Water and soil conservation type under-forest truffle artificial planting method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of truffle planting, in particular to a water and soil conservation type under-forest truffle artificial planting method. The method comprises the steps of truffle propagule cultivation, ecological surface cleaning and soil preparation, truffle inoculation and propagation, comprehensive management and the like. In the truffle propagule cultivation link, when truffles are dug in a natural distribution area, truffle granules with specific particle sizes are reserved in situ in each hole for cultivation, or the preserved or cultivated truffle granules are adopted for inoculation and propagation increase in a potential distribution area; during ecological surface cleaning and soil preparation, performing ecological surface cleaning and in-situ soil loosening treatment on a potential distribution area, and determining the requirements of single block continuous surface cleaning area, surface cleaning area interval, soil loosening depth and the like; then truffle inoculation and propagation are carried out in the soil loosening area; and finally, regulating and controlling soil humidity through comprehensive management, maintaining herbaceous coverage, reseeding, repairing the earth surface and the like. According to the technology, artificial cultivation and propagation of truffles are achieved, meanwhile, water and soil conservation is emphasized, and good application prospects are achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of truffle planting, and in particular to a soil and water conservation type artificial planting method for truffles under forests. Background Art

[0002] Truffles (Tuberspp.) are rare, symbiotic edible fungi that rely on the root systems and soil microenvironment of specific host tree species for growth. Traditional truffle cultivation techniques require extensive clearing and tilling of the forest floor, which can lead to the following problems: Ecological damage: Clearing activities destroy the understory herbaceous layer, litter layer, and soil structure, inducing soil erosion and reducing biodiversity; Low mycelium survival rate: tillage destroys the truffle mycelial network, resulting in blocked mycorrhizal development and low propagation efficiency; Poor sustainability: No ecological restoration measures are taken after harvesting, resulting in a decline in forest productivity.

[0003] While existing truffle inoculation methods exist, they lack systematic design for soil erosion prevention and ecological restoration, making it difficult to balance economic benefits with ecological protection. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a green cultivation technology that can both efficiently propagate truffles and maintain ecological balance under the forest. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the shortcomings of the existing technology, the present invention proposes a soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method, comprising the following steps: Truffle propagule cultivation: In potential distribution areas, mature truffle truffles are crushed into truffle granules with a particle size of 1-5 mm and then cultivated to form truffle propagules; the truffle propagules include truffle propagules without soil, soil containing truffle granules, and fungus source soil; Ecological surface clearing and land preparation: ecological surface clearing and in-situ soil loosening treatment are carried out in the potential distribution area; the single continuous surface clearing area is less than or equal to 100m 2 , the interval between clearing areas is greater than or equal to 2 meters, and the soil loosening depth is 15-30cm; Truffle inoculation and propagation: Drill holes at intervals of 0.2-0.4m in the loose soil of the potential distribution area to the depth of the host's root system. Bury the cultivated truffle propagules in the planting holes, cover with soil, and backfill with dead leaves to a thickness of 2.0-3.0cm. Alternatively, inoculate the grown truffle seedlings into the soil at the roots of seedlings of suitable tree species after clearing the surface for cultivation. Comprehensive management: Regulate soil moisture to 20%-30%, mow regularly to maintain herb cover less than or equal to 40%, replant areas where mycelium has not developed, and restore the ground surface with fallen leaves after harvesting.

[0005] Furthermore, if truffle cultivation is carried out in a natural distribution area, the following steps are included: When digging truffles in their natural distribution areas, 2-3 mature truffles are left in each hole and crushed into truffle particles with a size of 1-2mm for the preservation and cultivation of truffle propagules. There is no need for ecological clearing and land preparation, as well as truffle inoculation and propagation steps.

[0006] Furthermore, the cultivation of truffle propagules in potential distribution areas is carried out by any of the following methods: a. Store the truffle pellets at a temperature of 18-25°C and a relative humidity of 70-80% for no more than 2 months to obtain soil-free truffle propagules; b. burying the truffle particles in soil with a pH of 7-8, a temperature of 18-25°C, and a humidity of 20%-30% for no more than 5 months to obtain soil containing truffle particles; c. Plant the truffle granules in the soil at the roots of suitable tree species at a depth of 10 cm or more. Store for 5-24 months before using as fungus source soil.

