Preparation method of 3D printing high-reduction temporal bone specimen

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of medical anatomical models, in particular to a 3D printing high-reduction temporal bone specimen preparation method which comprises the steps of data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling, model optimization and modular design, partition 3D printing forming, soft tissue simulation layer preparation and integration and assembly and function integration. Different-precision image data fusion modeling, a partition printing strategy and a multi-hardness silica gel composite technology are adopted, an elastic connector and a pressure-adjustable blood vessel system are integrated, high-fidelity reduction of fine structures such as temporal bone structures, auditory ossicles and nerve blood vessels is achieved, anatomical details and physiological functions of the prepared specimen are highly reduced, and the accuracy of the specimen is improved. The device is suitable for operation training, preoperative simulation and teaching demonstration of the otolaryngology department, and has the functions of high simulation, strong interaction, safety and reusability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of medical anatomical model technology, specifically to a method for preparing a highly realistic 3D-printed temporal bone specimen. Background Technology

[0002] The temporal bone has a complex and intricate anatomy, containing key tissues such as the ossicles, facial nerve, and sigmoid sinus, making it a core surgical area in otolaryngology. Surgeries in this area are highly challenging and risky, demanding extremely high levels of anatomical proficiency and clinical skills from surgeons. Currently, obtaining human anatomical specimens is extremely difficult, and the number of donated cadavers is very limited, far from meeting the surgical anatomical training needs of young otolaryngologists both domestically and internationally. This results in a lack of sufficient practical training opportunities for young doctors, limiting the improvement of their surgical proficiency and clinical response capabilities, and hindering their ability to quickly adapt to complex clinical surgical scenarios.

[0003] At the same time, there are a large number of patients in clinical practice with anatomical variations who require secondary surgery, and their anatomical landmarks are significantly different from those of normal people. For patients with large space-occupying lesions such as petrous tip tumors, the surgical risk is even higher, and the current technology lacks accurate preoperative simulation tools, resulting in a high incidence of surgical complications. The efficiency of tumor resection and the safety of surgery urgently need to be improved.

[0004] Existing technologies for 3D-printed temporal bone specimens based on CT reconstruction have several drawbacks: ordinary CT has low resolution (approximately 0.6 mm), making it difficult to fully visualize the fine structures of the ossicles such as the stapes, short process of the incus, and malleus handle, resulting in frequent connection gaps after reconstruction; the reconstruction of soft tissues such as blood vessels, nerves, and membranous structures is poor, failing to simulate the anatomical feel and bleeding scenarios in real surgery; it lacks dynamic functional simulation, only presenting static anatomical structures, making it difficult to reproduce mechanical feedback such as tympanic membrane vibration and ossicular movement; it is not designed to be adapted for different age groups, deformities, or tumor lesions, limiting its clinical applicability; and there is no high-risk structural warning mechanism, making it easy for young doctors to accidentally touch critical structures during training, affecting training effectiveness, potentially damaging the specimen, and increasing training costs.

[0005] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a 3D-printed temporal bone specimen and its preparation method that can accurately reproduce the fine anatomical structure of the temporal bone, simulate dynamic functions and real surgical scenarios, adapt to different clinical needs, and have safety warning functions. This would not only solve the problem of insufficient training resources caused by the scarcity of human anatomical specimens, but also make up for the technical defects of existing 3D-printed specimens, providing otolaryngologists with an efficient and safe training and preoperative simulation tool. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a method for preparing high-fidelity temporal bone specimens using 3D printing. By employing image data fusion modeling with different precision, a zone printing strategy, and a multi-hardness silicone composite process, high-fidelity reproduction of the fine structures of the temporal bone, ossicles, nerves, and blood vessels is achieved.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a method for preparing a highly realistic 3D-printed temporal bone specimen, comprising: S1. Data Acquisition and 3D Modeling: Acquire medical imaging data of the target temporal bone, and reconstruct a 3D digital model containing bone structure, ossicles, nerves, blood vessels and membranous structures based on the imaging data; S2. Model Optimization and Modular Design: The three-dimensional digital model is optimized by dividing it into a main skeleton structure module and a fine structure accessory module, and the connection structure between the modules is designed. S3. Partitioned 3D Printing: Based on the optimized model, the main bone structure is prepared using photopolymerization 3D printing technology, wherein at least the mastoid cancellous bone region and the cochlear vestibular compact bone region are printed in partitions using resin materials with different hardness ratios; the ossicles are prepared using high-precision photopolymerization 3D printing technology. S4. Preparation and integration of soft tissue simulation layer: Prepare silicone components to simulate the tympanic membrane and external auditory canal mucosa, and prepare a skin and subcutaneous tissue simulation layer composed of multiple layers of silicone composite with different hardness on the outside of the main bone structure. S5. Component assembly and functional integration: Assemble the ossicular appendages, the silicone-perfused nerve and blood vessel components, and the membranous structure to the corresponding positions of the main bone structure; install the elastic connector connecting the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to form a dynamic functional simulation component.

