Biodiversity evaluation system for wetland ecological protection area

Abstract

The invention provides a wetland ecological protection area biodiversity evaluation system, and relates to the technical field of ecological system diversity evaluation. The evaluation system comprises a data acquisition and management module, a species diversity analysis module, an ecological system function evaluation module, a threat factor identification and analysis module, a decision support and suggestion module and a data visualization and report module. According to the invention, the system is a platform integrating data collection, analysis, assessment and decision support, aims to comprehensively assess the biological diversity condition in the wetland ecological system and provide a scientific basis for sustainable management and protection of the wetland, not only can realize scientific and systematic management of wetland ecological protection, but also can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management and protection of the wetland. The sustainable development of biological diversity protection can be promoted, the relationship between the biological diversity and ecological processes such as material circulation and energy flow in the wetland ecological system can be better understood through the evaluation system, and the ecological process of the wetland ecological system can be deeply understood.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of ecosystem diversity assessment, and specifically to a biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas. Background Art

[0002] In a wetland ecosystem, each species has its specific ecological niche, including the spatial position it occupies, the types of resources it utilizes, and its functions in the ecosystem, etc. For example, in a wetland bird community, different species of birds will occupy different ecological niches due to factors such as food preferences and habitats. Insectivorous birds mainly feed on wetland insects and may inhabit the reed beds by the water; wading birds mainly forage in shallow waters to find aquatic invertebrates. The biodiversity assessment system utilizes the ecological niche theory and measures biodiversity by analyzing the degree of niche differentiation among species. The more obvious the niche differentiation, the relatively smaller the competition relationship among species, and the more likely it is to maintain biodiversity.

[0003] The comprehensive assessment of a wetland nature reserve consists of ecological assessment, socioeconomic assessment, and effective management assessment, etc. Ecological assessment is the main body of its comprehensive evaluation. It can not only evaluate the current management status and protection effectiveness of the reserve, but also has important significance for strengthening the effective management of nature reserves, predicting the changes in the natural environment, and realizing the sustainable development of the reserve. At present, the index systems for ecological assessment of nature reserves, especially wetland nature reserves, at home and abroad are still in the exploratory stage, and a complete set of assessment index systems has not been formulated.

[0004] Therefore, those skilled in the art have provided a biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas to solve the problems raised in the above background art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] (1) Technical Problems to be Solved

[0006] In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas, which solves the problem that the index systems for ecological assessment of nature reserves, especially wetland nature reserves, at home and abroad are still in the exploratory stage, and a complete set of assessment index systems has not been formulated.

[0007] (2) Technical Solutions

[0008] To achieve the above purposes, the present invention is realized through the following technical solutions:

[0009] A biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas includes a data collection and management module, a species diversity analysis module, an ecosystem function assessment module, a threat factor identification and analysis module, a decision support and advice module, and a data visualization and reporting module, specifically including:

[0010] A data collection and management module, which is used to collect species data within the wetland area, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, collect remote sensing data, on-site investigation data, and historical data within the wetland area, manage the database of this wetland, and conduct species classification, distribution recording, and storage of ecological characteristic information;

[0011] A species diversity analysis module, which is used to calculate species richness, evenness, and species diversity index, evaluate the community structure and the interrelationships among species, and generate a species diversity report to support time series analysis;

[0012] An ecosystem function assessment module, which assesses the main functions of the wetland ecosystem, such as water purification, carbon storage, and climate regulation, analyzes whether the ecological functions have degraded or changed, and identifies risk areas where ecological functions are lost;

[0013] A threat factor identification and analysis module, which analyzes the threats faced by the wetland, such as invasive alien species, water pollution, climate change, and land use change, and identifies the potential impacts of these threats on species diversity and ecological functions;

[0014] A decision-making support and recommendation module, which provides management strategies and restoration suggestions for the wetland reserve according to the evaluation results, optimizes the resource allocation within the reserve, and formulates long-term protection and restoration plans;

[0015] A data visualization and reporting module, which visualizes the evaluation results in the form of charts, maps, and reports to support decision-makers and the public to understand, and generates a detailed evaluation report covering various aspects such as biodiversity, ecological functions, and threat analysis.

[0016] Furthermore, the data collection and management module includes:

[0017] A species monitoring subunit, where ecologists or investigators regularly enter the wetland reserve to conduct on-site investigations and record the types, quantities, and distributions of plant and animal species. For plants, it includes wetland vegetation types, species diversity, and coverage; for animals, it includes the types and habitats of birds, amphibians, reptiles, and insects;

[0018] A remote sensing and UAV monitoring subunit, which uses remote sensing technology and UAVs to collect image data of the wetland, such as land cover and wetland changes, monitors the changes in the wetland ecological environment, and UAVs can collect the distribution of animals and plants in real time, especially in areas that are difficult for humans to access;

[0019] An environmental variable monitoring subunit, which is used to monitor the hydrological data, climate data, and soil data of the wetland reserve in real time. The hydrological data includes water level, flow rate, water temperature, and pH value; the climate data includes air temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind speed; the soil data includes soil type, humidity, and nutrients;

[0020] Mobile sensors and the Internet of Things monitoring sub-unit deploy various sensors (such as temperature and humidity sensors, CO2 concentration sensors) at key positions in the wetland, continuously collect environmental data of the wetland, and transmit the data collected by the sensors to the central system in real time through Internet of Things technology for easy monitoring and analysis;

[0021] Data storage sub-unit. The amount of data on the biodiversity of the wetland ecological reserve is usually large and involves multiple data types. Therefore, the data storage unit must be able to process complex multi-source data and a relatively large database needs to be selected for data storage, such as relational databases, non-relational databases, and spatial databases;

[0022] The data acquisition and management module cleans and preprocesses the collected data, specifically including:

[0023] 1) Duplicate removal and outlier handling: Delete duplicate monitoring data, and identify and correct abnormal data that does not conform to the species distribution pattern or environmental parameter range;

[0024] 2) Missing data handling: Fill in, interpolate, or use appropriate inference methods to supplement the missing data to ensure data integrity;

[0025] 3) Data standardization and unification: Standardize the data formats of different data sources, such as date format, unit, and coordinate system;

[0026] 4) Data quality verification: Conduct consistency checks on the collected data to ensure that data collected from different sources and at different times can be effectively combined and compared.

