Butt joint type electric connector with metal shell supporting flexible circuit board, electric connector combination, electronic interface structure and electronic equipment

Abstract

The invention discloses a butt joint type electric connector with a metal shell supporting a flexible circuit board, an electric connector combination, an electronic interface structure and electronic equipment. The invention discloses a metal shell supporting flexible circuit board butt joint type electric connector which comprises two flexible circuit boards, a plurality of butt joint metal pads and two metal shells. The two circuit boards comprise a first body and a plurality of first slotted holes, the plurality of first slotted holes are formed in the first body and arranged in a row, so that the first body is provided with a terminal part between two adjacent first slotted holes, and the plurality of terminal parts are arranged in a row and form a protruding structure in the direction far away from the first body. The plurality of butt joint metal pads are arranged on the protruding structures of the terminal part and are electrically connected with the circuit board, and the terminals of the pair of pair of connectors are in contact with the plurality of butt joint metal pads to form electrical connection. The metal housing includes a plurality of elastic support portions to support the plurality of terminal portions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the technical field of electrical connectors, and more particularly to a flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector that does not use a traditional metal spring arm as a terminal structure but instead uses a circuit board as the terminal structure and its metal shell as a support circuit board, and whose metal shell can be elastically deformed to provide clamping force; an electrical connector assembly for connecting to a flat cable or a power connector; an electronic interface structure and electronic device having the above-mentioned electrical connector. Background Technology

[0002] Electrical connectors are widely used in the electrical connection structures of electronic devices for transmitting electronic signals between devices. Existing electrical connector structures combine elongated, spring-loaded metal terminals formed by stamping with plastic injection molding and an insulating structure, thereby providing terminal positioning and insulation. The metal spring-loaded terminals include a bent, flexible mating portion, a retaining portion fixed in the insulating structure, and a soldering portion soldered to the circuit board.

[0003] Because the flexible, bent mating portion of this existing metal spring-loaded terminal extends to and protrudes from the insulation structure, it is prone to deformation and misalignment when mated with a power connector due to improper insertion. This can cause signal transmission problems or even damage to the metal spring-loaded terminal. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector, electrical connector assembly, electronic interface structure and electronic device, which abandons the metal spring arm-shaped terminals of the prior art and replaces them with terminals formed by circuit board structure, thus solving the problem that the metal spring arm-shaped terminals of the prior art are prone to deformation or even damage.

[0005] This invention provides a metal-shell-supported flexible circuit board mating electrical connector, comprising two flexible circuit boards, a plurality of mating metal pads, and two metal shells. The two flexible circuit boards are arranged parallel to each other. Each flexible circuit board includes a first body and a plurality of first slots. The plurality of first slots are formed in the first body and arranged in a row, such that the first body has a terminal portion between two adjacent first slots. The plurality of terminal portions are arranged in a row and form a protrusion structure in a direction away from the first body. The terminal portions of the two flexible circuit boards form two opposing rows of structures, and the protrusion structures of the two rows of terminal portions are opposite to each other. The plurality of mating metal pads are disposed on the protrusion structures of the terminal portions of the two flexible circuit boards to form two opposing rows of structures with a predetermined spacing, and are electrically connected to the flexible circuit boards. The terminals of a pair of connectors contact the plurality of mating metal pads to form an electrical connection. Two metal housings are arranged parallel to each other. Each metal housing includes a second body and a plurality of second slots. The second body is disposed on the side of the first body opposite to the protruding structure. The second slots are formed in the second body and correspond to the first slots. An elastic support portion is formed between the two second slots in the second body. The plurality of elastic support portions are arranged in a row and abut against the support terminal portion.

[0006] In another embodiment, the first body further includes a first base portion having a first end edge and a second end edge disposed opposite to each other, one end of the terminal portion being connected to the first end edge pair, and a metal pad extending to the first base portion.

[0007] In another embodiment, the first body further includes a second base, and the other end of the terminal portion is connected to the second base.