[0007] Furthermore, the suitable tree species include Pinus armandii, Pinus yunnanensis or oak.

[0008] Furthermore, the ecological cleanup includes: Block clearing: remove fallen leaves, herbaceous layers and shrub layers in potential distribution areas, and concentrate cleared organic matter at the boundary; Local clearing: point clearing within a range of ≤2.0m around the base of the host tree trunk, with clearing intervals ≥1m.

[0009] Furthermore, the truffle inoculation and propagation process includes: The planting hole diameter is 0.1-0.2m and the depth is less than or equal to 0.5m. Each planting hole is filled with truffle propagules, which contain 50-60 1-2mm truffle particles. The bulk density of the covering soil is less than or equal to 1.5g / cm 3 , flush with the ground surface or ≤5cm above the ground surface.

[0010] Furthermore, the comprehensive management includes: When the average annual precipitation is greater than 800 mm, contour slope terraces, ecological grass-planting ditches or fish-scale pits shall be constructed according to the slope grade; Adjust the soil pH to 7-8. If the pH is below 7, add quicklime. If it is above 8, apply ammonium nitrate or potassium sulfate. One year after inoculation, the mycorrhizal development of truffles should be checked regularly, and undeveloped areas should be replanted and marked.

[0011] Furthermore, when the annual average precipitation is greater than 800 mm, the construction of contour slope terraces, ecological grass-planted ditches or fish-scale pits according to the slope grade specifically includes: In areas with an average annual precipitation of more than 800 mm and a planting area with a slope of 15° or less, drainage ditches along the slope should be excavated every 50 meters, and the drainage ditches should be in the form of ecological grass-planted ditches; In areas with rainfall exceeding 800mm and planting areas between 15-25°, build contour counter-slope steps parallel to the contour lines every 20-30m, and build ecological grass-planting ditches every 80-100m perpendicular to the contour lines. In areas where the average annual precipitation exceeds 800 mm and the slope of the planting area is greater than or equal to 26° and less than or equal to 35°, fish scale pits are used locally to prevent soil erosion; when the continuous operating area exceeds 10 mu, on the basis of the fish scale pits, water-cutting reverse slope steps with an angle of 5-8° to the contour line are built every 90-100 m along the slope, and the ends of the water-cutting reverse slope steps are connected to the ecological grass-planting ditch.

[0012] Furthermore, the harvest management includes: After 3-5 years, harvest mature truffles separately, retaining the small sac-like fruiting bodies; The thickness of fallen leaves in the disturbed area shall be ≥2cm and the coverage shall be ≥90%.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: The present invention can reduce soil erosion by ≥60% and maintain forest biodiversity by carrying out local surface clearing, in-situ soil loosening and litter cover in potential distribution areas; in the process of ecological surface clearing and land preparation, it is stipulated that the area of ​​a single continuous surface clearing is less than or equal to 100m² and the interval between clearing areas is greater than or equal to 2 meters. This discontinuous surface clearing method can minimize the damage to surface vegetation and soil structure, effectively reducing the risk of soil erosion. At the same time, the soil loosening depth is controlled at 15-30cm to avoid excessive soil disturbance and maintain soil stability and water holding capacity. In addition, after covering the soil, the thickness of the litter backfill is 2.0-3.0cm. The litter can conserve water resources, reduce surface runoff, and further enhance soil and water conservation capacity. By leaving broken truffle thallus in their native locations, the proportion of sac-like fruiting bodies can be increased to 66.9%, increasing yield by 2-3 times compared to traditional methods. Truffle propagule cultivation methods are flexible, with truffle pellets retained for cultivation in natural distribution areas, fully leveraging the advantages of the existing ecological environment. In potential distribution areas, truffle pellets are buried and preserved or inoculated into the soil around the roots of suitable tree seedlings for cultivation, expanding the truffle cultivation range. During truffle inoculation and propagation, holes are drilled in the loose soil at intervals of 0.2-0.4m to the depth of the host root system, ensuring good contact between the truffle propagules and the host root system, promoting mycelial growth and propagation, and improving the inoculation survival rate and cultivation efficiency of the truffles. The present invention rapidly repairs the ground surface after harvesting, maintains stable forest productivity, and can achieve sustainable utilization of truffle resources. Among the comprehensive management measures, soil moisture is regulated to 20%-30%, and regular mowing is carried out to maintain herb cover of less than or equal to 40%. This not only meets the environmental requirements for truffle growth, but also avoids competition for truffle growth space and resources caused by excessive growth of herbaceous plants, thus maintaining the balance of the forest ecosystem. After harvesting, the fallen leaves are returned to repair the ground surface, further promoting the self-repair of the ecosystem and embodying the concept of eco-friendliness. The cultivation method proposed in this invention clearly defines the parameters for each step, such as the particle size of the truffle particles, the pH value and humidity of the soil, and the specific requirements for surface cleaning and loosening the soil. This makes the operation scientific and repeatable, facilitating its widespread application. Furthermore, different treatment methods are adopted for naturally distributed areas and potential distribution areas, embodying the principle of adapting measures to local conditions and improving the adaptability of the technology. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field based on the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0015] The embodiments of the present invention achieved good planting results by conducting trial plantings of truffles in both their natural distribution areas and potential distribution areas. It should be noted that the natural distribution area of ​​truffles refers to areas where wild truffle populations have naturally formed and been confirmed to exist, through the long-term adaptation of truffles to symbiotic tree species, soil, climate, and other ecological conditions during their natural evolution, without human intervention (such as introduction or cultivation). For example, Yunnan and Sichuan in China are recognized natural production areas due to the long-term natural distribution of wild truffles. Potential distribution areas refer to areas where truffles have not yet been found growing naturally, but are speculated to have the potential for truffle growth based on factors such as the geographical environment, climatic conditions, and vegetation type. Such areas may become future truffle distribution areas through natural spread or artificial introduction. Example 1