[0027] Furthermore, the species diversity analysis module is one of the cores of the entire system. Its main task is to collect, analyze, and evaluate the diversity status of different species, so as to provide a scientific basis for the ecological management, policy decision-making, and protection measures of the reserve. This module not only helps monitor the species types, quantities, and distributions, but also can deeply analyze the relationships between species, the changing trends of species diversity, and the correlations between species diversity and environmental factors;

[0028] The main analysis methods of the species diversity analysis module include:

[0029] 1) Species richness analysis

[0030] Analyze the richness of a single species, that is, the number of species of each species in the wetland area;

[0031] Analyze the richness of multiple species and calculate the diversity of different species communities, including plants, birds, amphibians, and insects;

[0032] 2) Species evenness analysis

[0033] Species evenness reflects whether the individual distribution of each species within a region is uniform. The higher the evenness, the closer the relative abundances of the species are, and generally, the stronger the stability and resilience of the ecosystem. The species evenness index is calculated using the following formula:

[0034]

[0035] where H′ is the Shannon - Weiner diversity index and S is the number of species;

[0036] 3) Species diversity index analysis

[0037] The species diversity index is used to measure the overall diversity level of the wetland ecosystem, taking into account both the number of species and their individual distribution. The species diversity index includes:

[0038] Shannon - Weiner index: Commonly used to represent species diversity, it considers not only the number of species but also their distribution in the sample. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0039]

[0040] where pi is the relative abundance of the i - th species and S is the total number of species;

[0041] Simpson index: Measures the dominance of species. The lower the value, the higher the species diversity. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0042]

[0043] where pi is the relative abundance of the i - th species and S is the total number of species;

[0044] 4) Species heterogeneity analysis

[0045] Species heterogeneity analysis mainly examines the species differences between different regions or habitats in the wetland ecosystem. By comparing the species compositions of different wetland sub - regions, the ecological functions and species heterogeneity of different parts of the wetland are evaluated;

[0046] 5) Analysis of key species and indicator species

[0047] Through species diversity analysis, key species (such as endangered species, key species for ecological functions) and indicator species (species indicating the health status of the ecological environment) that are of special significance to the wetland ecosystem are identified. These species can be used as key protection targets in the management of the protected area;

[0048] 6) Analysis of the relationship between species composition and habitat

[0049] The distribution of species is closely related to the type of habitat. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of species in different habitats (such as aquatic, wetland plant areas, forest areas, etc.), the contribution of different habitats to biodiversity can be evaluated.

[0050] Furthermore, the ecosystem function assessment module includes:

[0051] Water purification function

[0052] Nitrogen and phosphorus removal rate: By sampling and laboratory analysis, calculate the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in wetland water bodies. The ability of wetlands to treat water quality can be estimated using models.

[0053] Turbidity and organic matter degradation: By analyzing the changes in water turbidity and organic matter content in wetlands, evaluate the water quality improvement ability of wetlands.

[0054] Carbon storage and climate regulation function

[0055] Carbon storage determination: Calculate the carbon sequestration ability of wetlands through the carbon storage in soil and plants. The soil carbon storage can be estimated by sampling and analyzing the soil organic matter content.

[0056] Greenhouse gas emission assessment: Monitor whether the wetland is a source of greenhouse gas emissions, especially the emissions of greenhouse gases such as methane. Real-time monitoring can be carried out through greenhouse gas flux measurement equipment.

[0057] Flood regulation function

[0058] Flood storage capacity analysis: By analyzing the water storage capacity, drainage capacity and water flow velocity of wetlands, estimate the water storage volume of wetlands during floods. The model simulation method can be used to evaluate the flood regulation ability of wetlands.

[0059] Hydrological model application: Combine with hydrological models to predict the regulation effect of wetlands on flood flow and velocity, and then evaluate its role in flood control and disaster reduction.

[0060] Biodiversity support function

[0061] Species diversity index: Use diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index to quantify the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems.

[0062] Habitat quality assessment: By evaluating the ecological characteristics of different habitats (such as water bodies, wetland grasslands, forests, etc.) in wetlands, understand the types of habitats provided by wetlands and the species support ability.

[0063] Water source recharge function

[0064] Groundwater recharge: The contribution of wetlands to groundwater recharge is assessed through changes in groundwater levels in groundwater monitoring wells combined with hydrological models;

[0065] Evapotranspiration estimation: Use evapotranspiration models to estimate the impact of wetlands on water recharge through evaporation and plant transpiration;

[0066] Social and cultural functions,

[0067] Tourism and educational value assessment: Evaluate the economic value of wetlands as tourist destinations and educational bases through visitor surveys, social surveys and economic analysis;

[0068] Traditional cultural use value: Assess the cultural value of wetlands to local communities, especially their role in traditional activities such as fisheries, agriculture, and animal husbandry.

[0069] Furthermore, the threat factor identification and analysis module includes natural threat factors and man-made threat factors, and the natural threat factors include:

[0070] Climate change, with its associated increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events, could affect wetland hydrological cycles, plant growth, and species habitats;

[0071] Natural disasters such as floods, droughts, storms, earthquakes, etc. can damage the structure and function of wetlands, leading to loss of biological habitats and deterioration of water quality;

[0072] The man-made threats include:

[0073] Land use change, wetland development and utilization, agricultural expansion, and urbanization have changed the hydrological characteristics and vegetation cover of wetlands, thereby destroying the stability of the ecosystem and biological habitat;

[0074] Pollutant emissions, industrial, agricultural and urban life pollution sources (such as heavy metals, fertilizers, pesticides, oil pollution, etc.) pose a threat to wetland water quality, soil and biological health, affecting biodiversity;

[0075] Overexploitation of water resources, excessive extraction of groundwater, water diversion for irrigation, and dam construction have changed the hydrological characteristics of wetlands, leading to wetland degradation;

[0076] Invasive alien species: The introduction or spread of alien species may disrupt the original balance of wetland ecosystems, leading to increased competition pressure on native species and even species extinction;

[0077] Tourism activities and human interference: excessive tourism activities, illegal hunting, fishing, and gathering, these human behaviors may damage the natural environment and biological habitats of wetlands;

[0078] Indirect impacts of climate change, such as water level changes, increased drought, heavy rain and floods, may lead to the destruction or loss of function of wetland ecosystems.

[0079] Furthermore, the decision support and recommendation module specifically includes:

[0080] Data collection and processing, integrating data from multiple sources such as remote sensing, ecological monitoring, species surveys, and environmental data, and providing a comprehensive baseline data on the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems through data processing and analysis tools.

[0081] Biodiversity assessment, evaluating the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems based on ecological models and algorithms, including species richness, species diversity index, and ecological health status indicators.

[0082] Dynamic monitoring and trend analysis, tracking the changes in wetland ecosystems in real time, analyzing the trends of biodiversity changes, providing long-term and short-term ecological monitoring data to support the evaluation of the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation.

[0083] Scenario simulation and prediction, predicting the potential impacts of different management measures or external environmental changes (such as climate change, land use change, etc.) on wetland ecosystems through scenario simulation techniques to help formulate response strategies.

[0084] Decision support and recommendation, automatically generating specific conservation and management recommendations based on the results of biodiversity assessment and simulation prediction, including:

[0085] Recommendation of conservation priority areas: Identifying wetland areas that need to be prioritized for conservation based on factors such as biodiversity value and species habitat requirements.

[0086] Suggestions for restoration and rehabilitation measures: Proposing specific wetland restoration and rehabilitation methods according to the degree of ecological degradation, such as wetland vegetation restoration, water quality treatment, and invasive species management.

[0087] Optimization of management strategies: Recommending the most suitable wetland management strategies according to different ecological management goals and actual conditions, such as the sustainable development of ecotourism and the protection of fishery resources.

[0088] Decision support tools, providing interactive interfaces and visualization tools to facilitate users to compare, evaluate, and select conservation measures and management strategies under different scenarios.

