OODA loop-based radio environment protection method and device for radio astronomy stations

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of radio astronomy, and particularly relates to a radio astronomy station radio environment protection method and device based on an OODA loop. The method comprises: acquiring spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data of a radio astronomy station, wherein the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data comprises frequency spectrum data of external interference signals and radiation spectrum data of in-station equipment; analyzing the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data to obtain spectrum situation information, wherein the spectrum situation information is used to indicate the space-time distribution characteristics of the external interference signals and the radiation interference degree of the in-station equipment; outputting alarm information when the spectrum situation information meets a preset alarm condition, and then performing a management and control operation on the external interference source of the radio astronomy station and / or the in-station equipment. The present disclosure introduces an OODA loop to construct a management and control system, can realize real-time sensing and distinguishing of internal and external electromagnetic interference risks, and realizes active protection and precise management and control of the electromagnetic environment of the radio telescope.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of radio astronomy technology, and in particular to a radio environmental protection method and device for radio astronomy stations based on the Observe, Orient, Decide, Act (OODA) loop. Background Technology

[0002] Radio astronomy observations face various types of interference, primarily including ground-based and space-based interference. Ground-based interference typically originates from man-made sources such as power facilities and communication equipment near the observatory; space-based interference can be caused by natural phenomena or satellite signals. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) frequency band allocation for Radio Astronomy Service (RAS), approximately 35 GHz of the frequency band below 275 GHz is allocated for radio astronomy, accounting for only 12.5% ​​of the total bandwidth, covering a broad range from 10-meter waves to millimeter waves. Therefore, radio astronomy observation frequency bands inevitably need to be shared with various active transmission signals, including civilian and military signals. The intensity of these interference signals is often hundreds of millions of times stronger than celestial radiation signals, severely limiting the quality of observational data.

[0003] Currently, radio interference is becoming increasingly complex and manifests in various forms. For example, signals emitted by emerging technologies such as low-altitude economic zones, micro base stations, and wearable devices are sporadic and transient, and their propagation modes include direct, scattering, and multipath propagation. At the same time, strong radiation sources appearing at high elevation angles, such as drones and satellites, as well as spontaneous radiation from equipment inside radio stations, all have a significant impact on radio observations.

[0004] Radio telescopes are designed to detect extremely faint signals in the universe. The intensity of radio signals emitted by distant celestial bodies is typically between 17 and 50 K, equivalent to only one millionth of a communication signal. To meet the extremely high sensitivity requirements, large radio telescopes are usually located in areas with excellent electromagnetic environments, and an electromagnetic quiet zone (RQZ) is established around the station to reduce the impact of interference sources. Therefore, on the one hand, it is necessary to locate and eliminate interference sources within the RQZ; on the other hand, considering the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues arising from the electronic equipment inside the station, spectral analysis of electromagnetic radiation sources must be conducted, and effective shielding measures must be implemented.

[0005] Effectively managing internal and external interference sources in the RQZ and suppressing electromagnetic radiation from the station's own equipment is not only an important measure to improve the scientific output of the telescope, but also a technical platform challenge that urgently needs to be overcome in the new space electromagnetic environment. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In view of this, this disclosure proposes a radio environmental protection method and device for radio astronomy stations based on OODA rings.

[0007] According to one aspect of this disclosure, a radio environmental protection method for radio astronomy observatories based on an OODA ring is provided, the method comprising:

[0008] Acquire space electromagnetic field spectrum data of radio astronomy observatories, including spectrum data of external interference signals and radiation spectrum data of equipment within the station;

[0009] The spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data is analyzed to obtain spectrum situation information, which is used to indicate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the external interference signal and the degree of radiation interference of the equipment in the station.

[0010] When the spectrum situation information meets the preset alarm conditions, an alarm message is output. The alarm message is used to indicate that there is a risk in the radio environment of the radio astronomy station.

[0011] In response to the alarm information, control and management operations are performed on external interference sources and / or on-site equipment of the radio astronomy station.

[0012] In one possible implementation, acquiring the space electromagnetic field spectrum data of the radio astronomy observatory includes:

[0013] Electromagnetic spectrum detection of the RQZ of the radio astronomy observatory was conducted using fixed monitoring stations and / or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection platforms to obtain the spectral data of the external interference signal; and,

[0014] The electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristics of the equipment at the radio astronomy station were tested using an EMC testing platform to obtain electromagnetic radiation spectrum data radiated by the equipment.

[0015] In another possible implementation, the spectrum situation information includes time-frequency distribution characteristics, a three-dimensional spectrum situation map, and the interference level radiated by the equipment within the station. The analysis of the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data to obtain the spectrum situation information includes:

[0016] The time-frequency distribution features are extracted from the spectral data of the external interference signal, and the three-dimensional spectral situation map is constructed. The time-frequency distribution features are used to indicate the joint distribution law of the external interference signal in the time dimension and frequency dimension, and the three-dimensional spectral situation map is used to indicate the intensity distribution features of the external interference signal in the three-dimensional spatial location.

[0017] Based on the radiation spectrum data of the equipment in the station, the interference level of the equipment in the station is determined. The interference level of the equipment in the station is the interference level generated by the radiation of the equipment in the station after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope reception.

[0018] In another possible implementation, the step of outputting alarm information when the spectrum situation information meets preset alarm conditions includes:

[0019] When the time-frequency distribution characteristics indicate that the proportion of interference time in the target frequency band is greater than the preset time proportion, the alarm information is output.

[0020] When the three-dimensional spectrum situation map indicates that the interference level of the external interference signal is greater than the first preset interference threshold, the alarm information is output. The interference level of the external interference signal is the interference level of the external interference signal after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope.

[0021] When the interference level of the equipment in the station is greater than the second preset interference threshold, the alarm information is output.

[0022] In another possible implementation, the alarm information is used to indicate external interference sources and / or on-site equipment requiring operation. The control and management operations on the external interference sources and / or on-site equipment of the radio astronomy observatory in response to the alarm information include:

[0023] In response to the alarm information, the external interference source indicated by the alarm information is removed, and / or the on-site equipment indicated by the alarm information is electromagnetically shielded or rectified.

[0024] In another possible implementation, the method further includes:

[0025] After completing the control operation, the space electromagnetic field spectrum of the radio astronomy station is acquired again and the spectrum status information is updated to verify the effectiveness of the control operation.

[0026] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a radio environmental protection device for radio astronomy stations based on an OODA ring is provided, the device comprising:

[0027] The spectrum sensing module is used to acquire the space electromagnetic field spectrum data of the radio astronomy station. The space electromagnetic field spectrum data includes the spectrum data of external interference signals and the radiation spectrum data of the equipment inside the station.

[0028] The situation analysis module is used to analyze the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data to obtain spectrum situation information. The spectrum situation information is used to indicate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the external interference signal and the degree of radiation interference of the equipment in the station.

[0029] An evaluation alarm module is used to output alarm information when the spectrum situation information meets preset alarm conditions. The alarm information is used to indicate that there is a risk in the radio environment of the radio astronomy station.

[0030] The risk management module is used to control and manage external interference sources and / or on-site equipment of the radio astronomy station in response to the alarm information.

[0031] In one possible implementation, the spectrum sensing module is further configured to:

[0032] Electromagnetic spectrum detection of the RQZ of the radio astronomy observatory was conducted using fixed monitoring stations and / or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection platforms to obtain the spectral data of the external interference signal; and,

[0033] The electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristics of the equipment at the radio astronomy station were tested using an EMC testing platform to obtain electromagnetic radiation spectrum data radiated by the equipment.

[0034] In another possible implementation, the spectrum situation information includes time-frequency distribution characteristics, a three-dimensional spectrum situation map, and the interference level radiated by the equipment within the station. The situation analysis module is further used for:

[0035] The time-frequency distribution features are extracted from the spectral data of the external interference signal, and the three-dimensional spectral situation map is constructed. The time-frequency distribution features are used to indicate the joint distribution law of the external interference signal in the time dimension and frequency dimension, and the three-dimensional spectral situation map is used to indicate the intensity distribution features of the external interference signal in the three-dimensional spatial location.

[0036] Based on the radiation spectrum data of the equipment in the station, the interference level of the equipment in the station is determined. The interference level of the equipment in the station is the interference level generated by the radiation of the equipment in the station after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope reception.

[0037] In another possible implementation, the evaluation alarm module is further configured to:

[0038] When the time-frequency distribution characteristics indicate that the proportion of interference time in the target frequency band is greater than the preset time proportion, the alarm information is output.

[0039] When the three-dimensional spectrum situation map indicates that the interference level of the external interference signal is greater than the first preset interference threshold, the alarm information is output. The interference level of the external interference signal is the interference level of the external interference signal after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope.

[0040] When the interference level of the equipment in the station is greater than the second preset interference threshold, the alarm information is output.

[0041] In another possible implementation, the alarm information is used to indicate the external interference source requiring action and / or the on-site equipment, and the risk handling module is further used for:

[0042] In response to the alarm information, the external interference source indicated by the alarm information is removed, and / or the on-site equipment indicated by the alarm information is electromagnetically shielded or rectified.

[0043] In another possible implementation, the apparatus further includes: a verification module, used for:

[0044] After completing the control operation, the space electromagnetic field spectrum of the radio astronomy station is acquired again and the spectrum status information is updated to verify the effectiveness of the control operation.

[0045] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a radio environmental protection device for a radio astronomy station based on an OODA ring is provided, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory, wherein the processor executes the computer program to implement the steps of the above method.

[0046] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium is provided, on which a computer program is stored, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the above-described method.

[0047] According to another aspect of this disclosure, a computer program product is provided, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the above-described method.

[0048] This disclosure provides a radio environment protection method for radio astronomy observatories based on an OODA loop. The method acquires the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data of the radio astronomy observatory, including the spectrum data of external interference signals and the radiation spectrum data of the equipment within the observatory. Analyzing the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data yields spectrum situation information, which indicates the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of external interference signals and the degree of radiation interference from the equipment within the observatory. When the spectrum situation information meets preset alarm conditions, an alarm message is output, indicating a risk to the radio environment of the radio astronomy observatory. In response to the alarm message, control operations are performed on external interference sources and / or equipment within the radio astronomy observatory. In other words, by introducing an OODA loop (Observation-Judgment-Decision-Action), a dynamic closed-loop control system is constructed, enabling real-time perception and differentiation of internal and external electromagnetic interference risks, achieving proactive protection and precise control of the electromagnetic environment of the radio telescope. This method not only improves the efficiency and accuracy of interference handling and ensures the effectiveness of the Radio Quality Zone (RQZ), but also provides strong support for the intelligent operation and maintenance and internal EMC management of radio astronomy observatories, thereby ensuring the smooth implementation of high-sensitivity astronomical observations.

[0049] Other features and aspects of this disclosure will become clear from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0050] The accompanying drawings, which are included in and form part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments, features, and aspects of this disclosure together with the specification and serve to explain the principles of this disclosure.

[0051] Figure 1 A schematic diagram illustrating the configuration of a radio telescope interference source provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0052] Figure 2 A flowchart of a radio environmental protection method for radio astronomy stations based on an OODA ring, provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, is shown.

[0053] Figure 3 A flowchart of a radio environmental protection method for radio astronomy stations based on an OODA ring, provided in another exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, is shown.

