A wave energy harvester based on a frictional nanogenerator

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of marine environment monitoring, and discloses a wave energy collector based on a friction nanogenerator, which comprises an outer floating cylinder body, fixed plates are symmetrically fixedly installed in the outer floating cylinder body, and a swing block shaft is installed between the fixed plates, and external power supply dependence is completely eliminated; the application realizes direct conversion of wave mechanical energy through rotation of an independent layer type friction nanogenerator, and in combination with a high-efficiency energy management system, the application can realize self-powered supply of a monitoring system, greatly reduces equipment laying and maintenance costs, and is suitable for long-term monitoring in areas such as the open sea and the deep sea which are not covered by power grids; the signal has strong anti-interference capability; the application discards traditional time domain amplitude parameters, adopts a signal period and a main frequency as characteristic parameters, converts unstable time domain signals into stable frequency domain signals through an FFT algorithm, effectively avoids interference of environmental factors and device wear on signals, and realizes stable correlation between the characteristic parameters and wave physical parameters.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of marine environmental monitoring technology, specifically a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, in constructing a large-scale, long-term, and autonomous marine Internet of Things (IoT), traditional methods such as laying submarine cables or replacing batteries to power massive distributed sensors and communication nodes face numerous challenges, including deployment difficulties, high costs, and environmental pollution. Against this backdrop, capturing energy from the environment is considered a highly promising solution. Among these, ocean wave energy, due to its abundant reserves, wide distribution, high energy density, and independence from day / night light constraints, is considered an ideal renewable energy source for powering marine IoT nodes. However, the randomness, multidirectionality, and low-frequency characteristics of waves pose significant challenges to energy harvesting technologies. Traditional electromagnetic wave energy harvesting devices (EMGs) often suffer from large size, high cost, and low low-frequency conversion efficiency, limiting their large-scale application. In contrast, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) based on contact electrification and electrostatic induction coupling exhibit higher energy harvesting efficiency in low-frequency environments and offer advantages such as a wide range of material choices, flexible structural design, and lower cost, providing a new technological path for efficiently capturing wave energy.

[0003] To improve the wave energy conversion efficiency of TENGs (Transient Energy Collectors), researchers have developed various structural prototypes. Among them, the rotating independent layer TENG, due to its large contact area of ​​the friction layer and the ability to multiply the frequency through grating electrodes, is considered a structure with high output potential. However, the high-frequency, stable rotary input required by the rotating freestanding TENG is fundamentally contradictory to the inherent low-frequency, disordered characteristics of ocean waves. To address this, researchers have proposed various mechanical transmission mechanisms to convert the low-frequency motion of the energy-harvesting element into the high-frequency rotary input required to drive the TENG, i.e., to achieve mechanical frequency upscaling. Traditional frequency upscaling transmission schemes based on rigid components have some common problems: First, the transmission mechanism is complex, the manufacturing cost of precision components such as gears is high, and the assembly and maintenance of the transmission system are difficult; second, rigid transmission mechanisms lack overload protection and automatic adjustment capabilities, making it difficult to adapt to the ocean wave environment with frequent instantaneous impacts and frequent reversals, resulting in a short service life; third, the transmission ratio of rigid mechanisms is constant, and the high load resistance caused by the high transmission ratio will make the system difficult to start up. This also makes such devices only suitable for stable, large-amplitude waves, and difficult to adapt to the wide-band, irregular actual ocean environment. Therefore, breaking through the inherent limitations of existing rigid transmission schemes and developing a new frequency-up transmission mechanism that combines structural simplicity and environmental adaptability, and can balance starting performance and energy capture efficiency through variable transmission ratio, is crucial for promoting high-performance wave energy TENGs to practical marine applications. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the above situation and to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator, which effectively solves the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a wave energy collector based on a triboelectric nanogenerator, comprising an outer float body, wherein fixed plates are symmetrically fixedly installed inside the outer float body, a pendulum shaft is installed between the fixed plates, the two ends of the pendulum shaft are locked to the fixed plates by pendulum shaft limiting nuts, pendulum bearings are symmetrically installed on the outer surface of the pendulum shaft, and pendulum blocks are installed on the outer surface of the pendulum bearings, a fixed pulley shaft is symmetrically installed between the fixed plates, the two ends of the fixed pulley shaft are locked to the fixed plates by fixed pulley shaft limiting nuts, a plurality of fixed pulley bearings are uniformly fixedly installed on the outer surface of the fixed pulley shaft, and fixed pulleys are installed on the outer surface of the fixed pulley bearings, a pulley shaft is symmetrically installed on the pendulum blocks, the two ends of the pulley shaft are locked to the pendulum blocks by pulley shaft limiting nuts, a plurality of pulley bearings are uniformly fixedly installed on the outer surface of the pulley shaft, and pulleys are installed on the outer surface of the pulley bearings. A rope is wound between the pulley and the fixed pulley. The initial end of the rope is fixedly connected to the swing block shaft, and the tail end of the rope is connected to the surface of the main shaft, with a portion wound around the main shaft. The main shaft is rotatably mounted between the fixed plates. A counterweight shaft is installed between the swing blocks and between the pulley shafts. The two ends of the counterweight shaft are locked to the swing blocks by counterweight shaft limiting nuts. A counterweight is installed on the outer surface of the counterweight shaft. The main shaft is connected to a main shaft bearing, which is installed on the outside of the fixed plate. One-way bearings are connected to the two ends of the main shaft. A rotor plate is connected to the one-way bearing, and a rotor is mounted on the rotor plate. The rotor is frictionally connected to the electrode. The electrode is mounted on the electrode plate, which is mounted on the end cover. A connecting rod is installed between the end cover and the fixed plate, and the two ends of the connecting rod are locked to the end cover and the fixed plate by connecting rod nuts.