[0008] Preferably, in step S1, the acquisition of medical imaging data includes: acquiring the main bone structure data using a CT scan with a resolution of not less than 0.6 mm; acquiring the fine structure data of the ossicles using a Micro CT scan with an accuracy of not less than 35 μm; and for anatomical variations or tumor pathology cases, using a photon counting CT scan with an accuracy of 0.1-0.2 mm, and manually delineating and modifying the tumor boundary and the affected tissue area.

[0009] Preferably, in step S2, the model optimization and modular design further includes: adjusting the model size or features by calling the corresponding temporal bone anatomical parameter database according to the age attribute of the target object, including preserving unclosed sutures for children's models or adjusting the parameters simulating bone characteristics for elderly models; for pathological models, adjusting the size, shape, and spatial relationship parameters of the tumor lesion module with surrounding tissues.

[0010] Preferably, in step S3, the partitioned 3D printing molding specifically includes: using a two-component resin material, printing the mastoid cancellous bone region with a low hardness ratio of component A to component B of (5.5-6.5):(3.5-4.5); and printing the cochlea and vestibular cortical bone region with a high hardness ratio of component A to component B of (2.5-3.5):(6.5-7.5).

[0011] Preferably, in step S4, the preparation of the simulated tympanic membrane and external auditory canal mucosa includes any of the following processes: Process 1: Prepare a light pink silicone skin component for the external auditory canal with a Shore hardness of 15-20A and a translucent thin tympanic membrane with a Shore hardness of 0-5A respectively. Then, use bio-adhesive to adhere the two to the external auditory canal area of ​​the main bone structure and make the tympanic membrane fit the malleus handle. Process 2: A custom plaster mold is immersed in molten silicone to form a single component containing a thin silicone tympanic membrane and thickened external auditory canal skin. After demolding, the entire assembly is installed.

[0012] Preferably, in step S4, the preparation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue simulation layer includes: sequentially coating and curing an inner layer of dense silicone, a middle layer of elastic silicone, and an outer layer of flexible silicone on the outside of the bone structure body to simulate the fascia layer, dermis and fat layer, and epidermis layer, respectively. The inner layer of dense silicone has a Shore hardness of 25-30A, the middle layer of elastic silicone has a Shore hardness of 15-20A, and the outer layer of flexible silicone has a Shore hardness of 5-10A.

[0013] Preferably, in step S5, the method of perfusing and molding the nerve and blood vessel components with silicone includes: perfusing white liquid silicone to form the facial nerve, covering the path from the cerebellopontine angle to the mastoid segment; perfusing different functional segments of the auditory nerve with silicone of different colors; perfusing red and blue liquid silicone to form the walls of arteries and veins respectively, and filling the lumen with simulated blood of the corresponding colors, and connecting a micro pressure valve to regulate and maintain the intravascular pressure within a set physiological range.

[0014] Preferably, in step S5, the installation of the elastic connector specifically involves: using silicone material with a Shore hardness of 10-15A to make a connecting component, elastically connecting the ossicles to each other and to the tympanic membrane, and adjusting the tension of the connecting component so that the ossicles move at a range of 0.1-0.3 mm when the tympanic membrane is subjected to a pressure of 0.5-2N.

[0015] Compared with the closest existing technology, the present invention has the following advantages: 1. High anatomical accuracy, alleviating the specimen scarcity problem: Data is acquired using Micro CT (35μm precision) and photon counting CT (0.1-0.2mm precision), combined with manual delineation and supplementation, to accurately restore the fine structure of the ossicles, vascular and nerve pathways and other anatomical features; through multi-layer composite silicone and differentiated color perfusion techniques, the morphology, color and texture of soft tissues are accurately simulated, which can effectively replace scarce human anatomical specimens and meet the surgical training needs of a large number of young doctors.

