embodiment of the method as described above, the step (1) further comprises, after the sub-step (b2) , a sub-step of determining, for the each optical connector, the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel in the first optical waveguide and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, by means of an imaging and measuring system.
[0052] In any of the embodiments of the method as described above, the imaging and measuring system may optionally comprise an objective lens system (e.g. 3D Laser Confocal Optical System) , or may optionally comprise an interferometer.
[0053] In the step (1) of the method, a light field direction of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide and a light field direction of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide may have an angle between 0° and 180°.
[0054] In some embodiments of the method, the angle is approximately 0°. In some other embodiments of the method, the angle is approximately 180°. In yet some other embodiments of the method, the angle is larger than approximately 0°and smaller than approximately 180°.
[0055] According to some embodiments of the method, at least one of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide comprises a hollow-core fiber, and the step (1) comprises a sub-step of processing an end of the hollow-core fiber such that a terminal face thereof is covered with a light-transmissive film or a multilayer anti-reflection film.
[0056] Herein optionally, the light-transmissive film is pre-made, and is optionally sandwiched between two antireflective film layers, and further optionally, each antireflective film layer has a composition of MgF2, TiO2, Al2O3, or SiO2. Further optionally, the multilayer anti-reflection film is fabricated in situ via multiphoton lithography.
[0057] According to some embodiments, the multilayer anti-reflection film takes a three-layer symmetric matching scheme, which comprises, in a distal-to-proximal direction relative to the terminal face of the hollow-core fiber, a first film layer (n1, d1) , a second film layer (n2, d2) , and a third film layer (n3, d3) , where ni and di are respectively the reflective index and the thicknesses of the film layer i (i = 1, 2 or 3) , wherein n2 > n1 = n3.
[0058] According to some embodiments of the method, one or both of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide comprise at least one core, and the step (1) comprises a sub-step of processing a terminal face of each of the one or both of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the terminal face thereof has an angle b to a cross-section thereof that is perpendicular to a light transmission direction thereof, wherein 0°≤b≤8°.
[0059] According to some embodiment of the method, the each optical connector of the optical connector assembly comprises a first adaptor portion, a middle portion, and a second adaptor portion. The middle portion has a cross-section of approximately same shape and same size along a length thereof, and is arranged between the first adaptor portion and the second adaptor portion; the first adaptor portion optically connects the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with the middle portion, and is configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide to the cross-section of the middle portion; and the second adaptor portion optically connects the middle portion with the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, and is configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the cross-section of the middle portion to the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide. Herein optionally, at least one of the first adaptor portion and the second adaptor portion takes a shape of a taper, and the middle portion takes a shape of a straight line or a curved line along the length thereof.
[0060] According to some other embodiment of the method, the each optical connector of the optical connector assembly comprises a first portion and a second portion. Herein, the first portion optically connects the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with the second portion; and the second portion optically connects the first portion with the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide. Furthermore, one of the first portion and the second portion have a cross-section of approximately same shape and same size along a length thereof; and another of the first portion and the second portion have a cross-section that adaptively varies along a length thereof.
[0061] According to yet some other embodiment of the method, the each optical connector of the optical connector assembly is configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide to the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.
[0062] As used herein, the phrase "adaptively varying" means that each of the first and second adaptor portions has a varying shape and / or size in terms of the cross-sections along the length from a beginning to an end, such as gradually increasing or decreasing areas and shapes, while each of the beginning and ending cross-sections has an approximately same shape and size as the component to which the adaptor portion optically connects.
[0063] According to some embodiment of the method, the each optical connector of the optical connector assembly comprises one or more reflecting structures along a length thereof.
[0064] Herein in some embodiments, the one or more reflecting structures may optionaly comprise a reflecting prism arranged between two immediate connecting segments, wherein the reflecting prism comprises a reflecting surface having an angle with a light-transmission direction of each of the two immediate connecting segments, wherein the angle is configured to allow a total reflection of an optical signal transmitted through any of the two immediate connecting segments. Optionally in the step (3) , the each optical connector of the optical connector assembly is formed such that a flat surface is arranged between, and has an angle with a light-transmission direction of each of, the two immediate connecting segments; and the method further comprises, after the step (3) , a step of: (4') forming a cladding that surrounds the at least one optical connector, wherein the flat surface and the cladding are configured to allow a total reflection of an optical signal transmitted through the each optical connector on the flat surface.
[0065] Herein in some other embodiments, the one or more reflecting structures may optionally comprise a Bragg reflector stack (or short as Bragg reflector) , comprising a total of m film layers L1, L2, . . ., and Lm along an outward direction from a core of the each optical connector, where refractive indices for the m film layers meet: ncore >n1 > n2 >... >nm, where m ≥ 4. Herein, the method further comprises, after the step (3) , a step of (4” ) sequentially forming the m film layers on the outside of the at least one optical connector, wherein the m film layers are configured to form a Bragg reflector stack. Herein, each of the m film layers is optionally formed via multiphoton lithography.
[0066] Herein depending on different embodiments, there can be different manners to form the m film layers is optionally formed via multiphoton lithography.
[0067] In some embodiments, each of the m film layers is optionally formed via multiphoton lithography using a different photoactivable agent.
[0068] In some other embodiments, at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different power, with a different wavelength, with a different radiation time, or any combination thereof.
[0069] Optionally, at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different wavelength.
[0070] Further optionally, at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different power.
[0071] Further optionally, at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different radiation time.
[0072] According to some embodiments of the disclosure, the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, wherein a subset of the plurality of optical connectors optically connect one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with more than one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide. Herein optionally, the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide is a hollow-core channel.
[0073] According to some other embodiments of the disclosure, the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, wherein a subset of the plurality of optical connectors optically connect more than one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide. Herein optionally, the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide is a hollow-core channel.
[0074] According to yet some other embodiments of the disclosure, the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, wherein a first subset of the plurality of optical connectors optically connect one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with more than one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide; and a second subset of the plurality of optical connectors optically connect more than one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.
[0075] In the fabrication method as provided above, the photoactivable agent may optionally comprise a glass forming material, and the step (3) correspondingly comprise a glass transformation sub-step.
[0076] Herein, according to some embodiments, the glass forming material comprises a sol-gel glass material, i.e. a material made through a low-temperature chemical process (sol-gel) that transforms liquid precursors (sol) into a solid, porous glass network (gel) . Herein, the sol-gel glass material may comprise liquid precursors (e.g. metal alkoxides (like silicates) ) , which may be mixed with water and alcohol to form a colloidal suspension (sol) of tiny nanoparticles. After hydrolysis and condensation via hydrolysis and polymerization (such as by the laser exposure in the direct writing lithography) , the liquid can form a continuous, interconnected network, creating a gel, which is dried to form a microporous glass skeleton or xerogel, and may further undergo an optional heating treatment to thereby form a dense, non-porous glass (i.e. the glass transformation sub-step) .
[0077] According to some other embodiments, the glass forming material comprises a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) glass material exemplified in Example 9, which may undergo a glass transformation sub-step to form a POSS glass (see Example 9) .
[0078] In a second aspect, the present disclosure further provides an optical connector assembly that optically couples a first optical waveguide with a second optical waveguide. The optical connector assembly comprises at least one optical connector, each optical connector optically connecting a first end surface of one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with a second end surface of one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, and the optical connector assembly is fabricated by a method according to any of the embodiments as described above in the first aspect of the present disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0079] FIG. 1 illustrates a method for fabricating an optical connector assembly according to some embodiments provided in the present disclosure;
[0080] FIGS. 2A-2D respectively illustrate some intermediate products obtained after each step of the method as illustrated in FIG. 1;
[0081] FIGS. 3A-3E respectively illustrate several embodiments of the spatial arrangement of the terminal faces of the two optical waveguides to contact a volume of the photoactivable agent in the absence of a carrier;
[0082] FIGS. 4A-4C respectively illustrates several embodiments of the spatial arrangement of the terminal faces of the two optical waveguides to contact a volume of the photoactivable agent by use of a carrier according to some embodiments of the disclosure;
[0083] FIGS. 5A-5C respectively illustrate three embodiments of the spatial arrangement of the terminal faces of the two optical waveguides to contact a volume of the photoactivable agent by use of a transparent tube as a carrier;
[0084] FIG. 6A and 6B illustrate two embodiments of spatially arranging the two optical waveguides within a volume of the photoactivable agent that has been applied onto a cover glass;
[0085] FIG. 7 illustrates an optical waveguide with a processed terminal face according to some embodiments of the disclosure;
[0086] FIGS. 8A and 8B respectively illustrate two embodiments of an optical connector in the optical connector assembly having different shapes and configurations;
[0087] FIGS. 9A and 9B respectively illustrate a shrinking taper-shaped adaptor portion and an expanding taper-shaped adaptor portion of an optical connector in the optical connector assembly;
[0088] FIGS. 10A and 10B respectively illustrate two embodiments of a reflecting structure in an optical connector of the optical connector assembly;
[0089] FIGS. 11A and 11B respectively illustrate two embodiments of a complex-shaped optical connector in the optical connector assembly;
[0090] FIGS. 12A and 12B respectively illustrate the manufacturing process and the final product when fabricating an optical connector assembly connecting a multi-core single-mode waveguide array and an arrayed waveguide chip by the 3D printing-based method according to some embodiments of the disclosure as illustrated in EXAMPLE 1;
[0091] FIGS. 13A and 13B respectively illustrate the bonded assembly intermediate product and the manufacturing process when fabricating an optical connector assembly connecting a multi-core fiber and an on-chip single-mode waveguide array by the 3D printing-based method according to some embodiments of the disclosure as illustrated in EXAMPLE 2;
[0092] FIG. 14 illustrates an optical connector assembly that optically connects a multi-core fiber and an on-chip single-mode waveguide array with their light field directions at an angle of 0° that is fabricated by the 3D printing-based method according to some embodiments of the disclosure as illustrated in EXAMPLE 3;
[0093] FIGS. 15A and 15B respectively show the 3D printing system for the fabrication of an anti-reflection film over the terminal face of a hollow-core fiber and the three-layered structure of the anti-reflection film according to one specific embodiment of the disclosure as illustrated in EXAMPLE 4;
[0094] FIGS. 16A and 16B respectively show the schematic structure and the photo of an optical connector assembly connecting a single-core hollow-core fiber with a multi-core single-mode fiber that is fabricated by the 3D printing method with the use of a capillary tube according to some embodiments of the disclosure as illustrated in EXAMPLE 5;
[0095] FIG. 17 illustrates the layered structure of a polymer coupling waveguide with a gradually varying refractive index that can be fabricated by the 3D printing-based method according to some embodiments of the disclosure as illustrated in EXAMPLE 6;
[0096] FIG. 18 shows a calibration curve between the refractive index and the laser wavelength for a particular photoresist material in EXAMPLE 6;
[0097] FIG. 19 illustrates a polymer coupling waveguide with a core and a cladding structure that can be fabricated by the 3D printing-based method according to some embodiments of the disclosure as illustrated in EXAMPLE 7; and
[0098] FIG. 20 shows a calibration curve between the refractive index and the laser power for a particular photoresist material in EXAMPLE 8.
