Blowing agents comprising HFO-1252zc and methods for the manufacture of polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams

Abstract

Processes, foams, foamable compositions, and blowing agents related to thermoset polymer foam compositions comprising an active hydrogen-containing compound; and a blowing agent comprising HFO-1252zc and optionally HFC-152a.

Description

TS0114-WO01TITLE OF THE INVENTION BLOWING AGENTS COMPRISING HFO-1252zc AND METHODS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF POLYURETHANE AND POLYISOCYANURATE FOAMS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 745,425 filed January 15, 2025, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Closed-cell polyisocyanurate-based foams are widely used for insulation purposes, for example, in building construction and in the manufacture of energy efficient electrical appliances. In the construction industry, polyurethane (polyisocyanurate) board stock is used in roofing and siding for its insulation and load-carrying capabilities. Poured and sprayed polyurethane foams are widely used fora variety of applications including insulating roofs, insulating large structures such as storage tanks, insulating appliances such as refrigerators and freezers, insulating refrigerated trucks and railcars, etc.

[0003] All of these various types of polyurethane foams require blowing (expansion) agents for their manufacture. Insulating foams depend on the use of halocarbon blowing agents, not only to foam the polymer, but also fortheir low vapor thermal conductivity, a very important characteristic for insulation value. Historically, polyurethane foams used CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons, for example CFC-11, trichlorofluoromethane), HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons, for example HCFC- 141b, 1, 1 -dichloro-1 -fluoroethane), and HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons, for example, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc) as the primary blowing agents.

[0004] In general, CFCs produce foams exhibiting good thermal insulation, low flammability, and excellent dimensional stability. However, despite these advantages, CFCs have fallen into disfavor due to the implication of chlorine- containing molecules in the destruction of stratospheric ozone. Further, the production and use of CFCs has been restricted by the Montreal Protocol. HCFCs have been proposed as CFC substitutes and are currently employed as foam blowing agents. However, HCFCs have also been shown to contribute to theTS0114-WO01depletion of stratospheric ozone, and as a result their use has come under scrutiny. The widespread use of HCFCs is scheduled for eventual phase out under the Montreal Protocol.

[0005] Thus, there is a need for effective blowing agents with both low ODP (ozone depletion potential) and GWP (global warming potential).SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] According to certain aspects of the present invention, a blowing agent includes HFO-1252zc. In some aspects, the blowing agent may include HFC-152a. In certain aspects, the blowing agent comprises an azeotropic composition of HFO- 1252zc and HFC-152a or a near-azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC- 152a.

[0007] In some aspects, the blowing agent comprises one or more pentane component, such as for example, n-pentane.

[0008] In certain aspects, the blowing agent includes HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 100 wt% of the blowing agent; about 1 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent; about 1 wt% to about 50 wt% of the blowing agent; about 50 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent; or about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of the blowing agent.

[0009] In certain aspects, the blowing agent includes HFC-152a in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent.

[0010] According to certain aspects of the present invention, a foamable composition includes: (a) an active hydrogen-containing compound; and (b) a blowing agent comprising HFO-1252zc as described herein. In some aspects, the foamable composition may further comprise an isocyanate, such as for example, at least one of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic isocyanates.

[0011] In some aspects, the active hydrogen-containing compound comprises a thermoset polymer. The thermoset polymer may comprise a polyol such as a polyester polyol. In some aspects, a suitable polyester polyol may have a hydroxyl number of from about 180 mg KOH / g to about 380 mg KOH / g; from about 200 mgTS0114-WO01KOH / g to about 300 mg KOH / g; or from about 220 mg KOH / g to about 250 mg KOH / g.

[0012] The abbreviation “pphp” is used herein to mean parts per hundred parts of polyol, unless specified otherwise herein. In some aspects, the foamable composition includes HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 pphp to about 30 pphp; about 12 pphp to about 30 pphp; or about 1 pphp to about 10 pphp. In some aspects, the foamable composition comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 6 pphp to about 24 pphp; or about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp. In some aspects, the foamable composition comprises a pentane in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp.

[0013] The foamable composition may include the blowing agent in an amount of about 2 wt% to about 15 wt% of the foamable composition. In some aspects, the foamable composition includes one or more additives selected from at least one polyol, at least one catalyst, at least one surfactant, water, at least one flame retardant agent, and at least one nucleating agent. In some aspects, the surfactant is a silicone surfactant. In certain aspects, the foamable composition includes a metal catalyst and an amine catalyst.

[0014] According to certain aspects of the present invention, a thermoset polymer foam includes: (a) an active hydrogen-containing compound; and (b) a blowing agent comprising HFO-1252zc as described herein. The foams of the present invention may use foamable compositions, active hydrogen-containing compounds, blowing agents, and components thereof as described in various aspects of this disclosure in any useful combination. In some aspects, the foam is a polyurethane foam or a polyisocyanurate foam. In certain aspects, the foam is a closed cell foam such as a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam or a closed cell polyurethane foam.

[0015] In some aspects, the foam comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 pphp to about 30 pphp; about 12 pphp to about 30 pphp; or about 1 pphp to about 10 pphp. In certain aspects, the foam comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 6 pphp to about 24 pphp; or about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp. In some aspects, foam comprises a pentane in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp.

[0016] In certain aspects, the blowing agent is present in an amount of about 2 wt% to about 15 wt% of the thermoset polymer foam.TS0114-WO01

[0017] In some aspects, the foam comprises a pour-in-place panel; a foam for use in an appliance; a foam for use in spray foam applications; and / or a foam for use in low pressure spray foam applications.

[0018] According to certain aspects of the present invention, a process for preparing a thermoset polymer foam includes: (a) providing a foamable composition comprising an and a blowing agent, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO- 1252zc; and (b) expanding the foamable composition to produce the thermoset polymer foam. The processes of the present invention may use foamable compositions, active hydrogen-containing compounds, blowing agents, and components thereof as described in various aspects of this disclosure in any useful combination. In certain aspects, the process is performed in the absence of a nucleating agent.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 shows vapor-liquid equilibrium data for HFO-1252zc with isopentane, n-pentane, and cyclopentane.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0020] The present disclosure relates to compositions containing 1,1- difluoropropene (HFO-1252zc), described in further detail below. The present disclosure also provides compositions, and particularly blowing agents, foamable compositions, foamed articles, and methods and systems for forming foam, which utilize HFO-1252zc.