[0016] 2. Realistic dynamic functions enhance training effectiveness: The design incorporates an elastic adaptation structure between the tympanic membrane and ossicles to accurately simulate the mechanical feedback of tympanic membrane vibration and ossicular movement; simulated blood is filled into the blood vessels and adjusted to physiological blood pressure to reproduce the differences in bleeding rate after different blood vessels rupture. This breaks through the limitation that existing specimens can only present static structures, allowing doctors to obtain an operating experience close to that of real surgery and greatly improving training effectiveness.

[0017] 3. Strong clinical adaptability and wide applicability: Through modular design, age-stratified model library and parametric adjustment of pathological cases, it can achieve personalized adaptation of pathological cases of different age groups, different anatomical variations and petrous apex tumors, which can not only meet the needs of routine surgical training, but also provide customized support for preoperative simulation of special cases, significantly improving the clinical practical value and versatility of specimens.

[0018] 4. Controllable preparation cost and easy to scale up: The modular printing strategy is adopted, and different printing schemes with different precision and cost are selected for the main bone structure according to the region. The fine structural accessories adopt high-precision SLA technology, which balances precision and cost. Each component can be prepared in batches to achieve large-scale production, further alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of anatomical specimens, and provide sufficient high-quality training tools for young otolaryngologists at home and abroad. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a method for preparing a highly realistic 3D-printed temporal bone specimen provided by the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0021] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] Example 1: This invention provides a method for preparing a highly realistic 3D-printed temporal bone specimen, such as... Figure 1 As shown, it includes: S1. Data Acquisition and 3D Modeling: Acquire medical imaging data of the target temporal bone, and reconstruct a 3D digital model containing bone structure, ossicles, nerves, blood vessels and membranous structures based on the imaging data; S2. Model Optimization and Modular Design: The three-dimensional digital model is optimized by dividing it into a main skeleton structure module and a fine structure accessory module, and the connection structure between the modules is designed. S3. Partitioned 3D Printing: Based on the optimized model, the main bone structure is prepared using photopolymerization 3D printing technology, wherein at least the mastoid cancellous bone region and the cochlear vestibular compact bone region are printed in partitions using resin materials with different hardness ratios; the ossicles are prepared using high-precision photopolymerization 3D printing technology. S4. Preparation and integration of soft tissue simulation layer: Prepare silicone components to simulate the tympanic membrane and external auditory canal mucosa, and prepare a skin and subcutaneous tissue simulation layer composed of multiple layers of silicone composite with different hardness on the outside of the main bone structure. S5. Component assembly and functional integration: Assemble the ossicular appendages, the silicone-perfused nerve and blood vessel components, and the membranous structure to the corresponding positions of the main bone structure; install the elastic connector connecting the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to form a dynamic functional simulation component.

[0023] In step S1, the acquisition of medical imaging data includes: acquiring the main bone structure data using a CT scan with a resolution of not less than 0.6 mm; acquiring the fine structure data of the ossicles using a Micro CT scan with an accuracy of not less than 35 μm; and for anatomical variations or tumor pathology cases, using a photon counting CT scan with an accuracy of 0.1-0.2 mm, and manually delineating and modifying the tumor boundary and the affected tissue area.

[0024] In step S2, the model optimization and modular design also includes: adjusting the model size or features by calling the corresponding temporal bone anatomical parameter database according to the age attribute of the target object, including preserving unclosed sutures for children's models or adjusting the parameters for simulating bone characteristics for elderly models; for pathological models, adjusting the size, shape and spatial relationship parameters of the tumor lesion module with surrounding tissues.

[0025] In step S3, the partitioned 3D printing molding specifically includes: using a two-component resin material, printing the mastoid cancellous bone region with a low hardness ratio of component A to component B of (5.5-6.5):(3.5-4.5); and printing the cochlea and vestibular cortical bone region with a high hardness ratio of component A to component B of (2.5-3.5):(6.5-7.5).

[0026] In step S4, the preparation of the simulated tympanic membrane and external auditory canal mucosa includes any of the following processes: Process 1: Prepare a light pink silicone skin component for the external auditory canal with a Shore hardness of 15-20A and a translucent thin tympanic membrane with a Shore hardness of 0-5A respectively. Then, use bio-adhesive to adhere the two to the external auditory canal area of ​​the main bone structure and make the tympanic membrane fit the malleus handle. Process 2: A custom plaster mold is immersed in molten silicone to form a single component containing a thin silicone tympanic membrane and thickened external auditory canal skin. After demolding, the entire assembly is installed.

