Efficient and environment-friendly photovoltaic module recycling device and method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses an efficient and environment-friendly photovoltaic module recovery processing device and method, and belongs to the field of photovoltaic module recovery, and the efficient and environment-friendly photovoltaic module recovery processing method comprises the following steps: S1, disassembly and multi-stage dissociation; s2, carrying out temperature control pyrolysis and flow direction divergence; s3, quenching and tempering of gas phase branch-components; s4, carrying out solid phase branch-dielectric potential energy induction; s5, carrying out gas-solid coupling-chemical film formation and charging; s6, sound field orientation and pulse sorting; the problem of high energy consumption of a traditional pyrolysis process is solved, resource utilization of pyrolysis gas is realized, and a self-energized carrier is provided for a subsequent modification link; the problem that an existing modification process depends on external energy sources or chemical reagents is solved, and green modification is achieved through the mechanical force and dielectric polarization coupling effect. The problems that an existing technological process is dispersed and poor in synergism are solved, a closed-loop treatment system from disassembly, pyrolysis, modification to separation is built, the overall treatment efficiency is improved, and the recovery cost is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of photovoltaic module recycling, and more specifically, to a highly efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling and processing device and method. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of the photovoltaic industry, the number of retired photovoltaic modules has surged, making their recycling and disposal an urgent environmental and resource utilization issue. Existing photovoltaic module recycling technologies mainly include pyrolysis, mechanical crushing, and chemical leaching, but these methods have many drawbacks.

[0003] Pyrolysis processes rely heavily on external energy for heating, resulting in high energy consumption and direct emission of hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gases, which wastes resources and pollutes the environment.

[0004] The modification and separation of components such as silicon and glass require the addition of additional chemical reagents or the consumption of external energy, which poses a risk of secondary pollution and is costly.

[0005] Traditional sorting technologies, such as single electrostatic separation and air separation, are difficult to accurately separate flake silicon and glass particles, resulting in low sorting accuracy and limited resource recovery rate. Fourth, existing processes are mostly segmented operations, with a lack of coordination and linkage between pyrolysis, modification, and sorting, failing to form a closed-loop processing system, leading to low processing efficiency and cumbersome processes. Therefore, developing a photovoltaic module recycling technology and corresponding device that is low in energy consumption, highly resource-utilizing, accurately sorted, and has a closed-loop process has become a current research hotspot and urgent need in this field. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention aims to overcome the shortcomings of existing photovoltaic module recycling technologies and provide a highly efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling and processing device and method. Specifically, it addresses the following technical problems: First, it solves the problems of high energy consumption and waste of hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas in traditional pyrolysis processes, enabling the resource utilization of pyrolysis gas and providing a self-powered carrier for subsequent modification stages. Second, it addresses the problem of existing modification processes relying on external energy or chemical reagents, achieving green modification through mechanical force and dielectric polarization coupling, and expanding the potential difference between silicon and glass. Third, it addresses the problem of low precision in single sorting technologies, improving the separation accuracy of silicon, glass, and metal components through acoustic field orientation adjustment of particle posture and synergistic electrostatic separation. Fourth, it addresses the problems of fragmented and poorly coordinated existing processes, constructing a closed-loop processing system from dismantling, pyrolysis, modification to sorting, improving overall processing efficiency and reducing recycling costs.

[0007] To solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution.

[0008] An efficient and environmentally friendly method for recycling photovoltaic modules includes the following steps:

[0009] S1: Dismantling and multi-stage separation: Retired photovoltaic modules are subjected to frame removal and multi-stage mechanical crushing to remove large-sized metal parts and backsheets, and obtain photovoltaic mixed crushed material containing silicon, glass, metal and polymer film;

[0010] S2: Temperature-controlled pyrolysis and flow direction divergence: The photovoltaic mixed crushed material is subjected to nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere, so that the polymer film is vaporized and decomposed into hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas, and at the same time the photovoltaic mixed crushed material is dissociated into pyrolytic debonded aggregate, and the two are respectively introduced into the parallel gas phase treatment branch and solid phase treatment branch.

[0011] S3: Gas phase branch - component conditioning: The hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas generated by S2 is condensed and purified, and after heavy oil impurities are removed, the remaining light hydrocarbon components are heated and pressurized through a heat exchange process to prepare a gas phase carrier.