[0099] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONS
[0100] In efforts to address the needs for developing a universal method for fabricating optical connectors as described above, the present disclosure provides 3D-printing based fabrication methods, detailed as follows.
[0101] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for fabricating an optical connector assembly that optically connects a first optical waveguide with a second optical waveguide.
[0102] Herein each optical waveguide may be an optic fiber or a waveguide array, and each optical waveguide may comprise one or more light transmission channels, each of which may correspond to a core portion or a hollow-core portion contained therein. The optical connector assembly comprises at least one optical connector, and each optical connector is configured to optically connect a first end surface of one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with a second end surface of one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.
[0103] There is no limitation to the type (s) of the optical waveguide (s) that is / are to be optically connected by the optical connector assembly fabricated by the method disclosed herein. Each of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide may be an optic fiber (e.g. a single-core fiber, a multi-core fiber, a single-core hollow-core fiber, or a multi-core hollow-core fiber, etc. ) or a waveguide array (e.g. an optic fiber array, a single-mode waveguide array, or an on-chip waveguide array, etc. ) . Each optical waveguide may be a single-mode fiber (SMF) , a few-mode fiber, or a multi-mode fiber. Furthermore, each optical waveguide may comprise one or more light transmission channels, each of which may correspond to a core portion or a hollow-core portion contained therein.
[0104] As shown in FIG. 1, the optical connector assembly fabrication method primarily comprises the following three steps:
[0105] S100: Providing a first optical waveguide, a second optical waveguide, and a photoactivable agent, such that a first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and a second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are in a proximity and in contact with a volume of the photoactivable agent;
[0106] S200: Determining a three-dimensional geometry for each optical connector of the optical connector assembly based on three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel in the first optical waveguide and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide; and
[0107] S300: Forming the at least one optical connector of the optical connector assembly in the volume of the photoactivable agent via multiphoton lithography based on the three-dimensional geometry determined for each optical connector.
[0108] According to some embodiments illustrated also in FIG. 1, the method may optionally further comprise, after the step S300, a step of:
[0109] S400: Forming a cladding that surrounds the at least one optical connector of the optical connector assembly, configured such that the cladding has a refractive index smaller than the at least one optical connector.
[0110] Herein, there is no limitation to the material or method used to fabricate the cladding as long as the refractive index (RI) of the cladding is smaller than that of the at least one optical connector in the optical connector assembly. As used herein, the phrase "smaller than" is defined as a difference of RI between the cladding and the at least one optical connector is at least 1 x 10-3, i.e. RIoptical connector -RIcladding≥ 1 x 10-3.
[0111] It is to be noted that the step S400 may be skipped according to certain embodiments of the method, and as such, the method may simply comprise, after the step S300, a step of removing undeveloped photoactivable agent. The optical connector assembly thus formed may be configured to comprise only the at least one optical connector, which may be configured to be exposed to the outside medium, such as air (RI = 1.0003) , water (RI = 1.33) , or an oil (e.g. coconut oil, where RI = 1.43-1.46; or cedar oil, where RI = 1.51) . It is configured such that RIoptical connector-RImedium so as to allow for a total reflection of the optical signals transmitting through the at least one optical connector in the optical connector assembly.
[0112] In order to facilitate the understanding of the method as described above, FIGS. 2A-2D respectively illustrate some intermediate products and the final product that are obtained after each step of the method according to certain embodiments of the disclosure. Herein, an optical connector assembly is to be fabricated between a first optical waveguide 100 and a second optical waveguide 200. The first waveguide 100 comprises at least one first light transmission channel 10, each surrounded by a first cladding 11. The second waveguide 200 comprises at least one second light transmission channel 20, each surrounded by a second cladding 21. The optical connector assembly comprises at least one optical connector 30, each optically connects a first end surface of one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 with a second end surface of one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 of the second optical waveguide 200. For clean illustration, only one first light transmission channel 10 is shown in the first optical waveguide 100, only one second light transmission channel 20 is shown in the second optical waveguide 200, and only one optical connector 30 that mediates the optical connection between the first light transmission channel 10 and the second light transmission channel 20 is shown in the optical connector assembly.
[0113] As illustrated in FIG. 2A, after the step S100, a first terminal face 100E of the first optical waveguide 100 and a second terminal face 200E of the second optical waveguide 200 are in a proximity (i.e. a distance of ≤1000 μm between the two terminal faces 100E and 200E of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200) , and in contact with a volume of the photoactivable agent 300.
[0114] After the three-dimensional geometry for each optical connector of the optical connector assembly is calculated based on the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 in the first optical waveguide 100 and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 in the second optical waveguide 200, the optical connector assembly is formed via multiphoton lithography in the volume of the photoactivable agent 300, as illustrated in FIG. 2B where only one optical connector 30 is shown for illustration purposes.
[0115] After the undeveloped photoactivable agent 300 is removed (see FIG. 2C) , a cladding 400 can then be optionally formed to surround each optical connector 30 of the optical connector assembly (see FIG. 2D) .
[0116] The following are noted for the step S100 as described above.
[0117] Firstly, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2D, there can be an angle α and a distance d (i.e. the shorted distance) between the first terminal face 100E of the first optical waveguide 100 and the second terminal face 200E of the second optical waveguide 200 when spatially arranging the two optical waveguides in the step S100. Because the first terminal face 100E of the first optical waveguide 100 is substantially perpendicular to the direction of the first light field in the first light transmission channel 10 (as illustrated by the dotted line with arrow) , and the second terminal face 200E of the second optical waveguide 200 is also substantially perpendicular to the direction of the second light field in the second light transmission channel 20 (also illustrated by the dotted line with arrow) , the angle α is substantially equal to the angle between the first light field direction in the first light transmission channel 10 and the second light field direction in the second light transmission channel 20.
[0118] Herein depending on different embodiments of the disclosure, the angle α can be any angle between 0° and 180° (i.e. 0° ≤ α ≤ 180°) .
[0119] When α = 0°, the first light field direction in the first light transmission channel 10 and the second light field direction in the second light transmission channel 20 are substantially parallel, and the two terminal faces 100E and 200E of the first and second optical waveguides 100 and 200 are substantially facing straight at each other (as illustrated in FIG. 3A, FIG. 4A, and FIG. 5A) .
[0120] When α=180°, the first light field direction in the first light transmission channel 10 and the second light field direction in the second light transmission channel 20 have an angle of 180°, and the first and second optical waveguides 100 and 200 are stacking together with the two terminal faces 100E and 200E substantially facing towards a same direction (as illustrated in FIG. 3C, FIG. 3E, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 5C) .
[0121] Each of FIGS. 3B, 3D, 4B, and 5B illustrates an embodiment where the two terminal faces 100E and 200E of the first and second optical waveguides 100 and 200 are arranged to have an angle of more than 0° and smaller than 180° (i.e. 0° < α <180°) .
[0122] Depending on different embodiments, the distance d can be no more than 1000 μm (i.e. d ≤ 1000 μm, e.g. 0 μm, 100 μm, 200um, 300um, 400 μm, 500 μm, 600um, 700um, 800um, 900 μm, 1000 μm, etc. ) .
[0123] Secondly, depending on different embodiments, a carrier may or may not be used in the step S100 when arranging such that a first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and a second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are in a proximity and in contact with a volume of the photoactivable agent. The term "carrier" as used herein refers to a component that contacts the first optical waveguide, the second optical waveguide, and the volume of the photoactivable agent to thereby provide a means for facilitating the spatial arrangement such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are in a proximity and in contact with the volume of the photoactivable agent.