[0027] In step S4, the preparation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue simulation layer includes: sequentially coating and curing an inner layer of dense silicone, a middle layer of elastic silicone, and an outer layer of flexible silicone on the outside of the bone structure body to simulate the fascia layer, dermis and fat layer, and epidermis layer, respectively. The inner layer of dense silicone has a Shore hardness of 25-30A, the middle layer of elastic silicone has a Shore hardness of 15-20A, and the outer layer of flexible silicone has a Shore hardness of 5-10A.

[0028] In step S5, the silicone perfusion molding of nerve and blood vessel components includes: using white liquid silicone to perfuse and form the facial nerve, covering the path from the cerebellopontine angle to the mastoid segment; using differentiated colored silicone to perfuse and form different functional segments of the auditory nerve; using red and blue liquid silicone to perfuse and form the walls of arteries and veins respectively, and filling the lumen with simulated blood of the corresponding colors, and connecting a micro pressure valve to regulate and maintain the intravascular pressure within a set physiological range.

[0029] In step S5, the installation of the elastic connector specifically involves: using silicone material with a Shore hardness of 10-15A to make a connecting component, elastically connecting the ossicles to each other and to the tympanic membrane, and adjusting the tension of the connecting component so that the ossicles move at a range of 0.1-0.3 mm when the tympanic membrane is subjected to a pressure of 0.5-2N.

[0030] In this embodiment, a method for preparing a high-fidelity 3D-printed temporal bone specimen includes the following steps for preparing a temporal bone specimen for routine adult training: 1. Data Acquisition and Reconstruction: CT scans (0.6 mm resolution) were used to acquire images of the temporal bone structure of normal adult males. Mimics software was used to delineate the bone structure layer by layer, with a focus on accurately delineating and reconstructing the cancellous bone region of the mastoid process and the compact bone region of the cochlea and vestibule, clearly defining their boundaries. Missing connecting parts in the scans were supplemented to generate a 3D model of the main bone structure containing cancellous and compact bone marking information. Micro CT scans (35 μm resolution) were used to acquire images of the ossicles, and a 3D model of the ossicles was reconstructed. Based on the above scan data, 3D models of the arteries, veins, facial nerve, auditory nerve, sigmoid sinus meninges, and meninges were constructed respectively.

[0031] 2. Model optimization design: The 3D model is divided into a main bone structure module and a fine structure accessory module, and a snap-fit ​​connection structure is designed; the model size is optimized according to the anatomical parameters of the adult temporal bone to ensure consistent structural proportions.

[0032] 3. 3D Printing Preparation: The main bone structure was printed using two-component resin photopolymerization 3D printing technology. The resin ratio was selected based on the reconstruction marker information: a low-hardness two-component resin with a 6:4 mass ratio of component A to component B was used for the mastoid cancellous bone region; a high-hardness two-component resin with a 3:7 mass ratio of component A to component B was used for the cochlea and vestibular compact bone region; and a conventional 5:5 ratio of two-component resin was used for other bone structure regions. The printing parameters were set as follows: laser power 65mW, layer thickness 0.1mm, and printing speed 65mm / s. The ossicles were printed using SLA technology (medical photopolymerization resin, layer thickness 0.02mm). Artery molds were formed by red liquid silicone perfusion, vein molds by blue liquid silicone perfusion, and facial nerve molds by white silicone perfusion.

[0033] 4. Preparation and assembly of soft tissue simulation layer: The tympanic membrane and external auditory canal mucosa were prepared using process one: light pink silicone was used to make the skin of the external auditory canal, and thin glue was used to make the translucent tympanic membrane. These were then adhered to the inside of the external auditory canal and attached to the surface of the malleus handle using medical biological adhesive. The skin and subcutaneous tissue were prepared using three-layer composite silicone, which were coated and cured layer by layer and then wrapped around the outside of the main bone structure. The ossicles, nerves, blood vessels, and membranous structures were assembled to the main bone structure using a snap-fit ​​method. A three-dimensional scanner was used for inspection to ensure that the anatomical position error was ≤0.2mm.

[0034] Dynamic function adjustment: Adjust the tension of the elastic connector between the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to ensure that the ossicles move at a range of 0.1-0.3 mm when the tympanic membrane is subjected to a pressure of 0.5-2 N; fill the artery with red simulated blood and the vein with blue simulated blood, adjust the arterial pressure to 120 / 80 mmHg and the venous pressure to 5-10 mmHg, and maintain the pressure for 30 minutes without leakage.