[0006] Preferably, the outer float body is connected to end wall sealing plugs at both ends, and the end wall sealing plugs are provided with a plurality of sealing grooves, and sealing rings are installed in the sealing grooves.

[0007] Preferably, it also includes a self-powered wave parameter monitoring system, which includes a wave energy collection module, an energy management module, a power generation efficiency monitoring module, a signal acquisition, control and transmission module, and a data processing and mapping module that are connected in sequence.

[0008] The wave energy collection module is the wave energy collector described above, which includes a pendulum block and two power generation units symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides.

[0009] The energy management module is connected in sequence to the rectifier filter circuit, the BUCK step-down circuit, the energy storage capacitor, and the hysteresis release control circuit.

[0010] The power generation efficiency monitoring module includes a power generation unit input / output monitoring submodule, an energy management conversion efficiency monitoring submodule, and a system power consumption monitoring submodule;

[0011] The signal acquisition, control, and transmission module includes a main control chip, a voltage-triggered signal acquisition module, an FFT algorithm module, and a LoRa wireless transmission module.

[0012] The data processing and mapping module incorporates an artificial intelligence mapping model based on CNN-MLP-LSTM fusion, and integrates power generation efficiency data linkage analysis function.

[0013] Preferably, the power generation unit of the wave energy harvesting module is composed of a polytetrafluoroethylene friction layer, a copper foil electrode layer, and a substrate layer; a miniature angular velocity sensor is installed on the pendulum block to collect the angular velocity of the pendulum block and convert it into input mechanical energy power.

[0014] Preferably, the power generation efficiency monitoring module has voltage and current acquisition points at the input and output terminals of the rectifier filter circuit and the BUCK step-down circuit, and a power consumption monitoring chip at the power supply terminal of the integrated control circuit board.

[0015] Preferably, the signal acquisition module of the signal acquisition control and transmission system is voltage-triggered, with a trigger threshold of 0.5V, a maximum single sampling time of 15s, and a sampling frequency of 1kHz; the signal acquisition module synchronously records power generation efficiency monitoring data, and automatically marks the corresponding time period data when the system net energy efficiency is lower than 30%.

[0016] Preferably, the data processing and mapping module is equipped with a cloud-based data analysis and visualization system, which has statistical functions for average frequency, significant wave height, and power generation efficiency, as well as functions for eliminating ship interference, alarming abnormal wave height, and alarming abnormal efficiency.

[0017] This invention provides a method for operating a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator. The method includes the following steps:

[0018] S1: Waves drive the pendulum to swing back and forth, driving the left and right power generation units to alternately output high-voltage, low-current AC power; the rectifier and filter circuit and the BUCK step-down circuit complete the power conversion and storage, and the hysteresis release control circuit realizes the stable output;

[0019] S2: Collect full-link data through the power generation efficiency monitoring module to calculate three core indicators: TENG energy conversion efficiency, energy management system overall efficiency, and system net energy efficiency.