[0012] S4: Solid-phase branch - dielectric potential energy induction: The thermally debonded aggregate generated in S2 is simultaneously transported to the modified grinding chamber, and a solid dielectric modifier is added for dry grinding; by utilizing mechanochemical action and dielectric polarization effect, the specific surface area and surface electronic state of silicon and glass particles are changed, and the contact potential difference between the two is artificially expanded to obtain potential energy induced modified material.

[0013] S5: Gas-solid coupling - chemical film formation and charging: The potential energy-induced modified material prepared in S4 is injected into the gas-phase carrier flow prepared in S3, and the gas and solid phases are merged in the swirling field; the hydrocarbon molecules in the gas flow are used to adsorb in situ on the surface of silicon particles to form a hydrophobic microfilm, and enhanced chemical-assisted triboelectric charging is achieved in the high-speed swirling collision, so that the particles reach saturation charge.

[0014] S6: Sound Field Direction and Pulse Sorting: The fully charged gas-solid mixture from S5 is introduced into the sorting chamber. It first passes through the ultrasonic standing wave field generated by the ultrasonic generator, and the flight attitude of the sheet silicon particles is adjusted by the acoustic radiation pressure. Then it enters the high-frequency pulse high-voltage electric field. Based on the electrical differences and the deflection distance generated by the aerodynamic flight trajectory, the precise deflection and separation of silicon, glass and metal components are achieved.

[0015] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the frame removal process in S1 adopts a hydraulic shearing method, and the hydraulic shearing force of the frame removal process is 2000-5000N; the particle size of the material after the third-stage crushing is ≤2mm; the removal of large-sized metal parts adopts vibration screening, with a screening frequency of 20-30Hz and a screening aperture of 10-15mm. By limiting the hydraulic shearing force and the crushing particle size, the photovoltaic module can be accurately framed and uniformly disassembled. The vibration screening parameters ensure efficient removal of large-sized metal parts, avoid interference from subsequent processing, and improve the continuity and stability of the overall recycling process.

[0016] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the inert atmosphere in S2 is nitrogen or argon, and the partial pressure of the atmosphere P ≥ 0.8 MPa; the nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis follows the following temperature-time control model:

[0017]

[0018] in, The temperature at time t is the pyrolysis temperature. The initial temperature; This refers to the temperature rise coefficient; The characteristic time constant is 450-600℃; the final pyrolysis temperature is 450-600℃; the separation of the hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis degummed aggregate is achieved by using a cyclone separator, clearly defining the inert atmosphere and pyrolysis parameters, and combining a temperature-time control model to achieve uniform pyrolysis of the components, avoid over-pyrolysis or residual adhesive film, improve the purity of pyrolysis gas and aggregate quality, and lay the foundation for subsequent gas-solid dual-branch processing.

[0019] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the condensation temperature in S3 is 80-120℃; the light hydrocarbon components are heated to 350-450℃ and pressurized to 0.8-1.2MPa. The condensation and pressurization parameters are precisely controlled to ensure efficient purification and conditioning of the hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas, so that the light hydrocarbons form a qualified gas phase carrier, ensuring that their heat carrying and modification functions meet the standards, and improving the subsequent gas-solid coupling modification effect.

[0020] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the grinding speed of the modified grinding chamber in S4 is 2000-3000 r / min, and the grinding time is 20-40 min; the solid dielectric regulator is barium titanate or lead zirconate titanate, and the amount of solid dielectric regulator added is 2%-5% of the mass of the thermally debonded aggregate; the potential energy induces the contact potential difference of the modified material. Energy from mechanochemical interactions The following relationship must be satisfied:

[0021]

[0022] in, This is the initial potential difference; This refers to the modified specific surface area. This is the initial specific surface area; The dielectric response coefficient is [value missing]; the contact potential difference after modification is ≥0.8V; the specific surface area of ​​the particles after modification is S≥30m². 2 / g, limiting the grinding parameters and the amount of dielectric modifier added, the modification effect is precisely controlled by the mechanical energy-potential difference correlation formula, which expands the potential difference between silicon and glass, enhances the differentiation of components, and provides core technical support for subsequent efficient sorting.