[0124] According to some embodiments, the step S100 involves no use of a carrier that allows the first terminal face 100E of the first optical waveguide 100 and the second terminal face 200E of the second optical waveguide 200 to be in a proximity and in contact with the volume of the photoactivable agent 300. Herein, the volume of the photoactivable agent 300 may stay between the two terminal faces 100E and 200E of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200 in the absence of a carrier. In some embodiments as illustrated in FIGS. 3B and 3C, the upward terminal faces 100E and 200E of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200 may provide a supporting surface allowing the volume of the photoactivable agent 300 to stay therebetween. In some other embodiments, although there are no upward supporting surfaces, the cohesive force within the molecules of the photoactivable agent 300 and the cohesive force between the photoactivable agent 300 and the terminal faces 100E and 200E of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200 may still sufficiently allow the volume of photoactivable agent 300 to stay between the two terminal faces 100E and 200E of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200, as illustrated in FIG. 3A (α= 0°) , FIG. 3D (0° < α <180°, where the two terminal faces 100E and 200E are facing downward at an inclined angle) and FIG. 3E (α = 180°, where the two terminal faces 100E and 200E are facing straightly downward) .
[0125] According to some other embodiments, the step S100 involves the use of a carrier. As illustrated in each of FIGS. 4A-4C, a carrier 500 may be used to facilitate the spatial arrangement of the two terminal faces of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200 and to further provide a supporting surface to allow the volume of the photoactivable agent 300 to stay between the two terminal faces of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200. The carrier 500 may be configured to have two touching surfaces in an angle that accommodates the secure attachment of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200. The carrier 500 may optionally be provided with a groove 500G on a touching surface with one of the two optical waveguides (e.g. the second optical waveguide 200, as shown in FIG. 4A, which may be of a cylinder shape) , thereby offering a securing means for the optical waveguide.
[0126] In yet other embodiments, the carrier may comprise a transparent tube 600 having a composition compatible for multiphoton lithography (e.g. glass, SiO2, etc. ) , and the transparent tube 600 is provided with two openings, which are configured to respectively allow a terminus of the first optical waveguide 100 and a terminus of the second optical waveguide 200 to be inserted into the transparent tube 600 at a position such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity within the transparent tube 600, as illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C. Furthermore, the transparent tube 600 can be additionally configured to have a shape so as to accommodate the different angle α between the two terminal faces of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200, as illustrated in FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, and FIG. 5C, which respectively illustrate the spatial arrangement of the terminal faces of the two optical waveguides 100 and 200 that are aligned to have different angles (i.e. α = 0°, 0° < α <180°, and α =180°) .
[0127] Thirdly, depending on different embodiments of the method, the step S100 may comprise different sub-steps.
[0128] According to a first embodiment, the step S100 comprises the sub-steps of:
[0129] S120: Spatially arranging the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide is in a proximity to the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide; and
[0130] S140: Applying the volume of the photoactivable agent that contacts both the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide.
[0131] Each of the intermediate products shown in FIGS. 3A-3E (without a carrier) and FIGS. 4A-4C (with a carrier) can be obtained by the above two sub-steps S120 and S140.
[0132] Yet according to a second embodiment, the step S100 comprises the sub-steps of:
[0133] S120': Providing the volume of the photoactivable agent; and
[0134] S140': Spatially arranging the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are embedded within the volume of the photoactivable agent and are in a proximity to each other.
[0135] Herein, the sub-step of S120'can be carried out by applying a volume of a photoactivable agent 300 on a cover glass 700, as illustrated in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B. Due to the collective effects of gravity, surface tension and adhesion, the volume of the photoactivable agent 300 may form a droplet on the cover glass 700, and the two optical waveguides 100 and 200 may then be submerged into the droplet to realize the spatial arrangement in the sub-step S140' (see FIG. 6A) . It is noted that the volume of the photoactivable agent 300 may form a droplet on the cover glass that faces downward in the sub-step S120', before the two optical waveguides 100 and 200 are submerged into the droplet to realize the spatial arrangement in the sub-step S140', as illustrated in FIG. 6B. The cover glass 700 may subsequently be removed, so as to form each of the intermediate products shown in 3A-3E.
[0136] Alternatively, as illustrated in any of FIGS. 5A-5C, the sub-step of S120'can be carried out by filling the volume of the photoactivable agent 300 within the transparent tube 600, and the two optical waveguides 100 and 200 may then be inserted into the transparent tube 600 respectively from the two openings thereof to realize the spatial arrangement in the sub-step S140'.
[0137] Fourthly, a holding device may be used to realize the spatial arrangement of the two optical waveguides in the step S100 (not shown) . According to some embodiments, the holding device may comprise a pair of mounting means (e.g. clamp, groove, etc. ) for detachably mounting the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide respectively so as to allow the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity to each other. It is noted that the use of the holding device is optional, which may be skipped in some embodiments, such as those intermediate products illustrated in FIGS. 3C, 3E, 4, and 5A-5C.
[0138] Fifthly, the photoactivable agent comprises a transparent photosensitive material or composition (e.g. a photoresist) , which is usually in a liquid or gel state, yet can polymerize upon multi-photon absorption (e.g. two-photon absorption) . Herein, the photoactivable agent as used within the scope of the present disclosure may include one or more photoinitiators (PIs) such as Lucirin TPO-L and curcumin, one or more photosensitizers (PSs) such as organic dyes (e.g., rhodamine B) and quantum dots (e.g., CdSe / CdS) , as well as one or more functional dopants (e.g., metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles) . These components can be incorporated into a broad range of polymerizable resins, including acrylates (e.g., SCR500, PETIA, PETA) , epoxies (e.g., SU-8) , hydrogels (e.g., PEGDA, NIPAM) , and hybrid inorganic-organic materials (e.g., Ormocer, OrmoComp) .
[0139] Sixthly, each of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide may be of a different type according to different embodiments.
[0140] According to some embodiments, one or both of the first and second optical waveguide may comprise a hollow-core fiber. The step S100 may comprise a sub-step of processing an end of the hollow-core fiber such that a terminal face thereof is covered with a light-transmissive film or a multilayer anti-reflection film, before the sub-step of spatial arrangement of the two terminal faces of the two optical waveguides (either S120 or S140', depending on the different embodiments of the step S100 as described above) .
[0141] Herein optionally, the light-transmissive film is pre-made, and is optionally sandwiched between two antireflective film layers, and further optionally, each antireflective film layer has a composition of MgF2, TiO2, Al2O3, or SiO2.
[0142] Optionally, the multilayer anti-reflection film is fabricated in situ via multiphoton lithography. According to some embodiments, the multilayer anti-reflection film may take a three-layer symmetric matching scheme, which comprises, in a distal-to-proximal direction relative to the terminal face of the hollow-core fiber, a first film layer (n1, d1) , a second film layer (n2, d2) , and a third film layer (n3, d3) , where ni and di are respectively the reflective index and the thicknesses of the film layer i (i = 1, 2 or 3) , wherein n2 > n1 = n3. One specific embodiment is provided below in EXAMPLE 4.
[0143] According to some embodiments, one or both of the first and second optical waveguide may comprise a core. The step S100 may comprise a sub-step of processing a terminal face of each of the one or both of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the terminal face thereof has an angle β (0°≤β≤8°) to a cross-section thereof that is perpendicular to a light transmission direction thereof. Such processed terminal face is illustrated in FIG. 7, where an optical connector assembly is to be fabricated between the first optical waveguide 100 (shown in dotted lines) and the second optical waveguide 200, and the latter comprises at least one core as its light transmission channel (s) , and is processed to have a terminal face 200E with an angle β to a cross-section 200C that is perpendicular to a light transmission direction thereof.
[0144] The following are noted for the step S200 as described above.
[0145] Firstly, in the step S200, the "three-dimensional coordinates" refer to XYZ values relative to a common reference three-axis coordinate system (x, y, z) , which respectively describe the length, width and depth / height values of a particular point, a two-dimensional (i.e. 2D) shape, or a three-dimensional (i.e. 3D) shape in a three-dimensional space, and accordingly, the "three-dimensional geometry" refers to the complete shape of each optical connector of the optical connector assembly to be fabricated in a three-dimensional space, which can be expressed as a collection of points, 2D shapes, or 3D shapes with XYZ coordinates in a three-axis coordinate system.
[0146] Secondly, the determination of the three-dimensional geometry of each optical connector in the optical connector assembly in the step S200 requires the determination of the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel in the first optical waveguide and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, which can be a sub-step in the step S100 after the spatial arrangement of the two terminal faces of the two optical waveguides.
[0147] Yet depending on the different embodiments of the step S100 in the method, the order for the three-dimensional coordinates determination sub-step may be different. In embodiments where the step S100 comprises the sub-step S120 of spatially arranging the two terminal faces of the two optical waveguides and the sub-step S140 of applying the volume of the photoactivable agent, the three-dimensional coordinates determination sub-step may be a sub-step S130 between the sub-steps S120 and S140 (i.e. before application of the volume of the photoactivable agent in the step S140) , or alternatively be a sub-step S160 after the sub-step S140 (i.e. after the application of the volume of the photoactivable agent in the step S140) .
[0148] In embodiments where the step S100 comprises the sub-step S120'of providing the volume of the photoactivable agent and the sub-step S140'of spatially arranging the two terminal faces of the two optical waveguides, the three-dimensional coordinates determination sub-step may be a sub-step S160'a fter the sub-steps S140'.