[0008] In another embodiment, the metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector of the present invention further includes a plurality of solder metal parts and a plurality of solder feet. The plurality of solder metal parts are disposed on the second end edge of the first base. The plurality of solder metal parts are electrically connected to the plurality of mating metal pads respectively, and the plurality of solder metal parts are electrically connected to the plurality of solder feet.

[0009] In another embodiment, each welded metal part forms a first half-hole at the end away from the first body, and a plurality of second half-holes are formed at the end of the electrically connected substrate away from the flexible circuit board.

[0010] In another embodiment, the metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector of the present invention further includes an electrical connection substrate, the two circuit boards are electrically connected by the electrical connection substrate, and the electrical connection substrate is sandwiched between the two circuit boards.

[0011] In another embodiment, the metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector of the present invention further includes an adhesive layer that bonds the circuit board to the metal housing.

[0012] The present invention also provides an electrical connector assembly, comprising a metal housing supporting a flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector and an electrical connection member. The electrical connection member includes an insulating substrate and a plurality of electrical contacts disposed on the insulating substrate. The insulating substrate is insertable between two flexible circuit boards of the metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector, such that the electrical contacts contact the plurality of mating metal pads to form an electrical connection.

[0013] The present invention also provides an electronic interface structure, which includes a panel, a circuit board, and a metal housing supporting a flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector. The panel has an opening, and the metal housing supports the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector for electrical connection to the circuit board, with the interface of the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector aligned with the opening of the panel.

[0014] The present invention also provides an electronic device comprising a chassis, a circuit board, and a metal housing supporting a flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector. The chassis has at least one panel with an opening. The circuit board is disposed within the chassis. The metal housing supports the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector for electrical connection to the circuit board, and the interface of the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector is aligned with the opening of the panel.

[0015] The metal-shell-supported flexible circuit board mating connector of the present invention forms multiple protruding structures on the circuit board, and provides mating metal pads for electrical connection on the protruding structures. When the tongue of a power connector is inserted into the metal-shell-supported flexible circuit board mating connector of the present invention, the mating metal pads on the protruding structures can contact the terminals of the power connector to form an electrical connection. In this way, the metal-shell-supported flexible circuit board mating connector of the present invention abandons the traditional use of metal spring-arm-shaped terminals, replacing them with protruding circuit board structures, achieving the same effect of mating to form an electrical connection, but avoiding the problems of traditional terminals being prone to skewness, deformation, or even damage. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of the metal housing supporting the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector of the present invention disposed on the circuit board.

[0017] Figure 2 This is a perspective view of an embodiment of the metal housing supporting a flexible circuit board mating electrical connector of the present invention.

[0018] Figure 3 yes Figure 2A cross-sectional view along line AA.

[0019] Figure 4 yes Figure 2 An exploded perspective view of a metal housing supporting a flexible circuit board mating electrical connector.

[0020] Figure 5 and Figure 6 yes Figure 2 Another perspective of the metal housing supporting the flexible circuit board mating electrical connector.

[0021] Figures 7 to 14 This is a schematic diagram of the manufacturing process of the metal housing supporting the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 15 This is a perspective view of an embodiment of the electrical connector assembly of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 16 yes Figure 15 Sectional view along line BB.

[0024] Figure 17 This is a perspective view of an embodiment of the electronic interface structure of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 18 This is a perspective view of an embodiment of the electronic device of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 19 This is a perspective view of another embodiment of the electronic device of the present invention.