[0023] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the injection velocity in S5 is 10-20 m / s; the hydrodynamic state of the swirling field is determined by the swirling number. Control, its calculation formula is:

[0024]

[0025] in, Angular momentum flux For axial momentum flux. The radius of the swirling cavity; the number of swirling vortices The concentration is controlled between 0.6 and 1.2 to ensure uniform adsorption of the hydrophobic microfilm; the tangential velocity of the swirl is 15-25 m / s; the thickness of the hydrophobic microfilm is 0.05-0.3 μm. By controlling the jet velocity and swirl number, a stable swirling field is constructed to ensure uniform adsorption of the hydrophobic microfilm and full charge of the particles, thereby improving the stability and consistency of particle charge and enhancing the auxiliary role of gas-solid coupling modification in sorting.

[0026] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the ultrasonic standing wave field in S6 has a frequency of 20-40kHz and a sound intensity of 50-100W / cm. 2 High-frequency pulsed high-voltage electric field strength 1-5×10^5V / m; pulse frequency 100-500Hz; deflection distance difference between silicon, glass and metal components ≥0.2m, clearly define ultrasonic and electric field parameters, realize particle attitude orientation adjustment and precise electric separation, improve the separation accuracy and recovery rate of silicon, glass and metal components, reduce the risk of component contamination, and ensure the quality of recovered products.

[0027] As a further technical solution of the present invention, in S2, when the inert atmosphere is argon, its purity is ≥99.99%; in the nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis process, the number of atmosphere replacements is ≥3 times, and the replacement time for each replacement is ≥5min; the residual amount of adhesive film is ≤0.5wt%, which limits the purity of argon and the requirements for atmosphere replacement, reduces the residual amount of adhesive film in the pyrolysis process, improves the purity of the pyrolysis debonded aggregate, avoids the residual adhesive film from interfering with the subsequent modification reaction, and optimizes the product quality of the solid phase treatment branch.

[0028] As a further technical solution of the present invention, the energy density in S4 is 5×10⁶-1×10⁷ J / m³. 3 The solid dielectric modifier has a particle size ≤5μm and a purity ≥99.5%; the content of polar groups grafted on the surface of the modified silicon particles is ≥2.0mmol / g. By controlling the energy density and dielectric modifier performance parameters, the efficiency of mechanochemical modification is improved, the amount of polar groups grafted on the surface of silicon particles is guaranteed, the surface activity of the modified material is enhanced, and the subsequent sorting and resource utilization effect is further optimized.

[0029] A high-efficiency and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling and processing device includes a dismantling and separation module, a temperature-controlled pyrolysis diversion module, a gas-phase conditioning module, a solid-phase modification module, a gas-solid coupling film-forming and charging module, and a sound field directional pulse sorting module connected in sequence. Each module is connected via a material conveying pipeline or airflow channel to form a closed-loop processing system; wherein:

[0030] The disassembly and separation module is used to remove the frame, perform multi-stage mechanical crushing, and remove large-sized metal parts and backsheets from retired photovoltaic modules.

[0031] The temperature-controlled pyrolysis diversion module is equipped with an inert atmosphere generating unit, which is used to realize nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis of photovoltaic mixed crushed material, and to introduce the hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis degummed aggregate into the gas phase conditioning module and the solid phase modification module respectively.

[0032] The gas phase conditioning module includes a condensation and purification unit and a heat exchange and pressurization unit, which are used to prepare hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas into a gas phase carrier.

[0033] The solid-phase modification module is a modified grinding cavity with a solid dielectric modifier addition unit, used to realize the mechanochemical modification and dielectric polarization of thermally debonded aggregates.

[0034] The gas-solid coupling film-forming and charging module has a swirling cavity inside, which is used to realize the fusion of potential energy-induced modified material and gas phase carrier, the formation of hydrophobic microfilm and particle charging.

[0035] The acoustic field directional pulse sorting module is equipped with an ultrasonic generator and a high-frequency pulse high-voltage electric field generator, which are used to achieve particle posture adjustment and precise separation. The device module is precisely matched with the recycling method, and the closed-loop design realizes full-process coordinated linkage, ensuring continuous and efficient processing, reducing energy consumption and operating costs, and providing equipment support for large-scale and green photovoltaic module recycling.