[0149] Regardless of the embodiments as described above, the three-dimensional coordinates determination sub-step may be realized by means of an imaging and measuring system. In any of the embodiments of the method as described above, the imaging and measuring system may optionally comprise an objective lens system, or may optionally comprise an interferometer.
[0150] The following are noted for the step S300 as described above.
[0151] Firstly, depending on different embodiments, each optical connector in the optical connector assembly obtained in the step S300 may have different shapes and configurations.
[0152] According to some embodiments as illustrated in FIG. 8A, in the optical connector assembly formed in the volume of photoactivable agent 300 in the step S300, certain optical connector may comprise a first adaptor portion 30A, a middle portion 30B, and a second adaptor portion 30C. The middle portion 30B has a cross-section of approximately same shape and same size along a length thereof, and is arranged between the first adaptor portion 30A and the second adaptor portion 30C. The first adaptor portion 30A optically connects the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 with the middle portion 30B, and is configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 to the cross-section of the middle portion 30B. The second adaptor portion 30C optically connects the middle portion 30B with the one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 of the second optical waveguide 200, and is configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the cross-section of the middle portion 30B to the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 of the second optical waveguide 200. Herein in this specific embodiment, each of the first adaptor portion 30A and the second adaptor portion 30C takes a shape of a taper, and the middle portion 30B takes a shape of a curved line along the length thereof. Yet it is noted that the middle portion may optionally take a straight line.
[0153] It is further noted that in the embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 8A, the first adaptor portion 30A that adaptively varies along a length thereof substantially takes a shape of a shrinking taper, i.e. with a reducing cross-section along its length from the cross-section 10S of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 to the cross-section 30S of the middle portion 30B, as further illustrated in FIG. 9A. Yet optionally, the first adaptor portion 30A may take a shape of an expanding taper, i.e. with an increasing cross-section along its length from the cross-section 10S of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 to the cross-section 30S of the middle portion 30B, as further illustrated in FIG. 9B.
[0154] According to some other embodiments as illustrated in FIG. 8B, in the optical connector assembly formed in the volume of photoactivable agent 300 in the step S300, certain optical connector may comprise a first portion 30D and a second portion 30E. The first portion 30D optically connects the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 with the second portion 30E; and the second portion 30E optically connects the first portion 30D with the one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 of the second optical waveguide 200. The first portion 30D have a cross-section that adaptively varies along a length thereof, which takes a shape of a taper. The second portion 30E have a cross-section of approximately same shape and same size along a length thereof before it connects the one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 of the second optical waveguide 200. Similar to the embodiment as described above, the first portion 30D may also take a shape of a shrinking taper or an expanding taper along its length the cross-section of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 to the cross-section of the second portion 30E.
[0155] According to yet some other embodiment (not shown) , in the optical connector assembly formed in the volume of photoactivable agent 300 in the step S300, certain optical connector may be configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 to the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 of the second optical waveguide 200.
[0156] In any of the embodiments described above, the phrase "adaptively varying" means that certain portion of the optical connector has a varying shape and / or size in terms of the cross-sections along the length from a beginning to an end, such as gradually increasing or decreasing areas and shapes, and each of the beginning and ending cross-sections has an approximately same shape and size as the component to which this particular portion connects.
[0157] Secondly, each optical connector in the optical connector assembly obtained in the step S300 may comprises one or more reflecting structures along a length thereof according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Herein, depending on different embodiments, each reflecting structure may have different configurations.
[0158] In some embodiments, the reflecting structure may comprise a reflecting prism arranged between two immediate connecting segments 30A and 30B of an optical connector 30, as illustrated in FIG. 10A. The reflecting prism 30R comprises a reflecting surface having an angle with a light-transmission direction of each of the two immediate connecting segments 30A and 30B, which is configured to allow a total reflection of an optical signal transmitted through any of the two immediate connecting segments in the cladding 400.
[0159] In some other embodiments, the reflecting structure may comprise a Bragg reflector stack, comprising a total of m film layers L1, L2, ..., and Lm along an outward direction from a core of the each optical connector, where refractive indices for the m film layers meet: ncore >n1 > n2 >... >nm, where m ≥ 4. Herein, the thickness and the refractive index for each film layer are preferably configured to meet the following two formulas (1) and (2) , where λ0 is the central wavelength of the operating frequency band, θi is the refraction angle of a light beam at the interface, n0 is the refractive index of the incident medium, and ni is the refractive index of the transmission medium.
[0160] FIG. 10B illustrates the structure of a Bragg reflector stack formed in the cladding 400 according to one specific embodiment, which is arranged between two immediate connecting segments 30A and 30B of an optical connector 30. The Bragg reflector stack substantially comprises a total of four film layers 30a, 30b, 30c, and 30d along an outward direction from a core of the optical connector 30, and the refractive indices for the four film layers meet: ncore >n30a > n30b > n30c >n30d.
[0161] Depending on different embodiments, there can be different manners to form the m film layers is optionally formed via multiphoton lithography. In some embodiments, each of the m film layers is optionally formed via multiphoton lithography using a different photoactivable agent. In some other embodiments, at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different power, with a different wavelength, with a different radiation time, or any combination thereof.
[0162] It is to be noted that according to some embodiments, one or more of the m film layers in the Bragg reflector stack may be formed by methods other than the multiphoton lithography, such as by curing a curing agent by UV, heat, chemical additives, etc.
[0163] Thirdly, there may exist some special embodiments of the optical connector assembly fabricated in the step S300 where the first light transmission channel (s) of the first optical waveguide are connected with the second light transmission channel (s) of the second optical waveguide.
[0164] According to some embodiments as illustrated in FIG. 11A, the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, among which a subset of these optical connectors optically connect one single pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 with more than one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20a, 20b, . . ., and 20m of the second optical waveguide 200, and the above subset of the optical connectors substantially constitute a first complex-shaped optical connector. In one specific embodiment that is described in greater detail in EXAMPLE 5, the one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 is a hollow-core channel.
[0165] According to some other embodiments as illustrated in FIG. 11B, the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, among which a subset of these optical connectors optically connect more than one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10a, 10b, . . ., and 10m of the first optical waveguide 100 with one single pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 of the second optical waveguide 200. The above subset of the optical connectors substantially constitute a second complex-shaped optical connector.
[0166] According to some other embodiments (not shown) , the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, which comprise both a first complex-shaped optical connector and a second complex-shaped optical connector. In other words, a first subset of these optical connectors optically connect one single pre-determined first light transmission channel 10 of the first optical waveguide 100 with more than one pre-determined second light transmission channel 20a, 20b, . . ., and 20m of the second optical waveguide 200; and a second subset of these optical connectors optically connect more than one pre-determined first light transmission channel 10a, 10b, . . ., and 10m of the first optical waveguide 100 with one single pre-determined second light transmission channel 20 of the second optical waveguide 200.
[0167] With regard to the step S400 as described above, it is noted that the step S400 may be optional and can be skipped. According to some embodiments of the disclosure, the step S400 is needed, which can be realized in different manners so as to form the cladding that surrounds the at least one optical connector of the optical connector assembly.
[0168] In some embodiments, the cladding in the step S400 can be formed via curing a curable agent, which can be induced by heat, UV radiation, or a chemical additive, or any combination thereof. The curable agent (or curing agent) refers to a material or composition that is usually in a liquid or gel state but can solidify or harden upon induction by heat, radiation, a chemical additive, or a combination thereof. Examples of the curable agent as used herein may include an epoxy resin (e.g. polyamines can be the chemical additive that induces its polymerization) , an acrylate-based resin (e.g. dibenzoyl peroxide as a thermally activated catalyst which upon heating, induces solidification by initiating the crosslinking of acrylates) , or a UV-curable composition (including the aforementioned photoactivable agents as well as other materials such as polydegradable ionic liquid-based resins (e.g., tert-butyl hexylphosphine polysulfopropyl acrylate) , Novolac-based resins (e.g., AZ-4562) , and chemically modified resins (e.g., THPMA-MMA, tetrahydrofuran methyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate) ) .
[0169] Further according to some embodiments, the curable agent used in the step S400 is different from the photoactivable agent, and as such, the method comprises, between the step S300 and S400, the steps of:
[0170] S320: removing undeveloped photoactivable agent; and
[0171] S340: applying a volume of the curable agent such that the at least one optical connector is fully embedded into the volume of the curable agent.
[0172] Herein, the curable agent may comprise a UV-curable composition, which may be selected from IP-DIP, IP-S, IP-L, IP-n162, SFH-167HI or SU-8, and the curing of the curable agent is induced by UV radiation.
[0173] Yet according to some other embodiments, the curable agent is same as the photoactivable agent, and the step S400 is immediately after the step S300. Herein the curing of the curable agent in the step (4) may be induced by UV induction, but may optionally be induced by other conditions (e.g. heat, irradiation, or chemical additives, etc. ) . For example, the curable agent may be a UV-curable agent selected from IP-Dip, IP-S, IP-L, IP-n162, IP-n140, SU-8, OrmoComp, SZ2080, PEG-DA, PETA, or other acrylate-based or epoxy-based UV-curable resins, and after fabrication of the optical connector assembly, the at least one optical connector formed in step (3) and the cladding formed in step (4) have a difference of their refractive indices > 1 × 10-3.
[0174] According to certain embodiments of the disclosure, the step S400 is skipped, and in this case the medium surrounding the at least one optical connector of the optical connector assembly substantially serves as a cladding for each of the at least one optical connector in the optical connector assembly. Herein, the medium may be air, water, or a different type of fluid.