[0027] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached drawings: 1-Metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector; 2-Electrical connection component; 10-Flexible circuit board; 11-First body; 12-First slot; 13-Terminal portion; 14-First base; 15-Second base; 20-Mating metal pad; 30-Soldering metal part; 31-First half hole; 40-Solder foot; 50-Metal housing; 51-Second body; 52-Second slot; 53-Elastic support portion; 54-Clamping spring; 60-Adhesive layer; 70-Electrical connector; 71-Second half hole; 100-Insulating substrate; 131-Protruding structure; 141-First end edge; 142-Second end edge; 200-Electrical contact; F-Panel; F1-Opening; H-Chassis; O-Mating interface; P-Main circuit board; P1-Solder pad. Detailed Implementation

[0028] Please see Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4 , Figure 5 and Figure 6This describes an embodiment of the metal housing-supported flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector of the present invention. The metal housing-supported flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector 1 of this embodiment includes two flexible circuit boards 10 disposed opposite each other, a plurality of mating metal pads 20, a plurality of solder metal parts 30, a plurality of solder feet 40, two metal housings 50, an adhesive layer 60 connecting the flexible circuit boards 10 and the metal housings 50, and an electrical connector 70. The plurality of mating metal pads 20 and the plurality of solder metal parts 30 are disposed on the two flexible circuit boards 10. The solder feet 40 are disposed on the flexible circuit board 10 connected to the main circuit board P and form an electrical connection with the solder metal parts 30. The metal housings 50 are combined with the flexible circuit boards 10. Each metal housing 50 supports the circuit board and maintains the structural shape of the flexible circuit board 10. Furthermore, after the two metal housings 50 are combined and positioned, a predetermined distance is maintained between the two flexible circuit boards 10 to facilitate the insertion of the electrical connector.

[0029] Please refer to the following: Figure 7 and Figure 8 The flexible circuit board 10 includes a first body 11 and a plurality of first slots 12. The plurality of first slots 12 are formed in the first body 11 and arranged in a row. Each first slot 12 is a through hole penetrating the first body 11. Because of the plurality of first slots 12, the first body 11 includes a plurality of terminal portions 13 disposed between two adjacent first slots 12, a first base 14 connected to one side of each terminal portion 13, and a second base 15 connected to the other side of each terminal portion 13. The first base 14 and the second base 15 are plate-like structures, and the terminal portions 13 are cuboid structures. The two ends of each terminal portion 13 are respectively connected to the first base 14 and the second base 15, i.e., the first base 14 and the second base 15 are located on opposite sides of the terminal portions 13. The first base 14 is close to the solder pad P1 of the circuit board P, and the second base 15 is close to the interface O of the flexible circuit board mating connector 1 supported by the metal housing of this embodiment.

[0030] Since the plurality of first slots 12 are arranged in a row, the plurality of terminal portions 13 are also arranged in a row. Each terminal portion 13 is bent away from the first body 11 to form a protrusion structure 131, thus the terminal portion 13 is disposed between the first base 14 and the second base 15 to form an arch-like structure. The protrusion structures 131 of the terminal portions 13 of the two flexible circuit boards 10 are disposed opposite to each other, that is, the protrusion structures 131 of the terminal portions 13 of the two flexible circuit boards 10 are bent and protruding toward each other.

[0031] A plurality of mating metal pads 20 are disposed on the protrusion structure 131 of the terminal portion 13 and form an electrical connection with the flexible circuit board 10. In this embodiment, the mating metal pads 20 are disposed on the convex surface of the protrusion structure 131 and cover the highest point of the convex surface of the protrusion structure 131. The mating metal pads 20 extend from the terminal portion 13 to the first base portion 14. The first base portion 14 has a first end edge 141 and a second end edge 142 disposed opposite to each other. One end of the terminal portion 13 is connected to the first end edge 141, and a soldering metal member 30 is disposed on the second end edge 142 of the first base portion 14. The soldering metal member 30 is a metal columnar body disposed on the second end edge 142, and the soldering metal member 30 has a first half-hole 31 at the end away from the flexible circuit board 10. The first half-hole 31 is a stamp hole formed during the circuit board manufacturing process. Multiple solder feet 40 are soldered to the lower surface of the soldering metal part 30, and the solder feet 40 are soldered to the solder pad P1 of the main circuit board P, so that the soldering metal part 30 and the main circuit board P are electrically connected. Figure 5 and Figure 6 This indicates two different sizes of solder feet 40. The soldering metal part 30 in this embodiment can also be configured to connect to the conductor of a cable.