[0089] Furthermore, the decision support and recommendation module also includes:

[0090] Data integration and sharing subunit, specifically including:

[0091] Remote sensing data analysis: Combining remote sensing technology and GIS to analyze the dynamic changes in the wetland ecological environment (such as wetland area changes, vegetation coverage, water body pollution, etc.), and supporting the analysis of species distribution and habitat changes;

[0092] Ecological monitoring data platform: Integrating various sensor data, such as water quality monitoring, air quality monitoring, and species monitoring, to reflect the real-time ecological health status of the wetland;

[0093] Sub-unit of biodiversity assessment model, specifically including:

[0094] Diversity index calculation: Calculating the richness and diversity indices of various wetland species, such as the Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, etc., to measure the richness and evenness of wetland biodiversity;

[0095] Habitat quality assessment: Evaluating the support capacity of the wetland environment for different species through the species habitat quality index, and identifying habitat stress and damage;

[0096] Sub-unit of ecological risk assessment and scenario simulation, specifically including:

[0097] Prediction of the impact of climate change: Analyzing the long-term impact of climate change on the wetland ecosystem, such as water level changes, temperature changes, precipitation pattern changes, and simulating the possible changes in the future wetland ecosystem;

[0098] Simulation of the impact of human activities: Based on human activity factors such as land use change, agricultural development, and urbanization process, simulating the changes in the wetland ecosystem under different scenarios and evaluating potential ecological risks;

[0099] Sub-unit of decision support system, specifically including:

[0100] Priority division of protected areas: Based on multi-dimensional data such as biodiversity value, ecological importance, and species habitat requirements, intelligently evaluating and dividing the priority areas for wetland protection;

[0101] Recommendation of comprehensive management strategies: According to the evaluation results, putting forward adaptive management suggestions, such as wetland protection, species protection, ecological restoration, and education and publicity, to optimize the sustainable management strategies of wetland resources.

[0102] Furthermore, the data visualization and reporting module includes:

[0103] Map and spatial analysis sub-unit, specifically including:

[0104] Wetland ecological map: Displays the spatial distribution of wetland protection areas, shows the biodiversity characteristics, ecological values, and protection levels of different wetland regions. Through GIS technology, combined with remote sensing data, it can update the information on wetland area changes, vegetation cover changes, and water quality changes in real time;

[0105] Habitat distribution map: Displays the habitat distributions of various species in the wetland ecosystem, including the habitats of key protected species. Specific areas can be selected on the map to view the distributions and habitats of different species within that area;

[0106] Ecological health index map: Intuitively presents the scores of wetland ecological health using a map, showing high ecological health areas in green and low ecological health areas in red to help identify areas with greater ecological stress;

[0107] Biodiversity index visualization subunit, specifically including:

[0108] Species diversity index map: Displays the species diversity levels in different wetland regions or time periods, such as the Shannon - Wiener index and Simpson index, and reflects the species richness and evenness in different regions through charts;

[0109] Species richness bar chart: Classified by wetland region, time period, or ecological environment type, shows the species richness in different regions or time points, and intuitively compares the species diversity in different regions;

[0110] Species distribution heat map: Displays the spatial distributions of different species in the wetland, and identifies areas where species are concentrated or sparse by indicating species density with color intensity or size;

[0111] Time - series analysis and trend chart subunit, specifically including:

[0112] Biodiversity dynamic change trend chart: Displays the change trends of biodiversity in the wetland ecosystem. Users can select different time periods to view the change trends of key indicators such as wetland biodiversity, habitat quality, and pollutant concentration;

[0113] Association chart of water quality, climate change, and biodiversity: Displays the relationships between water quality, climate change factors, and biodiversity indices through time - series charts to help analyze the impacts of different environmental factors on biodiversity;

[0114] Ecological risk and scenario simulation visualization subunit, specifically including:

[0115] Ecological risk assessment map: Displays the ecological risk levels of different regions through heat maps or risk - level maps to help users identify areas with more serious ecological degradation and take timely protection or restoration measures;

[0116] Scenario simulation comparison chart: Based on different scenario simulation results (such as climate change, land use change, etc.), it shows the changes of wetland ecosystems under different future scenarios, and intuitively compares the impacts of different management strategies or external factors on the ecological environment;

[0117] Automated report generation subunit, specifically including:

[0118] Periodic and trend analysis report: The system provides a variety of report templates, and users can select a suitable template to generate a biodiversity assessment report for a wetland ecological reserve, including a periodic report or a trend analysis report, and also includes charts, maps, and text analysis. The report can cover information on biodiversity assessment results, ecological health status, trend analysis, and scenario simulation;

[0119] Data and chart embedding: Automatically embed visual charts and maps into the report, and automatically generate corresponding text descriptions according to the analysis results to help users understand the ecological meaning behind the charts;

[0120] Report regular update and tracking subunit, specifically including:

[0121] Regular report function: The system can automatically generate reports according to the set period and track the changes in wetland protection and biodiversity status to help managers evaluate the effectiveness of protection measures;

[0122] Trend analysis report: Generate a trend analysis report based on time series data to help managers understand the long-term change trends of wetland ecosystems and adjust protection strategies in a timely manner;

[0123] Report sharing and cooperation subunit, specifically including:

[0124] Data sharing function: The generated reports can be transmitted and shared with other departments or research institutions through external interfaces, facilitating cross-departmental and cross-institutional cooperation and communication;

[0125] PDF / Excel export: Support exporting the generated reports to PDF and Excel formats for easy offline viewing and printing, and convenient for reporting and archiving.

[0126] (III) Beneficial effects

[0127] The present invention provides a biodiversity assessment system for a wetland ecological reserve. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0128] 1. The present invention provides a biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas. This system is a platform that integrates data collection, analysis, assessment, and decision-making support. Its purpose is to comprehensively evaluate the status of biodiversity within wetland ecosystems and provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management and protection of wetlands. It can not only achieve scientific and systematic management of wetland ecological protection but also promote the sustainable development of biodiversity protection.

[0129] 2. The present invention provides a biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas. Through this system, it is possible to identify which species within the protection area are rare, endangered, or have key ecological functions, and then provide detailed and accurate biodiversity information. In view of the differences in the biodiversity status of wetlands in different regions, the assessment system can determine biodiversity hotspots and relatively vulnerable areas, which helps to reasonably allocate protection resources.