[0054] Figure 4 A schematic diagram illustrating the principle of a radio astronomy OAM detection method provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0055] Figure 5 This illustration shows a schematic diagram of classifying observed data according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0056] Figure 6A schematic diagram illustrating the construction process of an electromagnetic spectrum map provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0057] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of a data analysis framework based on the Monte Carlo method provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0058] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the architecture of an experimental platform provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0059] Figure 9 A schematic diagram of the system architecture of a radio environment monitoring platform provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0060] Figure 10 A functional block diagram of automated spectrum monitoring software provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0061] Figure 11 A schematic diagram of the main interface of the host computer software provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0062] Figure 12 A schematic diagram illustrating the structure of an EMC probe kit provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure and its user interface with host computer spectrum monitoring software is shown.

[0063] Figure 13 A schematic diagram of the internal module of an unmanned aerial vehicle platform provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0064] Figure 14 A schematic diagram of a threshold-based interference signal separation process provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is shown.

[0065] Figure 15 A schematic diagram showing the electromagnetic situation map test results provided by an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure is illustrated.

[0066] Figure 16 A schematic diagram of the structure of a radio environmental protection device for a radio astronomy station based on an OODA ring, provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, is shown.

[0067] Figure 17 This is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0068] Various exemplary embodiments, features, and aspects of this disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numerals in the drawings denote elements that have the same or similar functions. Although various aspects of the embodiments are shown in the drawings, they are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated otherwise.

[0069] As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” or variations thereof are open-ended and include one or more of the stated features, integrals, elements, steps, components, or functions, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integrals, elements, steps, components, functions, or groups thereof.

[0070] When an element is referred to as “connected,” “coupled,” “responding,” or a variation thereof relative to another element, it may be directly connected, coupled, or responding to another element, or there may be an intermediate element present.

[0071] Although the terms first, second, third, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements / operations, these elements / operations should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element / operation from another. Therefore, without departing from the teachings of the inventive concept, a first element / operation in some embodiments may be referred to as a second element / operation in other embodiments.

[0072] The term “exemplary” as used herein means “serving as an example, embodiment, or illustration.” Any embodiment illustrated herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other embodiments.

[0073] Furthermore, to better illustrate this disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in the following detailed description. Those skilled in the art will understand that this disclosure can be practiced without certain specific details. In some instances, methods, means, components, and circuits well known to those skilled in the art have not been described in detail in order to highlight the main points of this disclosure.

[0074] It should be noted that the information (including but not limited to user device information, user personal information, etc.), data (including but not limited to data used for analysis, data stored, data displayed, etc.) and signals involved in this application are all authorized by the user or fully authorized by all parties, and the collection, use and processing of related data must comply with the relevant laws, regulations and standards of the relevant regions.

[0075] Please refer to Figure 1 This diagram illustrates the configuration of interference sources for a radio telescope according to an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. The diagram shows the main sources of radio frequency interference (RFI) faced by a radio telescope during astronomical observations. These interference sources can be divided into two main categories: radio frequency interference and equipment radiation.

[0076] Radio frequency interference mainly includes active transmitting devices from outside the station, such as: satellites: downlink signals from overhead communication or navigation satellites; visitor mobile phones: mobile communication terminals used in the area surrounding the station; outdoor equipment: including wireless base stations, wireless routers and other sensors with wireless transmission capabilities.

[0077] Equipment radiation mainly refers to the electromagnetic radiation unintentionally generated by electronic devices inside or near the observatory during operation. Examples include: within the observatory: desktop computers, laptops, servers, and other computing devices; and security and peripheral devices: cameras, visitor cameras, and other imaging equipment. The diagram clearly illustrates, through arrows, how the electromagnetic signals from these various interference sources are received by the highly sensitive radio telescope, thus creating potential interference with astronomical observations. This diagram aims to illustrate the complexity of radio environmental protection work at radio astronomy observatories, namely, the need to simultaneously address multiple interference factors from both external space and the internal environment.

[0078] Given the complexity of interference sources and the multidimensional impact of the electromagnetic environment on radio telescopes, a comprehensive perception and analysis of the electromagnetic field environment at the telescope site is currently needed from a three-dimensional spatiotemporal perspective. Integrating isolated, scattered, and static spectral data into a holistic, dynamic, interconnected, and visual heterogeneous data set, and constructing a spectral situation evolution system, is a crucial technical approach to achieving efficient planning of observation schemes and improving the scientific output of the telescope.

[0079] For electromagnetic sensing fusion of the radio environment at radio astronomy observatory sites, the following two aspects need to be emphasized: First, a systematic investigation of interference sources within the RQZ (Radio Quality Zone) should be conducted, EMC testing and protection of electronic equipment within the site should be implemented, and a fusion perception of the overall electromagnetic environment of the RQZ should be achieved; second, the electromagnetic radiation of essential electronic equipment within the site should be monitored and suppressed. Integrating these two parts to construct an integrated system encompassing electromagnetic field sensing, interference source investigation and location, and analysis of the impact on observation quality will become the development trend of future radio environment monitoring systems for large-aperture radio telescopes.

[0080] Currently, the three-dimensional electromagnetic field fusion analysis technology for telescope sites is still in the exploratory stage, and a comprehensive hardware and software integrated measurement and analysis system covering measurable, calculable, broadband (covering 10-meter waves to centimeter waves), large-scale (≥30 km), and multi-source data (including interference sources within the RQZ and EMC radiation from electronic equipment within the site) has not yet been formed. Therefore, this disclosure adopts the OODA loop concept, dividing the electromagnetic environment protection and compatibility research of large radio telescopes into four stages: radio environment and EMC monitoring, data feature extraction and situation generation, observation hazard analysis and assessment, and interference source location and elimination. The key to achieving the "geographical sharing" principle lies in the deep integration of advanced space spectrum sensing technology and radio environment monitoring methods, fully utilizing specific terrain conditions, rationally planning the layout of transmitters and coordinating with terrain shielding, and effectively shielding the radiation of the equipment itself within the site. This will control the attenuation of interference signals below the threshold values ​​specified in relevant recommendations (such as ITU-R RA.769). Meanwhile, interference source detection is carried out on existing telescopes, a spectrum situation map is constructed, and the coupling relationship between the spectrum situation and the antenna pattern is analyzed in depth. The sensitivity loss during the observation process can be predicted, which helps to efficiently select the observation period according to different observation targets, thereby significantly improving the observation efficiency of the telescope.

[0081] The following describes a radio environmental protection method for radio astronomy stations based on an OODA ring, provided by embodiments of this disclosure, using several exemplary models.

[0082] Please refer to Figure 2 This document illustrates a flowchart of a radio environmental protection method for radio astronomy observatories based on an OODA ring, provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. This embodiment uses the method in a computing device as an example for illustration. The method includes the following steps.

[0083] Step 201: Obtain the space electromagnetic field spectrum data of the radio astronomy station. The space electromagnetic field spectrum data includes the spectrum data of external interference signals and the radiation spectrum data of the equipment inside the station.

[0084] Radio astronomy stations refer to specific geographical areas where large radio telescopes and their supporting facilities are installed, and are core areas that require strict radio environmental protection.

[0085] Space electromagnetic field spectrum data refers to the raw data set of electromagnetic signals collected by monitoring equipment within a radio astronomy observatory and its surrounding area (such as the RQZ), containing multi-dimensional information such as time, frequency, spatial location, and signal strength. The data sources can include two parts: one part is the spectrum data of external interference signals, which originates from radio transmission signals outside the observatory and not generated by the observatory itself, such as broadcasting, communication, and radar. Acquisition methods include long-term continuous monitoring based on fixed monitoring stations and short-term, three-dimensional spatial scanning based on mobile platforms such as UAVs. The other part is the radiation spectrum data of equipment within the observatory. This data refers to the electromagnetic signal data unintentionally or intentionally emitted by electronic equipment operating within the observatory (such as servo control systems, refrigerators, data processors, etc.) during operation. This data is typically obtained through single-device or subsystem measurements in a controlled environment (such as an anechoic chamber) or on-site using an EMC testing platform.

[0086] In some embodiments, acquiring the space electromagnetic field spectrum data of a radio astronomy observatory may include: using a fixed monitoring station and / or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection platform to perform electromagnetic spectrum detection on the RQZ of the radio astronomy observatory to obtain the spectrum data of external interference signals; and using an EMC testing platform to test the electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristics of the equipment within the radio astronomy observatory to obtain the electromagnetic radiation spectrum data radiated by the equipment within the observatory. It should be noted that relevant details can be found in the descriptions in the following embodiments, and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0087] Step 202: Analyze the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data to obtain spectrum situation information. The spectrum situation information is used to indicate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of external interference signals and the degree of radiation interference of equipment within the station.

[0088] Spectral situational information refers to comprehensive information generated after processing, analyzing, and fusing raw space electromagnetic field spectrum data. It is used to quantitatively describe the overall state of the electromagnetic environment at radio astronomy observatories. This advanced information product, generated after processing, analysis, and fusion, reflects the comprehensive state and evolution trend of the electromagnetic environment. Its indicative function can include two parts: one is the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of external interference signals. This refers to the visualization information showing the distribution patterns of interference signals in time, frequency, and space, formed by fusing electromagnetic signal strength with a Geographic Information System (GIS) using spectrum mapping technology. The other part is the degree of radiated interference from on-site equipment. This refers to the equivalent interference level value generated when the radiated signal from the on-site equipment propagates to the radio telescope feed, calculated or simulated based on the radiated spectrum characteristics of the on-site equipment and combined with electromagnetic wave propagation models (such as path loss, diffraction, shielding attenuation, etc.).

[0089] In some embodiments, the spectral situation information includes the time-frequency distribution characteristics of external interference signals, a three-dimensional spectral situation map of external interference signals, and the interference level radiated by in-station equipment. The spectral situation information is obtained by analyzing the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data, including: extracting time-frequency distribution characteristics from the spectral data of external interference signals and constructing a three-dimensional spectral situation map. The time-frequency distribution characteristics are used to indicate the joint distribution pattern of external interference signals in the time and frequency dimensions, and the three-dimensional spectral situation map is used to indicate the intensity distribution characteristics of external interference signals in three-dimensional spatial location; and determining the interference level generated by the radiation spectrum data of in-station equipment on the radio telescope reception after attenuation along the propagation path. It should be noted that relevant details can be found in the descriptions in the embodiments below, and will not be elaborated here.

[0090] Step 203: When the spectrum situation information meets the preset alarm conditions, output alarm information. The alarm information is used to indicate that there is a risk in the radio environment of the radio astronomy station.

[0091] Alarm information refers to signals or notifications automatically generated by the system when processed spectrum situational information triggers preset judgment rules, indicating a risk in the radio environment. The judgment criteria and content include:

[0092] Preset alarm conditions refer to quantified thresholds or rules set according to relevant recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union (such as ITU-R RA.769 and RA.1513) or the station's own management specifications. For example, an interference time percentage alarm: triggered when the predicted time percentage of interfering signals within a certain observation frequency band exceeds 5% as recommended in the relevant recommendations, based on methods such as Monte Carlo analysis. Another example is an interference level threshold alarm: triggered when the equivalent interference level calculated at the telescope receiver input after propagation attenuation from external interference sources or station equipment exceeds the corresponding threshold recommended in the relevant recommendations. Yet another example is risk indication content: alarm information should at least include the risk level, interference frequency band, possible location of the interference source, specific equipment or external signal type exceeding the threshold, and a preliminary impact assessment.

[0093] In some embodiments, when the time-frequency distribution characteristics indicate that the interference time proportion of the target frequency band is greater than a preset time proportion, an alarm message is output; when the three-dimensional spectrum situation map indicates that the interference level of the external interference signal is greater than a first preset interference threshold, an alarm message is output, wherein the interference level of the external interference signal is the interference level of the external interference signal after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope; when the interference level of the equipment within the station is greater than a second preset interference threshold, an alarm message is output. It should be noted that relevant details can be found in the descriptions in the following embodiments, and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0094] Step 204: In response to the alarm information, control and manage external interference sources and / or equipment within the radio astronomy observatory.