[0036] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of this invention are:

[0037] Through collaborative optimization design across the entire process, it achieves multi-dimensional and targeted beneficial effects, significantly improving the efficiency and environmental friendliness of recycling and processing;

[0038] In the disassembly and separation stage, the standardized frame removal, multi-stage crushing and screening parameters are coordinated and controlled to effectively solve the problems of chaotic traditional crushing process, uneven material particle size and incomplete removal of impurities. This not only avoids the interference of large-sized metal parts, back plate residues and other impurities on subsequent processes, but also provides homogenized mixed materials for subsequent pyrolysis treatment, greatly improving the uniformity and efficiency of the pyrolysis reaction and reducing the energy consumption of subsequent processing.

[0039] In the pyrolysis process, by using a precise temperature-time control model and inert atmosphere regulation, the defects of excessive film residue or excessive pyrolysis and generation of harmful gases caused by improper temperature control in the traditional pyrolysis process are avoided, and the purity of pyrolyzed aggregate is significantly improved.

[0040] It achieves efficient collection and purification of hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas, breaking the resource waste dilemma of direct emission of pyrolysis gas in traditional processes, providing a clean self-powered carrier for subsequent gas-solid coupling modification, reducing dependence on external energy, and further reducing overall energy consumption.

[0041] In the gas-solid coupling modification process, by precisely controlling key parameters such as condensation purification, heat exchange pressurization and dielectric polarization modification, solid dielectric regulators are used to achieve green modification, completely abandoning the traditional modification process that relies on chemical reagents, and fundamentally avoiding the risk of secondary pollution.

[0042] At the same time, the potential difference between silicon and glass particles is effectively expanded through the synergistic effect of mechanical force and dielectric polarization, laying a core foundation for subsequent precise sorting;

[0043] In the sorting stage, the collaborative design of ultrasonic standing wave field and high-frequency pulsed high-voltage electric field solves the industry pain point that traditional single sorting technology is difficult to accurately separate flake silicon and glass particles. The ultrasonic standing wave field can accurately adjust the particle flight attitude, while the high-voltage electric field achieves efficient separation based on the differences in the electrical properties of the components, which greatly improves the separation purity and recovery rate of silicon, glass and metal components and maximizes the value of resource recovery.

[0044] The closed-loop collaborative device design enables seamless connection of each processing module and recycling of materials and energy. It solves the problems of cumbersome traditional segmented operation process, large intermediate transfer losses, and low processing efficiency. It significantly reduces operating costs and energy consumption, provides reliable technical support for the large-scale and green recycling of photovoltaic modules, and promotes the environmentally friendly development of the entire life cycle of the photovoltaic industry. Attached Figure Description

[0045] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the method flow of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0046] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0047] This invention provides an embodiment 1

[0048] Please see Figure 1 A highly efficient and environmentally friendly method for recycling photovoltaic modules includes the following steps:

[0049] S1: Dismantling and multi-stage separation: Retired photovoltaic modules are subjected to frame removal and multi-stage mechanical crushing to remove large-sized metal parts and backsheets, and obtain photovoltaic mixed crushed material containing silicon, glass, metal and polymer film;

[0050] The frame removal process employs hydraulic shearing with a shearing force of 2000-5000N; the particle size of the material after the third-stage crushing is ≤2mm; the removal of large-sized metal parts uses vibration screening with a screening frequency of 20-30Hz and a screening aperture of 10-15mm. By limiting the hydraulic shearing force and the crushed particle size, precise frame removal and uniform dissociation of photovoltaic modules are achieved. The vibration screening parameters ensure efficient removal of large-sized metal parts, avoid interference from subsequent processing, and improve the consistency and stability of the overall recycling process.

[0051] S2: Temperature-controlled pyrolysis and flow direction divergence: The photovoltaic mixed crushed material is subjected to nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere, so that the polymer film is vaporized and decomposed into hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas, and at the same time the photovoltaic mixed crushed material is dissociated into pyrolytic debonded aggregate, and the two are respectively introduced into the parallel gas phase treatment branch and solid phase treatment branch.