[0021] It has surprisingly been found that blowing agents comprising HFO-1252zc are effective yet still have acceptable environmental fates. Specifically, such blowing agents generate no more than de minimis yields of persistent products of atmospheric decomposition such as trifluoro-acetic acid (“TFA”) and meet the following conditions: (1) have no more than de minimis ODP; (2) are not recognized as ODS under the Montreal Protocol; (3) have low GWP100; (4) have acceptable health and safety profiles (e.g., low toxicity and low or no flammability); and (5) enable acceptable performance as agents for polyurethane foam expansion (e.g.,TS0114-WO01foam thermal resistance, mechanical strength, density, absence of structural defects, etc.).

[0022] Blowing Agents

[0023] Fluorocarbon fluids have properties that are desirable for use in a variety of applications, including as blowing agents, and other applications. Unfortunately, the use of certain hydrofluorocarbons in industrial applications is now believed to contribute to global warming, and accordingly, have limited their contemporary use. However, the identification of new, environmentally safe compositions comprising HFCs is complicated, due to the fact that many properties which make them useful in these applications are not readily predictable. For example, it is desirable that blowing agent compositions not only have acceptable environmental properties, but also chemical stability, low or no toxicity, and low or no flammability, among others. It is also desirable that the blowing agent has excellent performance when in use, e.g. excellent thermal insulating properties and other desirable foam characteristics.

[0024] Methods and compositions for making conventional foamed materials, such as for example thermoplastic materials and thermosetting materials, have long been known. These methods and compositions have typically utilized chemical and / or physical blowing agents to form the foamed structure in a polymeric matrix. Such blowing agents have included, for example, azo compounds, various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The chemical blowing agents typically undergo some form of chemical change, including chemical reaction with the material that forms the polymer matrix (usually at a predetermined temperature / pressure) that causes the release of a gas, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or carbon monoxide. One of the most frequently used chemical blowing agents is water. The physical blowing agents typically are dissolved in the polymer or polymer precursor material and then expand volumetrically (again at a predetermined temperature / pressure) to contribute to the formation of the foamed structure. Physical blowing agents are frequently used in connection with thermoplastic foams, although chemical blowing agents can be used in place of or in addition to physical blowing agents in connection with thermoplastic foam. It is common to use chemical blowing and / or physical blowing agents in connection with thermosetting foams. Additionally, it is possible that certain compounds and theTS0114-WO01compositions that contain them may at once constitute a chemical and a physical blowing agent.

[0025] Blowing agents of the present invention may include 1, 1 -difluoropropene (HFO-1252zc or R-1252zc). HFO-1252zc may be prepared by hydrogenation of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf) over palladium on carbon catalyst to form 1,1,1- trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), followed by dehydrofluorination of the HFC-263fb over chrome catalyst or by pyrolysis at high temperatures.

[0026] In some aspects, a blowing agent may comprise HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 100 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%; about 30 wt% to about 70 wt%; about 40 wt% to about 60 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%: about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%; about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%; about 50 wt% to about 100 wt%; about 50 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 60 wt% to about 100 wt%; about 60 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 75 wt% to about 100 wt%; about 75 wt% to about 99 wt%; or about 60 wt% to about 80 wt% of the blowing agent.

[0027] In some embodiments, blowing agents may further include one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of saturated hydrocarbons (including partially or fully halogenated saturated hydrocarbons), unsaturated hydrocarbons (including partially or fully halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons), saturated ethers (including partially or fully halogenated saturated ethers), unsaturated ethers (including partially or fully halogenated unsaturated ethers), saturated aldehydes (including partially or fully halogenated saturated aldehydes), unsaturated aldehydes (including partially or fully halogenated unsaturated aldehydes), saturated ketones (including partially or fully halogenated saturated ketones), unsaturated ketones (including partially or fully halogenated unsaturated ketones), saturated alcohols (including partially or fully halogenated saturated alcohols), unsaturated alcohols (including partially or fully halogenated unsaturated alcohols), saturated organic acids (including partially or fully halogenated saturated organic acids), and unsaturated organic acids (including partially or fully halogenated unsaturated organic acids).

[0028] Such additional components may include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), hydrochlorofluoroolefins (HCFOs), hydrochloroolefinsTS0114-WO01(HCOs), chloro-fluoroolefins (CFOs), perfluorinated olefins, saturated hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), unsaturated hydrofluoroethers (HFEOs), saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons (e.g., olefins or alkenes), and chlorinated hydrocarbons. In some aspects, additional components include HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134, HFC-152a, HFO-1132-E, HFO-1132a, HFO-1123, HFO-1132-Z, HFO- 1243yc, HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1234ze(Z), HFO-1336mzz(E), HFO-1336mzz(Z), HCFO-1233zd(E), HCFO-1233zd(Z), CFO-1112, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, normal pentane, iso-pentane, cyclopentane, neo-pentane, n-hexane, isohexane, heptane, ethene, propylene, butene, straight chain and branched pentenes, straight chain and branched hexenes, straight chain and branched heptenes, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methylal, propanal, butanal, isobutanal, acetone, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl formate, ethyl formate, formic acid, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE), chloropropane, methylethylketone, methylisobutylketone, carbon dioxide (CO2), CF31, and water.

[0029] Amounts of HFO-1252zc may be chosen based on based on vapor-liquid equilibrium curves to achieve the desired properties. Figure 1, for example, shows vapor-liquid equilibrium data for HFO-1252zc with isopentane, n-pentane, and cyclopentane.

[0030] In some aspects, a blowing agent may include HFO-1252zc in combination with 1,1 -difluoroethane (HFC-152a). In some aspects, a blowing agent may comprise HFC-152a in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%; about 30 wt% to about 70 wt%; about 40 wt% to about 60 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%: about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%; about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%; about 50 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 60 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 75 wt% to about 99 wt%; or about 60 wt% to about 80 wt% of the blowing agent.