[0130] 3. The present invention provides a biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas. This assessment system can continuously monitor the dynamic changes in the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems, provide early warnings of ecosystem health, and collect data on species composition, quantity, distribution, and their relationships with the environment, providing rich data for ecological research. Through the assessment system, it is possible to better understand the relationships between ecological processes such as material cycling and energy flow in wetland ecosystems and biodiversity, which helps to gain a deeper understanding of the ecological processes of wetland ecosystems. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0131] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the composition structure of the biodiversity assessment system of the present invention;

[0132] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the composition structure of the data collection and management module of the present invention;

[0133] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the composition structure of the ecosystem function assessment module of the present invention;

[0134] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the composition structure of the threat factor identification and analysis module of the present invention;

[0135] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the composition structure of the decision-making support and recommendation module of the present invention;

[0136] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the composition structure of the data visualization and reporting module of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0137] Next, in combination with the accompanying drawings in the specific embodiments of the present invention, the technical solutions in the specific embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described. Obviously, the described specific embodiments are only a part of the specific embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the specific embodiments. Based on the specific embodiments of the present invention, all other specific embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts fall within the scope of protection of the present invention. Specific embodiments:

[0139] As Figure 1-6 shown, the specific embodiments of the present invention provide a biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas, including a data collection and management module, a species diversity analysis module, an ecosystem function assessment module, a threat factor identification and analysis module, a decision support and advice module, and a data visualization and reporting module, specifically including:

[0140] The data collection and management module is used to collect species data within the wetland area, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, collect remote sensing data, field survey data, and historical data within the wetland area, and manage the database of the wetland, and store species classification, distribution records, and ecological characteristic information;

[0141] The data collection and management module includes:

[0142] The species monitoring sub-unit, through which ecologists or investigators regularly enter the wetland protection area to conduct on-site investigations and record the types, quantities, and distributions of plant and animal species. For plants, it includes wetland vegetation types, species diversity, and coverage. For animals, it includes the types of birds, amphibians, reptiles, and insects and their habitats;

[0143] The remote sensing and UAV monitoring sub-unit, which uses remote sensing technology and UAVs to collect image data of the wetland, such as land cover and wetland changes, monitors the changes in the wetland ecological environment. The UAV can collect the distribution of animals and plants in real time, especially in areas that are difficult for humans to access;

[0144] The environmental variable monitoring sub-unit is used to monitor the hydrological data, climate data, and soil data of the wetland protection area in real time. The hydrological data includes water level, flow rate, water temperature, and pH value. The climate data includes air temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind speed. The soil data includes soil type, humidity, and nutrients;

[0145] The mobile sensor and Internet of Things monitoring sub-unit arranges various sensors (such as temperature and humidity sensors, CO2 concentration sensors) at key positions in the wetland, continuously collects the environmental data of the wetland, and transmits the data collected by the sensors to the central system in real time through Internet of Things technology for easy monitoring and analysis;

[0146] Data storage sub-unit. Since the amount of data on the biodiversity in wetland ecological protection areas is usually large and involves multiple data types, the data storage unit must be able to handle complex multi-source data, and a relatively large database needs to be selected for data storage, such as relational databases, non-relational databases, and spatial databases;

[0147] The data collection and management module cleans and preprocesses the collected data, specifically including:

[0148] 1) Duplicate removal and outlier handling: Delete duplicate monitoring data, and identify and correct abnormal data that does not conform to the species distribution pattern or environmental parameter range;

[0149] 2) Missing data handling: Fill in, interpolate, or use appropriate inference methods to supplement the missing data to ensure data integrity;

[0150] 3) Data standardization and unification: Standardize the data formats from different data sources, such as date format, unit, and coordinate system;

[0151] 4) Data quality verification: Conduct consistency checks on the collected data to ensure that data collected from different sources and at different times can be effectively combined and compared.

[0152] Species diversity analysis module, which is used to calculate species richness, evenness, species diversity index, evaluate community structure and the interrelationships between species, and generate a species diversity report to support time series analysis;

[0153] The species diversity analysis module is one of the cores of the entire system. Its main task is to provide a scientific basis for the ecological management, policy decision-making, and protection measures of the protected area by collecting, analyzing, and evaluating the diversity status of different species. This module not only helps monitor the types, quantities, and distributions of species, but also can deeply analyze the relationships between species, the changing trends of species diversity, and the correlations between species diversity and environmental factors;

[0154] The main analysis methods of the species diversity analysis module include:

[0155] 1) Species richness analysis

[0156] Analyze the richness of a single species, that is, the number of species of each species in the wetland area;

[0157] Analyze the richness of multiple species, and calculate the diversity of different species communities, including plants, birds, amphibians, and insects;

[0158] 2) Species evenness analysis

[0159] Species evenness reflects whether the individual distribution of each species within a region is uniform. The higher the evenness, the closer the relative abundances of the species are, and generally, the stronger the stability and resilience of the ecosystem. The species evenness index is calculated using the following formula:

[0160]

[0161] where H′ is the Shannon-Weiner diversity index and S is the number of species;

[0162] 3) Species diversity index analysis

[0163] The species diversity index is used to measure the overall diversity level of the wetland ecosystem, taking into account both the number of species and the individual distribution. The species diversity index includes:

[0164] Shannon-Weiner index: Commonly used to represent species diversity, it takes into account not only the number of species but also the distribution of species in the sample. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0165]

[0166] where pi is the relative abundance of the i-th species and S is the total number of species;

[0167] Simpson index: Measures the dominance of species. The lower the value, the higher the species diversity. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0168]

[0169] where pi is the relative abundance of the i-th species and S is the total number of species;

[0170] 4) Species heterogeneity analysis

[0171] Species heterogeneity analysis mainly examines the species differences between different regions or habitats in the wetland ecosystem. By comparing the species compositions of different wetland sub-regions, the ecological functions and species heterogeneity of different parts of the wetland are evaluated;

[0172] 5) Analysis of key species and indicator species

[0173] Through species diversity analysis, key species (such as endangered species, key species with ecological functions) and indicator species (species indicating the health status of the ecological environment) that are of special significance to the wetland ecosystem are identified. These species can be used as key protection targets in the management of the protected area;

[0174] 6) Analysis of the relationship between species composition and habitat

[0175] The distribution of species is closely related to the types of habitats. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of species in different habitats (such as aquatic, wetland plant areas, forest areas, etc.), the contributions of different habitats to biodiversity are evaluated.

[0176] Ecosystem function assessment module, which assesses the main functions of wetland ecosystems, such as water quality purification, carbon storage, and climate regulation, analyzes whether the ecological functions have degraded or changed, and identifies risk areas of ecological function loss;

[0177] The ecosystem function assessment module includes:

[0178] Water quality purification function,

[0179] Nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates: By sampling and laboratory analysis, calculate the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in wetland water bodies, and a model can be used to estimate the water quality treatment capacity of wetlands;

[0180] Turbidity and organic matter degradation: By analyzing the changes in water turbidity and organic matter content in wetlands, evaluate the water quality improvement ability of wetlands;

[0181] Carbon storage and climate regulation function,

[0182] Carbon storage measurement: Calculate the carbon sequestration capacity of wetlands through the carbon storage in soil and plants. The soil carbon storage can be estimated by sampling and combined with the analysis of soil organic matter content;

[0183] Greenhouse gas emissions assessment: Monitor whether the wetland is a source of greenhouse gas emissions, especially the emissions of greenhouse gases such as methane, and real-time monitoring can be carried out through greenhouse gas flux measurement equipment;

[0184] Flood regulation function,

[0185] Flood storage capacity analysis: By analyzing the water storage capacity, drainage capacity, and water flow velocity of wetlands, estimate the water storage volume of wetlands during floods, and the model simulation method can be used to evaluate the flood regulation ability of wetlands;

[0186] Hydrological model application: Combine with hydrological models to predict the regulation effects of wetlands on flood flow and velocity, and then evaluate their roles in flood control and disaster reduction;