[0175] In the following, with reference to the accompanying drawings, multiple specific examples are provided which are intended to offer more detailed descriptions and illustrations to the inventions covered in the present disclosure. It should be noted that these examples are for illustration only, and shall not be interpreted as limitations to the present disclosure.
[0176] EXAMPLE 1
[0177] In this example, one specific embodiment of the 3D-printing based fabrication method as provided above is detailed below, which is compatible with multiple additive manufacturing techniques, such as the femtosecond laser-based two-photon polymerization (TPP) or direct ink writing (DIW) . It enables in situ fabrication of a multi-channel optical connector structure for various types of multi-core fibers.
[0178] The multi-channel optical connector structure thus fabricated constitutes a fully integrated structure, which may primarily comprise the following parts: 1) a multi-core fiber, which may be a multi-core single-mode fiber, a multi-core hollow-core fiber, or a multi-core single-mode waveguide array; 2) a single-mode waveguide, which may be an on-chip single-mode waveguide, or a single-mode fiber waveguide; and 3) a polymer coupling waveguide fabricated via the two-photon 3D printing that optically connects the multi-core fiber and the single-mode waveguide. In other words, within the scope of this present disclosure, the polymer coupling waveguide is substantially the optical connector assembly to be fabricated by the 3D printing-based fabrication method as provided in the present disclosure, which optically connects the multi-core fiber and the single-mode waveguide (i.e. the first and second optical waveguides as described above) . With reference to FIGS. 12A and 12B, in this illustrating example, the 3D printing-based method is used to fabricate the polymer coupling waveguide that optically connects a multi-core single-mode waveguide array 24 (short as "waveguide array" herein) and an arrayed waveguide chip 2 (short as "chip" herein) , whose light field directions have an angle of 180° therebetween.
[0179] Specifically, the method provided in this example includes the following steps:
[0180] Step S1: aligning the side surface of the chip 2 with the side surface of the waveguide array 24; applying an UV-curable adhesive evenly along the side seams using a dispensing needle; clamping the entire structure using tweezers and pressing the front end onto a clean glass slide 8 to ensure that the terminal faces of the chip 2 and waveguide array 24 face the same direction (i.e. upward direction as illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B) , and have their heights and levels aligned to each other; and curing the adhesive under UV light to thereby form a 3D stacked bonded assembly.
[0181] Step S2: securing the bonded assembly vertically on a displacement stage of a two-photon polymerization system; dropping an appropriate amount of a photoresist (i.e. photoactivable agent as provided in the disclosure) onto the terminal face of the bonded assembly; moving the bonded assembly to the center of the imaging field; determining, based on machine vision algorithms, the precise XY coordinates of the core 6a ports of the chip 2 and core 6b ports of the waveguide array 24; controlling the Z-axis piezoelectric stage to scan the focal plane, identifying the optimal imaging heights for both ports, and then obtaining their 3D coordinates; obtaining the waveguide dimensions from the images, and calculating the mode field diameter of each port, based on known refractive index data.
[0182] Step S3: calculating the 3D coordinates of the port (i.e. XWG, YWG, ZWG) of the chip 2 and the 3D coordinates of the core 6b port of the waveguide array 24 (i.e. XF, YF, ZF) ; and performing two-photon 3D printing, comprising the following sub-steps:
[0183] (1) fabricating a first tapered waveguide 3 based on the coordinates of the core 6a port and the mode field size of the chip 2, configured such that the lower cross-section diameter of the first tapered waveguide 3 matches the single-mode waveguide mode field (approximately 2-3 μm) , and the first tapered waveguide 3 further adaptively expands to approximately 8 μm for the optical mode field along a 60-μm height (or length) .
[0184] (2) fabricating a second tapered waveguide 4 based on the coordinates of the core 6b port and the mode field size of the waveguide array 24, configured such that the lower cross-section diameter of the second tapered waveguide 4 matches the chip waveguide mode field (approximately 12 μm) , and the second tapered waveguide 4 further adaptively reduces to approximately 8 μm for the optical mode field along a height (or length) of 60 μm + (ZF -ZWG) , as such both tapered waveguides 3 and 4 have aligned upper cross-sections.
[0185] (3) fabricating a U-shaped connecting waveguide 5 with a specified bending radius R (calculated as: ) , so as to connect the core 6a port of the chip 2 to the core 6b port of the waveguide array 24.
[0186] Step S4: repeating Step S3 for each pair of the core ports on the chip 2 and on the waveguide array 24, until all the optical connectors are fabricated; removing the bonded assembly from the 3D fabrication stage and immersing it in a developer (i.e. a composition comprising PGME and IPA) to remove unexposed photoresist; applying a volume of low-refractive-index UV-curable adhesive to the terminal face, such that the volume can fully cover the polymer coupling waveguide; and curing the adhesive under UV light to stabilize the polymer coupling waveguide 15 (illustrated in FIG. 12B) .
[0187] It is noted that the first tapered waveguide 3, the U-shaped connecting waveguide 5, and the second tapered waveguide 4 respectively correspond to the first adaptor portion, the middle portion, and the second adaptor portion of the embodiment of the optical connector for the optical connector assembly as described above and illustrated in FIG. 8A.
[0188] It is further noted that the polymer coupling waveguide 15 thus fabricated can be modified to have different sizes or refractive indices to thereby function as a single-mode or few-mode waveguide. For coupling waveguides with reflective surfaces, a multilayer film structure (core + cladding) can be used, which forms multimode interference at the reflective surface to enhance reflectivity at the interface. For non-reflective coupling waveguides, only a core and outer cladding are needed.
[0189] In the fabrication method illustrated in this example, with the input and output light field directions at an angle of 180°, the multi-core single-mode waveguide array 24 and arrayed waveguide chip 2 are stacked together, with both terminal faces pointing in the same direction, and with the port cross-sections oriented vertically. A standard objective lens 11 imaging system can directly locate port positions in images, which can avoid the use of a complex high-precision side-core recognition system. Based on identified port positions, the polymer optical connecting waveguides can be designed and fabricated using two-photon 3D printing.
[0190] The entire packaging process using the fabrication method illustrated herein is relatively simple and cost-effective. It can resolve the secondary alignment issues in traditional methods post-fabrication, enables in-situ waveguide processing across different material platforms, and can achieve one-step integrated device formation without manual gluing or bonding, which can greatly simplify multi-core optical connector production and enabling scalability for industrial and commercial applications.
[0191] EXAMPLE 2
[0192] This example illustrates another specific embodiment of the 3D-printing based fabrication method as provided above. Compared with EXAMPLE 1, this example is similar in that the input and output light field directions are also at 180°, yet it differs in that the optical connector assembly is to be fabricated between a multi-core fiber (short as "fiber" herein) 7 and an on-chip single-mode waveguide array (short as "on-chip array" herein) 1. Because the multi-core fiber 7 is strip-shaped (i.e. having a shape of a long cylinder) , it cannot be directly planar-bonded with the on-chip array 1, thus a glass substrate with V-grooves is needed for attachment.
[0193] Specifically, with reference to FIGS. 13A and 13B, the method as illustrated in this example includes the following steps:
[0194] Step S1: using a femtosecond laser system to etch a 50 μm deep, 60° angled V-groove on the surface of a 200 μm thick glass slide 8.
[0195] Step S2: clamping the multi-core fiber 7 with a precision stage, and placing the fiber into the V-groove 9 on the glass slide 8 under a microscope viewing; adjusting the stage so the terminal face of the fiber 7 is coplanar with the glass sidewall; applying an UV-curable adhesive evenly in the V-groove using a dispensing needle and curing under UV light.
[0196] Step S3: bonding the lower surface of the glass slide 8 to the upper surface of the on-chip array 1; applying a UV-curable adhesive along side seams; clamping the assembly with tweezers and pressing the front end onto a clean glass slide 8, so as to ensure that the terminal faces have aligned height and level; curing under UV light to form a bonded assembly (illustrated in FIG. 13A) .
[0197] Step S4: securing the bonded assembly vertically on the two-photon polymerization system stage; applying a volume photoresist onto the terminal faces and centering it in the imaging field; determining, based on machine vision, precise XY coordinates of the core 6 ports of the on-chip array 1 and of the fiber 7; scanning the Z-axis focal plane to obtain the optimal imaging heights and obtain 3D coordinates.
[0198] Step S5: calculating the 3D coordinates of the on-chip array 1 core 6b port (i.e. XFA, YFA, ZFA) and the 3D coordinates of the fiber 7 core 6a port (i.e. XMCF, YMCF, ZMCF) ; and performing two-photon 3D printing, which comprises the following sub-steps:
[0199] (1) fabricating a first tapered waveguide 3 at the on-chip core 6b port, such that it has a lower diameter of 12 μm (matching single-mode waveguide mode field) , and it adaptively reduces the mode field to 8 μm over the 60-μm height;
[0200] (2) fabricating a second tapered waveguide 4 at the fiber core 6a port, such that it has a lower diameter of 12 μm and it adaptively reduces the mode field to 8 μm over the height (length) of 60 μm + (ZMCF -ZFA) , as such both tapered waveguides 3 and 4 have aligned upper cross-sections;
[0201] (3) fabricating the 45° reflective prisms 25 at both taper ends to deflect the optical axis 90° parallel to the end face, with output directions aligned; and
[0202] (4) fabricating an 8 μm diameter cylindrical waveguide 18 to connect both tapered waveguides 3 and 4.