[0095] Control operations refer to a series of manual or automated intervention measures triggered by the system in response to alarm information to eliminate or reduce identified risks. External interference sources refer to the handling of harmful interference sources located outside the station that exceed the threshold. On-site equipment refers to the handling of equipment inside the station that exceeds radiation standards.

[0096] In some embodiments, in response to an alarm message, an external interference source indicated by the alarm message is removed, and / or electromagnetic shielding or rectification is performed on the on-site equipment indicated by the alarm message. It should be noted that relevant details can be found in the descriptions in the embodiments below, and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0097] In summary, the embodiments of this disclosure construct a dynamic closed-loop control system by introducing an OODA loop (Observe-Judgment-Decision-Action). By acquiring data in real time, analyzing the situation, automatically issuing alarms, and triggering control measures, dynamic perception and rapid response to the radio environment of radio astronomy observatories are achieved.

[0098] Please refer to Figure 3 This document illustrates a flowchart of a radio environmental protection method for radio astronomy observatories based on an OODA ring, provided in another exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. This embodiment uses the method in a computing device as an example for illustration. The method includes the following steps.

[0099] Step 301: Electromagnetic spectrum detection of the RQZ of the radio astronomy station is carried out using a fixed monitoring station and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection platform to obtain the spectrum data of external interference signals; and electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristics of the equipment inside the radio astronomy station are tested using an EMC testing platform to obtain the electromagnetic radiation spectrum data radiated by the equipment inside the station.

[0100] A fixed monitoring station refers to a radio monitoring facility that is permanently deployed at a fixed geographical location within the radio astronomy observatory's range (RQZ). It typically consists of a broadband monitoring antenna, a high-sensitivity spectrum analyzer, a GNSS timing module, and a data processing unit. It is used for long-term, continuous, and wide-dynamic-range background spectrum monitoring and data acquisition within the RQZ to capture the time-frequency characteristics of both regular and sporadic interference signals.

[0101] A drone detection platform refers to a mobile radio monitoring system using drones as carriers. Equipped with miniaturized and lightweight spectrum monitoring sensors and differential GPS positioning devices, it can fly in three-dimensional space within a preset route (RQZ) to acquire electromagnetic field strength data at different altitudes and horizontal positions, compensating for the limitations of fixed monitoring stations in terms of spatial sampling dimensions.

[0102] RQZ refers to a special geographical area surrounding a radio telescope where electromagnetic emissions require strict control. In this embodiment, the RQZ is a key target area for monitoring external interference signals.

[0103] An EMC test platform refers to a complete test system used to evaluate the electromagnetic emissions and susceptibility of electronic equipment. It includes at least an electromagnetically shielded anechoic chamber (to isolate external interference), a test receiver, various antennas (such as biconical antennas, log-periodic antennas, and horn antennas), near-field probes, and corresponding test software, used to accurately measure the radiated emission characteristics of the equipment within a controlled environment.

[0104] On-site equipment refers to all kinds of electronic and electrical equipment deployed inside or around the radio telescope to ensure its normal operation. This includes, but is not limited to: telescope drive servo systems, cooling equipment, vacuum systems, data acquisition and processing servers, time and frequency reference sources, communication equipment, and logistical support facilities.

[0105] Spectral data of external interference signals refers to the raw data of all radio transmission signals originating from outside the RQZ and not generated by the station itself, collected by fixed monitoring stations and UAV detection platforms. The data format must include at least frequency, power, timestamp, and corresponding spatial location information.

[0106] Electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristic data refers to quantitative data obtained through an EMC testing platform that describes the characteristics of electromagnetic signals radiated into space by a single piece of equipment / set of equipment under specific operating conditions. The data is usually presented in the form of frequency-radiated power spectrum lines and may include the radiation envelope of the equipment in the full frequency band or key frequency bands, single spectral lines, etc.

[0107] In some embodiments, fixed monitoring stations and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection platforms are used to acquire spectral data of external interference signals. Further, this may include constructing a hybrid monitoring network consisting of fixed monitoring stations and mobile monitoring platforms. Fixed monitoring stations are deployed at key locations within the station, equipped with broadband antennas and spectrum analyzers, to perform long-term, large-area background noise monitoring and periodic frequency sweeps within the RQZ, accumulating massive amounts of time-frequency data. Mobile monitoring platforms (such as UAVs equipped with spectrum monitoring devices) fly in three-dimensional space within the RQZ according to preset routes, acquiring electromagnetic field strength data at different altitudes and locations, compensating for insufficient spatial sampling by fixed stations. Then, all monitoring data is aggregated in a data center to form a multi-dimensional raw dataset containing timestamps, GPS coordinates, frequency, and power values.

[0108] In some embodiments, radiation data of on-site equipment is acquired based on anechoic chamber / on-site EMC testing. Further, this may include: placing each piece of on-site equipment in an electromagnetically shielded anechoic chamber, and measuring the conducted and radiated emission spectra of the equipment across the entire frequency band or key frequency bands using a receiving antenna and EMI test receiver, according to EMC testing standards. For large, immovable equipment, on-site EMC testing methods are employed, using near-field probes or far-field antennas, combined with techniques such as background noise subtraction, to extract the equipment's own radiated spectrum data while the equipment is in a stopped state.

[0109] Step 302: Extract time-frequency distribution features from the spectral data of external interference signals and construct a three-dimensional spectral situation map; and determine the interference level of the radio telescope reception caused by the radiation of the equipment in the station after the radiation is attenuated through the propagation path, based on the radiation spectral data of the equipment in the station.

[0110] Time-frequency distribution characteristics refer to the characteristic parameters extracted from the spectral data of external interference signals, reflecting the joint occurrence pattern of the interference signals in the time and frequency dimensions. These characteristics can be represented as waterfall plots, spectral occupancy statistics, duration distribution of specific signals, and occurrence periods.

[0111] A three-dimensional spectral situation map is a visual map that integrates electromagnetic field strength information with geospatial information. It uses spatial interpolation or electromagnetic simulation algorithms to transform data from discrete monitoring points into a continuous electromagnetic field strength distribution, which is then superimposed on a digital elevation model or satellite map to form an "electromagnetic cloud map" that can intuitively display the signal strength at any location (including longitude, latitude, and altitude) within the RQZ.

[0112] The interference level of equipment radiated within the station refers to the equivalent interference power level generated when the radiation spectrum data of the equipment within the station is used as input and calculated through an electromagnetic propagation model after the radiation signal of the equipment has undergone physical processes such as spatial distance attenuation, building obstruction, and diffraction, and finally reaches the feed point of the radio telescope. It is usually expressed in dBm or dBW.

[0113] In some embodiments, extracting time-frequency distribution features from the spectral data of external interference signals may further include: retrieving data for a specific time period from the spectral data of the external interference signals. Signal detection algorithms (such as energy-based thresholding or cyclostationary feature detection algorithms) are applied to automatically identify and label all non-noise signals. The occurrence time, duration, center frequency, bandwidth, and power of each labeled signal are statistically analyzed to generate a time-frequency occupancy matrix describing its activity patterns, which is the time-frequency distribution feature.

[0114] In some embodiments, constructing a three-dimensional spectrum situation map may further include: employing a data fusion algorithm to spatiotemporally align and fuse time-series spectrum data from fixed monitoring stations with spatial scanning data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Using spectrum map construction techniques, such as spatial interpolation algorithms (e.g., Kriging interpolation, inverse distance weighted interpolation), discrete measurement point data are converted into a continuous electromagnetic field intensity distribution map, which is then overlaid and rendered with a three-dimensional topographic map in GIS to generate an interactive three-dimensional spectrum situation map.

[0115] In some embodiments, based on the radiation spectrum data of the equipment within the station, the interference level generated by the radiation of the equipment within the station after attenuation along the propagation path to the radio telescope reception is determined. This may further include using the acquired radiation spectrum data of the equipment within the station as the interference source input. An electromagnetic wave propagation model from the equipment location to the radio telescope feed is established. This model comprehensively considers factors such as spatial distance attenuation, diffraction and reflection from buildings / terrain, and possible shielding attenuation. Through simulation calculations, the equivalent interference level of the radiated signal from the equipment within the station that finally reaches the telescope feed is obtained and quantified into a value comparable to subsequent interference thresholds.

[0116] Step 303: When the time frequency distribution characteristics indicate that the interference time proportion of the target frequency band is greater than the preset time proportion, an alarm message is output; when the three-dimensional spectrum situation map indicates that the interference level of the external interference signal is greater than the first preset interference threshold, an alarm message is output, wherein the interference level of the external interference signal is the interference level of the external interference signal after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope; when the interference level of the equipment in the station is greater than the second preset interference threshold, an alarm message is output.

[0117] In some embodiments, based on the time-frequency distribution characteristics, the Monte Carlo analysis method is used to determine the interference time proportion of the target frequency band, and an alarm message is output when the interference time proportion is greater than a preset time proportion; based on the three-dimensional spectrum situation map, the interference level of the external interference signal after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope is determined, and an alarm message is output when the interference level of the external interference signal is greater than a first preset interference threshold; when the interference level of the equipment in the station is greater than a second preset interference threshold, an alarm message is output.

[0118] Monte Carlo analysis is a numerical simulation method based on probability theory and mathematical statistics. In this patent, it specifically refers to an algorithm model that uses historically observed time-frequency distribution characteristics of external interference signals (such as occurrence probability, duration, interval, etc.) to statistically predict the occurrence time and proportion of interference signals in a specific frequency band within a future period through extensive random sampling simulation.

[0119] Interference time percentage refers to the ratio of the total time of interference signal occurrence to the total observation time within a given target frequency band and observation period. It is usually expressed as a percentage and is a key indicator for measuring the observability of a frequency band. In this patent, this percentage is predicted using the Monte Carlo analysis method.

[0120] The preset time percentage refers to the threshold value of interference time that is pre-set and used as the basis for alarm judgment. This threshold can be set according to the recommended limit (such as 5%) for time loss in radio astronomy observations in relevant recommendations, or it can be adjusted according to the specific management requirements of the station.

[0121] The first preset interference threshold and the second preset interference threshold refer to the pre-set interference power level values ​​that serve as the basis for alarm judgment. These thresholds are usually set according to the protection thresholds for harmful interference to radio astronomy observations in different frequency bands given in relevant recommendations. "First" corresponds to external interference signals, and "second" corresponds to radiation from equipment within the station. The values ​​of the two may be the same or different due to differences in the characteristics of the interference source or safety margin requirements.

[0122] Alarm information refers to notification data packets automatically generated by the system to indicate specific radio environment risks. Its content is structured and should at least include: alarm type (e.g., "time percentage alarm," "level over-limit alarm"), risk level, interference frequency band, interference source identifier (e.g., identified external interference source number or on-site equipment ID), and the quantitative value of the over-limit (e.g., predicted percentage 5.2%, over-limit level 12dB). Alarm information is used to indicate external interference sources and / or on-site equipment requiring intervention.