[0052] The inert atmosphere is nitrogen or argon, with a partial pressure P ≥ 0.8 MPa; the nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis follows the following temperature-time control model:

[0053]

[0054] in, The temperature at time t is the pyrolysis temperature. The initial temperature; This refers to the temperature rise coefficient; The characteristic time constant is 450-600℃; the final pyrolysis temperature is 450-600℃; the separation of the hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis degummed aggregate is achieved by using a cyclone separator, clearly defining the inert atmosphere and pyrolysis parameters, and combining the temperature-time control model to achieve uniform pyrolysis of the components, avoid over-pyrolysis or residual adhesive film, improve the purity of pyrolysis gas and aggregate quality, and lay the foundation for subsequent gas-solid dual-branch processing.

[0055] When the inert atmosphere is argon, its purity is ≥99.99%; during the nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis process, the atmosphere replacement is ≥3 times, and the replacement time is ≥5min each time; the residual amount of adhesive film is ≤0.5wt%, which limits the purity of argon and the requirements of atmosphere replacement, reduces the amount of adhesive film residue in the pyrolysis process, improves the purity of the pyrolysis debonded aggregate, avoids the residual adhesive film from interfering with the subsequent modification reaction, and optimizes the product quality of the solid phase treatment branch.

[0056] S3: Gas phase branch - component conditioning: The hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas generated by S2 is condensed and purified, and after heavy oil impurities are removed, the remaining light hydrocarbon components are heated and pressurized through a heat exchange process to prepare a gas phase carrier.

[0057] The condensation temperature is 80-120℃; light hydrocarbon components are heated to 350-450℃ and pressurized to 0.8-1.2MPa. The condensation and pressurization parameters are precisely controlled to ensure efficient purification and conditioning of hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas, so that light hydrocarbons form qualified gas phase carriers, ensuring that their heat carrying and modification functions meet the standards, and improving the subsequent gas-solid coupling modification effect.

[0058] S4: Solid-phase branch - dielectric potential energy induction: The thermally debonded aggregate generated in S2 is simultaneously transported to the modified grinding chamber, and a solid dielectric modifier is added for dry grinding; by utilizing mechanochemical action and dielectric polarization effect, the specific surface area and surface electronic state of silicon and glass particles are changed, and the contact potential difference between the two is artificially expanded to obtain potential energy induced modified material.

[0059] The grinding speed of the modified grinding chamber is 2000-3000 r / min, and the grinding time is 20-40 min; the solid dielectric modifier is barium titanate or lead zirconate titanate, and the amount of solid dielectric modifier added is 2%-5% of the mass of the thermally debonded aggregate; the potential energy induces the contact potential difference of the modified material. Energy from mechanochemical interactions The following relationship must be satisfied:

[0060]

[0061] in, This is the initial potential difference; This refers to the modified specific surface area. This is the initial specific surface area; The dielectric response coefficient is [value missing]; the contact potential difference after modification is ≥0.8V; the specific surface area of ​​the particles after modification is S≥30m². 2 / g, limiting the grinding parameters and the amount of dielectric modifier added, the modification effect is precisely controlled by the mechanical energy-potential difference correlation formula, expanding the potential difference between silicon and glass, enhancing the component differentiation, and providing core technical support for subsequent efficient sorting;

[0062] Energy density 5×10⁶-1×10⁷ J / m³ 3 The solid dielectric modifier has a particle size ≤5μm and a purity ≥99.5%; the content of polar groups grafted onto the surface of the modified silicon particles is ≥2.0mmol / g. By controlling the energy density and dielectric modifier performance parameters, the efficiency of mechanochemical modification is improved, the amount of polar groups grafted onto the surface of the silicon particles is guaranteed, the surface activity of the modified material is enhanced, and the subsequent sorting and resource utilization effects are further optimized.

[0063] S5: Gas-solid coupling - chemical film formation and charging: The potential energy-induced modified material prepared in S4 is injected into the gas-phase carrier flow prepared in S3, and the gas and solid phases are merged in the swirling field; the hydrocarbon molecules in the gas flow are used to adsorb in situ on the surface of silicon particles to form a hydrophobic microfilm, and enhanced chemical-assisted triboelectric charging is achieved in the high-speed swirling collision, so that the particles reach saturation charge.