[0031] In some aspects, a blowing agent may include HFO-1252zc in combination with one or more pentane component, such as n-pentane. In some aspects, a blowing agent may include one or more pentane component, such as n-pentane, in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 20 wt% to about 80 wt%; about 30 wt% to about 70 wt%; about 40 wt% to about 60 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%; about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%: about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%; about 20 wt% to aboutTS0114-WO0140 wt%; about 50 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 60 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 75 wt% to about 99 wt%; or about 60 wt% to about 80 wt% of the blowing agent.

[0032] In some aspects, a blowing agent may include HFO-1252zc in combination with HFC-152a and a pentane such as n-pentane.

[0033] In some aspects, a blowing agent may include water. When water is added, it will typically be present in an amount of less than 5 wt% of the blowing agent, such as 5 wt% or less, 4 wt% or less, 3 wt% or less, 2 wt% or less, or 1 wt% or less. In some aspects, a blowing agent may include water in an amount of about 0.2 to about 2.0 pphp.Azeotrope Compositions

[0034] Some compositions of HFO-1252zc may form azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions with some blend components.

[0035] As used herein, an azeotropic composition is a constant boiling liquid admixture of two or more substances wherein the admixture distills without substantial composition change and behaves as a constant boiling composition. Constant boiling compositions, which are characterized as azeotropic, exhibit either a maximum or a minimum boiling point, as compared with that of the non-azeotropic mixtures of the same substances. Azeotropic compositions as used herein include homogeneous azeotropes which are liquid admixtures of two or more substances that behave as a single substance, in that the vapor, produced by partial evaporation or distillation of the liquid, has the same composition as the liquid. Azeotropic compositions as used herein also include heterogeneous azeotropes where the liquid phase splits into two or more liquid phases. In these embodiments, at the azeotropic point, the vapor phase is in equilibrium with two liquid phases and all three phases have different compositions. If the two equilibrium liquid phases of a heterogeneous azeotrope are combined and the composition of the overall liquid phase calculated, this would be identical to the composition of the vapor phase.

[0036] As used herein, near-azeotropic composition means a composition that behaves like an azeotrope (i.e., has constant boiling characteristics or a tendency not to fractionate upon boiling or evaporation). Thus, the composition of the vapor formed during boiling or evaporation is the same as or substantially the same as theTS0114-WO01original liquid composition. Hence, during boiling or evaporation, the liquid composition, if it changes at all, changes only to a minimal or negligible extent. This is to be contrasted with non-azeotropic compositions in which during boiling or evaporation, the liquid composition changes to a substantial degree.

[0037] Near-azeotropic compositions exhibit dew point pressure and bubble point pressure with virtually no pressure differential. That is to say that the difference in the dew point pressure and bubble point pressure at a given temperature will be a small value. It may be stated that compositions with a difference in dew point pressure and bubble point pressure of less than or equal to 3 percent (based upon the bubble point pressure) may be considered to be a near-azeotropic.

[0038] It is also recognized that both the boiling point and the weight percentages of each component of the azeotropic or near-azeotropic liquid composition may change when the azeotropic or near-azeotropic liquid composition is subjected to boiling at different pressures. Thus, an azeotropic or a near-azeotropic composition may be defined in terms of the unique relationship that exists among the components or in terms of the compositional ranges of the components or in terms of exact weight percentages of each component of the composition characterized by a fixed boiling point at a specified pressure. It is also recognized in the art that various azeotropic compositions (including their boiling points at particular pressures) may be calculated (see, e.g., W. Schotte Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. (1980) 19, 432-439). Experimental identification of azeotropic compositions involving the same components may be used to confirm the accuracy of such calculations and / or to modify the calculations at the same or other temperatures and pressures.Foamable Compositions

[0039] The present disclosure provides foamable compositions including a blowing agent composition such as those described above, and one or more components capable of forming foam. Specifically, the one or more components capable of forming foam are well suited for polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foam compositions.

[0040] In some aspects, a component capable of forming foam comprises an active hydrogen-containing compound. Examples of active hydrogen-containing compounds include polymers such as thermoset polymers. Suitable active hydrogen-TS0114-WO01containing compounds may include polyols, such as polyether or polyester polyols. In some aspects, some of the hydroxyl groups can be replaced by amine groups, whereby the active hydrogen-containing compound contains both hydroxyl and amine groups. In some aspects, a suitable polyester polyol has a hydroxyl number of from about 180 mg KOH / g to about 380 mg KOH / g, from about 200 mg KOH / g to about 300 mg KOH / g, or from about 220 mg KOH / g to about 250 mg KOH / g.

[0041] Suitable polyols may include sucrose-containing polyols; phenol, a phenol formaldehyde-containing polyol; a glucose-containing polyol; a sorbitol-containing polyol; a methylglucoside-containing polyol; an aromatic amine-containing polyol, such as an ortho-toluene diamine (o-TDA)-containing polyol; an aromatic polyester polyol; glycerol; ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol; propylene glycol; one or more of (a) condensed with one or more of (b), wherein (a) is selected from glycerine, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, ethylene diamine, pentaerythritol, soy oil, lecithin, tall oil, palm oil, and castor oil; and (b) is selected from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; and combinations thereof, for example.

[0042] In some aspects, the foamable composition includes a polyol in an amount of about 51 to about 100 pphp. In some aspects, the foamable composition may include a co-polyol, such as in an amount of about 0 to about 49 pphp, about 0.5 to about 49 pphp, or up to about 49 pphp.

[0043] In some aspects, the foamable composition comprises an isocyanate. In some aspects, the isocyanate comprises at least one of aromatic, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and heterocyclic polyisocyanurates, among others. In some aspects, isocyanates comprise from about 50 wt% to about 70 wt% of the total foam; or about 50 wt% to about 67 wt% of the total foam.

[0044] Suitable isocyanates may include any organic polyisocyanurate which can be employed in polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam synthesis inclusive of aliphatic and aromatic polyisocyanurate. Suitable organic polyisocyanurates include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic isocyanates which are well known in the field of polyurethane chemistry. These are described in, for example, U. S. patents 4,868,224; 3,401,190; 3,454,606; 3,277,138; 3,492,330; 3,001,973; 3,394,164; 3,124,605; and 3,201,372.TS0114-WO01

[0045] In some aspects, the foamable composition further comprises one or more additives selected from at least one polyol, at least one catalyst, at least one surfactant, water, at least one flame retardant agent, and / or at least one nucleating agent. In some aspects, the foamable composition may include stabilizers, chain extenders, cross-linkers, smoke suppressants, pigments, coloring materials, fillers, etc.