[0032] The metal housing 50 includes a second body 51 and a plurality of second slots 52. The second body 51 is bonded to the first body 11 by an adhesive layer 60. The second body 51 is disposed on one side of the first body 11 opposite to the protrusion structure 131 of the terminal portion 13, that is, the second body 51 is disposed on the back side of the first body 11. The second slots 52 are formed in the second body 51 and correspond to the first slots 12 of the flexible circuit board 10. The second body 51 forms an elastic support portion 53 between two second slots 52. The plurality of elastic support portions 53 are arranged in a row and abut against the terminal portion 13 supporting the flexible circuit board 10.

[0033] Since the flexible circuit board 10 in this embodiment is a flexible circuit board, the metal housing 50 can support the flexible circuit board 10. Furthermore, the elastic support portion 53 is formed with a structure protruding away from the second body 51. Therefore, after the metal housing 50 is bonded to the flexible circuit board 10 via the adhesive layer 60, the elastic support portion 53 of the metal housing 50 can maintain the shape of the protruding structure 131 of the bent terminal portion 13 of the flexible circuit board 10. The elastic support portion 53 made of metal can elastically deform to generate a clamping force when mating with a power connector, thus clamping the power connector. In this way, the metal housing supporting the terminal portion 13 of the flexible circuit board 10 of the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector 1 of the present invention, in conjunction with the elastic support portion 53 of the metal housing 50, can achieve the same electrical connection and clamping force effect as conventional metal spring arm terminals.

[0034] An electrical connector 70 is provided between the combined structure of two flexible circuit boards 10 and the metal housing 50. The electrical connector 70 is clamped between the two flexible circuit boards 10, so that the circuits of the two flexible circuit boards 10 are electrically connected through the electrical connector 70. The two metal housings 50 are fixed by snap-fit ​​or welding, thereby forming a predetermined distance between the two flexible circuit boards 10. In this embodiment, the electrical connector 70 is a rigid multilayer printed circuit board made of epoxy resin and glass fiber. A plurality of second half-holes 71 are formed on the side of the electrical connector 70 away from the flexible circuit board 10. The second half-holes 71 are stamp holes formed in the printed circuit board manufacturing process, and the second half-holes 71 are aligned with the first half-holes 31 of the soldered metal parts 30.

[0035] Please see Figures 7 to 14 This indicates that the metal housing in this embodiment supports the manufacturing process of the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector 1. For example... Figure 7 and Figure 8 As shown, a first slot 12 is formed on the flexible substrate, and metal lines, mating metal pads 20, soldered metal parts 30, and solder feet 40 are formed on the flexible substrate using a circuit board manufacturing process to constitute the flexible circuit board 10 of this embodiment. Figure 9 and Figure 10 As shown, an adhesive layer 60 is applied to the back of the first body 11 of one of the flexible circuit boards 10, and then a metal shell 50 is formed by stamping and bending a metal sheet. The first body 11 of the flexible circuit board 10 is bonded to the metal shell 50 through the adhesive layer 60. Figure 11 and Figure 12 As shown, an adhesive layer 60 is applied to the back of the first body 11 of another flexible circuit board 10, and then a metal shell 50 is formed by stamping and bending a metal sheet. The first body 11 of the flexible circuit board 10 is bonded to the metal shell 50 through the adhesive layer 60. Figure 13 and Figure 14 As shown, two flexible circuit boards 10 are combined with a metal housing 50, and the two flexible circuit boards 10 clamp the electrical connector 70 to form an electrical connection. The two metal housings 50 are fixed by snap-fit ​​or welding, so that there is a predetermined distance between the two flexible circuit boards 10. Clamping springs 54 are provided on opposite sides of the lower metal housing 50 for clamping the power connector.