[0020] S3: The signal acquisition module starts acquisition through voltage triggering, records the switching time of the signal input port, calculates the wave period and frequency, extracts the main frequency parameters through the FFT algorithm, and synchronously marks abnormal efficiency data.

[0021] S4: Construct a multi-dimensional dataset containing signal period, main frequency, power generation efficiency, wave frequency, and wave height; train a CNN-MLP-LSTM fusion model; input real-time data and output wave parameters.

[0022] S5: The cloud system completes data statistical analysis, removes interfering data, and triggers dual early warnings for abnormal wave height and efficiency.

[0023] Preferably, in step S2, the formula for calculating the TENG energy conversion efficiency is:

[0024] =( / )×100%;

[0025] The formula for calculating the overall efficiency of an energy management system is:

[0026] =( / )×100%;

[0027] The formula for calculating the system's net energy efficiency is:

[0028] = × -( / )×100%.

[0029] Preferably, in step S3, the wave period is the time interval between two adjacent signal input port switching, and the main frequency is the frequency value corresponding to the maximum amplitude value after FFT conversion.

[0030] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0031] 1. Completely eliminate dependence on external power supply: This invention achieves direct conversion of wave mechanical energy through a rotating independent layered triboelectric nanogenerator. Combined with a high-efficiency energy management system, it enables the monitoring system to be powered autonomously, significantly reducing equipment deployment and maintenance costs. It is suitable for long-term monitoring in areas without power grid coverage, such as the open sea and deep sea.

[0032] 2. Strong anti-interference capability: This invention abandons the traditional time-domain amplitude parameter and uses the signal period and main frequency as characteristic parameters. The unstable time-domain signal is converted into a stable frequency-domain signal through the FFT algorithm, which effectively avoids the interference of environmental factors and device wear on the signal and realizes a stable correlation between characteristic parameters and wave physical parameters.

[0033] 3. Achieve end-to-end efficiency monitoring and early warning: The invention adds a power generation efficiency monitoring module, which can calculate TENG conversion efficiency, energy management efficiency and system net energy efficiency in real time. By setting an efficiency anomaly threshold, it can provide timely early warning of device wear and circuit failure, thereby improving the intelligent operation and maintenance level of the system.

[0034] 4. High monitoring accuracy and optimizable model: This invention adopts a multi-algorithm fusion artificial intelligence model that includes an efficiency dimension. After verification in a wave tank, the maximum error of wave parameter monitoring at 20 randomly selected test points does not exceed 5%. At the same time, the efficiency data can be used to back-optimize structural design parameters such as the weight of the TENG pendulum block and the friction layer material. Attached Figure Description

[0035] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used together with the embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof.

[0036] In the attached diagram:

[0037] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator in this invention.

[0038] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the first disassembled structure of a wave energy collector based on a triboelectric nanogenerator in this invention.

[0039] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the second split structure of a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator in this invention;

[0040] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the third disassembled structure of a wave energy collector based on a triboelectric nanogenerator in this invention;

[0041] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the fourth split structure of a wave energy collector based on a triboelectric nanogenerator in this invention;

[0042] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the fifth disassembled structure of a wave energy collector based on a triboelectric nanogenerator in this invention;

[0043] Figure 7This is a schematic diagram of a first partial cross-sectional structure of a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator according to the present invention;

[0044] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of a second partial cross-sectional structure of a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator in this invention;

[0045] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of a third partial cross-sectional structure of a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator in this invention;

[0046] Figure 10 This is a flowchart illustrating the working method of the self-powered wave parameter monitoring system in this invention.

[0047] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the anti-interference signal acquisition and feature extraction process in this invention;

[0048] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the process of constructing the multi-dimensional mapping model and outputting parameters in this invention;

[0049] Figure 13 This is a flowchart illustrating the intelligent data analysis and dual anomaly warning process in this invention.