[0123] In some embodiments, the interference time percentage alarm based on Monte Carlo analysis may further include: First, determining the target frequency band: Selecting the radio astronomy observation frequency band to be evaluated (e.g., the 1420MHz band for neutral hydrogen observation) according to the astronomical observation plan or system preset. Then, performing Monte Carlo analysis: Calling the extracted time-frequency distribution characteristic data of the target frequency band (including parameters such as the historical occurrence probability, average duration, and interval distribution of interference signals). Constructing a Monte Carlo simulation model to simulate thousands of "virtual observations" of the frequency band in a computer, with each observation randomly generating the occurrence of interference signals. Next, statistics and comparison: Statistically calculating the average time percentage of interference signals in all simulated observations. When the predicted percentage exceeds the preset time percentage (such as 5% as recommended in relevant guidelines), it is determined that the alarm condition is met. Finally, outputting alarm information: The system automatically generates an "observable time percentage alarm" containing: "The predicted interference time percentage for frequency band A is X%, exceeding the 5% limit; high-sensitivity observations are not recommended during this period."

[0124] In some embodiments, the threshold-based interference level over-limit alarm (external interference) may further include: first, calculating the interference level: Based on the constructed three-dimensional spectral situation map, extracting the precise location and emission intensity of the interference source within the RQZ. Combining a digital elevation model and using an electromagnetic propagation model (such as the Longley-Rice model or ray tracing model), accurately calculating the equivalent interference power level of the interference signal reaching the radio telescope feed after being blocked and attenuated by terrain, buildings, etc. Then, comparing the threshold: Comparing the calculated equivalent interference level with a pre-stored first preset interference threshold for the corresponding frequency band (such as the protection threshold recommended in ITU-R Recommendation RA.769). Finally, outputting an alarm message: If the calculated level exceeds the threshold (e.g., exceeding the threshold by 3 dB), the system generates an "external interference level over-limit alarm," indicating: "The equivalent interference level generated by the interference source located at coordinates (X,Y) in frequency band f is -XXX dBm, which exceeds the RA.769 protection threshold."

[0125] In some embodiments, the interference level exceeding limit alarm (for in-station equipment) based on threshold comparison may further include: first, acquiring the interference level: directly reading the calculated interference level radiated by the in-station equipment. Then, comparing the threshold: comparing the level value with a second preset interference threshold for the corresponding frequency band. This threshold may be the same as the first threshold, or an internal warning value slightly lower than the RA.769 threshold may be set to facilitate the management of in-station equipment. Finally, outputting alarm information: when the calculated level exceeds the second preset threshold, the system generates an "In-station Equipment Radiation Exceeding Limit Alarm," indicating: "Equipment ID: [Servo Control Cabinet] has an equivalent interference level of -YYY dBm in the f band, which exceeds the limit. Shielding or rectification is recommended."

[0126] Step 304: In response to the alarm information, remove the external interference source indicated by the alarm information, and / or perform electromagnetic shielding or rectification operations on the equipment within the station indicated by the alarm information.

[0127] Removal operations refer to control measures targeting external interference sources. This involves using a combination of technical means (such as location tracking) and legal / administrative measures (such as coordination and enforcement) to completely eliminate or reduce identified harmful external interference signals from the radio telescope's operating environment to acceptable levels.

[0128] Electromagnetic shielding or rectification operations refer to control measures applied to equipment within a station. Electromagnetic shielding involves using conductive or magnetically conductive materials to construct a closed enclosure, either entirely or partially, to prevent the outward propagation of electromagnetic energy. Rectification operations, on the other hand, involve modifying equipment circuit design, adding power line filters, replacing shielded cables, and improving grounding, without using shielding, to reduce the electromagnetic radiation level of equipment at its source.

[0129] In some embodiments, the control operations for external interference sources may further include: First, responding to alarm information: After receiving an "external interference level exceeding the limit alarm," the system initiates the precise location process for the interference source. Then, precise location: Multiple fixed monitoring stations in the vicinity are invoked, and the interference source is cross-located using time difference of arrival or related interferometer direction finding techniques. If the accuracy is insufficient, a drone equipped with direction finding equipment is dispatched to fly over the suspected area and conduct close-range reconnaissance using angle of arrival or field strength approximation methods, ultimately locating the interference source within a few meters. Next, on-site verification and handling: Station protection personnel are dispatched to the site for verification based on the location coordinates. If an illegally set up radio station is found, the radio management department is notified to shut it down (remove) according to law. If it is found that the out-of-band transmission is caused by a malfunction of a legitimate communication base station equipment, the operator is contacted for repair or replacement.

[0130] In some embodiments, the control operations for equipment within the station may further include: first, responding to alarm information: when the system receives an "over-limit radiation alarm for equipment within the station," engineers intervene based on the equipment ID and the frequency band exceeding the limit specified in the alarm. Then, a solution is formulated: if electromagnetic shielding is used, a shielding structure is designed based on the equipment size, the frequency band exceeding the limit, and the required attenuation.

[0131] In some embodiments, after completing the control operation, the space electromagnetic field spectrum of the radio astronomy station is acquired again and the spectrum status information is updated to verify the effectiveness of the control operation. That is, after the "removal operation" or "shielding / rectification operation" is completed, the system automatically triggers or manually starts a new round of space electromagnetic field spectrum data acquisition process. The newly acquired data is compared and analyzed with the data before the operation. For external interference, it is checked whether the signal at the original interference frequency point has disappeared or been significantly weakened; for on-site equipment, it is checked whether its radiation spectrum has decreased. The above analysis process is run to regenerate the spectrum status information. If the alarm conditions are no longer met, the system automatically closes the alarm and archives the updated status information, marking the completion of a complete "monitoring-analysis-alarm-handling-verification" management cycle.

[0132] In summary, this embodiment of the present disclosure also achieves comprehensive and multi-dimensional coverage of the RQZ by employing a three-dimensional detection method combining fixed monitoring stations and UAV detection platforms. Fixed monitoring stations provide long-term, continuous background noise monitoring, while UAV detection platforms offer advantages such as mobility, flexibility, and close-range measurement capabilities, effectively identifying aerial or complex terrain interference sources that are difficult to locate via ground monitoring, significantly improving the completeness and accuracy of external interference signal spectrum data. Simultaneously, standardized testing of the equipment within the station using an EMC testing platform allows for precise understanding of the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of the equipment, providing reliable data support for distinguishing between internal and external interference and formulating internal equipment management standards.

[0133] This disclosure also generates multi-dimensional spectral situation information through in-depth mining and analysis of spectral data. Extraction of time-frequency distribution characteristics clearly reveals when and in which frequency band the interference signal appears, aiding in the analysis of the regularity and suddenness of the interference. The three-dimensional spectral situation map presents the spatial intensity distribution of interference in an intuitive and visual way, facilitating rapid location of the interference source area. Furthermore, the calculation of the interference level of in-station equipment combines the equipment's own radiation with actual propagation attenuation, truly reflecting its actual impact on radio telescope observations. This multi-dimensional situation analysis transforms raw spectral data into high-value decision-making information, laying a scientific foundation for subsequent accurate alarms and control.

[0134] This disclosure also achieves accurate identification and graded early warning of radio environment risks by setting multi-dimensional and quantifiable alarm conditions. Time-proportion alarms based on time-frequency distribution characteristics can effectively identify frequently occupied or persistent interference; interference level alarms based on three-dimensional spectrum situation maps can promptly detect high-power interference events intruding into quiet zones; and threshold alarms based on interference levels of equipment within the station ensure that the radiation of internal equipment remains within a controllable range. This multi-indicator fusion alarm mechanism avoids misjudgment or omission due to a single indicator, ensuring the accuracy and timeliness of alarm information and providing a clear basis for targeted control measures.

[0135] This disclosure also allows alarm messages to directly target the specific object requiring operation (external interference source or on-site equipment), making control and operation instructions clear and highly targeted. For external interference sources, removal operations can eliminate their intrusion into the quiet zone at its source; for on-site equipment, electromagnetic shielding or rectification operations can reduce their radiation impact without affecting the necessary functions of the equipment. This differentiated and precise handling strategy, treating internal and external interference differently, significantly improves the efficiency and effectiveness of interference control and ensures the electromagnetic environment safety of the radio telescope.

[0136] This disclosure also establishes a closed-loop verification mechanism by performing data acquisition and situation updates again after control operations. This step objectively assesses the actual effectiveness of control measures, confirming whether interference has been effectively eliminated and whether equipment radiation has been reduced to a safe level. If the verification results indicate that the problem is not yet resolved, a new round of analysis and action can be triggered until environmental standards are met. This continuous optimization process of "assessment-action-reassessment" ensures the effectiveness and sustainability of radio environmental protection work, avoiding the risk of problem recurrence after a one-time treatment.

[0137] Please refer to Figure 4 This illustration shows a schematic diagram of the principle of a radio astronomy OAM detection method provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. For external interference signals, it is necessary to study interference source location and removal schemes; for radiation from equipment within the station, it is necessary to determine the corresponding electromagnetic shielding scheme after spectrum monitoring in an electromagnetic anechoic chamber. Based on the OODA (Observation-Judgment-Decision-Action) closed-loop control concept, this embodiment of the disclosure divides the radio environmental protection process into four functional modules:

[0138] 1. Observation phase – spectrum sensing loop.

[0139] This step aims to obtain the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data of the station through two main methods: radio interference detection and EMC detection. It includes the following two parts:

[0140] (1) Spectrum sensing for external interference signals: Research on how to acquire multi-dimensional electromagnetic spectrum information within the RQZ. This includes: conducting long-term time-frequency domain tests using fixed monitoring stations, and acquiring three-dimensional spatial distribution data of the electromagnetic spectrum within the RQZ based on UAV detection platforms; researching rapid short-time spectrum acquisition techniques to accumulate sufficient spectrum sample data, and exploring search algorithms for sporadic interference signals. In addition, research on the implementation method of spectrum maps, integrating the spatial intensity distribution of electromagnetic fields with geographic information, constructing a comprehensive electromagnetic spectrum database containing three-dimensional information of time, frequency, and space, and visualizing the complex electromagnetic environment situation information to provide data support for subsequent analysis.

[0141] (2) Spectrum sensing of radiation from equipment in the station: The study is based on the EMC test platform to obtain electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristic data of each (set) of equipment and establish a database of radiation source characteristics of equipment in the station.

[0142] 2. Judgment Stage – Situation Analysis Stage.

[0143] This step aims to conduct in-depth situational analysis and mining of the collected spectrum data using interference decision-making algorithms. The decision-making criteria include: using thresholds determined by ITU standards as a benchmark to locate interference in time and space, analyzing the precise location and occurrence patterns of interference sources; performing equipment spectrum analysis on site equipment; quantitatively assessing the comprehensive impact of electromagnetic interference on observations through EMIC; and establishing access conditions for site equipment based on this assessment, regulating the internal electromagnetic environment from the source. The analysis content includes:

[0144] (1) Situation analysis of external interference signals: Research relevant interference threshold search algorithms to search for occasional interference signals and capture their distribution patterns in the time and frequency domains; analyze the distribution of the comprehensive electromagnetic field background formed by external interference signals around the radio telescope through the spectrum situation map.

[0145] (2) Situation analysis of radiation from equipment in the station: Test and analyze the electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristics of equipment in the station, and calculate the actual interference level value generated when the radiation signal of the equipment reaches the radio telescope receiver after attenuation through the spatial propagation path.

[0146] 3. Decision-making stage – evaluation and alarm loop.