[0036] The metal-shell-supported flexible circuit board mating connector of the present invention forms multiple protruding structures on the circuit board, and provides mating metal pads for electrical connection on the protruding structures. When the tongue of a power connector is inserted into the metal-shell-supported flexible circuit board mating connector of the present invention, the mating metal pads on the protruding structures can contact the terminals of the power connector to form an electrical connection. In this way, the metal-shell-supported flexible circuit board mating connector of the present invention abandons the traditional use of metal spring-arm-shaped terminals, replacing them with protruding circuit board structures, achieving the same effect of mating to form an electrical connection, but avoiding the problems of traditional terminals being prone to skewness, deformation, or even damage.

[0037] Please see Figure 15 and Figure 16 This illustrates an embodiment of the electrical connector assembly of the present invention. The electrical connector assembly of this embodiment includes the aforementioned metal housing-supported flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector 1 and an electrical connection member 2. The electrical connection member 2 includes an insulating substrate 100 and a plurality of electrical contacts 200 disposed on the insulating substrate 100. The insulating substrate 100 can be inserted between two flexible circuit boards 10, so that the electrical contacts 200 contact with the mating metal pad 20 to form an electrical connection.

[0038] In this embodiment, the electrical connection member 2 is a flexible circuit board (FPC), the insulating substrate 100 is the body of the flexible circuit board, and the electrical contact 200 is a gold finger disposed on the insulating substrate 100. In other embodiments, the electrical connection member 2 may also be a flexible flat cable (FFC), a printed circuit board, or another electrical connector. The insulating substrate 100 may be the cable body, the printed circuit board body, or the insulating core of the electrical connector, and the electrical contact 200 may be the wire of the cable, the gold finger of the circuit board, or the metal terminal of the electrical connector. When the electrical connection member 2 is inserted into the electrical connector 1, the terminal portions 13 of the two flexible circuit boards 10 of the electrical connector 1 are clamped to the insulating substrate 100 by the elastic deformation of the elastic support portion 53 of the metal housing 50, and the mating metal pad 20 and the electrical contact 200 are reliably contacted to achieve the function of electrical connection.

[0039] Please see Figure 17This illustrates one embodiment of the electronic interface structure of the present invention. The electronic interface structure of this embodiment includes the aforementioned metal housing-supported flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector 1, a circuit board P electrically connected to the metal housing-supported flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector 1, and a panel F. The panel F has an opening F1, the electrical connector 1 is adjacent to the panel F, and the mating interface O is aligned with the opening F1, allowing the electrical connection member to be inserted into the mating interface O through the opening F1. The panel F can be the panel of the housing of an electronic device, such as the panel of a computer chassis or the panel of an external enclosure. The electrical connection member can be a flexible flat cable (e.g., a signal flat cable for a liquid crystal display) or a circuit board (e.g., an M.2 solid-state drive carrier board inserted into an external enclosure). In other embodiments, the electronic interface structure of the present invention can also be, for example, a USB female electrical connector.

[0040] Please see Figure 18 and Figure 19 This indicates an embodiment of the electronic device of the present invention. For example... Figure 18 As shown, the electronic device of this embodiment includes a chassis H, a flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector 1 supported by the aforementioned metal housing, and a circuit board P electrically connected to the electrical connector 1. The chassis H has a panel F with an opening F1. The electrical connector 1 is adjacent to the panel F, and the mating interface O of the electrical connector 1 is aligned with the opening F1, allowing the electrical connection member to be inserted into the mating interface O through the opening F1. In this embodiment, the electrical connection member can be a circuit board (e.g., an M.2 solid-state drive carrier board inserted into an external enclosure). Figure 19 As shown, the electrical connector 1 and the circuit board P are disposed inside the chassis H, and the mating interface O of the electrical connector 1 faces the inside of the chassis H, so that the electrical connection component can be inserted into the electrical connector 1 through the mating interface O. In this embodiment, the electrical connection component can be a flexible flat cable (e.g., a signal flat cable for a liquid crystal display).

[0041] The electronic device of the present invention can be a fixed electronic device or a portable electronic device, such as a server, desktop computer, monitor, laptop, mobile phone, various external boxes or audio-visual capture device.