[0046] In some aspects, a foamable composition may include a catalyst in an amount of about 2 to about 10 pphp. Suitable catalysts may include amine catalysts and / or metal catalysts. Amine catalysts may include, but are not limited to, primary amine, secondary amine or tertiary amine. Useful tertiary amine catalysts non- exclusively include N, N- dimethylcyclohexylamine, N, N-dimethylethanolamine, dimethylaminoethoxyethanol, N, N, N'-trimethylaminoethyl-ethanolamine, N, N, N'- trimethyl-N'- hydroxyethylbisaminoethylether, tetramethyliminobispropylamine,, 2-[[2- [2- (dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl] methylamino] ethanol, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, pentamethyldipropylenetriamine, N, N, N', N", N"-pentamethyl- dipropylenetriamine, 1, 1,4,7, 10, 10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine, N, N-bis(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-N- isopropanolamine, N'-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N, N- dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N, N- dimethylpropanediamine, bis-(2- dimethylaminoethyl)ether, N, N', N"- dimethylaminopropylhexahydrotriazine, tetramethyliminobispropylamine, trimethyl- N',2-hydroxyethyl-propylenediamine, bis- (3-aminopropyl)-methylamine, N, N- dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 1- (dimethylamino)hexadecane, benzyldimethylamine, 3-dimethylaminopropyl urea, dicyclohexylmethylamine; ethyldiisopropylamine; dimethylisopropylamine; methylisopropylbenzylamine; methylcyclopentylbenzylamine; isopropyl-sec-butyl- trifluoroethylamine; diethyl-(a- phenylethyl)amine, tri-n-propylamine, or combinations thereof. Useful secondary amine catalysts non-exclusively include dicyclohexylamine; tert-butylisopropylamine; di-tert-butylamine; cyclohexyl-tert- butylamine; di-sec-butylamine, dicyclopentylamine; di-(a-trifluoromethylethyl)amine; di-(a-phenylethyl)amine; or combinations thereof, for example.

[0047] Metal catalysts may include potassium catalysts, such as potassium octoate (Dabco K15) and potassium acetate (Polycat 46), for example; tin catalysts, such as dibutyltin dilaurylmercaptide (Dabco T120, Fomrez UL-1), dibutyltinTS0114-WO01diisooctylmaleate (Dabco T125), dimethyltin dilaurylmercaptide (Fomrez UL-22), dioctyltin dilaurylmercaptide Fomrez UL-32), and dibutyltin di-(2- ethylhexylthioglycolate) (Fomrez UL-6), for example; and bismuth carboxylate, such as Bicat 8108, Bicat 8210, and the like, for example.

[0048] In some aspects, a foamable composition may include a surfactant in an amount of about 1 to about 4 pphp. Certain surfactants are added to serve as cell stabilizers. Some representative materials are sold under the names of DC-193, B- 8404, and L-5340 which are, generally, polysiloxane polyoxyalkylene block copolymers such as those disclosed in U. S. Patent Nos. 2,834,748, 2,917,480, and 2,846,458, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other optional additives for the polyol pre-blend may include flame retardants such as tri(2- chloroethyl)phosphate, tri(2- chloropropyl)phosphate, tri(2,3-dibromopropyl)- phosphate, tri(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, other halogen-free phosphates such as triethyl phosphate, butyl 3-(6- oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)propionate; (ammonium polyphosphate, various halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminum trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, and the like.

[0049] In some aspects, a foamable composition may include a flame retardant in an amount of up to 20 pphp, about 0 to about 20 pphp, or about 0.5 to about 20 pphp. In some aspects, a foamable composition may include an emulsifier / blowing agent enhancer in an amount of up to about 5 pphp, about 0 to about 5 pphp, or about 0.5 to about 20 pphp. In some aspects, a foamable composition may include water in an amount of about 0.2 to about 2 pphp.

[0050] In some aspects, a foamable composition may include HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 to about 10 pphp, about 6 to about 10 pphp, about 12 to about 30 pphp, about 6 to about 24 pphp, about 1 to about 30 pphp; about 6 to about 30 pphp, or about 12 to about 24 pphp.

[0051] In some aspects, a foamable composition may include HFC-152a in an amount of about 6 to about 24 pphp, or about 10 to about 20 pphp.

[0052] In some aspects, a foamable composition may include one or more pentane component, such as n-pentane, in an amount of about 12 to about 24 pphp, or about 15 to about 20 pphp.TS0114-WO01

[0053] The blowing agent of the present disclosure may be present in the foamable composition in an amount of about 2 wt% of the foamable composition or greater, about 3 wt% or greater, about 4 wt% or greater, about 5 wt% or greater, about 6 wt% or greater, about 7 wt% or greater, about 8 wt% or less, about 9 wt% or less, about 10 wt% or less, about 11 wt% or less, about 12 wt% or less, about 13 wt% or less, about 14 wt% or less, about 15 wt% or less, or within any range encompassing these endpoints, as a percentage of the total weight of the foamable composition. In some aspects, the foamable composition includes a blowing agent in an amount of about 2 wt% to about 15 wt% of the foamable composition. The total weight of the foamable composition includes all components of the thermoplastic and thermoset foams.Foam

[0054] The present disclosure also relates to a closed cell foam comprising the blowing agent composition of the disclosure. The foam may be a rigid foam, a flexible foam, or an integral skin foam. Preferably, the disclosure relates to a closed cell rigid foam comprising the blowing agent composition comprising HFO-1252zc described herein.