[0050] In the diagram: 1-Outer float body, 2-End wall sealing plug, 3-Sealing ring, 4-Connecting rod, 5-Fixing plate, 6-Connecting rod nut, 7-Fixed pulley shaft, 8-Fixed pulley shaft limit nut, 9-Rotor plate, 10-End cover, 11-Main shaft, 12-Fixed pulley, 13-Rope, 14-Swing block shaft, 15-Counterweight, 16-Counterweight shaft, 17-Counterweight shaft limit nut, 18-Main shaft bearing, 19-One-way bearing, 20-Rotor, 21-Electrode, 22-Pulley shaft, 23-Pulley, 24-Fixed pulley bearing, 25-Swing block bearing, 26-Sealing groove, 27-Pulley bearing, 28-Swing block shaft limit nut, 29-Swing block, 30-Pulley shaft limit nut, 31-Electrode plate. Detailed Implementation

[0051] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0052] like Figures 1-13As shown, this invention provides a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator, comprising an outer float body 1, with fixed plates 5 symmetrically fixedly installed inside the outer float body 1. A pendulum shaft 14 is installed between the fixed plates 5, and the two ends of the pendulum shaft 14 are locked to the fixed plates 5 by pendulum shaft limiting nuts 28. Pendulum bearings 25 are symmetrically installed on the outer surface of the pendulum shaft 14, and pendulum blocks 29 are installed on the outer surface of the pendulum bearings 25. Fixed pulley shafts 7 are symmetrically installed between the fixed plates 5, and the two ends of the fixed pulley shafts 7 are locked to the fixed plates 5 by fixed pulley shaft limiting nuts. The nut 8 is locked. A plurality of fixed pulley bearings 24 are uniformly fixedly installed on the outer surface of the fixed pulley shaft 7. Fixed pulleys 12 are installed on the outer surface of the fixed pulley bearings 24. Pulley shafts 22 are symmetrically installed on the swing block 29. The ends of the pulley shafts 22 on both sides are locked to the swing block 29 by pulley shaft limiting nuts 30. A plurality of pulley bearings 27 are uniformly fixedly installed on the outer surface of the pulley shaft 22. Pulleys 23 are installed on the outer surface of the pulley bearings 27. A rope 13 is wound and connected between the pulleys 23 and the fixed pulleys 12. The initial end of the rope 13 is connected to the swing block shaft 14. The main shaft 11 is fixedly connected to the fixed plates 5. The tail end of the rope 13 is connected to the surface of the main shaft 11, and a portion of it is wound around the main shaft 11. The main shaft 11 is rotatably mounted between the fixed plates 5. A counterweight shaft 16 is installed between the swing blocks 29 and between the pulley shafts 22. The two ends of the counterweight shaft 16 are locked to the swing blocks 29 by counterweight shaft limiting nuts 17. A counterweight 15 is installed on the outer surface of the counterweight shaft 16. The main shaft 11 is connected to the main shaft bearing 18, which is installed on the outside of the fixed plate 5. One-way bearings 1 are connected to the two ends of the main shaft 11. 9. A rotor plate 9 is connected to the one-way bearing 19. A rotor 20 is mounted on the rotor plate 9. The rotor 20 is frictionally connected to the electrode 21. The electrode 21 is mounted on the electrode plate 31. The electrode plate 31 is mounted on the end cover 10. A connecting rod 4 is installed between the end cover 10 and the fixing plate 5. The ends of the connecting rod 4 are locked to the end cover 10 and the fixing plate 5 by connecting rod nuts 6. End wall sealing plugs 2 are connected to both ends of the outer float body 1. The end wall sealing plugs 2 are provided with a plurality of sealing grooves 26. Sealing rings 3 are installed in the sealing grooves 26.

[0053] During operation, when wave excitation forces the pendulum block 29 to swing to the right, the center distance between the fixed pulleys 12 and 23 of the left rope pulley system increases. At this time, the left rope tightens and pulls the main shaft to rotate clockwise. Simultaneously, the center distance of the right rope pulley system decreases, and the excess rope is wound onto the main shaft 11, preparing for the reverse motion. Conversely, when the pendulum block 29 swings to the left, the center distance of the right rope pulley system increases, causing the right rope to tighten and drive the main shaft 11 to rotate counterclockwise, while the left rope pulley system winds the rope back in.