[0187] Biodiversity support function,

[0188] Species diversity index: Use diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index to quantify the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems;

[0189] Habitat quality assessment: By evaluating the ecological characteristics of different habitats (such as water bodies, wetland grasslands, forests, etc.) in wetlands, understand the types of habitats provided by wetlands and the species support capabilities;

[0190] Water source replenishment function

[0191] Groundwater recharge volume: Through the water level changes of groundwater monitoring wells and combined with hydrological models, evaluate the contribution of wetlands to groundwater recharge;

[0192] Evapotranspiration estimation: Use evapotranspiration models to estimate the impact of wetlands on water source replenishment through evaporation and plant transpiration;

[0193] Social and cultural functions

[0194] Tourism and education value assessment: Through surveys of the number of tourists, social surveys, and economic analysis, evaluate the economic value of wetlands as tourist destinations and educational bases;

[0195] Utilization value of traditional culture: Evaluate the cultural value of wetlands in local communities, especially their roles in traditional activities such as fishing, agriculture, and animal husbandry.

[0196] Threat factor identification and analysis module, analyze the threats faced by wetlands, such as invasive alien species, water pollution, climate change, and land use change, and identify the potential impacts of these threats on species diversity and ecological functions;

[0197] The threat factor identification and analysis module includes natural threat factors and human threat factors. The natural threat factors include:

[0198] Climate change. The rising temperature, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events brought about by climate change may affect the hydrological cycle, plant growth, and species habitats of wetlands;

[0199] Natural disasters. Natural disasters such as floods, droughts, storms, and earthquakes may damage the structure and functions of wetlands, resulting in the loss of biological habitats and the deterioration of water quality;

[0200] The human threat factors include:

[0201] Land use change. The development and utilization of wetlands, agricultural expansion, and urbanization processes have changed the hydrological characteristics and vegetation cover of wetlands, thereby destroying the stability of the ecosystem and biological habitats;

[0202] Pollutant emissions. Pollutant sources from industry, agriculture, and urban life (such as heavy metals, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and oil pollution, etc.) pose threats to the water quality, soil, and biological health of wetlands, affecting biodiversity;

[0203] Overexploitation of water resources. Activities such as excessive pumping of groundwater, diversion for irrigation, and construction of dams have changed the hydrological characteristics of wetlands, leading to wetland degradation;

[0204] Invasion of alien species. The introduction or spread of alien species may disrupt the original balance of wetland ecosystems, leading to increased competition pressure on native species and even species extinction.

[0205] Tourism activities and human disturbances. Excessive tourism activities, illegal hunting, fishing, and collection may damage the natural environment and biological habitats of wetlands.

[0206] Indirect effects of climate change, such as water level changes, increased drought, heavy rain, and floods, may lead to the destruction or loss of function of wetland ecosystems.

[0207] Decision support and recommendation module. Based on the assessment results, it provides management strategies and restoration suggestions for wetland reserves, optimizes the allocation of resources within the reserves, and formulates long-term protection and restoration plans.

[0208] The decision support and recommendation module specifically includes:

[0209] Data collection and processing. Integrate data from multiple sources such as remote sensing, ecological monitoring, species surveys, and environmental data, and provide a comprehensive baseline data on the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems through data processing and analysis tools.

[0210] Biodiversity assessment. Assess the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems based on ecological models and algorithms, including species richness, species diversity index, and ecological health status indicators.

[0211] Dynamic monitoring and trend analysis. Real-time track the changes in wetland ecosystems, analyze the trends of biodiversity changes, provide long-term and short-term ecological monitoring data, and support the evaluation of the effectiveness of biodiversity protection.

[0212] Scenario simulation and prediction. Predict the potential impacts of different management measures or external environmental changes (such as climate change, land use change, etc.) on wetland ecosystems through scenario simulation techniques, and help formulate response strategies.

[0213] Decision support and recommendations. Based on the biodiversity assessment results and simulation predictions, automatically generate specific protection and management recommendations, including:

[0214] Recommendation of priority protection areas: Identify wetland areas that need to be prioritized for protection based on factors such as biodiversity value and species habitat requirements.

[0215] Suggestions for restoration and rehabilitation measures: Propose specific wetland restoration and rehabilitation methods according to the degree of ecological degradation, such as wetland vegetation restoration, water quality treatment, and management of invasive species.

[0216] Management strategy optimization: According to different ecological management objectives and actual conditions, recommend the most suitable wetland management strategies, such as the sustainable development of ecotourism and the protection of fishery resources;

[0217] Decision support tools, providing an interactive interface and visualization tools to facilitate users to compare, evaluate, and select protection measures and management strategies under different scenarios.

[0218] The decision support and advice module also includes:

[0219] Data integration and sharing subunit, specifically including:

[0220] Remote sensing data analysis: Combining remote sensing technology and GIS, analyze the dynamic changes of the wetland ecological environment (such as wetland area changes, vegetation coverage, water pollution, etc.), and support the analysis of species distribution and habitat changes;

[0221] Ecological monitoring data platform: Integrate various sensor data, such as water quality monitoring, air quality monitoring, and species monitoring, to reflect the wetland ecological health status in real time;

[0222] Biodiversity assessment model subunit, specifically including:

[0223] Diversity index calculation: Calculate the richness and diversity indices of various wetland species, such as the Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, etc., to measure the richness and evenness of wetland biodiversity;

[0224] Habitat quality assessment: Through the species habitat quality index, evaluate the support ability of the wetland environment for different species, and identify habitat stress and damage;

[0225] Ecological risk assessment and scenario simulation subunit, specifically including:

[0226] Prediction of the impact of climate change: Analyze the long-term impact of climate change on the wetland ecosystem, such as water level changes, temperature changes, precipitation pattern changes, and simulate the possible changes in the future wetland ecosystem;

[0227] Simulation of the impact of human activities: Based on human activity factors such as land use change, agricultural development, and urbanization process, simulate the changes in the wetland ecosystem under different scenarios, and evaluate potential ecological risks;

[0228] Decision support system subunit, specifically including:

[0229] Priority division of protected areas: Based on multi-dimensional data such as biodiversity value, ecological importance, and species habitat requirements, intelligently evaluate and divide wetland protection priority areas;

[0230] Comprehensive management strategy recommendation: Based on the evaluation results, propose adaptive management suggestions such as wetland protection, species protection, ecological restoration, and education and publicity to optimize the sustainable management strategy of wetland resources.

[0231] Data visualization and reporting module: Visualize the evaluation results in the form of charts, maps, and reports to support decision-makers and the public in understanding, and generate detailed evaluation reports covering aspects such as biodiversity, ecological functions, and threat analysis.