[0055] In some aspects, a foam includes a blowing agent in an amount of about 2 wt% to about 15 wt% of the foam. In some aspects, the blowing agent may be present in the foam in an amount of about 2 wt% of the foam or greater, about 3 wt% or greater, about 4 wt% or greater, about 5 wt% or greater, about 6 wt% or greater, about 7 wt% or greater, about 8 wt% or less, about 9 wt% or less, about 10 wt% or less, about 11 wt% or less, about 12 wt% or less, about 13 wt% or less, about 14 wt% or less, about 15 wt% or less, or within any range encompassing these endpoints, as a percentage of the total weight of the foam.

[0056] In some aspects, the foam comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 pphp to about 30 pphp; about 12 pphp to about 30 pphp; or about 1 pphp to about 10 pphp. In certain aspects, the foam comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 6 pphp to about 24 pphp; or about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp. In some aspects, foam comprises a pentane in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp.

[0057] The foam provided by the present disclosure can be a block, a slab, a laminate, a panel, such as a pour-in-place panel, a spray applied foam, a froth, andTS0114-WO01the like. The foams described in the present disclosure, particularly thermoset foams disclosed herein, may be used in a wide variety of applications. In certain aspects, the present disclosure comprises appliance foams, such as refrigerator foams, freezer foams, refrigerator / freezer foams, panel foams, and other cold or cryogenic manufacturing applications.

[0058] The foams of some aspects of the present disclosure may be provided for use in appliance, refrigeration, transportation and building industries (for example as building envelopes). The foams described herein provide one or more exceptional features, characteristics and / or properties, including: thermal insulation efficiency (particularly for thermoset foams), dimensional stability, compressive strength, aging of thermal insulation properties, and flame retardancy, among others, all in addition to the low global warming potential associated with the blowing agents of the present disclosure.

[0059] The foam may be a thermoset foam. The thermoset foam may be a polyisocyanurate (PIR) or polyurethane (PU) foam.Method of Forming Foams

[0060] It is contemplated that all presently known and available methods and systems for forming foam are readily adaptable for use in connection with the compositions of the present disclosure. For example, the methods of the present disclosure generally include combining a blowing agent and an active hydrogencontaining compound such as a polymer to form a foamable composition and then foaming the composition, preferably by a step or series of steps which include causing volumetric expansion of the blowing agent described herein. In general, it is contemplated that the presently used systems and devices for incorporation of a blowing agent and for foaming can readily be used in accordance with the compositions of the present disclosure. In fact, it is believed that one advantage of the present disclosure is the provision of an improved blowing agent which is generally compatible with existing foaming methods and systems.

[0061] Thus, the present disclosure relates to the use of the present blowing agents in connection with conventional foaming equipment at conventional processing conditions. The present methods therefore include masterbatch typeTS0114-WO01operations, blending type operations, third stream blowing agent addition, and blowing agent addition at the mixing head.

[0062] In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to methods of forming thermoset foams, such as polyurethane (PU) or polyisocyanurate (PIR). The methods generally comprise providing a blowing agent composition of the present disclosure, adding (directly or indirectly) the blowing agent composition to an active hydrogen-containing compound to form a foamable composition, and reacting the foamable composition under the conditions effective to form a foam or cellular structure, as is well known in the art. Any of the methods well known in the art, such as those described in “Polyurethanes Chemistry and Technology,” Volumes I and II, Saunders and Frisch, 1962, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, which is incorporated herein by reference, may be used in accordance with the present disclosure. In general, such preferred methods comprise preparing thermoset (e g. polyurethane, or polyisocyanurate foams) by combining an isocyanate, an active hydrogen-containing compound such as a polyol or mixture of polyols, a blowing agent composition of the present disclosure, and optionally other materials such as catalysts, surfactants, flame retardants, colorants, or other additives.

[0063] In some aspects, components for polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foams may be provided in pre-blended formulations. In some aspects, the pre-blended formulation is pre-blended into two components. An isocyanate and optionally certain surfactants comprise the first component, commonly referred to as the “A” component. The active hydrogen-containing compound such as a polyol or polyol mixture; surfactants; catalysts; and / or flame retardants comprise the second component, commonly referred to as the “B” component. Theblowing agent composition may be present in the A component and / or the B component. For example, if the blowing agent composition comprises two blowing agents, the first blowing agent may be present in the A component, and the second blowing agent may be present in the B component.

[0064] HFO-1252zc may be present in the B component in an amount of about 10 wt% or greater, about 15 wt% or greater, about 20 wt% or less, about 25 wt% or less, about 30 wt% or less, or any value encompassed by these endpoints, as a percentage of the total B component. In some aspects, a mixture of HFO-1252zcTS0114-WO01and HFC-152a may be present in the B component in an amount of about 10 wt% or greater, about 15 wt% or greater, about 20 wt% or less, about 25 wt% or less, about 30 wt% or less, or any value encompassed by these endpoints, as a percentage of the total B component. In some aspects, a mixture of HFO-1252zc and pentane such as n-pentane may be present in the B component in an amount of about 10 wt% or greater, about 15 wt% or greater, about 20 wt% or less, about 25 wt% or less, about 30 wt% or less, or any value encompassed by these endpoints, as a percentage of the total B component.

[0065] In some aspects, HFC-152a may be present in the B component and HFO- 1252zc may be present in the A component. Such arrangement has been found to improve shelf / storage stability of the B component as compared to having HFO- 1252zc in the B component.

[0066] The B component of the present disclosure may include additional components. Such optional additional compounds include, but are not limited to, optionally other blowing agent such as E-1-chloro-2,3,3,3- tetrafluoropropene (HCFO-1224yd(E), Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO- 1336mzz(Z)), E- 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzz(E), E-1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluropropene (HCFO-1233zd(E), 1,1-dichloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HCFO-1214ya), E- 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234ze(E), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), and 1, 1 -dichloro-2, 2, -difluoroethylene (CFO-1112); hydrocarbons such as iso-pentane, and n-pentane; hydrofluorocarbons such as 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC- 245fa) and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc); organic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid); various polyols; water; catalysts such as amine catalysts or metal catalysts; flame retardants such as organic flame retardants and / or inorganic flame retardants; surfactants (silicon or non-silicone); crossslinkers; de-frothing agents; solubility enhancers; fillers; dispersing agents; antibacterial agents; viscosity reduction modifiers; vapor pressure modifiers; colorants; and dyes. It should be noted that inclusion of some of the listed components may need to be limited in order to still achieve beneficial environmental properties.