[0054] Furthermore, the main shaft 11 couples the left and right rotors respectively via two one-way bearings 19 with opposite rotation directions. When the main shaft 11 rotates clockwise, the left one-way bearing locks and drives the left rotor to rotate clockwise synchronously. At this time, the right one-way bearing is in the free direction, and the right rotor maintains its original motion state. When the main shaft 11 switches its rotation direction to counterclockwise, the right one-way bearing locks and drives the right rotor to rotate synchronously. The left one-way bearing is in the free direction, and the left rotor stops rotating or continues to rotate in its original direction due to inertia. This design ensures that rotation of the main shaft 11 in any direction can be effectively captured and converted into alternating one-way rotation of the two rotors, thereby achieving continuous and efficient harvesting of wave energy.

[0055] Advantageously, it also includes a self-powered wave parameter monitoring system, which includes a wave energy collection module, an energy management module, a power generation efficiency monitoring module, a signal acquisition, control and transmission module, and a data processing and mapping module connected in sequence.

[0056] The wave energy collection module is the wave energy collector described above, which includes a pendulum block and two power generation units symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides.

[0057] The energy management module is connected in sequence to the rectifier filter circuit, the BUCK step-down circuit, the energy storage capacitor, and the hysteresis release control circuit.

[0058] The rectifier and filter circuit adopts a bridge rectifier circuit to convert the high-voltage, low-current AC power output from the wave energy harvesting unit into high-voltage, low-current DC power; it is paired with a π-type filter circuit to filter out the ripple in the DC power and ensure stable output voltage.

[0059] The BUCK step-down circuit, through simulation and experimental testing, selects components with an inductance of 100μH, a capacitance of 10nF, a gas discharge tube (230V), and a fast recovery diode (400V) to convert high-voltage low-current DC power into low-voltage high-current DC power to meet the power supply requirements of subsequent circuits.

[0060] The energy storage capacitor: a capacitor with a capacity of 1-10mF is selected to store the stepped-down electrical energy and provide continuous power supply to the system;

[0061] The hysteresis release control circuit uses a voltage comparator to build the hysteresis control circuit. The voltage threshold is set to 3.3V~5V. When the voltage of the energy storage capacitor is higher than 5V, the circuit starts to release electrical energy; when the voltage is lower than 3.3V, the circuit stops releasing, thus realizing the regulated output of electrical energy.

[0062] The power generation efficiency monitoring module includes a power generation unit input / output monitoring submodule, an energy management conversion efficiency monitoring submodule, and a system power consumption monitoring submodule;

[0063] The power generation unit input / output monitoring submodule includes: a miniature angular velocity sensor installed on the pendulum block to collect the angular velocity of the pendulum block in real time and convert it into the mechanical energy power of the wave input; and a high-precision voltage transformer and current transformer connected in parallel at the output end of the power generation unit to collect the output voltage and current and calculate the output power.

[0064] The energy management conversion efficiency monitoring submodule sets voltage and current acquisition points at the input and output terminals of the rectifier filter circuit and the BUCK step-down circuit, respectively, to monitor the input and output power of each circuit module in real time and calculate the energy conversion efficiency.

[0065] The system power consumption monitoring submodule: A power consumption monitoring chip is set at the power supply end of the integrated control circuit board to collect energy consumption data in real time during the entire process of signal acquisition, processing and transmission, which is used to calculate the system's net energy efficiency;

[0066] The signal acquisition, control, and transmission module includes a main control chip, a voltage-triggered signal acquisition module, an FFT algorithm module, and a LoRa wireless transmission module.

[0067] The main control chip is an STM32L4 electrode board 31 ultra-low power microcontroller, which consumes only 0.5μA in sleep mode, meeting the low power consumption requirements for long-term monitoring.

[0068] The voltage-triggered signal acquisition module adopts a voltage-triggered acquisition mode with a trigger threshold of 0.5V; the maximum single sampling time is set to 15s, and the sampling frequency is 10kHz to ensure complete extraction of signal features; it records the switching time points of the signal input ports of the left and right power generation units. , , ... ;

[0069] The FFT algorithm module integrates a radix-2 FFT algorithm in the main control chip to convert the acquired time-domain voltage signal into a frequency-domain signal and extract the frequency value corresponding to the maximum amplitude as the core feature parameter characterizing the wave height.

[0070] The LoRa wireless transmission module uses a LoRa wireless communication module with a communication frequency band of 433MHz and a transmission power consumption of less than 10mW, enabling remote low-power transmission of monitoring data and efficiency data.