[0016] Cultivation of truffles in their natural distribution areas.

[0017] The experimental area selected in this embodiment has an average annual precipitation of 941.5 mm, a slope of 11°-34°, a Yunnan pine forest, red soil, and an altitude of 1400-1590 meters. The specific planting method is as follows: Cultivation of truffle propagules: When digging truffles, use 2-3 mature truffles in each hole and break them into 25 truffle fragments with a particle size of 1-2 mm. Bury them in the original location and cover them with soil and dead leaves to make the soil a source of truffle spores for cultivating truffle mycelium. Water management: Water in scattered areas according to the marked seed locations, and use fish-scale pits in some areas to prevent soil erosion. Depending on the soil moisture, water should be applied when there has been no precipitation for half a month. Spray water manually twice a month to ensure that the soil within 30 cm is noticeably moist (soil moisture 25%).

[0018] Harvest management: According to the seed reserve location mark, 20 locations were randomly selected after 2 and 4 years, and a harvest survey was conducted within an area of ​​1 square meter. Example 2

[0019] Cultivation of truffles in potential distribution areas.

[0020] The experimental area selected in this embodiment has an average annual precipitation of 941.5 mm, a slope of 3°-15°, a Yunnan pine forest, red soil, a pH value of 5.3-6.1, and an altitude of 1700-1900 meters. The specific planting method is as follows: Truffle propagule cultivation: Mature truffle blocks are collected from the same or similar natural geographical environment as in Example 1, crushed into truffle granules with a particle size of 1.0-5.0 mm, and stored in an environment with a temperature of 18-25° C. and a relative humidity of 70-80% for 2 months to form soil-free truffle propagules.

[0021] Ecological clearing and land preparation: Use manual clearing (weeding and shrub removal), loosen the soil to a depth of 15-20cm, clean the surface in wide ridges along the contour lines, and spread quicklime to adjust the soil pH to around 7.5.

[0022] Truffle inoculation and propagation: Drill holes with a diameter of 0.2m to the root layer, fill each planting hole with truffle propagules (containing 50-60 1-2mm truffle particles) that have been stored for 2 months without soil, add soil and cover with dead leaves to a thickness of 2.5cm.

[0023] Water management: The same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and watering was carried out according to the marked seed-keeping positions. According to the soil moisture, watering was carried out when there was no precipitation for half a month. Generally, artificial watering was carried out up to 2 times a month to make the soil within 30 cm obviously moist (soil moisture 25%).

[0024] Harvesting management: Harvesting investigations will begin after 2 years and 4 years of normal cultivation respectively. The mature parts will be harvested, and the immature parts will be left in the planting for centralized harvesting around the 8th year. Example 3

[0025] The planting of truffles in areas with potential distribution of trees is carried out in the same experimental area as in Example 2.