[0147] This step, based on interference source identification, comprehensively assesses and issues warnings from multiple dimensions, considering the time-frequency distribution patterns of interference signals, spectral data, and the radiated interference levels of equipment within the site. The analysis includes: analyzing the impact of interference sources under geographical coexistence conditions, assessing the actual threat posed to the telescope by interference sources in the existing geographical environment and propagation paths; conducting shielding scheme analysis, predicting remedial measures for excessive radiation; estimating the effectiveness of EMIC shielding to provide decision-making basis for action; and finally, compiling a major interference impact analysis report to identify risk sources requiring priority handling. Quantitative methods include:

[0148] (1) Predictive analysis: Based on the Monte Carlo analysis method, the interference time ratio is studied to predict whether the frequency band under investigation meets the minimum observation requirement of less than 5% in the relevant recommendations. Frequency bands that do not meet the ratio requirement are evaluated and alarms are triggered.

[0149] (2) Quantitative analysis of interference level: Based on the three-dimensional spectrum situation map, the interference level of the signals from internal and external interference sources and the radiated signals of the equipment in the RQZ is analyzed after path propagation attenuation to reach the radio telescope, and it is assessed whether it exceeds the corresponding interference threshold given in the relevant recommendations. For the radiation of the equipment in the station, the focus is on whether the level of its electromagnetic radiation signal after multi-stage propagation attenuation to the antenna feed receiver exceeds the above threshold.

[0150] 4. Action Phase – Risk Management Phase.

[0151] This step aims to determine the optimal observation plan, take appropriate measures against interference sources exceeding the threshold based on alarm information, and feed the results of these measures back into the observation planning. The measures include:

[0152] (1) Handling of external interference signals: For interference signals that exceed the threshold (including interference signals with a channel occupancy rate of more than 5% and interference sources that exceed the threshold limits specified in the relevant recommendations), study and implement a "location → discovery → elimination" handling scheme.

[0153] (2) Handling of radiation from equipment within the station: For radiation interference signals from equipment within the station that exceed the threshold, study and determine the corresponding electromagnetic shielding scheme or equipment rectification measures.

[0154] Through the operation of the above four links, dynamic perception, precise analysis, intelligent early warning and effective handling of the radio environment of radio astronomy stations are realized, providing a complete solution for ensuring the observation quality of radio telescopes.

[0155] This disclosure aims to develop and improve radio environment monitoring technology for radio astronomy observatories, and to construct a more complete integrated analysis system for space electromagnetic sensing and observation against the backdrop of the booming development of space three-dimensional detection technology. On one hand, it establishes an integrated system for multi-source radio environment measurement and analysis. This system enables the directional positioning of interference sources exceeding the threshold, predicts and analyzes observable times based on sporadic time-frequency data using Monte Carlo algorithms, and removes or shields interference signal sources exceeding the threshold, forming a "sensing-analysis-handling" capability. On the other hand, it constructs a large-scale broadband spectrum situation within the RQZ (Radio Coordination Zone). Based on this, it standardizes the management of parameters such as the deployment location and transmission power of transmitting sources within the site's radio coordination zone, providing data support for the protection of large-aperture radio telescope sites and ensuring the scientific and effective management of the coordination zone. Furthermore, it guides shielding design based on EMC electromagnetic detection data. By using EMC test data and combining it with relevant ITU radio astronomy specifications, it quantifies the attenuation values ​​of radiation sources on the propagation path of equipment within the site, providing an engineering basis for the precise design of shielding schemes.

[0156] The scientific output capability of radio telescopes is highly dependent on the purity of their radio environment. In an increasingly complex spectrum environment, maximizing the use of geographical conditions, rationally managing and shielding radiation from the radio frequency zone (RQZ) and on-site equipment, and providing reasonable observational recommendations and assessments accordingly are crucial to achieving the optimal input-output ratio for radio telescopes. This disclosure aims to address the following key technical issues:

[0157] One technical challenge is the construction of a spectrum situation map driven by three-dimensional electromagnetic field detection data and the planning of radio protection zones / coordination zones at radio stations. This aims to solve the problem of measurable and locatable interference signals within the radio-controlled zone (RQZ). A high-precision spectrum situation map of the RQZ is constructed using three-dimensional electromagnetic field detection data, improving various radio environmental protection measures within the coordination zone. By introducing a radio wave propagation model, the interference level of interference sources within the RQZ and coordination zone, after attenuation by the geographical environment, is quantitatively analyzed to determine whether it reaches the corresponding interference threshold given in relevant recommendations, thereby scientifically achieving an assessment of the "geographical coexistence" between radio telescopes and interference / emission sources. This disclosure proposes to analyze the interference impact under different observation directions based on the acquired spectrum situation data, and further explore the technical path to achieve "three-dimensional spatial electromagnetic distribution—propagation attenuation analysis—observation efficiency improvement." It aims to solve the problem of quantitative analysis of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) influencing factors in radio astronomy observations. Through coupled analysis of telescope pointing changes and spectrum maps, the trend of SNR and sensitivity changes during the observation period is predicted, thereby scientifically planning observation programs and maximizing scientific output.

[0158] Another technical issue is the effective shielding calculation method based on electromagnetic radiation detection data from equipment within the station. This disclosure aims to systematically solve the EMC problems of necessary equipment within the station. Based on refined detection data, theoretical research and engineering calculations of shielding schemes are conducted, resulting in a design scheme of "radiation detection → spectrum analysis → problem location → shielding scheme design," ensuring that equipment within the station meets operational requirements without interfering with the sensitive observations of the radio telescope.

[0159] In some embodiments, during the data acquisition phase, a commercial spectrum analyzer is first used to capture broadband radio signals during broadband monitoring. Then, a software radio terminal and a radio frequency analyzer are used to collect data in the frequency band to obtain information on its duration of existence. Finally, the power density information of the interference signal is calculated by taking advantage of the high sensitivity of the commercial spectrum analyzer.

[0160] From the perspective of radio astronomy observation, relevant frequency bands can be divided into four categories: The first category is radio astronomy protected frequency bands, which are frequency bands planned for radio astronomy use by the International Telecommunication Union and the State Radio Regulatory Commission, such as the neutral hydrogen 1420MHz band. It is necessary to investigate whether there are interfering signals occupying these bands, and the interfering sources must be removed through law enforcement. The second category is the main radio astronomy observation frequency bands, which are frequency bands that are not explicitly allocated for radio astronomy use but have important scientific research value, such as the L-band and C-band. Their available bandwidth should be examined, and their sensitivity and other indicators should be analyzed in conjunction with other indicators of the 120-meter radio telescope. The third category is the main interference or already used frequency bands, which are the existing interference sources such as WiFi and 5G around the site. The corresponding interference thresholds given in the relevant recommendations should be evaluated. The fourth category is unused frequency bands, which are blank frequency bands discovered during the spectrum measurement process. The feasibility of their use should be considered by using the sporadic signal detection method.

[0161] Please refer to Figure 5 This diagram illustrates a classification of observed data according to an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. As shown, frequency bands are divided into four categories: guard bands, primary observation bands, interfering or occupied bands, and idle bands. For guard bands, channel occupancy is examined, and illegal interference sources are removed. For primary observation bands, available bandwidth and sensitivity analysis are performed, time-frequency distribution analysis of occasional interference is conducted, and interference source location is implemented. For interfering or occupied bands, impact analysis is performed, strong interference sources are removed according to relevant standards, and available bandwidth analysis is conducted. For idle bands, available bandwidth analysis is performed, time-frequency distribution analysis of occasional interference is conducted, and frequency band availability is considered.

[0162] In some embodiments, in terms of constructing a spectrum situation map, based on UAV detection data, three-dimensional spatial electromagnetic field data within the target area is acquired, continuous three-dimensional spatial spectrum situation data is constructed through interpolation methods, and the propagation data is corrected by integrating factors such as terrain information and propagation correction factors, ultimately forming a three-dimensional spectrum situation map that integrates interference frequency, terrain and spatial information.

[0163] In terms of detection methods, a UAV equipped with multiple broadband antennas and a software-defined radio terminal is used to achieve precise location of interference sources and detection of spatial electromagnetic fields. It possesses functions such as rapid direction finding and positioning during movement, spatial electromagnetic field sensing and recording, and real-time data transmission. During flight, the UAV platform records the following data in real time: real-time spectrum data, real-time altitude data (accuracy up to 0.1 meters), and real-time position coordinates (accuracy up to 1 meter). These data are aggregated to form a spatial three-dimensional measured sparse dataset. Based on this sparse dataset, missing spatial points are interpolated and filled in, thus constructing a uniformly spaced spatial spectrum dataset.

[0164] Please refer to Figure 6 The figure illustrates a schematic diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum map construction process provided by an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. As shown, the electromagnetic spectrum map construction process includes: acquiring sensing data from multiple spatial points within a target area through node sensing; combining terrain information and node location information; performing interpolation estimation and data fusion processing on the acquired sensing data; and finally generating an electromagnetic spectrum map at time t. This process realizes the construction of a continuous three-dimensional spectrum situation from discrete monitoring data, providing a dynamic and complete spatial electromagnetic environment characterization for subsequent interference analysis.

[0165] In some embodiments, for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing of equipment within the station, a detection scheme combining multiple electric field probes and an EMC spectrum analyzer is employed. The electric field probes cover the entire observation frequency band of the 120-meter telescope. The testing standard refers to the electromagnetic radiation limits for electronic equipment specified in GJB-151A. According to the RE102 ground equipment testing requirements, the applicable frequency range for this project is 2MHz to 18GHz, covering the observation frequency band from 1GHz to 18GHz, referencing the naval and army limits in the RE102-3 limits applicable to ground equipment. The equipment electromagnetic radiation test is primarily conducted at a distance of 1 meter between the radiating equipment and the receiving equipment.

[0166] In some embodiments, interference sources are analyzed and processed based on relevant International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standards. Using the interference threshold given in ITU-R RA.769 Recommendation as a benchmark, the spectrum data is processed: various automatic search algorithms are studied to search for sporadic signals exceeding the interference threshold, aiming to quickly analyze sporadic interference in different frequency bands within a large amount of collected data and statistically analyze its time-frequency distribution characteristics. After obtaining the time-frequency distribution of the interference signal, the Monte Carlo method is applied to data quality assessment. Through data grouping and inverse probability theory, the confidence level of the probability of interference signal occurrence is calculated to determine whether the frequency band meets the minimum observation requirement of less than 5% interference time proportion in ITU-R RA.1513 Recommendation. Furthermore, electromagnetic compatibility test data is analyzed to assess whether the interference level to the telescope after shielding by the observation building and path attenuation meets the corresponding interference threshold given in ITU-R RA.769 Recommendation.

[0167] Interference threshold estimation is a key technology in radio environment quality assessment, used to determine the acceptable interference level in a radio system to ensure the reliability of communication links and the effective utilization of spectrum resources. Traditional interference threshold estimation algorithms are mainly based on mathematical models and empirical formulas, determining the threshold by analyzing the statistical characteristics of interference signals. These algorithms are simple to implement and have low computational complexity, but their accuracy and adaptability are insufficient when facing complex and dynamic radio environments. In recent years, with the development of artificial intelligence technology, machine learning methods have been widely used in interference threshold estimation. By learning the complex nonlinear relationship between interference and system performance through training data, they can adapt to dynamically changing radio environments. For example, interference threshold estimation methods based on deep neural networks can effectively handle high-dimensional data and improve estimation accuracy. They use the K-means clustering algorithm to classify spectrum data and dynamically adjust the interference threshold based on communication system performance requirements and historical data. For radio astronomy monitoring data, the frequency band to be estimated is first determined, and the observation data is randomly sampled to obtain the original data sample. Then, the sample variance and expectation are estimated, and the sample threshold is used as the interference threshold for the radio environment. Since radio astronomy data is stored in logarithmic form, logarithmic restoration is required to preserve the correlation of the original data, thereby improving the accuracy of interference threshold estimation and enabling rapid traversal of observation data based on this threshold algorithm.