[0064] The injection velocity is 10-20 m / s; the hydrodynamic state of the swirling field is determined by the swirling number. Control, its calculation formula is:

[0065]

[0066] in, Angular momentum flux For axial momentum flux. The radius of the swirling cavity; the number of swirling vortices The concentration is controlled between 0.6 and 1.2 to ensure uniform adsorption of the hydrophobic microfilm; the tangential velocity of the swirl is 15-25 m / s; the thickness of the hydrophobic microfilm is 0.05-0.3 μm. By controlling the jet velocity and swirl number, a stable swirling field is constructed to ensure uniform adsorption of the hydrophobic microfilm and full charge of the particles, thereby improving the stability and consistency of particle charge and strengthening the auxiliary role of gas-solid coupling modification in sorting.

[0067] S6: Sound field orientation and pulse sorting: The fully charged gas-solid mixture in S5 is introduced into the sorting cavity. It first passes through the ultrasonic standing wave field generated by the ultrasonic generator. The flight attitude of the sheet silicon particles is adjusted by the acoustic radiation pressure. Then it enters the high-frequency pulse high-voltage electric field. Based on the electrical differences and the deflection distance generated by the aerodynamic flight trajectory, the precise deflection and separation of silicon, glass and metal components are achieved.

[0068] Ultrasonic standing wave field frequency 20-40kHz, sound intensity 50-100W / cm 2 High-frequency pulsed high-voltage electric field strength 1-5×10^5V / m; pulse frequency 100-500Hz; deflection distance difference between silicon, glass and metal components ≥0.2m, clarifying ultrasonic and electric field parameters, realizing particle attitude orientation adjustment and precise electric separation, improving the separation accuracy and recovery rate of silicon, glass and metal components, reducing the risk of component contamination, and ensuring the quality of recovered products;

[0069] This invention provides an embodiment 2

[0070] A high-efficiency and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling and processing device includes a dismantling and separation module, a temperature-controlled pyrolysis diversion module, a gas-phase conditioning module, a solid-phase modification module, a gas-solid coupling film-forming and charging module, and a sound field directional pulse sorting module connected in sequence. Each module is connected via a material conveying pipeline or airflow channel to form a closed-loop processing system; wherein:

[0071] The disassembly and separation module is used to remove the frame, perform multi-stage mechanical crushing, and remove large-sized metal parts and backsheets from retired photovoltaic modules.

[0072] The temperature-controlled pyrolysis diversion module is equipped with an inert atmosphere generating unit, which is used to realize nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis of photovoltaic mixed crushed material, and to introduce the hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis degummed aggregate into the gas phase conditioning module and the solid phase modification module respectively.

[0073] The gas phase conditioning module includes a condensation and purification unit and a heat exchange and pressurization unit, which are used to prepare hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas into a gas phase carrier.

[0074] The solid-phase modification module is a modified grinding cavity with a solid dielectric modifier addition unit, used to realize the mechanochemical modification and dielectric polarization of thermally debonded aggregates.

[0075] The gas-solid coupling film-forming and charging module has a swirling cavity inside, which is used to realize the fusion of potential energy-induced modified material and gas phase carrier, the formation of hydrophobic microfilm and particle charging.

[0076] The acoustic field directional pulse sorting module is equipped with an ultrasonic generator and a high-frequency pulse high-voltage electric field generator, which are used to achieve particle posture adjustment and precise separation. The device module is precisely matched with the recycling method, and the closed-loop design realizes full-process coordinated linkage, ensuring continuous and efficient processing, reducing energy consumption and operating costs, and providing equipment support for large-scale and green photovoltaic module recycling.

[0077] In summary, through collaborative optimization design across the entire process, it achieves multi-dimensional and targeted beneficial effects, significantly improving the efficiency and environmental friendliness of recycling and processing.

[0078] In the disassembly and separation stage, the standardized frame removal, multi-stage crushing and screening parameters are coordinated and controlled to effectively solve the problems of chaotic traditional crushing process, uneven material particle size and incomplete removal of impurities. This not only avoids the interference of large-sized metal parts, back plate residues and other impurities on subsequent processes, but also provides homogenized mixed materials for subsequent pyrolysis treatment, greatly improving the uniformity and efficiency of the pyrolysis reaction and reducing the energy consumption of subsequent processing.

[0079] In the pyrolysis process, by using a precise temperature-time control model and inert atmosphere regulation, the defects of excessive film residue or excessive pyrolysis and generation of harmful gases caused by improper temperature control in the traditional pyrolysis process are avoided, and the purity of pyrolyzed aggregate is significantly improved.

