Bulge tests with hemispherical punches of different curvatures add bending deformation to forming-limit analysis for more accurate fracture prediction.
Controlled rolling and sliding keep flexible material flat under even tension, enabling durable testing without wrinkling or substrate damage.
Multiple released-angle measurements capture elastic springback in deformed reinforcing bars, enabling more accurate target-angle bending.
Bend outer side strain and die bend radius are used to predict sheared-edge cracking before press forming high-strength steel parts.
Interlocking horizontal and inclined sliders correct folding motion to minimize stress on flexible materials during durability testing.
Calculating a crack index from bend strain and die radius helps predict sheared-edge bending cracks in press-formed steel parts.