Diluting brake dust in an exhaust airflow prevents clumping and enables precise, reproducible particle measurement under real brake loads.
Fourier-based imaging replaces slow sieve analysis to measure particle size distribution in board mixtures faster and more frequently during production.
Interference-based particle sensing detects nanoparticles down to 10 nm by tracking optical path length changes instead of weak scattered light.
Local monitoring-station data lets a low-cost PM sensor switch calibration curves and correct mass density errors under changing particle conditions.
Asymmetric light modulation and multi-plane imaging improve biological particle contrast and focus detection without moving optical components.