[0080] It achieves efficient collection and purification of hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas, breaking the resource waste dilemma of direct emission of pyrolysis gas in traditional processes, providing a clean self-powered carrier for subsequent gas-solid coupling modification, reducing dependence on external energy, and further reducing overall energy consumption.

[0081] In the gas-solid coupling modification process, by precisely controlling key parameters such as condensation purification, heat exchange pressurization and dielectric polarization modification, solid dielectric regulators are used to achieve green modification, completely abandoning the traditional modification process that relies on chemical reagents, and fundamentally avoiding the risk of secondary pollution.

[0082] At the same time, the potential difference between silicon and glass particles is effectively expanded through the synergistic effect of mechanical force and dielectric polarization, laying a core foundation for subsequent precise sorting;

[0083] In the sorting stage, the collaborative design of ultrasonic standing wave field and high-frequency pulsed high-voltage electric field solves the industry pain point that traditional single sorting technology is difficult to accurately separate flake silicon and glass particles. The ultrasonic standing wave field can accurately adjust the particle flight attitude, while the high-voltage electric field achieves efficient separation based on the differences in the electrical properties of the components, which greatly improves the separation purity and recovery rate of silicon, glass and metal components and maximizes the value of resource recovery.

[0084] The closed-loop collaborative device design enables seamless connection of each processing module and recycling of materials and energy. It solves the problems of cumbersome traditional segmented operation process, large intermediate transfer losses, and low processing efficiency. It significantly reduces operating costs and energy consumption, provides reliable technical support for the large-scale and green recycling of photovoltaic modules, and promotes the environmentally friendly development of the entire life cycle of the photovoltaic industry.

[0085] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention; however, the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention, based on the technical solution and its improved concepts, should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A highly efficient and environmentally friendly method for recycling and processing photovoltaic modules, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1: Dismantling and multi-stage separation: Retired photovoltaic modules are subjected to frame removal and multi-stage mechanical crushing to remove large-sized metal parts and backsheets, and obtain photovoltaic mixed crushed material containing silicon, glass, metal and polymer film; S2: Temperature-controlled pyrolysis and flow direction divergence: The photovoltaic mixed crushed material is subjected to nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere, so that the polymer film is vaporized and decomposed into hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas, and at the same time the photovoltaic mixed crushed material is dissociated into pyrolytic debonded aggregate, and the two are respectively introduced into the parallel gas phase treatment branch and solid phase treatment branch. S3: Gas phase branch - component conditioning: The hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas generated by S2 is condensed and purified, and after heavy oil impurities are removed, the remaining light hydrocarbon components are heated and pressurized through a heat exchange process to prepare a gas phase carrier. S4: Solid-phase branch - dielectric potential energy induction: The thermally debonded aggregate generated in S2 is simultaneously transported to the modified grinding chamber, and a solid dielectric modifier is added for dry grinding; by utilizing mechanochemical action and dielectric polarization effect, the specific surface area and surface electronic state of silicon and glass particles are changed, and the contact potential difference between the two is artificially expanded to obtain potential energy induced modified material. S5: Gas-solid coupling - chemical film formation and charging: The potential energy-induced modified material prepared in S4 is injected into the gas-phase carrier flow prepared in S3, and the gas and solid phases are merged in the swirling field; the hydrocarbon molecules in the gas flow are used to adsorb in situ on the surface of silicon particles to form a hydrophobic microfilm, and enhanced chemical-assisted triboelectric charging is achieved in the high-speed swirling collision, so that the particles reach saturation charge. S6: Sound Field Direction and Pulse Sorting: The fully charged gas-solid mixture from S5 is introduced into the sorting chamber. It first passes through the ultrasonic standing wave field generated by the ultrasonic generator, and the flight attitude of the sheet silicon particles is adjusted by the acoustic radiation pressure. Then it enters the high-frequency pulse high-voltage electric field. Based on the electrical differences and the deflection distance generated by the aerodynamic flight trajectory, the precise deflection and separation of silicon, glass and metal components are achieved.

2. The efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The frame removal process in S1 is carried out by hydraulic shearing, and the hydraulic shearing force of the frame removal process is 2000-5000N; the particle size of the material after the third-stage crushing is ≤2mm; the removal of large-sized metal parts is carried out by vibration screening, with a screening frequency of 20-30Hz and a screening aperture of 10-15mm.