[0168] In the analysis and prediction of observable time, the Monte Carlo method, as a numerical computation method based on probability and statistics theory, solves mathematical, physical, and engineering problems through random sampling and statistical simulation. Its core idea lies in constructing a probabilistic model corresponding to the actual problem and approximating the solution through random experiments and statistical estimation.

[0169] Please refer to Figure 7This illustration shows a schematic diagram of a data analysis framework based on the Monte Carlo method provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. The data analysis framework mainly includes three core steps. First, a probabilistic model is constructed, establishing a probabilistic statistical model corresponding to the actual evaluation problem, laying the foundation for subsequent stochastic simulation. Second, random sampling and experimental simulation are performed, randomly selecting relevant parameters according to a predetermined probability distribution, and generating simulated sample data through multiple independent trials. Finally, statistical estimation and result analysis are performed, statistically analyzing the simulation results to solve for the probability distribution, expected value, and confidence interval of the target parameters. This framework provides a complete numerical calculation path for assessing the probability of interference signal occurrence and predicting observable time. Monte Carlo analysis is a statistical experiment involving multiple independent trials. In each trial, all parameters are randomly selected according to a fixed, predetermined probability distribution. The data in the experimental results that do not meet the requirements reflect the probability of unqualified experiments occurring in actual situations. For radio astronomy monitoring data, the raw data is first randomly grouped, and the interference ratio of each group is statistically analyzed based on the interference threshold estimation results to obtain the expected probability of interference occurrence. Then, the relationship function between the interference probability and its confidence level is established through inverse probability theory. In conjunction with ITU-RRA.1513 recommendation, it is assessed whether the pre-observation frequency band meets the observation index requirements.

[0170] In some embodiments, the method provided in this disclosure relies on four platforms working together, such as... Figure 8 As shown, the four platforms include a radio environment monitoring platform, an EMC detection platform, a UAV detection platform, and a data analysis platform. The radio monitoring platform is used for space electromagnetic monitoring, the EMC detection platform for on-site electromagnetic detection, the UAV detection platform for three-dimensional spectrum situational awareness, and the data analysis platform for data processing and evaluation based on relevant criteria. These four platforms work collaboratively from the perspectives of space electromagnetic environment monitoring, on-site equipment electromagnetic radiation detection, regional three-dimensional spectrum situational awareness, and comprehensive data analysis, providing complete platform support for spectrum monitoring and interference impact prediction. The four platforms will be introduced in turn below.

[0171] In some embodiments, the radio environment monitoring platform mainly consists of a test antenna, a preamplifier, a filter, a spectrum analyzer, a controllable turntable, a noise source, and a computer. A schematic diagram of the system structure of the radio environment monitoring platform is shown below. Figure 9As shown in the diagram. The power supply modules provide +12V, +24V, and +5V voltages to power the various components within the platform. The radio signal received by the test antenna is selected by a microwave switch, pre-amplified by a low-noise amplifier, and then processed by a filter before being input to a spectrum analyzer for spectrum analysis. A controllable turntable receives antenna control signals, enabling precise control of the antenna's pointing. The noise source is controlled by a switch and can be used for system calibration and performance testing. The computer sends control signals to each component of the platform and collects test data output from the spectrum analyzer, achieving automated control and data processing throughout the entire monitoring process.

[0172] In some embodiments, the functional block diagram of the automated spectrum monitoring software is as follows: Figure 10 As shown in the diagram, the automated spectrum monitoring software mainly includes a preset information input module, a file writing module, a data processing module, and a data display and storage module. The preset information input module is used to configure the spectrum analyzer settings, and the file writing module is used to record test instruction files. The spectrum analyzer receives control commands from the front panel and inputs the spectrum analyzer data into the data processing module. The data processing module performs data integration on the received data, generating maximum and average value data, and supports both waterfall chart and instantaneous spectrum graph displays. The data display and storage module stores the processed test data to the hard drive, achieving persistent management of the test data. This functional block diagram realizes a fully automated spectrum monitoring function from parameter configuration, data acquisition, data processing to data display and storage.

[0173] In some embodiments, the main interface diagram of the host computer software is as follows: Figure 11 As shown. The main interface of the host computer software is divided into three parts from top to bottom. Basic Parameter Setting Area (top right): Used to configure the core parameters of the test task, including observation frequency band, direction, polarization mode, integration time, and frequency resolution. Real-time Waterfall Plot Display Area (middle): Displays two modes of spectrum waterfall plots side-by-side; the left side shows the average value waterfall plot, and the right side shows the maximum value waterfall plot, visually presenting the signal's changes over time in a three-dimensional (frequency-time-amplitude) format. Real-time Spectrum Plot Display Area (bottom): Synchronously displays the spectrum curve at the current moment, where the red spectral line represents the maximum value spectrum, and the blue spectral line represents the average value spectrum, used for precise analysis of the instantaneous and average intensity of the signal.

[0174] A detection scheme combining multiple electric field probes and an EMC spectrum analyzer was employed. Firstly, five broadband near-field probes covered the entire range of the 120-meter radio telescope. The performance specifications of the electric field probes are shown in Table 1. The main parameters of the EMC receiver are shown in Table 2.

[0175] Table 1

[0176]

[0177] Table 2

[0178]

[0179] A schematic diagram of the structure of the EMC probe kit and its user interface with the host computer spectrum monitoring software is shown below. Figure 12 As shown, five different probes with different functions are displayed: P1 (Large Loop Probe): for comprehensive EMC testing of large equipment (such as new energy vehicles and medical devices); P2 (Large-Range Radiation Probe): for rapid scanning of large-range radiated interference at the PCBA board level; P3 (Small-Range Radiation Probe): for precise location of radiation sources in specific unit circuits on a circuit board; P4 (Component Leakage Probe): for detecting electromagnetic leakage in individual electronic components; and P5 (Precision Positioning Probe): for precisely locating EMC leakage points within a 1mm range (such as component pins). This kit enables full-scale EMC fault diagnosis from the system level to the component level. The user interface of the host computer spectrum monitoring software accompanying the EMC probes mainly includes: Parameter Setting Area (left): provides configuration functions for key test parameters such as center frequency, sweep width, and resolution bandwidth; Spectrum Display Area (center): displays the spectrum of the measured signal in real time in a graphical manner, where the green curve is the trace of signal amplitude changing with frequency, and the vertical cursor is used to accurately read the frequency and amplitude values ​​of specific interference signals; and Data List Area (right): displays the peak signal data in the spectrum graph in list form. The software enables visualization, parameterized control, and quantitative analysis of the signals acquired by the probe.

[0180] The UAV detection platform includes monitoring and direction-finding equipment, a UAV platform, a remote control, and a monitoring PC. The monitoring equipment includes an antenna array, a monitoring and direction-finding module, and a digital signal processing board. After interference signals are collected by the antenna, the interference source is located using relevant interferometric direction-finding techniques and intersection positioning methods. A schematic diagram of the internal modules of the UAV platform is shown below. Figure 13As shown in the diagram, the platform is powered by a central power module and divided into four core functional areas: 1. Detection Module: Responsible for collecting flight status and environmental data, it contains an inertial measurement unit, barometer, gyroscope, and GPS unit. 2. Control Unit: As the "brain" of the UAV, it receives data from the detection module, processes flight attitude through its internal flight control subunit, and exchanges data with the outside world through the communication unit (including a data transmission module). 3. External Mounted Unit: Used to carry mission payloads; the diagram shows a camera and a monitoring and direction-finding device. The monitoring and direction-finding device is the core component for performing interference source localization tasks. 4. Drive Module: Responsible for providing flight power, consisting of four independent motors (motors 1 to 4). The arrows in the diagram clearly show the control and data flow between the modules: data from the detection module is input to the control unit; the control unit sends power control commands to the externally mounted monitoring and direction-finding device and receives its feedback; simultaneously, the control unit also directly drives the four motors in the module to achieve precise control of the UAV.

[0181] The UAV detection platform primarily has two functions: one is interference source direction finding: after the interference signal is collected by the antenna, the interference source is located using relevant interferometric direction finding techniques and intersection positioning methods. The other is electromagnetic situation analysis: utilizing the flexibility of UAVs and integrating geolocation capabilities, the interference signal levels within the flight area are tested and stored, and the flight trajectory is fused to form a spatial electromagnetic situation map, thereby determining the influence range of the interference source.

[0182] The data analysis platform integrates multiple RFI identification algorithms, primarily including interference search threshold algorithms and Monte Carlo statistical evaluation models. Among these, threshold analysis is widely used in engineering practice due to its simplicity and high detection efficiency. Its theoretical basis lies in the fact that in radio astronomy observations, the intensity of man-made radio frequency interference signals from Earth is usually much higher than that of natural celestial radiation signals; therefore, effective identification of interference can be achieved by setting a reasonable intensity threshold. Currently, the mainstream threshold detection methods can be divided into three categories: Cumulative Sum (CUSUM), Simple Thresholding, and Combinatorial Thresholding.

[0183] The CUSUM algorithm dynamically estimates the discrimination threshold based on the cumulative statistical characteristics of the sample sequence (such as changes in mean or variance), and classifies data segments exceeding the threshold as RFI. This algorithm has low computational complexity and strong real-time performance, making it suitable for quickly screening suspicious time periods; however, its temporal resolution is limited, and it can only locate the approximate range of interference, making it difficult to accurately capture the start and end times of interference. Therefore, it is often used as a preprocessing module, in conjunction with subsequent high-precision algorithms for secondary confirmation.

[0184] Simple thresholding methods use the median of each row or column of data as a dynamic threshold, offering excellent computational efficiency. However, because they rely on instantaneous amplitude judgment, they are prone to missing low-amplitude components such as rising or falling edges when dealing with transient interference, leading to missed detections of adjacent sampling points. Given the spatial correlation of RFI, this type of "peak-sensitive" detection mechanism may affect the overall integrity of the identification.

[0185] The combined thresholding method introduces a sliding window and a multi-level decision mechanism, which improves the robustness of identification by combining the statistical features of multiple sampling points, effectively mitigating the false alarm problem of the simple thresholding method. However, the superposition of multiple conditions also brings the risk of increased false alarm rate, that is, some normal signals may be misjudged as interference.

[0186] In summary, the core idea of ​​various threshold algorithms is consistent: compare the received signal strength with a preset or dynamically generated threshold, and consider signals exceeding the threshold as interference signals. The key challenge lies in how to scientifically and adaptively determine the optimal threshold, thereby controlling the false alarm rate while ensuring the detection rate, and ultimately achieving effective separation of radiofrequency inversions (RFIs).

[0187] In practical applications, the threshold estimation algorithm first outputs the interference threshold for the target frequency band, which is then fed into the Monte Carlo statistical model as an input parameter to quantitatively evaluate the suitability of the spectrum data. Furthermore, each spectrum is treated as an independent experiment, assuming each spectrum contains j frequency points. If the proportion of frequency points with amplitudes exceeding the interference threshold is less than 5%, the spectrum is deemed to meet the radio astronomy observation quality requirements and is marked as "qualified"; otherwise, it is marked as "unqualified." By performing such Monte Carlo experiments on a large amount of historical or real-time spectrum data, it can be statistically determined that there are n unqualified samples out of N samples, thereby assessing the purity of the current electromagnetic environment or the system's anti-interference capability.