[0026] The specific planting methods are as follows: Truffle propagule cultivation: Mature truffle clumps were collected from the same or similar natural geographical environment as in Example 1 and physically crushed to a particle size of 1.0-5.0 mm. The resulting truffle granules were inoculated in soil with a pH of 7-8, a temperature of 18-25°C, and a humidity (volume water content) of 20-30% for five months to obtain truffle granule-containing soil.

[0027] Ecological clearing and land preparation: Use manual clearing (weeding and shrub removal), loosen the soil to a depth of 15-20cm, clean the surface in wide ridges along the contour lines, and spread quicklime to adjust the soil pH to around 7.5.

[0028] Truffle inoculation and propagation: Drill holes with a diameter of 0.2m to the root layer, fill each planting hole with 0.5kg of soil containing truffle particles (containing 50-60 1-2mm truffle particles) that has been stored for 5 months, then add soil and cover with dead leaves to a thickness of 2.5cm.

[0029] Water management: Same as in Example 2.

[0030] Harvest management: Same as in Example 2. Example 4

[0031] The planting of truffles in the potential distribution area is the same as in Example 2. However, before planting, the area is partially cleared, especially for herbaceous plants, and the roots are removed. After clearing, 10-15 kg of lime is sprinkled per mu to adjust the pH of the area to make it suitable for truffle growth. After inoculating truffles, no pesticides or fertilizers are applied. Sprinkler irrigation is carried out once a month, and the water consumption per mu is 1m3. 3 .

[0032] Truffle propagule cultivation: The crushed truffle particles in Example 2 were planted near the roots of Yunnan pine seedlings in the same soil conditions as in Example 2 (buried at a depth of ≥10 cm) and stored for 12 months to obtain soil containing truffle particles (mycelium visible to the naked eye).

[0033] Truffle inoculation and propagation: Drill holes with a diameter of 0.2m to the root layer, fill each planting hole with 0.5kg of soil containing truffle particles (containing 50-60 1-2mm truffle particles) that has been stored for 12 months, and cover each hole (hole diameter 0.1-0.2 meters) with 2.5cm of dead leaves.

[0034] Water management: Same as Example 2.

[0035] Harvest management: Same as Example 2. Example 5

[0036] Truffles were planted according to the method of Example 4, except that the truffle plant seedlings grown in Example 4 were directly transplanted with soil. Comparative Example 1

[0037] Truffle cultivation was also carried out in the natural distribution area. The difference from Example 1 was that during the cultivation of truffle propagules, mature truffles were retained but not broken. Comparative Example 2

[0038] Truffle cultivation was also carried out in the natural distribution area. Unlike Example 1, no truffle fragments were left during the cultivation of truffle propagules.

[0039] From 2021 to the present, truffle propagation was carried out according to the methods of Examples 1-5, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2, and truffles were harvested 2 years and 4 years later, respectively. The growth information of truffles in the original position (including the proportion of positions with truffle sac-like fruiting bodies and the number of truffle sac-like fruiting bodies per hole) was counted. The results are shown in Table 1 (2 years) and Table 2 (4 years), respectively: Table 1

[0040] As can be seen from Table 1, two years later, the proportion of locations with truffle cystic fruiting bodies in the areas where crushed bodies were left behind, as well as the average number of truffle cystic fruiting bodies observable with the naked eye per hole, were significantly higher than those in the cultivation methods where mature truffles were left behind but not crushed, and where no mature truffles were left behind.

[0041] Table 2

[0042] As can be seen from Table 2, 4 years later, the proportion of locations with truffle cystic fruiting bodies in the areas where crushed bodies were left behind and the average number of truffle cystic fruiting bodies observable with the naked eye per hole were significantly higher than those in the cultivation methods where mature truffles were left behind but not crushed, and where no mature truffles were left behind.