[0232] The data visualization and reporting module includes:

[0233] Map and spatial analysis sub-unit, specifically including:

[0234] Wetland ecological map: Display the spatial distribution of wetland protection areas, show the biodiversity characteristics, ecological values, and protection levels of different wetland areas. Through GIS technology, combined with remote sensing data, real-time update information on wetland area changes, vegetation cover changes, and water quality changes;

[0235] Habitat distribution map: Display the habitat distribution of various species in the wetland ecosystem, including the habitats of key protected species. You can select a specific area on the map to view the distribution and habitat conditions of different species in that area;

[0236] Ecological health index map: Intuitively present the scores of wetland ecological health using a map, display high ecological health areas in green and low ecological health areas in red to help identify areas with greater ecological stress;

[0237] Biodiversity index visualization sub-unit, specifically including:

[0238] Species diversity index map: Display the species diversity levels in different areas or time periods of the wetland, such as the Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson index, and reflect the species richness and evenness in different areas through charts;

[0239] Species richness bar chart: Classify by wetland area, time period, or ecological environment type, display the species richness in different areas or time points, and intuitively compare the species diversity in different areas;

[0240] Species distribution heat map: Display the spatial distribution of different species in the wetland, identify the density of species through the depth of color or size, and help identify areas where species are concentrated or sparse;

[0241] Time series analysis and trend chart sub-unit, specifically including:

[0242] Biodiversity Dynamic Change Trend Chart: It shows the biodiversity change trend of the wetland ecosystem. Users can select different time periods to view the change trends of key indicators such as wetland biodiversity, habitat quality, and pollutant concentration;

[0243] Association Chart of Water Quality, Climate Change and Biodiversity: It shows the relationship between water quality, climate change factors and biodiversity index through a time series chart, helping to analyze the impact of different environmental factors on biodiversity;

[0244] Ecological Risk and Scenario Simulation Visualization Sub-unit, specifically including:

[0245] Ecological Risk Assessment Chart: It shows the ecological risk levels of different regions through a heat map or risk level chart, helping users identify areas with more serious ecological degradation and take protection or restoration measures in a timely manner;

[0246] Scenario Simulation Comparison Chart: Based on different scenario simulation results (such as climate change, land use change, etc.), it shows the changes of the wetland ecosystem under different future scenarios, and intuitively compares the impacts of different management strategies or external factors on the ecological environment;

[0247] Automated Report Generation Sub-unit, specifically including:

[0248] Periodic and Trend Analysis Report: The system provides a variety of report templates. Users can select a suitable template to generate a biodiversity assessment report for the wetland ecological reserve, including a periodic report or a trend analysis report, and also including charts, maps, and text analysis. The report can cover information such as biodiversity assessment results, ecological health status, trend analysis, and scenario simulation;

[0249] Data and Chart Embedding: Automatically embed visualization charts and maps into the report, and automatically generate corresponding text descriptions according to the analysis results to help users understand the ecological meaning behind the charts;

[0250] Report Regular Update and Tracking Sub-unit, specifically including:

[0251] Regular Report Function: The system can automatically generate reports according to the set period and track the changes in wetland protection and biodiversity status, helping managers evaluate the effectiveness of protection measures;

[0252] Trend Analysis Report: Generate a trend analysis report based on time series data to help managers understand the long-term change trend of the wetland ecosystem and adjust protection strategies in a timely manner;

[0253] Report Sharing and Cooperation Sub-unit, specifically including:

[0254] Data sharing function: The generated report can be used to transfer and share data with other departments or research institutions through an external interface, facilitating cross-departmental and cross-institutional cooperation and communication;

[0255] PDF / Excel export: Supports exporting the generated report in PDF and Excel formats, facilitating offline viewing and printing, and convenient for reporting and archiving.

[0256] The ecological service function value of biodiversity in the wetland ecological reserve is divided into use value and non-use value. The use value can be further divided into direct use value, indirect use value, and option value. The calculation methods for various values are as follows:

[0257] The supply value of biodiversity in the wetland ecological reserve is calculated using the following formula:

[0258] V2 = ∑pi × vi

[0259] In the formula, V2 represents the supply value of Hengshui Lake; pi represents the price of the i-th type of water; vi represents the usage amount of the i-th type of water.

[0260] The scientific research and tourism value of biodiversity in the wetland ecological reserve is calculated using the following formula:

[0261] V3 = 1 × a

[0262] In the formula, V3 represents the scientific research and tourism value of the wetland; 1 represents the scientific research and tourism value per unit area; a is the wetland area.

[0263] The species habitat value of biodiversity in the wetland ecological reserve is calculated using the following formula:

[0264] V4 = w × a

[0265] In the formula, V4 is the species habitat value of the wetland; w is the species habitat value per unit area; a is the wetland area.

[0266] The water regulation value of biodiversity in the wetland ecological reserve is calculated using the following formula:

[0267] V5 = v × h

[0268] In the formula, V5 represents the value of water regulation in the wetland; v represents the maximum water storage capacity of the wetland; h represents the average price of the reservoir capacity.

[0269] The pollution purification value of biodiversity in the wetland ecological reserve is calculated using the following formula:

[0270] V6 = p × n

[0271] In the formula, V6 represents the sewage purification value of the wetland; p represents the cost price of treating unit volume of sewage; n represents the total amount of sewage purification.

[0272] The carbon sequestration value of biodiversity in the wetland ecological reserve is calculated using the following formula:

[0273] V7 = m × c

[0274] Where V7 represents the carbon sequestration value of the wetland; m represents the amount of CO2 absorbed by the wetland; c represents the cost of fixing the same volume of CO2.

[0275] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0276] The system is a platform integrating data collection, analysis, evaluation, and decision support, aiming to comprehensively evaluate the status of biodiversity in the wetland ecosystem and provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management and protection of wetlands. It can not only achieve scientific and systematic management of wetland ecological protection but also promote the sustainable development of biodiversity protection.

[0277] Through this system, it is possible to identify which species in the reserve are rare, endangered, or have key ecological functions, and then provide detailed and accurate biodiversity information. In response to the differences in the biodiversity status of wetlands in different regions, the evaluation system can determine biodiversity hotspots and relatively vulnerable areas, which helps to allocate conservation resources reasonably.

[0278] The evaluation system can continuously monitor the dynamic changes in the biodiversity of the wetland ecosystem, provide early warnings of ecosystem health, and collect data on species composition, quantity, distribution, and their relationships with the environment, providing rich data for ecological research. Through the evaluation system, it is possible to better understand the relationships between ecological processes such as material cycling and energy flow and biodiversity in the wetland ecosystem, which helps to gain a deeper understanding of the ecological processes of the wetland ecosystem.

[0279] Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations can be made to these specific embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A biodiversity assessment system for a wetland ecological protection area, comprising a data collection and management module, a species diversity analysis module, an ecosystem function assessment module, a threat factor identification and analysis module, a decision support and suggestion module, and a data visualization and reporting module, characterized in that: Specifically include: The data collection and management module is used to collect species data in the wetland area, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, collect remote sensing data, field survey data, and historical data in the wetland area, manage the database of the wetland, and store species classification, distribution records, and ecological characteristics information; Species diversity analysis module, used to calculate species richness, evenness, species diversity index, evaluate community structure and inter-species relationships, and generate species diversity reports, supporting time series analysis; Ecosystem function assessment module, which assesses the main functions of wetland ecosystems, such as water purification, carbon storage, and climate regulation, analyzes whether ecological functions have degraded or changed, and identifies areas at risk of loss of ecological functions; Threat factor identification and analysis module, which analyzes the threats facing wetlands, such as invasive alien species, water pollution, climate change, and land use change, and identifies the potential impacts of these threats on species diversity and ecological functions; The decision support and advice module provides management strategies and restoration recommendations for wetland reserves based on the assessment results, optimizes resource allocation within the reserve, and develops long-term protection and restoration plans; The data visualization and reporting module visualizes the assessment results in the form of charts, maps, and reports to support decision makers and the public in understanding, and generates detailed assessment reports covering biodiversity, ecological functions, and threat analysis.