[0203] Step S6: repeating Step S5 for each port pair; removing the assembly and immersing in the developer (PGME +IPA) to remove unexposed photoresist; applying a volume of low-refractive-index UV-curable adhesive to cover all polymer waveguides; and curing under UV light to stabilize the polymer coupling waveguides 15.
[0204] It is noted that in this example, the first tapered waveguide 3, the cylindrical waveguide 18, and the second tapered waveguide 4 respectively correspond to the first adaptor portion, the middle portion, and the second adaptor portion of the embodiment of the optical connector for the optical connector assembly as described above, yet it also applies two 45° reflective prisms 25 as the reflective structures in the optical connector, as described above and illustrated in FIG. 10A.
[0205] EXAMPLE 3
[0206] This example illustrates yet another specific embodiment of the 3D-printing based fabrication method as provided above. Similar to EXAMPLE 1, this example is also for the fabrication of an optical connector assembly that optically connects a multi-core fiber 7 (short as "fiber" herein) and an on-chip single-mode waveguide array 1 (short as "on chip array" herein) , but differs in that the input and output light field directions are at an angle of 0° (as illustrated in FIG. 14) .
[0207] Specifically, the method as illustrated in this example comprises the following steps:
[0208] Step S1: preparing a clean substrate with a thickness close to the on-chip single-mode waveguide array 1 (controlling that the difference < 500 μm) ; adding alignment marks (e.g. a circle or a cross) .
[0209] Step S2: bonding the fiber 7 to the substrate; grinding the fiber terminal face to a preset angle (0°-8°) ; and arranging that the distance from the terminal face of the fiber to the edge of the substrate is less than 500 μm; aligning the edge of the substrate (and the fiber terminal side as well) with the 0° output port of the on-chip array 1, with a spacing of <500 μm for the two terminal faces.
[0210] Step S3: placing the aligned fiber 7 and the on-chip array 1 on the two-photon system stage; applying a volume of a photoresist on both end faces and center in the imaging field; using machine vision to determine precise XY coordinates of each port pair and obtaining their 3D coordinates.
[0211] Step S4: directly fabricating, based on the 3D coordinates determined in Step S3, the polymer coupling waveguide 15 using two-photon 3D printing that optically connects the fiber 7 and on-chip array 1.
[0212] Step S5: removing the excess photoresist; applying a curable adhesive to cover the polymer coupling waveguide 15;and curing under light to solidify.
[0213] EXAMPLE 4
[0214] This example illustrates yet another specific embodiment of the 3D-printing based fabrication method as provided above. Differing from the above EXAMPLES 1-3, this example is for the fabrication of an optical connector assembly that optically connects a multi-core hollow-core fiber (short as "hollow-core fiber" herein) 12 with an on-chip single-mode waveguide array (short as "on-chip array" herein) 1. The input and output light field directions have an angle of 180°.
[0215] Specifically, the method as illustrated in this example includes the following steps:
[0216] Step S1: cleaving, in a clean environment, the hollow-core fiber 12 such that its end face is at 0°; and allowing the air pressure to equalize inside and outside the fiber.
[0217] Step S2: preparing a transparent quartz glass slide 8; cleaning it with isopropyl alcohol and anhydrous ethanol; and dropping a volume of photoresist onto the surface.
[0218] Step S3: inverting the fiber 12 so that its terminal face contacts the photoresist (note that the photoresist shall adhere due to surface tension) .
[0219] Step S4: focusing the objective lens 11 through the glass slide 8 onto the terminal face of the fiber (as illustrated in FIG. 15A) ; and fabricating an anti-reflection film by two-photon 3D printing. Note that the anti-reflection film comprises two materials: a low-index layer (n=1.33) , a high-index layer (n=1.60) , and has a three-layered structure as illustrated in FIG. 15B, designed based on a three-layer symmetric matcher with optimized thicknesses so as to minimize reflection from 1500-1600 nm. The three-layer structure includes: (1) Top layer (air to fiber) : n=1.33, thickness 221.0 nm; (2) Middle layer: n=1.60, thickness 255.4 nm; and (3) Bottom layer: n=1.33, thickness 496.8 nm. It is noted that alternatively, a pre-made transparent film may be used to cover the terminal face of the hollow-core fiber 17.
[0220] Step S5: bonding the hollow-core fiber 12 to the upper or lower surface of the on-chip array 1, with end faces aligned in the same direction, so as to form a 3D stacked structure; arranging the stacked structure vertically such that the end faces face upward and the heights are aligned.
[0221] Step S6: applying a volume of a curable adhesive at the junction to align the end faces of the stacked structure; curing under UV light to form a bonded assembly.
[0222] Step S7: securing the assembly vertically on the two-photon system stage; dropping a volume of photoresist on the glass slide 8; inverting the bonded assembly to contact the volume of the photoresist, and centering it in the imaging field; determining XY coordinates by means of machine vision, and scanning the Z-axis for optimal heights, thereby obtaining the 3D coordinates.
[0223] Step S8: fabricating the polymer coupling waveguide 15 directly on the end face using two-photon 3D printing to connect the hollow-core fiber 12 and the on-chip array 1.
[0224] Step S9: removing the excess photoresist after fabrication; applying a curable adhesive to cover all polymer waveguides; and curing to solidify.
[0225] It is noted that a hollow-core fiber has air-holes within the cores, so contaminants like moisture can enter during handling, which could degrade the performance. The traditional approach of fusion splicing with a multi-core single-mode fiber frequently causes air-hole collapse due to arc discharge, which increases the losses, and the mode field mismatch causes a further increase in the interconnection loss. Yet the fabrication method as illustrated in this example is capable of effectively solving these above issues. It supports low-loss connections between hollow-core and single-mode fibers of various mode field sizes, and is applicable to both multi-core single-mode and hollow-core fiber interconnections.
[0226] EXAMPLE 5
[0227] This example illustrates yet another specific embodiment of the 3D-printing based fabrication method as provided above, and can be used for the fabrication of an optical connector assembly that optically connects a multi / single-core hollow-core fiber (short as "hollow-core fiber" herein) 12 with a multi-core single-mode fiber (short as "multi-core fiber" herein) 13, as illustrated in FIG. 16A (with a photo shown in FIG. 16B) . In this specific example, the input and output light field directions have an angle of 0°.
[0228] Specifically, with reference to FIG. 16A, the method as illustrated in this example includes the following steps:
[0229] Step S1: covering the end face of the hollow-core fiber 12 with a transparent film or an anti-reflection film (can be fabricated by two-photon 3D printing) .
[0230] Step S2: filling a photoresist into a capillary tube 14 (with its inner diameter approximately 2-3 μm larger than that of the hollow-core fiber 12 or of the multi-core fiber 13) .
[0231] Step S3: inserting the hollow-core fiber 12 and multi-core fiber 13 from the opposing openings of the capillary tube 14.
[0232] Step S4: fabricating the polymer coupling waveguides 15 within the photoresist between the fibers using two-photon 3D printing.
[0233] Step S5: curing the remaining photoresist under UV light, thereby forming the optical connector assembly structure.
[0234] In this example, the capillary glass tube-filled photoresist is able to fill the air gaps between the hollow-core fiber 12 and the multi-core fiber 13, and between the two fibers 12 and 13 and the capillary tube 14, which can expell the internal air from the capillary tube 14, allowing for full sealing.
[0235] Herein, the terminal face of the hollow-core fiber 12 can be optionally cleaved at 2° to reduce the backscatter between the transparent film and air. The transparent film may have a refractive index of approximately 1.4-1.6 and >99%transmittance, with SiO□ coatings on both sides to further reduce the reflection at the film-fiber interface. The terminal face of the fiber that is tightly attached with the transparent film is inserted into the capillary tube 14.
[0236] Herein, the refractive index of the photoresist is approximately 1.3-1.8, and the refractive index difference between multi-photon (femtosecond) and single-photon (UV) polymerization is approximately 5×10-3, with multi-photon yielding a higher refractive index than the UV.
[0237] It is noted that the method illustrated by this example substantially comprises a step of filling the photoresist from one end of the capillary tube 14 before inserting the two fibers 12 and 13. Due to the transparency of the capillary tube 14, the insertion of the two fibers 12 and 13 can be observed externally, and can be conveniently controlled to have a spacing of ~200 μm between their terminal faces. The photoresist that has been filled into the capillary tube 14 is able to fill the gaps and expels air, thereby capable of achieving full sealing. In addition, after femtosecond laser writing, the subsequent UV curing further solidifies the remaining photoresist inside the capillary tube 14, thereby realizing a simplified encapsulation of the fibers 12 and 13 and the fabricated waveguide 15 without the need for additional development to remove the underdeveloped photoresist.
[0238] EXAMPLE 6
[0239] In this example, a specific embodiment of the 3D-printing based fabrication method is provided to fabricate a polymer coupling waveguide with a gradually varying refractive index. By controlling the 3D printing processing parameters for each refractive index layer, a layered waveguide structure (as illustrated in FIG. 17) can be built using the method as illustrated in this example, which is able to reduce the interface losses.
[0240] With reference to FIG. 17, the method as illustrated in this example comprises the following steps:
[0241] Step S1: selecting photoresists with different refractive indices: SFH-330LI (n=1.330) , SFH-417LI (n=1.417) , IP-S(n=1.515) , SFH-160HI (n=1.6) , SFH-167HI (n=1.67) .