[0067] The polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foams may be readily prepared by bringing together the A and B side components by mixing to form a foam, for example blocks, slabs, laminates, pour-in-place panels and other items, sprayTS0114-WO01applied foams, froths, and the like. The mixing may be performed by hand mix e.g. for small preparations or machine mixing techniques.

[0068] The present methods and systems also include forming a one component thermoset foam, such as polyurethane foam, containing a blowing agent in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. A portion of the blowing agent may be contained in the foamable composition of the one component foam, such as by being dissolved in the foamable composition which is liquid at the pressure within the container, and a second portion of the blowing agent may be present as a separate gas phase. In such systems, the contained / dissolved blowing agent performs, in large part, to cause the expansion of the foam, and the separate gas phase operates to impart propulsive force to the foamable composition. Such one component systems may be packaged in a container, such as an aerosol type can, and the blowing agent of the present disclosure may provide for expansion of the foam and / or the energy to transport the foam / foamable composition from the package, and in some aspects both. Such systems and methods may comprise charging the package with a fully formulated system (such as isocyanate / polyol system) and incorporating a gaseous blowing agent in accordance with the present disclosure into the package, such as an aerosol type can.Benefits / Properties

[0069] As discussed above, it has surprisingly been found that foams formed using blowing agents comprising HFO-1252zc, either alone or in combination with HFO- 152a and / or pentane, display improved thermal conductivity versus foams made with pentane or HFC-152a without HFO-1252zc.

[0070] In some aspects, a polyurethane or polyisocyanurate of embodiments of the present invention may have an NCO / OH Index of at least 100, i.e. one GN group- to-one OH group, to an NCO-OH index of over 500, i.e. five CN groups-to-one OH group. Such characteristics may result in high index foams having improved fire resistance, increased rigidity, or compressive strength.

[0071] In some aspects, blowing agents as described herein may be particularly useful for low pressure spray foam applications. It has been found that using HFC- 152a in combination with 1252zc may enhance the blowing agent solubility in the foamable composition resulting in the capture of more blowing agent during the foamTS0114-WO01making process, and thereby resulting in lower density foams having improved thermal conductivity. In some aspects, foams made with blowing agents as described herein may have a foam density of less than about 65 kg / m3, less than about 40 kg / m3, less than about 35 kg / m3, or less than about 25 kg / m3. Use of HFC- 152a is also expected to reduce the overall cost of the foam, for example, as it may replace some of the HFO-1252zc without sacrificing performance in certain aspects.

[0072] Regarding the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of pentane, the addition of HFO-1252zc may result in a strong bubble point depression when adding relatively small amounts of HFO-1252zc. Surprisingly, foams made with compositions in the range of pentane: HFO-1252zc weight ratio of about 1:99 to about 99:1, about 15:85 to about 85:15, or about 50:50 to about 80:20 may produce foams having exemplary physical properties including thermal conductivity.

[0073] In some aspects, foams formed using blowing agents comprising HFO- 1252zc, either alone or in combination with HFO-152a and / or pentane, may display improved thermal conductivity versus foams made with pentane or HFC-152a without HFO-1252zc, demonstrated by a k-factor improvement of greater than about 0.5%; greater than about 1%; greater than about 2%; greater than about 3%; greater than about 4%; greater than about 5%; greater than about 6%; greater than about 8%; about 0.5% to about 15%; about 0.5% to about 12%; about 0.5% to about 10%; about 1% to about 10%; or about 2% to about 8%.

[0074] In some aspects, foams formed using blowing agents as described herein may display improved thermal resistance. Such foams may have a thermal resistance greater than R-4 per inch, greater than R-5 per inch, or greater than R-5.5 per inch.

[0075] In some aspects, foams formed using blowing agents as described herein may have an absence of structural defects. For example, the thermoset polymer foam may have at least 80% closed cells, at least 90% closed cells, at least 95% closed cells, or at least 97% closed cells. Closed cell content can be measured according to ASTM method D6226-05.

[0076] In some aspects, blowing agents as described herein may be particularly useful for spray foam applications. Due to the low boiling point of HFO-1252zc, spray foams made with these compositions may have the appearance of having a fastTS0114-WO01reactivity (cream time) due to the frothy nature of the sprayed liquid thereby allowing for a reduction in catalyst and reduce cost.

[0077] Global warming potential (GWP) is an index for estimating relative global warming contribution due to atmospheric emission of a kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to emission of a kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time horizons showing the effect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. The GWP for the 100-year time horizon is commonly the value referenced. For mixtures, a weighted average can be calculated based on the individual GWPs for each component. In some aspects, blowing agents and / or foams formed using blowing agents according to embodiments of the present invention have a GWP100 value within the acceptable value as designated by the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP). In some aspects, blowing agents according to embodiments of the present invention have a GWP100 value of less than about 300; less than about 150; less than about 100; less than about 10; less than about 8; less than about 6; less than about 5; less than about 4; less than about 3; less than about 2; less than about 1; or less than about 0.5. In some aspects, foams formed using blowing agents according to embodiments of the present invention have a GWP100 value of less than about 300; less than about 150; less than about 100; less than about 10; less than about 8; less than about 6; less than about 5; less than about 4; less than about 3; less than about 2; less than about 1; or less than about 0.5.