[0035] In this embodiment, a method for preparing a high-fidelity 3D-printed temporal bone specimen, specifically for the preparation of a personalized temporal bone specimen from a patient with a petrous apex tumor, includes: 1. Data Acquisition and Reconstruction: Temporal bone imaging data of a 45-year-old patient with a petrous apex tumor were acquired. Photon counting CT scans (0.1mm precision) were used to improve image clarity. The tumor boundary, the invaded mastoid cancellous bone, the cochlea and vestibular cortical bone regions, the surrounding facial nerve, blood vessels, and other fine structures were manually delineated and refined to accurately mark the boundaries of cancellous bone, cortical bone, and tumor tissue, generating a personalized 3D model containing the above-mentioned marking information. Micro CT scans were used to reconstruct a 3D model of the ossicles (which showed compression deformation) in the tumor-invaded area.

[0036] 2. Model Optimization Design: The model size was optimized according to the patient's actual temporal bone anatomy parameters. The 3D model was divided into a main bone structure module (including a mastoid cancellous bone sub-module, a cochlear and vestibular compact bone sub-module, and a tumor space-occupying lesion sub-module) and a fine structural accessory module, using a snap-fit ​​connection structure. In response to the characteristics of tumor invasion, the deformation angle of the ossicles and the positional relationship parameters with the surrounding nerves and blood vessels were adjusted to ensure that the model accurately replicates the patient's lesion state.

[0037] 3.3D Printing Preparation: The main bone structure was printed using two-component resin photocuring 3D printing technology. The resin ratio was selected based on the reconstruction marker information: a low-hardness two-component resin with a 6:4 mass ratio of component A to component B was used for the mastoid cancellous bone region; a high-hardness two-component resin with a 3:7 mass ratio of component A to component B was used for the cochlea and vestibular compact bone region; and a conventional 5:5 ratio of two-component resin was used for other bone structure regions. The tumor lesion submodule was printed using medical resin with a Shore hardness of 25-30A to simulate the texture of tumor tissue. The printing parameters were set as follows: laser power 70mW, layer thickness 0.08mm, and printing speed 60mm / s. Deformed ossicles were printed using SLA technology (medical photocuring resin, layer thickness 0.02mm). Perfusion molds for nerve, blood vessel, and membranous structures were prepared according to the method in Example 1, and corresponding colored silicone was used for injection molding.

[0038] 4. Preparation and Assembly of Soft Tissue Simulation Layer: The tympanic membrane and external auditory canal mucosa were prepared using process two: a thin silicone tympanic membrane was formed by immersing a plaster mold in liquid silicone, and the corresponding area of ​​the external auditory canal was repeatedly immersed in silicone to form a thicker external auditory canal skin. After demolding, the skin was attached to the external auditory canal. Multilayer composite silicone skin and subcutaneous tissue were prepared and wrapped around the outside of the main bone structure to ensure that the soft tissue in the tumor area was tightly attached to the tumor module. The deformed ossicles, nerves, blood vessels, and membranous structures were assembled to the main bone structure using snap-fit ​​and medical adhesive. A 3D scanner was used for inspection to ensure that the anatomical position error of each structure was ≤0.2mm.

[0039] 5. Dynamic function adjustment: Adjust the arterial pressure to 120 / 80 mmHg and the venous pressure to 5-10 mmHg according to the physiological blood pressure level of adults; adjust the elastic adaptation function of the tympanic membrane and deformed ossicles to simulate the mechanical characteristics of restricted ossicular movement under tumor compression; detect the pressure changes after the blood vessels around the tumor are compressed to ensure that they conform to the clinical pathological state.

[0040] Those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of the present invention can be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Therefore, the present invention can take the form of a completely hardware embodiment, a completely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention can take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code.

[0041] This invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of this application. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, generate instructions for implementing the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 A device that provides the functions specified in one or more boxes.

[0042] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means, which are implemented in a process Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The function specified in one or more boxes.

[0043] These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing equipment to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable equipment to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby providing instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable equipment for implementing the process. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The steps of the function specified in one or more boxes.