[0071] Integrated control circuit board: The four-layer PCB board design integrates the above circuit modules, reducing the size and improving the electromagnetic interference resistance.

[0072] The data processing and mapping module has a built-in artificial intelligence mapping model based on CNN-MLP-LSTM fusion, and integrates power generation efficiency data linkage analysis function. The data processing and mapping module is equipped with a cloud data analysis and visualization system, which has statistical functions for average frequency, significant wave height, and power generation efficiency, as well as functions for ship interference elimination, wave height abnormality alarm, and efficiency abnormality alarm.

[0073] It incorporates an artificial intelligence mapping model based on CNN-MLP-LSTM fusion to establish the correlation between signal period, main frequency, wave frequency, and wave height; it also synchronously accesses data from the power generation efficiency monitoring module to achieve linked analysis of efficiency and wave parameters.

[0074] Cloud-based data analysis and visualization system: Receives wirelessly transmitted monitoring and efficiency data, enabling statistical analysis of average frequency, significant wave height, and power generation efficiency; incorporates an interference identification algorithm to eliminate short-term interference data such as passing ships; sets wave height and efficiency anomaly thresholds to achieve dual automatic alarms.

[0075] Advantageously, the power generation unit of the wave energy harvesting module is composed of a polytetrafluoroethylene friction layer, a copper foil electrode layer, and a substrate layer; a miniature angular velocity sensor is installed on the pendulum block to collect the angular velocity of the pendulum block and convert it into input mechanical energy power.

[0076] Advantageously, the power generation efficiency monitoring module has voltage and current acquisition points at the input and output terminals of the rectifier filter circuit and the BUCK step-down circuit, and a power consumption monitoring chip is set at the power supply terminal of the integrated control circuit board.

[0077] Advantageously, the signal acquisition module of the signal acquisition control and transmission system is voltage-triggered, with a trigger threshold of 0.5V, a maximum single sampling time of 15s, and a sampling frequency of 10kHz; the signal acquisition module synchronously records power generation efficiency monitoring data, and automatically marks the corresponding time period data when the system net energy efficiency is lower than 30%.

[0078] This invention provides a method for operating a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator. The method, based on the aforementioned wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator, includes the following steps:

[0079] S1: Wave Energy Harvesting and Refined Energy Management:

[0080] Waves propel the pendulum to swing back and forth, driving the left and right power generation units to alternately output high-voltage, low-current AC power; the rectifier and filter circuit converts the AC power into stable DC power; the BUCK step-down circuit steps down the DC power to 3.3V and stores it in the supercapacitor; the hysteresis release control circuit releases the electrical energy in a regulated manner according to the voltage threshold, supplying power to the entire system.

[0081] S2: End-to-end power generation efficiency monitoring and calculation:

[0082] Efficiency monitoring and calculation are performed simultaneously throughout the entire energy conversion process, resulting in three core efficiency indicators:

[0083] TENG Energy Conversion Efficiency: Data is collected by a pendulum angular velocity sensor and converted into input mechanical energy power. Voltage and current are collected through the current transformer at the output end of the generator unit to calculate the output power. The calculation formula is: =( / )×100%;

[0084] Overall efficiency of the energy management system: Monitor the input and output power of the rectifier filter and the buck converter circuit, and calculate the output power of the energy management system. The calculation formula is: =( / )×100%;

[0085] System net energy efficiency: Data collected from system power consumption by a system power consumption monitoring chip. The calculation formula is: = × -( / )×100%.

[0086] S3: Anti-interference signal acquisition and feature extraction:

[0087] S31: The signal acquisition module starts acquisition via a 0.5V voltage trigger and records the first signal input port switching time. Subsequent switchover time , ... ;

[0088] S32: Calculate the time interval between adjacent handovers = - This time interval is the wave period of the corresponding time period, and then the wave frequency is calculated. =1 / ;

[0089] S33: For each time interval The time-domain voltage signal acquired internally is converted into a frequency-domain signal using an FFT algorithm, and the main frequency corresponding to the maximum amplitude is extracted as a characteristic parameter representing the wave height.

[0090] S34: Synchronously store power generation efficiency data and signal characteristic parameters. When the net is lower than the preset threshold of 30%, automatically mark the data for that period.