[0242] Step S2: fabricating a 50×50×50 μm cubes in each resist, with the indicated setting (i.e. the scan speed of 10 mm / s, the laser power of 20 mW, and the femtosecond wavelength of 780 nm) ; and measuring the refractive index with ellipsometry to create a calibration curve (illustrated in FIG. 18) ; then selecting the highest-index photoresist (SFH-167HI, n=1.67) as the core, with others for the claddings.
[0243] Step S3: considering a light incidence angle θ0 at interface, herein selecting n0=1.67, θ0=45° for the calculation. In the formula above, λ0 is the central wavelength, θi is the refraction angle, ni is the refractive index of the incident medium, n2 is the refractive index of the transmission medium.
[0244] Step S4: calculating the parameters for each film layers (i.e. layer 1, layer 2, layer 3 and layer 4) for the Bragg reflector. In the example, with λ0 of 1500-1600 nm, it is calculated as follows: Layer 1 (n1 = 1.6; thickness = 358.927 nm); Layer 2 (n2 = 1.515; thickness = 408.285 nm) ; Layer 3 (n3 =1.417; thickness = 494.75 nm) ; and Layer 4 (n4 =1.33; thickness = 633.249 nm) . The four film layers are arranged in an order from a high refractive index to a low refractive index as one period, which is repeated 4 times to thereby form Bragg reflector. It is noted that for bent waveguides, only a core and an outer cladding is sufficient for the polymer coupling waveguide (as illustrated in FIG. 19) .
[0245] Step S5: inputting the layer parameters into the 3D path; and performing the fabrication in a layer-by-layer manner, i.e. fabricating the core, removing the unpolymerized photoresist, applying the next photoresist, and continuing until the outermost layer is fabricated so as to obtain a four layered polymer coupling waveguide 15 with a gradually varying refractive index (i.e. layer1 to layer 4, in a high-to-low refractive index arrangement) . Herein, ncore = 1.67.
[0246] EXAMPLE 7
[0247] In this example, another specific embodiment of the 3D-printing based fabrication method is provided to similarly fabricate a polymer coupling waveguide. Similar to Example 6, a layered waveguide structure (as illustrated in FIG. 19) can be built using the method as illustrated in this example.
[0248] Specifically, the method as illustrated in this example comprises:
[0249] Step S1: selecting photoresists having photoinitiators with different spectral absorption. In this example, two photoinitiators are selected: trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (TPO, with an absorption at 350-400 nm) and benzil dimethyl ketal (or BDK, with an absorption at 205-253 nm) . The photoresist material using BDK as the photoinitiator is methacrylate, and the photoresist material using TPO as the photoinitiator is acrylamide. The mixing ratio of the two is 1: 1.
[0250] Step S2: fabricating 50×50×50 μm cubes via 3D TPP printing (with a setting: scan speed = 10 mm / s, power = 20 mW, and the femtosecond wavelength is switched between 780 nm and 500 nm) , and measuring the refractive index under different conditions to create the wavelength-index calibration curve (illustrated in FIG. 18) ; then selecting the higher-index wavelength as the core, the lower-index wavelength for the claddings.
[0251] Step S3: calculating the various refractive indices and coupling waveguide parameters for each film layers for the Bragg reflector; and inputting the layer parameters into the 3D path;
[0252] Step S4: performing the fabrication, such that the core is formed using the 780 nm laser, and the cladding is formed using the 500 nm laser, thereby obtaining a structure illustrated in FIG. 19. Herein, n1 > n2, where n1 is the refractive index of the core, and n2 is the refractive index of the cladding.
[0253] EXAMPLE 8
[0254] In this example, another specific embodiment of the 3D-printing based fabrication method is provided to similarly fabricate a polymer coupling waveguide.
[0255] Specifically, the method as illustrated in this example comprises the following steps:
[0256] Step S1: fabricating the cubes using lasers with linearly varying power but with a fixed scan speed, and measuring the refractive indices at different conditions to create a power-index calibration curve (as illustrated in FIG. 20) ; or fabricating the cubes using lasers with varying scan speed but with a fixed power, and measuring the refractive indices at different conditions to create a speed-index calibration curve.
[0257] Step S2: determining the parameters (i.e. laser power or scan speed) for each film layers at each position, based on the pre-determined target refractive index distribution, the power-index calibration curve or the speed-index calibration curve that is determined in Step S1.
[0258] Step S3: performing laser scanning along a preset 3D spatial path with the laser power or scan speed varying by position, so as to control the exposure dose by real-time adjustment of the laser power or scanning speed, resulting in the fabrication of a core with a refractive index different from that of the cladding layer.
[0259] It is noted that there is an equivalent substitution relationship between laser power (LP) and scanning speed (v) : (LP1n) / v1 = (LP2n) / v2, where n ranges from 2-4, depending on the specific photoresist. Using this formula, it's convenient to obtain the speed-index calibration curve from the power-index calibration curve, or to obtain the power-index calibration curve from the speed-index calibration curve.
[0260] EXAMPLE 9
[0261] This example provides yet another embodiment for fabricating an optical connector assembly similar to those provided in Examples 1-4 above, yet the direct writing lithography utilized in this example involves a glass transition or transformation process.
[0262] In a first specific example, a first photoresist composition (i.e. first resin solution) that comprises 80 wt%-93 wt%acrylic-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) , 7 wt%-12 wt%trifunctional acrylate, 1 wt%-2.5 wt%photoinitiator, and 0.02 wt%-0.05 wt%light absorber can be used.
[0263] After the first photoresist covers the terminal faces of the two optical waveguides, a femtosecond laser can then be used to fabricate the three-dimensional structures for the optical connector (s) within the first photoresist based on the determined three-dimensional geometry (i.e. via direct writing lithography) . Then a solution containing propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA) and isopropanol (IPA) can be used to wash away the unpolymerized first resin solution in such fabricated sample.
[0264] The cleaned sample can then be placed in a furnace with an oxygen-containing atmosphere, and undergoes a first treatment by gradually increasing the temperature from room temperature to 400℃-500℃ and holding for 20-26 hours, followed by a second treatment by further increasing the temperature to 600℃-650℃ and holding for 50-70 minutes, and lastly by a third treatment by decreasing the temperature back to room temperature at a rate of -1℃ / min to -2℃ / min to complete the glass transition process.
[0265] In a second example, a second photoresist composition (i.e. second resin solution) that comprises 10 wt%-20 wt%modified silica nanoparticles, 55 wt%-65 wt%acrylate photoresist, 10 wt%-20 wt%trifunctional acrylate, 1 wt%-2.5 wt%photoinitiator, and 0.02 wt%-0.05 wt%light absorber is used. The difference between the first photoresist and the second photoresist is whether or not silica nanocrystals are doped into the mixture.
[0266] After the second photoresist that is arranged to cover the terminal faces of the two optical waveguides, a femtosecond laser can similarly be used to fabricate the three-dimensional structures for the optical connector (s) within the second photoresist based on the determined three-dimensional geometry (i.e. via direct writing lithography) .
[0267] After cleaning using a solution containing propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA) and isopropanol (IPA) to wash away the unpolymerized second resin solution in such fabricated sample, the cleaned sample can then be placed in a furnace with an oxygen-containing atmosphere for treatment by a first heating to 600℃ to remove the organic matter from the cured structure, followed by a second heating to 1300℃ for high-temperature sintering, converting the printed structure into quartz glass.
[0268] In the above treatment process, the printed liquid glass is co-cured with the polymer mixture. After curing, the organic matter in the sample is removed through a slow heating process, creating a porous structure, which subsequently undergoes high-temperature sintering. During the sintering process, the vacuum environment facilitates the discharge and closure of pores, and simultaneously, the high-temperature environment causes the silica nanoparticles to further fuse and densify, forming the required glass structure capable of transmitting high power.