[0188] Figure 14 This diagram illustrates a threshold-based interference signal separation process provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. The diagram demonstrates a complete processing flow for automatically filtering and classifying time-series observation data using interference thresholds. This process separates continuous observation timelines (…). to The data is divided into N independent data sample groups. The data processing steps are as follows: 1. Data input: The system receives N sets of raw observation data, each set containing multiple frequency points ( to 1. Intensity value of ). 2. Threshold comparison: The preset or dynamically calculated interference threshold sequence ( to The following steps are applied to each data set: The logical judgment function `ans` compares the intensity value of each frequency point with the corresponding threshold: if the intensity value does not exceed the threshold, it is marked as "0" (representing a valid signal); if it exceeds the threshold, it is marked as "1" (representing an interference signal). 3. Result Statistics and Classification: The percentage of frequency points marked as "1" in each data set is counted. If the percentage of interference frequency points is greater than 5%, the data set is determined to be a "non-compliant sample" and classified as interfered data (n sets in total). If the percentage of interference frequency points is less than or equal to 5%, the data set is determined to be a "successful sample" and classified as usable data (Nn sets in total).

[0189] In some embodiments, the process of constructing a three-dimensional spectral situation map includes: first, acquiring a measured sparse dataset A. i (f i ,h i ,p i ), where f i Represents frequency, h i p represents height. i This represents geographic location coordinates. For missing data points not covered in the spatial data, an interpolation algorithm is used to fill in the gaps, thus constructing a uniformly spaced spatial spectrum dataset P(f). i ) .

[0190] From a mathematical perspective, this process is equivalent to the matrix filling problem, which involves reconstructing a complete matrix from a low-rank matrix with missing elements. Theoretically, matrix filling is an unsteady problem, meaning that without additional constraints, there are infinitely many solutions to recover the original matrix using only a small number of sampled elements. However, when the target matrix has low-rank or near-low-rank properties, accurate recovery can be achieved through optimization algorithms. Based on the above theory, a frequency point f is constructed. i The corresponding spectral situation matrix P(f) i The calculation formula is shown below:

[0191]

[0192] Where M represents the number of rows in the matrix, corresponding to the number of sampling points divided in one dimension; N represents the number of columns in the matrix, corresponding to the number of sampling points divided in another dimension; M and N together form a uniform spatial grid, with each grid cell corresponding to a discrete sampling point. This represents the spectral data corresponding to the sampling point located at the M-th row and N-th column of the matrix; This represents the height of the sampling point located at the M-th row and N-th column of the matrix; This represents the geographical coordinates of the sampling point located at the M-th row and N-th column of the matrix.

[0193] Based on a preset spectral resolution, a series of spectral situation matrices at different frequencies can be constructed sequentially, and then stacked to form a three-dimensional "space-frequency" situation map. It should be noted that electromagnetic propagation exhibits significant local characteristics in areas with complex terrain. Therefore, a terrain correction factor must be introduced during the construction process, or interpolation calculations must be re-performed in local areas to ensure the accuracy of the situation map in complex environments.

[0194] In an illustrative example, a schematic diagram of the electromagnetic situation map test results is shown below. Figure 15 As shown in the figure, this map illustrates a two-dimensional geospatial spectral distribution map reconstructed from sparse measured data. The map uses interpolation and matrix filling algorithms to reconstruct the spectral data A obtained from discrete sampling points (such as fixed monitoring stations and drones shown on the left side of the map). i (f i ,h i ,p i This is expanded into a continuous rasterized dataset P(f) covering the entire target area. i The figure uses a heatmap format to visually represent a specific frequency point f. i The spatial distribution of signal strength is shown below: The horizontal and vertical axes represent east longitude and north latitude, respectively, precisely defining the geographical range. Color mapping: The color bars on the right display signal strength in dBμV; blue areas represent low-field-strength background noise, while yellow to red areas represent high-field-strength interference sources or radiation hotspots. Spatial characteristics: Multiple localized high-intensity core areas (orange-red areas) are visible in the map, indicating the presence of significant ground-based radiation sources; these are accompanied by irregular diffusion patterns, reflecting the influence of topography on electromagnetic wave propagation and localized situational characteristics. This map serves as a fundamental slice for constructing a three-dimensional "space-frequency" electromagnetic situational awareness map, supporting the generation of multi-layer matrices according to different frequency sequence, thereby achieving comprehensive perception and dynamic visualization assessment of the electromagnetic environment under complex conditions.

[0195] The calculation of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness is used to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of electromagnetic shielding measures and guide the optimized design of shielding parameters to ensure that the radiation of equipment within the site meets the radio astronomy protection thresholds stipulated by the International Telecommunication Union. The propagation loss of electromagnetic waves in free space is calculated as follows:

[0196]

[0197] in, Propagation loss is expressed in decibels (dB). The operating frequency is expressed in megahertz (MHz). The distance to be transmitted is measured in kilometers (km).

[0198] Electromagnetic waves attenuate when passing through a shield. To address electromagnetic radiation from equipment within a station, attenuation is achieved by implementing attenuation measures along the propagation path (such as shielded rooms) to reduce the signal strength below a threshold. This is achieved by increasing shielding to improve attenuation. The absorption attenuation is first calculated, and it primarily depends on the thickness and electromagnetic properties of the shielding material. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0199]

[0200]

[0201] in, The absorption attenuation is expressed in decibels (dB). The thickness of the metal shield is expressed in millimeters (mm). The operating frequency is expressed in megahertz (MHz). It is the relative magnetic permeability of the material. Electrical conductivity relative to copper.

[0202] Then, the reflection attenuation is calculated. Reflection attenuation mainly occurs at the interface between the air and the shield. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0203]

[0204] in, This represents the reflection attenuation, expressed in decibels (dB).

[0205] Suppose that the interference radiated power measured at a certain frequency point on the EMC platform is... The power after path attenuation and absorption / reflection attenuation is :

[0206]

[0207] By iteratively adjusting the shielding parameters, namely changing the relative magnetic permeability and conductivity of the material, the final received power can be adjusted. The data is kept below the interference protection threshold for radio astronomy observations specified in ITU-R Recommendation RA.769 to ensure the purity of astronomical observation data.

[0208] This disclosure presents a comprehensive radio astronomy radio environment monitoring and protection system integrating detection, assessment, alarm, and response. Addressing the current technological backdrop of increasingly scarce radio spectrum resources and a complex and volatile electromagnetic environment, this system achieves efficient protection of radio telescope sites (especially RQZs) through multi-source data fusion, intelligent algorithm analysis, and a three-dimensional sensing platform.

[0209] On the one hand, a multi-data fusion protection system based on the OODA loop is provided. This system introduces the OODA loop theory and constructs a clearly defined electromagnetic protection closed-loop system: Observe: Comprehensive data surveys and real-time monitoring are conducted through multi-source sensors to acquire raw spectrum data; Orient: Targeted interference location analysis and situation assessment are carried out by combining historical data and environmental characteristics; Decide: Precise protection strategies and spectrum planning schemes are formulated based on the assessment results; Act: Interference investigation, electromagnetic shielding, or frequency coordination measures are implemented. This system breaks through the technical barriers of traditional monitoring, propagation analysis, and interference investigation, forming a comprehensive technical framework integrating detection, analysis, planning, prediction, and investigation research, significantly improving the overall performance of radio astronomy radio environment detection systems.

[0210] On the other hand, it provides intelligent management and analysis of spectrum monitoring big data. Addressing the complex radio environment and scarce spectrum resources, this system establishes an efficient spectrum big data analysis mechanism: refined spectrum allocation: under increasingly limited frequency band resources, it achieves scientific allocation and dynamic management of radio frequency bands through classification analysis; optimized observation efficiency: using data mining techniques to identify spectrum usage patterns, providing optimal frequency band selection support for radio astronomy observations, and maximizing observation efficiency.

[0211] On the other hand, it provides three-dimensional spectrum situational awareness based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform. This system innovatively introduces an UAV-borne electromagnetic environment monitoring platform, enabling rapid, comprehensive, and all-around awareness of the RQZ (Radio Frequency Area). It achieves adaptation to complex terrain, overcoming ground-based monitoring blind spots and effectively detecting and locating concealed interference sources in complex terrain conditions such as the Ailao Mountains. It also achieves precise parameter measurement, directly measuring key parameters such as the interference source's transmission power, antenna pattern, and radiation intensity, eliminating reliance on traditional electromagnetic propagation models and removing positioning errors caused by model inaccuracies. Furthermore, it constructs a situational map; the acquired high-precision measured data is the core data foundation for constructing a large-scale three-dimensional spectrum situational map and implementing interference source removal and shielding projects. Taking the Jingdong 120-meter radio telescope site as an example, this area is located in the Ailao Mountains Nature Reserve, sparsely populated, and less affected by human interference, making it an ideal experimental area for verifying various algorithmic theories and monitoring technologies of this system.

[0212] On the other hand, a multi-threshold collaborative detection technology for intermittent interference is provided. Addressing the limitations of traditional commercial spectrum analyzers combined with host computer solutions in detecting intermittent interference (such as long integration times leading to smoothing of short-term interference, insufficient time resolution due to frequency sweeping modes, and the inability of maximum hold mode to record interference duration), this system proposes a wide-band and narrow-band collaborative dynamic integration strategy. It abandons fixed long integration times (such as the 2000s recommended in ITU-R RA.769.2) and flexibly adjusts the integration time according to interference characteristics, improving the probability of capturing short-term transient interference while maintaining sensitivity. It also rationally configures commercial spectrum analyzers, software-defined radio terminals, and RF analyzers to construct a collaborative working mode of "wide-area survey + focused capture." It utilizes both wide-band scanning to discover interfering frequencies and narrow-band high-speed sampling to accurately record the start and end times and duration of interference, solving the technical problem of "frequency points are visible but duration is unknown" in traditional solutions.

[0213] On the other hand, a radio environment quality assessment based on the Monte Carlo method is provided. This system uses Monte Carlo statistical simulation to quantitatively assess radio environment quality, effectively addressing the triple challenges of high dimensionality, strong uncertainty, and computational efficiency. It can focus on key influencing factors through random sampling, reducing the complexity of high-dimensional problems; it can also naturally estimate measurement errors and environmental fluctuations through multiple independent experimental simulations, outputting the probability distribution of the results, thereby quantifying the uncertainty of the assessment; and it can also perform efficient parallel computation with simple algorithm logic, avoiding complex analytical derivations, making it easy to implement in parallel computing, especially suitable for small sample datasets, effectively preventing overfitting, and providing statistical basis for spectrum compliance determination.

[0214] On the other hand, it provides a closed-loop solution for interference mitigation for large-aperture telescopes. This embodiment, through the aforementioned technical means, achieves a complete closed-loop process from interference detection, precise location, parameter inversion to mitigation effect evaluation. It not only provides precise engineering basis for the physical removal or electromagnetic shielding of interference sources (such as calculating the required shielding thickness and material permeability), but also verifies the mitigation effect through continuous situational awareness, ensuring that the electromagnetic environment of the radio telescope site meets the protection requirements of the relevant recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union.

[0215] The following are device embodiments of the present disclosure. For parts not described in detail in the device embodiments, please refer to the technical details disclosed in the above method embodiments.

[0216] Please refer to Figure 16This illustration shows a schematic diagram of a radio environmental protection device for a radio astronomy observatory based on an OODA ring, provided in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. The device can be implemented, in whole or in part, through software, hardware, or a combination of both, as a computing device. The device includes: a spectrum sensing module 1610, a situation analysis module 1620, an assessment and alarm module 1630, and a risk handling module 1640.

[0217] The spectrum sensing module 1610 is used to acquire the space electromagnetic field spectrum data of the radio astronomy station. The space electromagnetic field spectrum data includes the spectrum data of external interference signals and the radiation spectrum data of the equipment inside the station.