[0091] S4: Multi-dimensional mapping model construction and parameter output:

[0092] S41: Construction of a multi-dimensional dataset: Twenty stable wave conditions with different wave heights and periods were set up in a wave tank. The system of this invention and a commercial capacitive wave meter were deployed simultaneously. Five types of data, namely signal period, main frequency, wave frequency, wave height, and power generation efficiency, were collected and recorded, resulting in 1,000 valid samples. The samples were divided into training and test sets in a 7:3 ratio.

[0093] S42: Multi-algorithm fusion model training: Based on the TensorFlow framework, a CNN-MLP-LSTM fusion model with an efficiency feature layer was constructed. CNN extracts local signal features, LSTM captures temporal features, MLP implements nonlinear mapping, and the efficiency feature layer is used to optimize model accuracy. The number of iterations was set to 1000 and the learning rate to 0.1. After training, the model's goodness of fit R2 reached over 0.98.

[0094] S43: Real-time parameter output: Input the real-time extracted signal period, main frequency and efficiency data into the trained model, and output the corresponding wave frequency and wave height data.

[0095] S5: Intelligent Data Analysis and Dual Anomaly Warning:

[0096] S51: The cloud system statistically analyzes the received wave parameters and efficiency data, and calculates the average frequency, significant wave height and average power generation efficiency per unit time.

[0097] S52: By identifying the short-term abrupt changes in the signal cycle, interference data caused by passing ships is eliminated, ensuring the accuracy of wave parameter statistics;

[0098] S53: Set dual anomaly warning thresholds: When the wave height exceeds the 5m threshold, trigger a wave height anomaly alarm and push warning information to the marine monitoring station; when When the efficiency drops by more than 5% or falls below 30% in a single monitoring cycle, it is determined to be due to device wear or circuit failure, triggering an efficiency anomaly alarm and prompting maintenance personnel to carry out timely repairs.

[0099] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0100] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator, characterized in that: The system includes an outer buoy body (1), with fixed plates (5) symmetrically fixed inside the outer buoy body (1). A swing block shaft (14) is installed between the fixed plates (5). Swing block bearings (25) are symmetrically installed on the outer surface of the swing block shaft (14). Swing blocks (29) are installed on the outer surface of the swing block bearings (25). Fixed pulley shafts (7) are symmetrically installed between the fixed plates (5). Several fixed pulley bearings (24) are uniformly fixed on the outer surface of the fixed pulley shafts (7). Fixed pulleys (12) are installed on the outer surface of the fixed pulley bearings (24). Pulley shafts (22) are symmetrically installed on the swing blocks (29). Several pulley bearings (27) are uniformly fixed on the outer surface of the pulley shafts (22). Pulleys (23) are installed on the outer surface of the pulley bearings (27). A rope (13) is wound and connected between the pulleys (23) and the fixed pulleys (12). 3) The initial end is fixedly connected to the pendulum shaft (14), the tail end of the rope (13) is connected to the surface of the main shaft (11), and part of it is wound around the main shaft (11). The main shaft (11) is rotatably installed between the fixed plates (5). A counterweight shaft (16) is installed between the pendulum blocks (29) and between the pulley shafts (22). A counterweight (15) is installed on the outer surface of the counterweight shaft (16). One-way bearings (19) are connected to both ends of the main shaft (11). A rotor plate (9) is connected to the one-way bearing (19). A rotor (20) is installed on the rotor plate (9). The rotor (20) is frictionally connected to the electrode (21). The electrode (21) is installed on the electrode plate (31). The electrode plate (31) is installed on the end cover (10). A connecting rod (4) is installed between the end cover (10) and the fixed plate (5).

2. A wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer buoy body (1) is connected to end wall sealing plugs (2) at both ends. The end wall sealing plugs (2) are provided with several sealing grooves (26). Sealing rings (3) are installed in the sealing grooves (26). The two ends of the swing block shaft (14) are locked to the fixed plate (5) by swing block shaft limiting nuts (28). The two ends of the fixed pulley shaft (7) are locked to the fixed plate (5) by fixed pulley shaft limiting nuts (8). The two ends of the pulley shaft (22) are locked to the fixed plate (5) by fixed pulley shaft limiting nuts (8). The side ends are locked to the swing block (29) by pulley shaft limiting nuts (30), the two ends of the counterweight shaft (16) are locked to the swing block (29) by counterweight shaft limiting nuts (17), the main shaft (11) is connected to the main shaft bearing (18), the main shaft bearing (18) is installed on the outside of the fixed plate (5), and the two ends of the connecting rod (4) are locked to the end cap (10) and the fixed plate (5) by connecting rod nuts (6).