[0044] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the specific implementation of the present invention. Any modifications or equivalent substitutions that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be covered within the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a high-fidelity temporal bone specimen for 3D printing, characterized in that, include: S1. Data Acquisition and 3D Modeling: Acquire medical imaging data of the target temporal bone, and reconstruct a 3D digital model containing bone structure, ossicles, nerves, blood vessels and membranous structures based on the imaging data; S2. Model Optimization and Modular Design: The three-dimensional digital model is optimized by dividing it into a main skeleton structure module and a fine structure accessory module, and the connection structure between the modules is designed. S3. Partitioned 3D Printing: Based on the optimized model, the main bone structure is prepared using photopolymerization 3D printing technology, wherein at least the mastoid cancellous bone region and the cochlear vestibular compact bone region are printed in partitions using resin materials with different hardness ratios; the ossicles are prepared using high-precision photopolymerization 3D printing technology. S4. Preparation and integration of soft tissue simulation layer: Prepare silicone components to simulate the tympanic membrane and external auditory canal mucosa, and prepare a skin and subcutaneous tissue simulation layer composed of multiple layers of silicone composite with different hardness on the outside of the main bone structure. S5. Component assembly and functional integration: Assemble the ossicular appendages, the silicone-perfused nerve and blood vessel components, and the membranous structure to the corresponding positions of the main bone structure; install the elastic connector connecting the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to form a dynamic functional simulation component.

2. The method for preparing a high-fidelity temporal bone specimen by 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the acquisition of medical imaging data includes: acquiring the main bone structure data using a CT scan with a resolution of not less than 0.6 mm; acquiring the fine structure data of the ossicles using a Micro CT scan with an accuracy of not less than 35 μm; and for anatomical variations or tumor pathology cases, using a photon counting CT scan with an accuracy of 0.1-0.2 mm, and manually delineating and modifying the tumor boundary and the affected tissue area.

3. The method for preparing a high-fidelity temporal bone specimen by 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the model optimization and modular design also includes: adjusting the model size or features by calling the corresponding temporal bone anatomical parameter database according to the age attribute of the target object, including preserving unclosed sutures for children's models or adjusting the parameters for simulating bone characteristics for elderly models; for pathological models, adjusting the size, shape and spatial relationship parameters of the tumor lesion module with surrounding tissues.

4. The method for preparing a high-fidelity temporal bone specimen by 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the partitioned 3D printing molding specifically includes: using a two-component resin material, printing the mastoid cancellous bone region with a low hardness ratio of component A to component B of (5.5-6.5):(3.5-4.5); and printing the cochlea and vestibular cortical bone region with a high hardness ratio of component A to component B of (2.5-3.5):(6.5-7.5).

5. The method for preparing a high-fidelity temporal bone specimen by 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the preparation of the simulated tympanic membrane and external auditory canal mucosa includes any of the following processes: Process 1: Prepare a light pink silicone skin component for the external auditory canal with a Shore hardness of 15-20A and a translucent thin tympanic membrane with a Shore hardness of 0-5A respectively. Then, use bio-adhesive to adhere the two to the external auditory canal area of ​​the main bone structure and make the tympanic membrane fit the malleus handle. Process 2: A custom plaster mold is immersed in molten silicone to form a single component containing a thin silicone tympanic membrane and thickened external auditory canal skin. After demolding, the entire assembly is installed.

6. The method for preparing a high-fidelity temporal bone specimen by 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the preparation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue simulation layer includes: sequentially coating and curing an inner layer of dense silicone, a middle layer of elastic silicone, and an outer layer of flexible silicone on the outside of the bone structure body to simulate the fascia layer, dermis and fat layer, and epidermis layer, respectively. The inner layer of dense silicone has a Shore hardness of 25-30A, the middle layer of elastic silicone has a Shore hardness of 15-20A, and the outer layer of flexible silicone has a Shore hardness of 5-10A.

7. The method for preparing a high-fidelity temporal bone specimen by 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the silicone perfusion molding of nerve and blood vessel components includes: using white liquid silicone to perfuse and form the facial nerve, covering the path from the cerebellopontine angle to the mastoid segment; using differentiated colored silicone to perfuse and form different functional segments of the auditory nerve; using red and blue liquid silicone to perfuse and form the walls of arteries and veins respectively, and filling the lumen with simulated blood of the corresponding colors, and connecting a micro pressure valve to regulate and maintain the intravascular pressure within a set physiological range.

8. The method for preparing a high-fidelity temporal bone specimen by 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the installation of the elastic connector specifically involves: using silicone material with a Shore hardness of 10-15A to make a connecting component, elastically connecting the ossicles to each other and to the tympanic membrane, and adjusting the tension of the connecting component so that the ossicles move at a range of 0.1-0.3 mm when the tympanic membrane is subjected to a pressure of 0.5-2N.

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