[0218] The situation analysis module 1620 is used to analyze the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data to obtain spectrum situation information. The spectrum situation information is used to indicate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of external interference signals and the degree of radiation interference of equipment in the station.

[0219] The assessment alarm module 1630 is used to output alarm information when the spectrum situation information meets the preset alarm conditions. The alarm information is used to indicate that there is a risk in the radio environment of the radio astronomy station.

[0220] Risk Management Module 1640 is used to manage and control external interference sources and / or on-site equipment of radio astronomy stations in response to alarm information.

[0221] In one possible implementation, the spectrum sensing module 1610 is also used for:

[0222] Electromagnetic spectrum detection of the RQZ of the radio astronomy observatory was conducted using fixed monitoring stations and / or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection platforms to obtain spectral data of external interference signals; and,

[0223] The electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristics of the equipment inside the radio astronomy station were tested using an EMC testing platform, and the electromagnetic radiation spectrum data radiated by the equipment inside the station were obtained.

[0224] In another possible implementation, the spectrum situation information includes time-frequency distribution characteristics, a three-dimensional spectrum situation map, and interference levels radiated by equipment within the station. The situation analysis module 1620 is also used for:

[0225] Time-frequency distribution features are extracted from the spectral data of external interference signals, and a three-dimensional spectral situation map is constructed. The time-frequency distribution features are used to indicate the joint distribution pattern of external interference signals in the time and frequency dimensions, and the three-dimensional spectral situation map is used to indicate the intensity distribution features of external interference signals in three-dimensional spatial location.

[0226] Based on the radiation spectrum data of the equipment in the station, the interference level of the equipment in the station is determined. The interference level of the equipment in the station is the interference level generated by the radiation of the equipment in the station after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope reception.

[0227] In another possible implementation, the alarm evaluation module 1630 is also used for:

[0228] When the frequency distribution characteristics indicate that the proportion of interference time in the target frequency band is greater than the preset proportion, an alarm message is output;

[0229] When the three-dimensional spectrum situation map indicates that the interference level of the external interference signal is greater than the first preset interference threshold, an alarm message is output. The interference level of the external interference signal is the interference level of the external interference signal after it has been attenuated through the propagation path and reaches the radio telescope.

[0230] When the interference level of the equipment in the station exceeds the second preset interference threshold, an alarm message is output.

[0231] In another possible implementation, the alarm information is used to indicate external interference sources and / or on-site equipment requiring action. The risk handling module 1640 is also used for:

[0232] In response to alarm information, remove the external interference source indicated by the alarm information, and / or perform electromagnetic shielding or rectification operations on the equipment within the station indicated by the alarm information.

[0233] In another possible implementation, the device further includes: a verification module, used for:

[0234] After completing the control operations, the space electromagnetic field spectrum of the radio astronomy station was acquired again and the spectrum status information was updated to verify the effectiveness of the control operations.

[0235] It should be noted that the above embodiments only illustrate the division of the above functional modules when implementing the device. In actual applications, the above functions can be assigned to different functional modules according to actual needs, that is, the content structure of the device can be divided into different functional modules to complete all or part of the functions described above.

[0236] Regarding the apparatus in the above embodiments, the specific manner in which each module performs its operation has been described in detail in the embodiments related to the method, and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0237] In some embodiments, the functions or modules of the apparatus provided in this disclosure can be used to perform the methods described in the above method embodiments. The specific implementation can be referred to the description of the above method embodiments, and for the sake of brevity, it will not be repeated here.

[0238] This disclosure also provides a radio environmental protection device for a radio astronomy station based on an OODA ring, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory, wherein the processor executes the computer program to implement the steps of the above method.

[0239] This disclosure also provides a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program thereon, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the above-described method.

[0240] This disclosure also provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the above-described method.

[0241] Figure 17 This is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 1900 according to an exemplary embodiment. For example, apparatus 1900 may be provided as a server or terminal device. (Refer to...) Figure 17 The apparatus 1900 includes a processing component 1922, which further includes one or more processors, and memory resources represented by memory 1932 for storing instructions, such as application programs, that can be executed by the processing component 1922. The application programs stored in memory 1932 may include one or more modules, each corresponding to a set of instructions. Furthermore, the processing component 1922 is configured to execute instructions to perform the methods described above.

[0242] Device 1900 may also include a power supply component 1926 configured to perform power management of device 1900, a wired or wireless network interface 1950 configured to connect device 1900 to a network, and an input / output interface 1958 (I / O interface). Device 1900 can operate on an operating system stored in memory 1932, such as Windows Server™, MacOS X™, Unix™, Linux™, FreeBSD™, or similar.

[0243] In an exemplary embodiment, a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium is also provided, such as a memory 1932 including computer program instructions that can be executed by a processing component 1922 of the device 1900 to perform the above-described method.

[0244] Computer-readable storage media can be tangible devices capable of holding and storing programs / instructions used by instruction execution devices. Computer-readable storage media can be, for example—but not limited to—electrical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, optical storage devices, electromagnetic storage devices, semiconductor storage devices, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of computer-readable storage media include: portable computer disks, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital multifunction disc (DVD), memory sticks, floppy disks, mechanical encoding devices, such as punch cards or recessed protrusions storing instructions thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. The computer-readable storage media used herein are not to be construed as transient signals themselves, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through waveguides or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses through fiber optic cables), or electrical signals transmitted through wires.

[0245] The computer program (or computer-readable program instructions) described herein can be downloaded from a computer-readable storage medium to various computing / processing devices, or downloaded via a network, such as the Internet, local area network, wide area network, and / or wireless network, to an external computer or external storage device. The network may include copper transmission cables, fiber optic transmission, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers, and / or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing / processing device receives the computer-readable program instructions from the network and forwards them to the computer-readable storage medium in the respective computing / processing device.

[0246] The computer program (or computer program instructions) used to perform the operations of this disclosure may be assembly instructions, instruction set architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state setting data, or source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Smalltalk, C++, etc., and conventional procedural programming languages ​​such as the "C" language or similar programming languages. The computer-readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partially on the user's computer, as a standalone software package, partially on the user's computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server. In cases involving a remote computer, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer via any type of network—including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN)—or may be connected to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet service provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry, such as programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or programmable logic arrays (PLAs), is personalized by utilizing state information from the computer-readable program instructions to implement various aspects of this disclosure.

[0247] Various aspects of this disclosure are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of this disclosure. It should be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer-readable program instructions.

[0248] These computer-readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine such that, when executed by the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, they create means for implementing the functions / actions specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart and / or block diagram. These computer-readable program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that causes a computer, programmable data processing apparatus, and / or other device to operate in a particular manner; thus, the computer-readable medium storing the instructions comprises an article of manufacture that includes instructions for implementing aspects of the functions / actions specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart and / or block diagram.

[0249] Computer-readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby causing the instructions executed on the computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to perform the functions / actions specified in one or more boxes of a flowchart and / or block diagram.

[0250] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the accompanying drawings illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in a flowchart or block diagram may represent a module, segment, or portion of an instruction containing one or more executable instructions for implementing a specified logical function. In some alternative implementations, the functions marked in the blocks may occur in a different order than those shown in the drawings. For example, two consecutive blocks may actually be executed substantially in parallel, and they may sometimes be executed in reverse order, depending on the functions involved. It should also be noted that each block in the block diagrams and / or flowcharts, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowcharts, may be implemented using a dedicated hardware-based system that performs the specified function or action, or using a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions.

[0251] The various embodiments of this disclosure have been described above. These descriptions are exemplary and not exhaustive, nor are they limited to the disclosed embodiments. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein is chosen to best explain the principles, practical application, or technical improvements to the embodiments in the market, or to enable others skilled in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for radio environmental protection at radio astronomy observatories based on OODA loops, characterized in that, The method includes: Acquire space electromagnetic field spectrum data of radio astronomy observatories, including spectrum data of external interference signals and radiation spectrum data of equipment within the station; The spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data is analyzed to obtain spectrum situation information, which is used to indicate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the external interference signal and the degree of radiation interference of the equipment in the station. When the spectrum situation information meets the preset alarm conditions, an alarm message is output. The alarm message is used to indicate that there is a risk in the radio environment of the radio astronomy station. In response to the alarm information, control and management operations are performed on external interference sources and / or on-site equipment of the radio astronomy station.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The acquisition of space electromagnetic field spectrum data from radio astronomy observatories includes: Electromagnetic spectrum detection was conducted in the electromagnetic quiet zone (RQZ) of the radio astronomy observatory using fixed monitoring stations and / or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection platforms to obtain the spectral data of the external interference signal; and, The electromagnetic radiation spectrum characteristics of the equipment at the radio astronomy station were tested using an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test platform to obtain electromagnetic radiation spectrum data radiated by the equipment.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The spectrum situation information includes time-frequency distribution characteristics, a three-dimensional spectrum situation map, and the interference level radiated by the equipment within the station. The analysis of the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data to obtain the spectrum situation information includes: The time-frequency distribution features are extracted from the spectral data of the external interference signal, and the three-dimensional spectral situation map is constructed. The time-frequency distribution features are used to indicate the joint distribution law of the external interference signal in the time dimension and frequency dimension, and the three-dimensional spectral situation map is used to indicate the intensity distribution features of the external interference signal in the three-dimensional spatial location. Based on the radiation spectrum data of the equipment in the station, the interference level of the equipment in the station is determined. The interference level of the equipment in the station is the interference level generated by the radiation of the equipment in the station after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope reception.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The step of outputting alarm information when the spectrum situation information meets preset alarm conditions includes: When the time-frequency distribution characteristics indicate that the proportion of interference time in the target frequency band is greater than the preset time proportion, the alarm information is output. When the three-dimensional spectrum situation map indicates that the interference level of the external interference signal is greater than the first preset interference threshold, the alarm information is output. The interference level of the external interference signal is the interference level of the external interference signal after attenuation through the propagation path to the radio telescope. When the interference level of the equipment in the station is greater than the second preset interference threshold, the alarm information is output.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The alarm information is used to indicate the external interference source and / or the on-site equipment that requires operation. The control and management operations performed on the external interference source and / or the on-site equipment in response to the alarm information include: In response to the alarm information, the external interference source indicated by the alarm information is removed, and / or the on-site equipment indicated by the alarm information is electromagnetically shielded or rectified.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The method further includes: After completing the control operation, the space electromagnetic field spectrum of the radio astronomy station is acquired again and the spectrum status information is updated to verify the effectiveness of the control operation.

7. A radio environmental protection device for a radio astronomy observatory based on an OODA ring, characterized in that, The device includes: The spectrum sensing module is used to acquire the space electromagnetic field spectrum data of the radio astronomy station. The space electromagnetic field spectrum data includes the spectrum data of external interference signals and the radiation spectrum data of the equipment inside the station. The situation analysis module is used to analyze the spatial electromagnetic field spectrum data to obtain spectrum situation information. The spectrum situation information is used to indicate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the external interference signal and the degree of radiation interference of the equipment in the station. An evaluation alarm module is used to output alarm information when the spectrum situation information meets preset alarm conditions. The alarm information is used to indicate that there is a risk in the radio environment of the radio astronomy station. The risk management module is used to control and manage external interference sources and / or on-site equipment of the radio astronomy station in response to the alarm information.

8. A radio environmental protection device for a radio astronomy observatory based on an OODA ring, comprising a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory, characterized in that, The processor executes the computer program to implement the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

9. A non-volatile computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that, When the computer program is executed by a processor, it implements the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

10. A computer program product, comprising a computer program, characterized in that, When the computer program is executed by a processor, it implements the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

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