2. The biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data acquisition and management module includes: The species monitoring subunit, through which ecologists or surveyors regularly enter the wetland reserve to conduct field surveys and record the types, numbers, and distribution of plant and animal species. Plants include wetland vegetation types, species diversity, and coverage. Animals include bird, amphibian, reptile, insect species and their habitats. The remote sensing and drone monitoring subunit uses remote sensing technology and drones to collect image data of wetlands, such as land cover and wetland changes, to monitor changes in the wetland ecological environment. Drones can collect real-time information on the distribution of plants and animals, especially in areas that are difficult for humans to access; Environmental variable monitoring subunit, used to monitor the hydrological data, climate data and soil data of the wetland reserve in real time. The hydrological data include water level, flow, water temperature and pH value; the climate data include temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind speed; the soil data include soil type, humidity and nutrients; Mobile sensors and IoT monitoring subunits deploy various sensors at key locations in the wetland to continuously collect environmental data of the wetland, and transmit the data collected by the sensors to the central system in real time through IoT technology for easy monitoring and analysis; Data storage subunit: The amount of data on biodiversity in wetland ecological reserves is usually large and involves multiple data types. Therefore, the data storage unit must be able to handle complex multi-source data and select a larger database for data storage, such as a relational database, a non-relational database, or a spatial database. The data collection and management module cleans and preprocesses the collected data, specifically including: 1) Deduplication and outlier processing: Delete duplicate monitoring data, and identify and correct abnormal data that does not conform to the species distribution pattern or environmental parameter range; 2) Missing data processing: fill in, interpolate or use appropriate inference methods to supplement missing data to ensure data integrity; 3) Data standardization and unification: standardize the data formats of different data sources; 4) Data quality verification: Check the consistency of collected data to ensure that data collected from different sources and at different times can be effectively combined and compared.

3. The biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The species diversity analysis module is one of the cores of the entire system. Its main task is to provide a scientific basis for ecological management, policy decisions and protection measures of the protected area by collecting, analyzing and evaluating the diversity status of different species. This module not only helps monitor the types, quantity and distribution of species, but also can deeply analyze the relationship between species, the changing trend of species diversity, and the relationship between species diversity and environmental factors; The main analysis methods of the species diversity analysis module include: 1) Species richness analysis Analyze single species richness, that is, the number of species of each species in the wetland area; Analyze multiple species richness to calculate the diversity of different species communities, including plants, birds, amphibians, and insects; 2) Species evenness analysis Species evenness reflects whether the individual distribution of species in a region is uniform. The higher the evenness, the closer the relative abundance of species, and the stronger the stability and resilience of the ecosystem. The species evenness index is calculated using the following formula: Among them, H′ is the Shannon-Weiner diversity index, S is the number of species; 3) Species diversity index analysis The species diversity index is used to measure the overall diversity level of wetland ecosystems, taking into account the number and individual distribution of species. The species diversity index includes: Shannon-Weiner index: It is often used to indicate species diversity. It not only considers the number of species, but also the distribution of species in the sample. The calculation formula is as follows: Among them, pi is the relative abundance of the i-th species, and S is the total number of species; Simpson Index: measures the dominance of species. The lower the value, the higher the species diversity. The calculation formula is as follows: Among them, pi is the relative abundance of the i-th species, and S is the total number of species; 4) Species heterogeneity analysis Species heterogeneity analysis mainly examines the species differences between different regions or habitats in wetland ecosystems. By comparing the species composition of different wetland sub-regions, the ecological functions and species heterogeneity of different parts of the wetland are evaluated. 5) Analysis of key species and indicator species Through species diversity analysis, key species and indicator species of special significance to wetland ecosystems can be identified. These species can be used as key conservation targets in the management of protected areas; 6) Analysis of the relationship between species composition and habitat The distribution of species is closely related to habitat type. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of species in different habitats, the contribution of different habitats to biodiversity can be assessed.

4. The biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ecosystem function assessment module includes: Water purification function, Nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates: Through sampling and laboratory analysis, the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in wetland water can be calculated, and models can be used to estimate the ability of wetlands to treat water quality; Turbidity and organic matter degradation: Evaluate the water quality improvement capacity of the wetland by analyzing the turbidity changes and organic matter content of the water in the wetland; Carbon storage and climate regulation functions, Carbon storage determination: The carbon fixation capacity of wetlands is calculated through the carbon storage of soil and plants. Soil carbon storage can be estimated through sampling and combined with soil organic matter content analysis; Greenhouse gas emission assessment: monitoring whether wetlands are sources of greenhouse gas emissions, especially the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane, which can be monitored in real time through greenhouse gas flux measurement equipment; Flood regulation function, Flood storage capacity analysis: By analyzing the water storage capacity, drainage capacity and water flow rate of the wetland, the water storage capacity of the wetland during floods is estimated. Model simulation methods can be used to evaluate the flood regulation capacity of the wetland; Application of hydrological models: Combined with hydrological models, predict the regulating effect of wetlands on flood flow and flow rate, and then evaluate their role in flood prevention and disaster reduction; Biodiversity support functions, Species diversity index: Quantify the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems using diversity indices such as the Shannon-Wiener index and the Simpson index; Habitat quality assessment: By evaluating the ecological characteristics of different habitats in the wetland, we can understand the habitat types and species supporting capacity provided by the wetland; Water supply function, Groundwater recharge: The contribution of wetlands to groundwater recharge is assessed through changes in groundwater levels in groundwater monitoring wells combined with hydrological models; Evapotranspiration estimation: Use evapotranspiration models to estimate the impact of wetlands on water recharge through evaporation and plant transpiration; Social and cultural functions, Tourism and educational value assessment: Evaluate the economic value of wetlands as tourist destinations and educational bases through visitor surveys, social surveys and economic analysis; Traditional cultural use value: Assess the cultural value of wetlands to local communities, especially their role in traditional activities such as fisheries, agriculture, and animal husbandry.