[0043] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit the same. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Truffle propagule cultivation: If planted in a potential distribution area, mature truffle truffles are crushed into truffle granules with a particle size of 1-5 mm and then cultivated to form truffle propagules; the truffle propagules include truffle propagules without soil, soil containing truffle granules, and fungus source soil; Ecological surface clearing and land preparation: ecological surface clearing and in-situ soil loosening treatment are carried out in the potential distribution area; the single continuous surface clearing area is less than or equal to 100m 2 , the interval between clearing areas is greater than or equal to 2 meters, and the soil loosening depth is 15-30cm; Truffle inoculation and propagation: Drill holes at intervals of 0.2-0.4m in the loose soil of the potential distribution area to the depth of the host's root system. Bury the cultivated truffle propagules in the planting holes, cover with soil, and backfill with dead leaves to a thickness of 2.0-3.0cm. Alternatively, inoculate the grown truffle seedlings into the soil at the roots of seedlings of suitable tree species after clearing the surface for cultivation. Comprehensive management: Regulate soil moisture to 20%-30%, mow regularly to maintain herb cover less than or equal to 40%, replant areas where mycelium has not developed, and restore the ground surface with fallen leaves after harvesting.

2. The soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method according to claim 1, wherein When truffle cultivation is carried out in a natural distribution area, the following steps are involved: When digging truffles in their natural distribution areas, 2-3 mature truffles are left in each hole and crushed into truffle particles with a size of 1-2mm for the preservation and cultivation of truffle propagules. There is no need for ecological clearing and land preparation, as well as truffle inoculation and propagation steps.

3. The soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method according to claim 1, wherein Truffle propagules are cultivated in potential distribution areas by any of the following methods: a. Store the truffle pellets at a temperature of 18-25°C and a relative humidity of 70-80% for no more than 2 months to obtain soil-free truffle propagules; b. burying the truffle particles in soil with a pH of 7-8, a temperature of 18-25°C, and a humidity of 20%-30% for no more than 5 months to obtain soil containing truffle particles; c. Plant the truffle granules in the soil at the roots of suitable tree species at a depth of 10 cm or more. Store for 5-24 months before using as fungus source soil.

4. The soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein The suitable tree species include Armand pine, Yunnan pine or oak.

5. The soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method according to claim 1, wherein The ecological cleanup includes: Block clearing: remove fallen leaves, herbaceous layers and shrub layers in potential distribution areas, and concentrate cleared organic matter at the boundary; Local clearing: point clearing within a range of ≤2.0m around the base of the host tree trunk, with clearing intervals ≥1m.

6. The soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method according to claim 1, wherein The truffle inoculation and propagation process includes: The planting hole diameter is 0.1-0.2m and the depth is less than or equal to 0.5m. Each planting hole is filled with truffle propagules, and the truffle propagules contain 50-60 1-2mm truffle particles; The bulk density of the covering soil is less than or equal to 1.5g / cm 3 , flush with the ground surface or ≤5cm above the ground surface.

7. The soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method according to claim 1, wherein The comprehensive management includes: When the average annual precipitation exceeds 800mm, contour slope terraces, ecological grass-planting ditches or fish-scale pits shall be constructed according to the slope grade; Adjust the soil pH to 7-8. If the pH is below 7, add quicklime. If it is above 8, apply ammonium nitrate or potassium sulfate. One year after inoculation, the mycorrhizal development of truffles should be checked regularly, and undeveloped areas should be replanted and marked.

8. The soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method according to claim 7, wherein When the average annual precipitation is greater than 800mm, the following measures shall be taken to construct contour slope terraces, ecological grass-planting ditches or fish-scale pits according to the slope grade: In areas with an average annual precipitation of more than 800 mm and a planting area with a slope of 15° or less, drainage ditches along the slope should be excavated every 50 meters, and the drainage ditches should be in the form of ecological grass-planted ditches; In areas with rainfall exceeding 800mm and planting areas between 15-25°, build contour counter-slope steps parallel to the contour lines every 20-30m, and build ecological grass-planting ditches every 80-100m perpendicular to the contour lines. In areas where the average annual precipitation exceeds 800 mm and the slope of the planting area is greater than or equal to 26° and less than or equal to 35°, fish scale pits are used locally to prevent soil erosion; when the continuous operating area exceeds 10 mu, on the basis of the fish scale pits, water-cutting reverse slope steps with an angle of 5-8° to the contour line are built every 90-100 m along the slope, and the ends of the water-cutting reverse slope steps are connected to the ecological grass-planting ditch.

9. The soil and water conservation type forest truffle artificial planting method according to claim 1, wherein The method also includes harvest management, including: After 3-5 years of planting, mature truffles are harvested separately, retaining the small sac-like fruiting bodies; The thickness of fallen leaves in the disturbed area shall be ≥2cm and the coverage shall be ≥90%.

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