3. A wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 2, characterized in that: It also includes a self-powered wave parameter monitoring system, which comprises a wave energy collection module, an energy management module, a power generation efficiency monitoring module, a signal acquisition, control and transmission module, and a data processing and mapping module that are connected in sequence. The wave energy collection module is the wave energy collector described above, which includes a pendulum block and two power generation units symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides. The energy management module is connected in sequence to the rectifier filter circuit, the BUCK step-down circuit, the energy storage capacitor, and the hysteresis release control circuit. The power generation efficiency monitoring module includes a power generation unit input / output monitoring submodule, an energy management conversion efficiency monitoring submodule, and a system power consumption monitoring submodule; The signal acquisition, control, and transmission module includes a main control chip, a voltage-triggered signal acquisition module, an FFT algorithm module, and a LoRa wireless transmission module. The data processing and mapping module incorporates an artificial intelligence mapping model based on CNN-MLP-LSTM fusion, and integrates power generation efficiency data linkage analysis function.

4. A wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 3, characterized in that: The power generation unit of the wave energy harvesting module consists of a polytetrafluoroethylene friction layer, a copper foil electrode layer, and a substrate layer; a miniature angular velocity sensor is installed on the pendulum block to collect the angular velocity of the pendulum block and convert it into input mechanical energy power.

5. A wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 4, characterized in that: The power generation efficiency monitoring module has voltage and current acquisition points at the input and output terminals of the rectifier filter circuit and the BUCK step-down circuit, and a power consumption monitoring chip at the power supply terminal of the integrated control circuit board.

6. A wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 5, characterized in that: The signal acquisition module of the signal acquisition and control transmission module is voltage-triggered, with a trigger threshold of 0.5V, a maximum single sampling time of 15s, and a sampling frequency of 1kHz. The signal acquisition module synchronously records power generation efficiency monitoring data, and automatically marks the corresponding time period data when the system net energy efficiency is lower than 30%.

7. A wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator according to claim 6, characterized in that: The data processing and mapping module is equipped with a cloud-based data analysis and visualization system, which has statistical functions for average frequency, significant wave height, and power generation efficiency, as well as functions for eliminating ship interference, alarming abnormal wave height, and alarming abnormal efficiency.

8. A method for operating a wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator, wherein the wave energy harvester based on a triboelectric nanogenerator as described in claim 7 is characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Waves drive the pendulum to swing back and forth, driving the left and right power generation units to alternately output high-voltage, low-current AC power; the rectifier and filter circuit and the BUCK step-down circuit complete the power conversion and storage, and the hysteresis release control circuit realizes the stable output; S2: Collect full-link data through the power generation efficiency monitoring module to calculate three core indicators: TENG energy conversion efficiency, energy management system overall efficiency, and system net energy efficiency. S3: The signal acquisition module starts acquisition through voltage triggering, records the switching time of the signal input port, calculates the wave period and frequency, extracts the main frequency parameters through the FFT algorithm, and synchronously marks abnormal efficiency data. S4: Construct a multi-dimensional dataset containing signal period, main frequency, power generation efficiency, wave frequency, and wave height; train a CNN-MLP-LSTM fusion model; input real-time data and output wave parameters. S5: The cloud system completes data statistical analysis, removes interfering data, and triggers dual early warnings for abnormal wave height and efficiency.

9. The working method according to claim 8, characterized in that: In step S2, the formula for calculating the TENG energy conversion efficiency is: =( / )×100%， The formula for calculating the overall efficiency of an energy management system is: =( / )×100%， The formula for calculating the system's net energy efficiency is: = × -( / )×100%； In the above formula: For TENG energy conversion efficiency, To output electrical power, For input mechanical energy power, The overall efficiency of the energy management system. Output power to the energy management system, The power consumption data is collected by the chip. System net energy efficiency.

10. The working method according to claim 9, characterized in that: In step S3, the wave period is the time interval between two adjacent signal input port switching, and the main frequency is the frequency value corresponding to the maximum amplitude value after FFT conversion.

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