5. The biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The threat factor identification and analysis module includes natural threat factors and man-made threat factors. The natural threat factors include: Climate change, with its associated increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events, could affect wetland hydrological cycles, plant growth, and species habitats; Natural disasters such as floods, droughts, storms, and earthquakes can damage the structure and function of wetlands, leading to loss of habitat and deterioration of water quality; The man-made threats include: Land use change, wetland development and utilization, agricultural expansion, and urbanization have changed the hydrological characteristics and vegetation cover of wetlands, thereby destroying the stability of the ecosystem and biological habitat; Pollutant emissions, industrial, agricultural and urban pollution sources pose a threat to wetland water quality, soil and biological health, affecting biodiversity; Overexploitation of water resources, excessive extraction of groundwater, water diversion for irrigation, and dam construction have changed the hydrological characteristics of wetlands, leading to wetland degradation; Invasive alien species: The introduction or spread of alien species may disrupt the original balance of wetland ecosystems, leading to increased competition pressure on native species and even species extinction; Tourism activities and human interference: excessive tourism activities, illegal hunting, fishing, and gathering, these human behaviors may damage the natural environment and biological habitats of wetlands; Indirect impacts of climate change, such as changes in water levels, intensified droughts, heavy rains and flooding, may lead to the destruction or loss of wetland ecosystem functions.

6. The biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The decision support and suggestion module specifically includes: Data collection and processing, integrating data from multiple sources such as remote sensing, ecological monitoring, species surveys, and environmental data, and providing a comprehensive baseline of wetland ecosystem biodiversity through data processing and analysis tools; Biodiversity assessment, which assesses the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems based on ecological models and algorithms, including species richness, species diversity index, and ecological health status indicators; Dynamic monitoring and trend analysis: real-time tracking of changes in wetland ecosystems, analysis of trends in biodiversity changes, provision of long-term and short-term ecological monitoring data, and support for effectiveness evaluation of biodiversity conservation; Scenario simulation and prediction: Use scenario simulation technology to predict the potential impact of different management measures or external environmental changes on wetland ecosystems, and help formulate response strategies; Decision support and recommendations: Automatically generate specific protection and management recommendations based on biodiversity assessment results and simulation predictions, including: Recommendation of priority areas for conservation: Identify wetland areas that require priority conservation based on biodiversity value and species habitat requirements; Recommendations for restoration and remediation measures: Based on the degree of ecological degradation, specific wetland restoration and remediation methods are proposed, such as wetland vegetation restoration, water quality management, and invasive species management; Management strategy optimization: Recommend the most suitable wetland management strategy according to different ecological management goals and actual conditions, such as sustainable development of ecotourism and protection of fishery resources; Decision support tools provide interactive interfaces and visualization tools to facilitate users to compare, evaluate and select conservation measures and management strategies under different scenarios.

7. The biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas according to claim 6, characterized in that: The decision support and suggestion module also includes: Data integration and sharing subunit, including: Remote sensing data analysis: Combine remote sensing technology and GIS to analyze the dynamic changes in wetland ecological environment (such as wetland area changes, vegetation coverage, water pollution, etc.), and support the analysis of species distribution and habitat changes; Ecological monitoring data platform: Integrates multiple sensor data, such as water quality monitoring, air quality monitoring, and species monitoring, to reflect the ecological health status of wetlands in real time; Biodiversity assessment model subunits include: Diversity index calculation: Calculate the richness and diversity index of various wetland species, such as the Shannon-Wiener index and the Simpson index, to measure the richness and uniformity of wetland biodiversity; Habitat quality assessment: Use the species habitat quality index to assess the wetland environment's ability to support different species and identify habitat stress and damage; Ecological risk assessment and scenario simulation subunit, including: Prediction of climate change impacts: Analyze the long-term impacts of climate change on wetland ecosystems, such as changes in water levels, temperature, and precipitation patterns, and simulate possible changes in wetland ecosystems in the future; Simulation of human activity impacts: Based on human activity factors such as land use change, agricultural development, and urbanization, simulate the changes in wetland ecosystems under different scenarios and assess potential ecological risks; Decision support system subunits include: Prioritization of protected areas: Intelligently assess and prioritize wetland protection areas based on multi-dimensional data such as biodiversity value, ecological importance, and species habitat requirements; Recommendation of comprehensive management strategies: Based on the assessment results, make adaptive management recommendations, such as wetland protection, species protection, ecological restoration, and education and publicity, to optimize the sustainable management strategies of wetland resources.

8. The biodiversity assessment system for wetland ecological protection areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data visualization and reporting module includes: Map and Spatial Analysis Subunit, including: Wetland Ecological Map: Displays the spatial distribution of wetland reserves, biodiversity characteristics, ecological value and protection level of different wetland areas. Through GIS technology and remote sensing data, it updates the area change, vegetation cover change and water quality change information of wetlands in real time. Habitat distribution map: displays the habitat distribution of various species in the wetland ecosystem, including the habitats of key protected species. You can select a specific area through the map to view the distribution and habitat conditions of different species in the area; Ecological health index map: Use the map to visually present the score of wetland ecological health, showing high ecological health areas in green and low ecological health areas in red, helping to identify areas with greater ecological pressure; Biodiversity index visualization subunits include: Species diversity index chart: shows the species diversity level in different areas or time periods of the wetland, such as the Shannon-Weiner index and the Simpson index, which reflect the species richness and uniformity of different areas through charts; Species richness bar chart: Classified by wetland area, time period or ecological environment type, showing species richness in different areas or time points, and intuitively comparing species diversity in different areas; Species distribution heat map: displays the spatial distribution of different species in the wetland, identifies species density by color depth or size, and helps identify areas where species are concentrated or sparse; The time series analysis and trend chart subunit includes: Biodiversity dynamic change trend chart: Displays the biodiversity change trend of wetland ecosystems. Users can select different time periods to view the change trends of key indicators of wetland biodiversity, habitat quality, and pollutant concentrations; Water quality, climate change and biodiversity correlation diagram: The relationship between water quality, climate change factors and biodiversity index is shown through time series diagrams, which helps analyze the impact of different environmental factors on biodiversity; The ecological risk and scenario simulation visualization subunit includes: Ecological risk assessment map: Through heat maps or risk level maps, the ecological risk levels of different regions are displayed to help users identify areas with more serious ecological degradation and take timely protection or restoration measures; Scenario simulation comparison chart: Based on the simulation results of different scenarios, it shows the changes of wetland ecosystems under different future scenarios, and intuitively compares the impact of different management strategies or external factors on the ecological environment; Automated report generation subunit, including: Cycle and trend analysis reports: The system provides a variety of report templates. Users can select the appropriate template to generate a wetland ecological reserve biodiversity assessment report, including cycle reports or trend analysis reports, as well as charts, maps, and text analysis. The report can cover information on biodiversity assessment results, ecological health status, trend analysis, and scenario simulation. Data and chart embedding: automatically embed visualization charts and maps into reports, and automatically generate corresponding text descriptions based on analysis results to help users understand the ecological meaning behind the charts; Reports are regularly updated with tracking sub-units, including: Periodic reporting function: The system can automatically generate reports according to the set period and track changes in wetland protection and biodiversity status, helping managers evaluate the effectiveness of protection measures; Trend analysis report: Generate trend analysis reports based on time series data to help managers understand the long-term change trends of wetland ecosystems and adjust protection strategies in a timely manner; Report sharing and cooperation sub-unit, including: Data sharing function: The generated reports can be transmitted and shared with other departments or scientific research institutions through external interfaces, facilitating cross-departmental and cross-institutional cooperation and communication; PDF / Excel export: Supports exporting generated reports into PDF and Excel formats for offline viewing and printing, as well as for reporting and archiving.

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