[0042] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Any simple equivalent variations and modifications made in accordance with the claims and specification of the present invention are still within the scope of the invention. Furthermore, no embodiment or claim of the present invention needs to achieve all the objectives, advantages, or features provided by the present invention. In addition, the abstract and headings are merely for assisting in patent document searches and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," etc., mentioned in the specification or claims of the present invention are only used to name elements or distinguish different embodiments or scopes, and are not used to limit the upper or lower limit of the number of elements.

Claims

1. A metal housing-supported flexible circuit board mating electrical connector, characterized in that, include: Two flexible circuit boards are arranged parallel to each other. Each flexible circuit board includes a first body and a plurality of first slots. The plurality of first slots are formed in the first body and arranged in a row, such that the first body has a terminal portion between two adjacent first slots. The plurality of terminal portions are arranged in a row and form a protrusion structure in the direction away from the first body. The plurality of terminal portions of the two flexible circuit boards form two rows of structures arranged opposite to each other. The plurality of protrusion structures of the two rows of terminal portions are arranged opposite to each other. A plurality of mating metal pads are disposed on a plurality of the protruding structures of a plurality of the terminal portions of the two flexible circuit boards to form two rows of structures that are arranged opposite each other and have a predetermined spacing, and are electrically connected to the flexible circuit boards. The terminals of a pair of connectors contact the plurality of mating metal pads to form an electrical connection. as well as Two metal housings are arranged parallel to each other. Each metal housing includes a second body and a plurality of second slots. The second body is disposed on one side of the first body opposite to the plurality of protrusions. The plurality of second slots are formed in the second body and correspond to the plurality of first slots. The second body forms an elastic support portion between two of the second slots. The plurality of elastic support portions are arranged in a row and abut against and support the plurality of terminal portions.

2. The metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first body also includes a first base having a first end edge and a second end edge disposed opposite to each other, one end of a plurality of terminal portions being connected to the first end edge, and at least one mating metal pad extending to the first base.

3. The metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The first body also includes a second base, to which the other ends of a plurality of terminal portions are connected.

4. The metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector as described in claim 2, characterized in that, It also includes a plurality of welded metal parts and a plurality of weld feet. The plurality of welded metal parts are disposed on the second end edge of the first base. The plurality of welded metal parts are electrically connected to the plurality of mating metal pads, and the plurality of welded metal parts are electrically connected to the plurality of weld feet.

5. The metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector as described in claim 2, characterized in that, Each welded metal part forms a first half-hole at the end away from the first body, and the electrical connection substrate forms a plurality of second half-holes at the end away from the flexible circuit board.

6. The metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector as described in claim 5, characterized in that, It also includes an electrical connection substrate, the two flexible circuit boards are electrically connected by the electrical connection substrate, and the electrical connection substrate is sandwiched between the two flexible circuit boards.

7. The metal housing supporting flexible circuit board mating electrical connector as described in claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes an adhesive layer that bonds the flexible circuit board to the metal housing.

8. An electrical connector assembly, characterized in that, include: The metal housing supports a flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector as described in any one of claims 1 to 7; as well as An electrical connection component includes an insulating substrate and a plurality of electrical contacts disposed on the insulating substrate. The insulating substrate is inserted between two flexible circuit boards of a metal housing-supported flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector, such that the plurality of electrical contacts contact the plurality of mating metal pads to form an electrical connection.

9. An electronic interface structure, characterized in that, include: A panel with an opening; A circuit board; The metal housing supports a flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector as described in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the metal housing supports the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector electrically connected to the circuit board and the mating interface of the metal housing supports the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector is aligned with the opening of the panel.

10. An electronic device, characterized in that, include: A chassis having at least one panel having an opening; A circuit board is located inside the chassis; as well as The metal housing supports a flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector as described in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the metal housing supports the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector electrically connected to the circuit board and the mating interface of the metal housing supports the flexible circuit board mating type electrical connector is aligned with the opening of the panel.

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