Claims
1.A method for fabricating an optical connector assembly that optically couples a first optical waveguide with a second optical waveguide, wherein the optical connector assembly comprises at least one optical connector, each optical connector optically connecting a first end surface of one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with a second end surface of one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, the method comprising:(1) providing the first optical waveguide, the second optical waveguide, and a photoactivable agent, such that a first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and a second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are in a proximity and in contact with a volume of the photoactivable agent;(2) determining a three-dimensional geometry for the each optical connector based on three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel in the first optical waveguide and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide; and(3) forming, based on the determined three-dimensional geometry, the each optical connector in the volume of the photoactivable agent via direct writing lithography, wherein the direct writing lithography is optionally multiphotonlithography.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the photoactivable agent comprises at least one polymerizable resin, each selected from an acrylate, an epoxy, a hydrogel, or a hybrid inorganic-organic material, wherein the photoactivable agent optionally further comprises at least one photoinitiator, at least one photosensitizer, and / or at least one functional dopant.3.The method of claim 1, further comprising, after the step (3) , the step of:(4) forming a cladding that surrounds the at least one optical connector, wherein the cladding has a refractive index smaller than the at least one optical connector.4.The method of claim 3, wherein in the step (4) , the cladding is formed via curing a curable agent, wherein the curing of the curable agent in the step (4) is induced by heat, UV radiation, or a chemical additive, or any combination there of.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the curable agent is different from the photoactivable agent, wherein the method comprises, between the step (3) and (4) , the steps of:removing undeveloped photoactivable agent; andapplying a volume of the curable agent such that the at least one optical connector is fully embedded into the volume of the curable agent.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the curable agent in the step (4) comprises a UV-curable composition, comprising at least one polydegradable ionic liquid-based resin, at least one novolac-based resin, at least one chemically modified resin, or a combination thereof, wherein the curing of the curable agent is induced by UV radiation.7.The method of claim 4, wherein the curable agent is same as the photoactivable agent, wherein the step (4) is immediately after the step (3) .8.The method of claim 7, wherein the photoactivable agent is selected from an acrylate-based photoresist, an epoxy-based photoresist, or a hybrid inorganic-organic photoresist, and the curing of the curable agent is induced by UV radiation.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the step (1) involves no use of a carrier that allows the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity and in contact with the volume of the photoactivable agent.10.The method of claim 1, wherein in the step (1) , a carrier is used to facilitate the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity and in contact with the volume of the photoactivable agent.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the carrier comprises a transparent tube having a composition that is compatible for multiphoton lithography, wherein the transparent tube is provided with two openings, configured to respectively allow a terminus of the first optical waveguide and a terminus of the second optical waveguide to be inserted into the transparent tube at a position such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity within the transparent tube.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the transparent tube is a glass capillary.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the step (1) comprises the sub-steps of:(a1) spatially arranging the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide is in a proximity to the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide; and(a2) applying the volume of the photoactivable agent that contacts both the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide.14.The method of claim 1, wherein the step (1) comprises the sub-steps of:(b1) providing the volume of the photoactivable agent; and(b2) spatially arranging the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are embedded within the volume of the photoactivable agent and are in a proximity to each other.15.The method of claim 14, wherein a transparent tube is used as a carrier in the step (1) , wherein:the sub-step (b1) comprises: filling the transparent tube with the volume of the photoactivable agent; andthe sub-step (b2) comprises: inserting a terminus of the first optical waveguide and a terminus of the second optical waveguide respectively into the transparent tube from two openings thereof such that the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide are at a preset distance with each other and embedded within the volume of the photoactivable agent.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the transparent tube is a glass capillary, and the preset distance is no largerthan 200 nm.17.The method of any one of claims 13-16, wherein the sub-step of spatially arranging the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide is by means of a holding device, wherein the holding device comprises a pair of mounting means for detachably mounting the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide respectively so as to allow the first terminal face of the first optical waveguide and the second terminal face of the second optical waveguide to be in a proximity to each other, wherein each mounting means is selected from a clamp or a groove.18.The method of claim 13, wherein the step (1) comprises a sub-step of:determining, for the each optical connector, the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel in the first optical waveguide and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, by means of an imaging and measuring system.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the determining sub-step is carried out before the sub-step (a2) .20.The method of claim 18, wherein the determining sub-step is carried out after the sub-step (a2) .21.The method of claim 14, wherein the step (1) further comprises, after the sub-step (b2) , a sub-step of determining, for the each optical connector, the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel in the first optical waveguide and the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, by means of an imaging and measuring system.22.The method of any one of claims 18-21, wherein the imaging and measuring system comprises an objective lens system.23.The method of any one of claims 18-21, wherein the imaging and measuring system comprises an interferometer.24.The method of claim 1, wherein in the step (1) , a light field direction of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide and a light field direction of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide have an angle between 0° and 180°.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the angle is approximately 0°.26.The method of claim 24, wherein the angle is approximately 180°.27.The method of claim 24, wherein the angle is larger than approximately 0° and smaller than approximately 180°.28.The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide comprises at least one single-mode fiber (SMF) , at least one few-mode fiber, or at least one multi-mode fiber.29.The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide comprises an optic fiber or a waveguide array, wherein:the optic fiber comprises a single-core fiber, a multi-core fiber, a single-core hollow-core fiber, or a multi-core hollow-core fiber; andthe waveguide array comprises an optic fiber array, a single-mode waveguide array, or an on-chip waveguide array.30.The method of claim 29, wherein one or both of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide comprise a hollow-core fiber.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the step (1) comprises a sub-step of:processing an end of the hollow-core fiber such that a terminal face thereof is covered with a light-transmissive film or a multilayer anti-reflection film.32.The method of claim 31, wherein the light-transmissive film is pre-made, and optionally is sandwiched between two antireflective film layers.33.The method of claim 32, wherein each antireflective film layer has a composition of MgF2, TiO2, Al2O3, or SiO2.34.The method of claim 31, wherein the multilayer anti-reflection film is fabricated in situ via multiphoton lithography.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the multilayer anti-reflection film takes a three-layer symmetric matching scheme, comprising, in a distal-to-proximal direction relative to the terminal face of the hollow-core fiber, a first film layer (n1, d1) , a second film layer (n2, d2) , and a third film layer (n3, d3) , where ni and di are respectively the reflective index and the thicknesses of the film layer i (i = 1, 2 or 3) , wherein n2 > n1 = n3.36.The method of claim 29, wherein one or both of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide comprise at least one core, wherein the step (1) comprises a sub-step of:processing a terminal face of each of the one or both of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide such that the terminal face thereof has an angle β to a cross-section thereof that is perpendicular to a light transmission direction thereof, wherein 0°≤β≤8°.37.The method of claim 1, wherein the each optical connector comprises a first adaptor portion, a middle portion, and a second adaptor portion, wherein:the middle portion has a cross-section of approximately same shape and same size along a length thereof, and is arranged between the first adaptor portion and the second adaptor portion;the first adaptor portion optically connects the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with the middle portion, and is configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide to the cross-section of the middle portion; andthe second adaptor portion optically connects the middle portion with the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide, and is configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the cross-section of the middle portion to the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.38.The method of claim 37, wherein at least one of the first adaptor portion and the second adaptor portion takes a shape of a taper.39.The method of claim 37, wherein the middle portion takes a shape of a straight line or a curved line along the length thereof.40.The method of claim 1, wherein the each optical connector comprises a first portion and a second portion, wherein:the first portion optically connects the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with the second portion;the second portion optically connects the first portion with the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide;wherein:one of the first portion and the second portion have a cross-section of approximately same shape and same size along a length thereof; andanother of the first portion and the second portion have a cross-section that adaptively varies along a length thereof.41.The method of claim 1, wherein the each optical connector is configured to have a cross-section thereof adaptively varying along a length thereof from the first end surface of the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide to the second end surface of the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.42.The method of claim 1, wherein the each optical connector comprises one or more reflecting structures along a length thereof.43.The method of claim 42, wherein the one or more reflecting structures comprise a reflecting prism arranged between two immediate connecting segments, wherein the reflecting prism comprises a reflecting surface having an angle with a light-transmission direction of each of the two immediate connecting segments, wherein the angle is configured to allow a total reflection of an optical signal transmitted through any of the two immediate connecting segments.44.The method of claim 43, wherein in the step (3) , the each optical connector is formed such that a flat surface is arranged between, and has an angle with a light-transmission direction of each of, the two immediate connecting segments, wherein the method further comprises, after the step (3) , a step of:(4') forming a cladding that surrounds the at least one optical connector, wherein the flat surface and the cladding are configured to allow a total reflection of an optical signal transmitted through the each optical connector on the flat surface.45.The method of claim 42, wherein the one or more reflecting structures comprise a Bragg reflector stack, wherein the Bragg reflector stack comprises a total of m film layers L1, L2, . . ., and Lm along an outward direction from a core of the each optical connector, wherein refractive indices for the m film layers meet: ncore >n1 > n2 >... >nm, where m ≥4.46.The method of claim 45, further comprising, after the step (3) , a step of :(4” ) sequentially forming the m film layers on the outside of the at least one optical connector, wherein the m film layers are configured to form a Bragg reflector stack.47.The method of claim 46, wherein in the step of (4” ) , each of the m film layers is formed via multiphoton lithography.48.The method of claim 47, wherein in the step of (4” ) , each of the m film layers is formed via multiphoton lithography using a different photoactivable agent.49.The method of claim 47, wherein in the step of (4” ) , at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different power, with a different wavelength, with a different radiation time, or any combination thereof.50.The method of claim 49, wherein in the step of (4” ) , at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different wavelength.51.The method of claim 49, wherein in the step of (4” ) , at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different power.52.The method of claim 49, wherein in the step of (4” ) , at least two of the m film layers are formed via multiphoton lithography using a same photoactivable agent, each formed by means of a laser with a different radiation time.53.The method of claim 1, wherein the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, wherein a subset of the plurality of optical connectors optically connect one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with more than one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.54.The method of claim 53, wherein the one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide is a hollow-core channel.55.The method of claim 1, wherein the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, wherein a subset of the plurality of optical connectors optically connect more than one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.56.The method of claim 55, wherein the one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide is a hollow-core channel.57.The method of claim 1, wherein the optical connector assembly comprises a plurality of optical connectors, wherein:a first subset of the plurality of optical connectors optically connect one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with more than one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide; anda second subset of the plurality of optical connectors optically connect more than one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide.58.The method of claim 1, wherein the photoactivable agent comprises a glass forming material, and the step (3) comprises a glass transformation sub-step.59.The method of claim 58, wherein the glass forming material comprises a sol-gel glass material or a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) glass material.60.An optical connector assembly that optically couples a first optical waveguide with a second optical waveguide, comprising at least one optical connector, each optical connector optically connecting a first end surface of one pre-determined first light transmission channel of the first optical waveguide with a second end surface of one pre-determined second light transmission channel of the second optical waveguide; wherein the optical connector assembly is fabricated by a method according to any one of claims 1-59.