[0078] Ozone depletion potential (ODP) is a number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance. The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11 (fluorotrichloromethane). Thus, the ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0. Other CFCs and HCFCs have ODPs that range from 0.01 to 1.0. HFO-1252zc has zero ozone depletion potential. In some aspects, a blowing agent may have an ODP less than 0.005, less than 0.001, or less than 0.0005.TS0114-WO01EXAMPLESExample 1

[0079] Five foamable compositions with different blowing agents were analyzed for performance. The compositions are listed below.Table 1: CompositionsComposition Composition 2 Composition Composition 4 Composition 1 (HFC-152a) 3 5 (HFC- (n- 152a / HFO- (n-pentane) pphp (HFO- pentane / HFO- 1252zc)1252zc) 1252zc)pphppphp pphp pphpNCO / OH 250 350 250 250 250 IndexPolyester 100 100 100 100 100 polyolFR (optional) 15 15 15 15 15 Surfactant 2 2 2 2 2 Catalyst 4 4 4 4 4 Water 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5N-pentane ~22 18 - HFO-1252zc - 24 ~4 ~8 HFC-152a 20 16Table 2: Processing TableIso Component Temperature 80F (26.7C)Polyol Component 80F (26.7C)TemperatureIso Component Pressure 2200 psi (15.2MPA)Polyol Component Pressure 2200 psi (15.2MPA)Substrate Temperature 11 OF (43.3C)TS0114-WO01Table 3: Physical PropertiesComp Comp Comp Comp Comp 1 2 3 4 5 Free-Rise Density, 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.40 1 40 Ib / ft3(kg / m3) (24) (24) (24) (22.4) (22.4) Panel Density, 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.0 1.85 Ib / ft3(kg / m3) (32.8) (32.8) (32.8) (32) (29.6) ASTM C518, 0.135 0.134 0.132 0.128 0.126 BTU-in / ft2-hr-F (nW / m- (19.47) (19.33) (19.0) (18.5) (18.2) K)ASTM C1289, 0.170 0.169 0.168 0.161 0.158 BTU-in / ft2-hr-F (nW / m- (24.5) (24.37) (24.2) (23.2) (22.8)K)

[0080] The modeling predictions show that Composition 1 (which is a comparative example) has a k-factor of 0.135 / 0.170 and Composition 2 (which is a comparative example) has a k-factor of 0.134 / 0.169. Composition 3 uses HFO-1252zc and has an improved k-factor of 0.132 / 0.168. Composition 4 uses 1252zcwith n-pentane and has a k-factor of 0.128 / .161, a 5.5% improvement compared to Composition 1 Composition 5 uses HFO-1252zc with HFC~152a and has a k-factor of 0.126 / 0.159, a 6% improvement compared to Composition 2.

[0081] In general, these data demonstrate improvements in thermal conductivity when using HFO-1252zc (Composition 3) versus the comparative formulations (Compositions 1 and 2). However, introducing relatively small amounts of HFO- 1252zc into the comparative blowing agents (HFC-152a or pentane) the thermal conductivities are significantly better than using HFC-152a, pentane, or HFO-1252zc neat (as shown in Compositions 4 and 5 versus Compositions 1, 2, and 3). This result is unexpected, and unique in that in minimizes cost and maximizes thermal resistance.ExampSe 2

[0082] Three foamable compositions with different blowing agents were analyzed for performance. The compositions are listed below in Table 4:TS0114-WO01Table 4Composition Composition Composition Composition Composition Composition 1 1.1 2 2.1 3 3.1 Isocyanate Isocyanate Isocyanate Component (HFO- Component (HFO- component (HFO- (HFO- 1234ze) (HFO- 1252zc) (HFO- 1252ZO / HFC- pphp 1234ze) pphp 1252zc) 152a) pphp 1252zc pphp pphp / HFC-152a)PPhp NCO / OHIndex 100-150 100-150 100-150Polyesterpolyol 90 90 - 90PolymericMDI (%NCO 95 - 95 - 95 30.0-33.5%Co-polyol(optional) 10 - 10 10 - Emulsifier / BlowingAgent 3 - 3EnhancerSurfactant 2.5 - 2.5 - 2.5 - Catalyst 4 4 - 4Water 1.2 1.2 1.2 - HFO- 1234ze 14 5 - - HFO- 1252zc 12 5 6 2.5 HFC- 152a - - - - 6 2.5Table 5: Processing TableIso Component Temperature 77F (25)Polyol Component 77F (25C)TemperatureIso Component Pressure 250 psi (1724 kPA) Polyol Component. Pressure 250 psi (1724 kPA)Substrate Temperature 77F (25C)TS0114-WO01Table 6: Physical PropertiesComp 1 Comp 2 Comp 3 Free-Rise Density, Ib / ft31.90 (30.4) 1.90 (30.4) 1.90 (30.4) (kg / m3)ASTM C518, (@75F Mean) 0.162 (23.4) 0.154 0.147 (21.2)BTU-in / ft2-hr~F (nW / m-K) (22.2)

[0083] The modeling predictions show that Composition 1 (which is a comparative example) has a k-factor of 0.162 (23.4). Composition 2 (which uses HFO-1252zc) has a k-factor of 0154 (22.2), which is 7% better than Composition 1. Composition 3 uses HFO-1252zc with HFC-152a and has a k-factor of 0. 0.147 (21.2), a 5% improvement compared to Composition 2.

Claims

TS0114-WO01CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A process for preparing a thermoset polymer foam, the process comprising:a. providing a foamable composition comprising an active hydrogencontaining compound and a blowing agent, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO-1252zc;b. expanding the foamable composition to produce the thermoset polymer foam.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the foamable composition further comprises an isocyanate.

3. The process of claim 2, wherein the isocyanate comprises at least one of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic isocyanates.

4. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the active hydrogencontaining compound comprises a thermoset polymer.

5. The process of claim 4, wherein the thermoset polymer comprises a polyol.

6. The process of claim 5, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol.

7. The process of claim 5, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 180 mg KOH / g to about 380 mg KOH / g.

8. The process of claim 5, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 200 mg KOH / g to about 300 mg KOH / g.

9. The process of claim 5, wherein the polyol is a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 220 mg KOH / g to about 250 mg KOH / g.

10. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFC-152a.

11. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises an azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC-152a.TS0114-WO0112. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises a near-azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC-152a.

13. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises one or more pentane component.

14. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises n-pentane.

15. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 100 wt% of the blowing agent.

16. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent.

17. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 50 wt% of the blowing agent.

18. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 50 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent.

19. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of the blowing agent.

20. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the foamable composition comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 pphp to about 10 pphp.

21. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent.

22. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the foamable composition comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 24 PPhp.TS0114-WO0123. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the foamable composition comprises the blowing agent in an amount of about 2 wt% to about 15 wt% of the foamable composition.

24. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the foamable composition comprises one or more additives selected from at least one polyol, at least one catalyst, at least one surfactant, water, at least one flame retardant agent, and at least one nucleating agent.

25. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the foamable composition comprises a metal catalyst and an amine catalyst.

26. The process of claim 24, wherein the surfactant is a silicone surfactant.

27. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the process is performed in the absence of a nucleating agent.

28. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the foam is a polyurethane foam or a polyisocyanurate foam.

29. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the foam is a closed cell foam.

30. A foam formed according to the process of any of the preceding claims.

31. A closed cell polyisocyanurate foam prepared according to the process of claim 1.

32. A closed cell polyurethane foam prepared according to the process of claim 1.

33. A thermoset polymer foam comprising:a. an active hydrogen-containing compound; andb. a blowing agent comprising HFO-1252zc.

34. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 33, wherein the foam comprises a polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam.

35. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 33, wherein the foam comprises a closed cell polyisocyanurate foam.TS0114-WO0136. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 33, wherein the foam comprises a closed cell polyurethane foam.

37. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-36, wherein the active hydrogencontaining compound comprises a thermoset polymer.

38. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 37, wherein the thermoset polymer comprises a polyol.

39. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 38, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol.

40. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 38, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 180 mg KOH / g to about 380 mg KOH / g.

41. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 38, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 200 mg KOH / g to about 300 mg KOH / g.

42. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 38, wherein the polyol is a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 220 mg KOH / g to about 250 mg KOH / g.

43. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-42, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFC-152a.

44. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 43, wherein the blowing agent comprises an azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC-152a.

45. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 43, wherein the blowing agent comprises a near-azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC-152a.

46. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-45, wherein the blowing agent comprises one or more pentane component.

47. The thermoset polymer foam of claim 46, wherein the blowing agent comprises n-pentane.

48. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-47, wherein the foam comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 pphp to about 30 pphp.TS0114-WO0149. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-47, wherein the foam comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 30 pphp.

50. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-47, wherein the foam comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 pphp to about 10 pphp.

51. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-47, wherein the foam comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 6 pphp to about 24 pphp.

52. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-47, wherein the foam comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp.

53. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-52, wherein the foam comprises a pentane in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp.

54. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-53, wherein the blowing agent is present in an amount of about 2 wt% to about 15 wt% of the thermoset polymer foam.

55. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-54, wherein the foam comprises a pour-in-place panel.

56. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-54, wherein the foam comprises a foam for use in an appliance.

57. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-54, wherein the foam comprises a foam for use in spray foam applications.

58. The thermoset polymer foam of claims 33-54, wherein the foam comprises a foam for use in low pressure spray foam applications.

59. A foamable composition comprising:a. an active hydrogen-containing compound; andb. a blowing agent comprising HFO-1252zc.

60. The foamable composition of claim 59, wherein the foamable composition further comprises an isocyanate.

61. The foamable composition of claim 60, wherein the isocyanate comprises at least one of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic isocyanates.TS0114-WO0162. The foamable composition of claims 59-61, wherein the active hydrogencontaining compound comprises a thermoset polymer.

63. The foamable composition of claim 62, wherein the thermoset polymer comprises a polyol.

64. The foamable composition of claim 62, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol.

65. The foamable composition of claim 62, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 180 mg KOH / g to about 380 mg KOH / g.

66. The foamable composition of claim 62, wherein the polyol comprises a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 200 mg KOH / g to about 300 mg KOH / g.

67. The foamable composition of claim 62, wherein the polyol is a polyester polyol having a hydroxyl number of from about 220 mg KOH / g to about 250 mg KOH / g.

68. The foamable composition of claims 59-67, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFC-152a.

69. The foamable composition of claim 68, wherein the blowing agent comprises an azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC-152a.

70. The foamable composition of claim 68, wherein the blowing agent comprises a near-azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC-152a.

71. The foamable composition of claims 59-70, wherein the blowing agent comprises one or more pentane component.

72. The foamable composition of claim 71, wherein the blowing agent comprises n-pentane.

73. The foamable composition of claims 59-72, wherein the foamable composition comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 pphp to about 30 pphp.

74. The foamable composition of claims 59-72, wherein the foamable composition comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 30 pphp.TS0114-WO0175. The foamable composition of claims 59-72, wherein the foamable composition comprises HFO-1252zc in an amount of about 1 pphp to about 10 pphp.

76. The foamable composition of claims 59-75, wherein the foamable composition comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 6 pphp to about 24 pphp.

77. The foamable composition of claims 59-75, wherein the foamable composition comprises HFC-152a in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp.

78. The foamable composition of claims 59-75, wherein the foamable composition comprises a pentane in an amount of about 12 pphp to about 24 pphp.

79. The foamable composition of claims 59-78, wherein the foamable composition comprises the blowing agent in an amount of about 2 wt% to about 15 wt% of the foamable composition.

80. The foamable composition of claims 59-79, wherein the foamable composition further comprises one or more additives selected from at least one polyol, at least one catalyst, at least one surfactant, water, at least one flame retardant agent, and at least one nucleating agent.

81. The foamable composition of claims 59-80, wherein the foamable composition comprises a metal catalyst and an amine catalyst.

82. The foamable composition of claim 80, wherein the surfactant is a silicone surfactant.

83. A blowing agent comprising HFO-1252zc.

84. The blowing agent of claim 83, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFC- 152a.

85. The blowing agent of claim 84, wherein the blowing agent comprises an azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC-152a.

86. The blowing agent of claim 84, wherein the blowing agent comprises a near- azeotropic composition of HFO-1252zc and HFC-152a.

87. The blowing agent of claims 83-86, wherein the blowing agent comprises one or more pentane component.TS0114-WO0188. The blowing agent of claim 87, wherein the blowing agent comprises n- pentane.

89. The blowing agent of claim 83, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO- 1252zc in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 100 wt% of the blowing agent 90. The blowing agent of claim 83, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO- 1252zc in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent.

91. The blowing agent of claim 83, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO- 1252zc in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 50 wt% of the blowing agent.

92. The blowing agent of claim 83, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO- 1252zc in an amount of about 50 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent 93. The blowing agent of claim 83, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFO- 1252zc in an amount of about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of the blowing agent 94. The blowing agent of claim 83, wherein the blowing agent comprises HFC- 152a in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 99 wt% of the blowing agent.

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