3. The efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inert atmosphere in S2 is nitrogen or argon, with a partial pressure P ≥ 0.8 MPa; the nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis follows the following temperature-time control model: in, The temperature at time t is the pyrolysis temperature. The initial temperature; This refers to the temperature rise coefficient; The characteristic time constant is 450-600℃; the final pyrolysis temperature is 450-600℃; the separation of the hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis degummed aggregate is achieved using a cyclone separator.

4. The efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The condensation temperature in S3 is 80-120℃; the light hydrocarbon components are heated to 350-450℃ and pressurized to 0.8-1.2MPa.

5. The efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The grinding speed of the modified grinding chamber in S4 is 2000-3000 r / min, and the grinding time is 20-40 min; the solid dielectric modifier is barium titanate or lead zirconate titanate, and the amount of solid dielectric modifier added is 2%-5% of the mass of the thermally debonded aggregate; the potential energy induces the contact potential difference of the modified material. Energy from mechanochemical interactions The following relationship must be satisfied: in, This is the initial potential difference; This refers to the modified specific surface area. This is the initial specific surface area; Dielectric response coefficient; contact potential difference ≥0.8V after modification; specific surface area of ​​particles after modification. .

6. The efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The injection velocity in S5 is 10-20 m / s; the hydrodynamic state of the swirling field is determined by the swirling number. Control, its calculation formula is: in, Angular momentum flux For axial momentum flux. The radius of the swirling cavity; the number of swirling vortices The pH value should be controlled between 0.6 and 1.2 to ensure uniform adsorption of the hydrophobic microfilm; the tangential velocity of the swirl should be 15-25 m / s; and the thickness of the hydrophobic microfilm should be 0.05-0.3 μm.

7. The efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The frequency of the ultrasonic standing wave field in the S6 is 20-40 kHz, and the acoustic intensity is 50-100 W / cm 2 ; high-frequency pulse high-voltage electric field intensity 1-5×10^5 V / m; pulse frequency 100-500 Hz; the deflection distance difference of silicon, glass and metal components is ≥0.2 m.

8. The efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling method according to claim 3, characterized in that: In S2, when the inert atmosphere is argon, its purity is ≥99.99%; in the nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis process, the atmosphere is replaced ≥3 times, and the replacement time for each time is ≥5min; the residual amount of the adhesive film is ≤0.5wt%.

9. The efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The energy density in S4 is 5×10⁶-1×10⁷ J / m³ 3 The solid dielectric modulator has a particle size ≤ 5 μm and a purity ≥ 99.5%; the content of polar groups grafted onto the surface of the modified silicon particles is ≥ 2.0 mmol / g.

10. The high-efficiency and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module recycling and processing device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The system includes a disassembly and separation module, a temperature-controlled pyrolysis diversion module, a gas-phase conditioning module, a solid-phase modification module, a gas-solid coupling film-forming and charging module, and a sound field directional pulse sorting module, all connected in sequence. These modules are linked through material conveying pipelines or airflow channels to form a closed-loop processing system. The disassembly and separation module is used to remove the frame, perform multi-stage mechanical crushing, and remove large-sized metal parts and backsheets from retired photovoltaic modules. The temperature-controlled pyrolysis diversion module is equipped with an inert atmosphere generating unit, which is used to realize nonlinear temperature-controlled pyrolysis of photovoltaic mixed crushed material, and to introduce the hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis degummed aggregate into the gas phase conditioning module and the solid phase modification module respectively. The gas phase conditioning module includes a condensation and purification unit and a heat exchange and pressurization unit, which are used to prepare hydrocarbon-rich pyrolysis gas into a gas phase carrier. The solid-phase modification module is a modified grinding cavity with a solid dielectric modifier addition unit, used to realize the mechanochemical modification and dielectric polarization of thermally debonded aggregates. The gas-solid coupling film-forming and charging module has a swirling cavity inside, which is used to realize the fusion of potential energy-induced modified material and gas phase carrier, the formation of hydrophobic microfilm and particle charging. The acoustic field directional pulse sorting module is equipped with an ultrasonic generator and a high-frequency pulse high-voltage electric field generator, which are used to achieve particle posture adjustment and precise separation.

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