A device for monitoring the cultivation of rice for low temperature cold tolerance growth

Abstract

This invention discloses a cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice, relating to the field of rice cultivation technology. The invention includes a three-layer frame for mounting the equipment; a supplementary lighting system is installed on the upper layer of the frame; a rice cultivation trough is installed on the middle layer; and a water tank and a chiller are installed on the lower layer. The water tank and the chiller's inlet are connected via a first pipe. The rice cultivation trough is internally divided into a cold water inlet chamber, a cold water cultivation chamber, and a cold water return chamber. Water level and flow are controlled by inlet and outlet weirs. The device is also equipped with adjustable weirs to flexibly adjust the water level to meet the needs of different rice growth stages. Simultaneously, a video recording device and a temperature recording device are installed to record the entire rice growth process and monitor water temperature in real time, providing researchers with accurate experimental data. Furthermore, the device includes a room-temperature cultivation chamber as a control, which helps evaluate the low-temperature growth ability of genetically modified or hybridized rice seeds.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of rice cultivation technology, and in particular relates to a cultivation monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice. Background Technology

[0002] As one of the world's most important food crops, rice's yield and quality are significantly affected by the temperature of its growing environment. Low temperatures inhibit rice growth and development, leading to reduced yields or even crop failure. Therefore, improving rice's cold tolerance is crucial for ensuring food security and expanding rice cultivation areas.

[0003] Traditional research on rice cold tolerance relies heavily on natural low-temperature environments or artificial climate chambers, but these methods suffer from problems such as imprecise temperature control and difficulty in replicating experimental conditions. Furthermore, the variable nature of low-temperature conditions in natural environments makes it difficult to accurately assess rice's cold tolerance. With the continuous development of biotechnology and agricultural science, research into the mechanisms of rice cold tolerance has deepened, and techniques such as genetic engineering and hybridization breeding have provided new avenues for cultivating cold-tolerant rice varieties.

[0004] However, effectively assessing the low-temperature growth ability of genetically modified or hybridized rice seeds remains a major challenge in current research. Existing cultivation monitoring devices often lack precise temperature control and water level regulation functions, failing to meet the needs of rice cold tolerance research. Therefore, developing a cultivation monitoring device capable of precisely controlling water temperature, flexibly adjusting water level, and providing video recording capabilities is of great significance for advancing rice cold tolerance research. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a cultivation and monitoring device for the cold-resistant growth of rice, which has the advantages of precise temperature control, water resource recycling, and flexible water level adjustment, and is of great significance for promoting the research on the cold resistance of rice.

[0006] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solution: This invention relates to a cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice, comprising a three-layer frame for mounting equipment; a supplementary lighting system installed on the upper layer of the three-layer frame; a rice cultivation trough installed on the middle layer of the three-layer frame; and a water tank and a chiller installed on the lower layer of the three-layer frame. The water tank and the chiller's inlet are connected via a first pipe; the chiller's outlet is connected to the rice cultivation trough via a second pipe; the water tank receives return water from the rice cultivation trough; a rice seedling transplanting guide assembly is installed inside the rice cultivation trough; a video recording device for recording the rice growth process in the rice cultivation trough is installed on the three-layer frame; and a temperature recording device is installed on the rice cultivation trough.

[0007] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the rice cultivation trough is provided with an inlet weir plate and an outlet weir plate whose upper end is lower than the inlet weir plate; the inside of the rice cultivation trough is divided into an adjacent cold water inlet chamber, a cold water cultivation chamber, and a cold water return chamber by the inlet weir plate and the outlet weir plate; the outlet end of the chiller is connected to the cold water inlet chamber through the second pipe; the rice seedling transplanting guide assembly is installed in the cold water cultivation chamber; several leakage holes are opened at the bottom of the cold water return chamber; filter cotton is installed in the cold water return chamber; a splash-proof ring is fixed on the bottom surface of the cold water return chamber, surrounding the several leakage holes; an inlet connecting pipe is fixed through the side wall of the rice cultivation trough and communicates with the cold water inlet chamber; the inlet connecting pipe is connected to the second pipe.

[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the rice seedling transplanting guide assembly includes a rice cultivation pot, a cultivation pot support frame, and a cultivation pot cover plate; the cultivation pot support frame is installed at the bottom of the cold water cultivation chamber; a plurality of rice cultivation pots are inserted and installed on the cultivation pot support frame; the cultivation pot cover plate is placed on the plurality of rice cultivation pots.

[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the rice cultivation pot is a round pot with an open top, and a water-permeable hole is provided at the bottom of the round pot. A circular platform is provided on the outer wall of the upper end of the round pot and rests on the cultivation pot support. The cultivation pot support includes a first rectangular plate. A first water inlet channel is provided at one end of the first rectangular plate located at the water inlet weir plate. Two rows of fixed support rods are fixed on the lower surface of the first rectangular plate. A plurality of first round through holes for installing the rice cultivation pot are provided on the first rectangular plate. A plurality of first guide holes are also provided on the first rectangular plate.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cultivation pot cover plate includes a second rectangular plate of the same size as the first rectangular plate; a second water inlet channel is provided at one end of the second rectangular plate located on the water inlet weir plate, and the second water inlet channel coincides with the first water inlet channel in the installation state; a plurality of conical cylinders are fixedly arranged through the second rectangular plate and aligned with the first through hole, and the conical cylinders are not higher than the water outlet weir plate when the cultivation pot cover plate is installed; a plurality of second guide holes are also provided on the second rectangular plate.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a row of single-ended studs is fixed to the side wall of the outlet weir plate on one side of the cold water return chamber; an adjustable weir plate is clamped and installed on the row of single-ended studs by a nut with a handle; the adjustable weir plate is provided with an oval through hole that is vertically adjusted to cooperate with the single-ended studs.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a timer control switch for controlling the start and stop of the fill light group is installed on one side of the three-layer rack.

[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the water tank is a rectangular box structure with an opening at the top; a mudguard extending from the upper right wall to the lower left is provided inside the water tank; a water outlet pipe joint is fixed through the right wall of the water tank; the water outlet pipe joint is connected to the first pipe.

[0014] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, two parallel partition plates are fixed in the cold water inlet chamber, and the space on the side of the two partition plates away from the cold water incubation chamber is set as a normal temperature incubation chamber; a plurality of rice cultivation pots are arranged in the normal temperature incubation chamber.

[0015] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the video recording device includes a camera and a hard disk recorder; a mounting bracket for mounting the camera is fixed in the middle of the upper layer of the three-layer rack; the hard disk recorder is mounted on the lower layer of the three-layer rack; model: TL-NVR6104C-L; the temperature control range of the chiller is 5℃ to room temperature; the temperature recording device includes a memory-type electronic digital display alarm thermometer and a dual-probe sensor, the dual-probe sensor detecting the water temperature in the chilled water incubation chamber and the room temperature incubation chamber; the model of the electronic digital display alarm thermometer is TT40G4-EX.

[0016] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: This invention uses a chiller to precisely adjust the water temperature to a set range, ensuring that rice grows in a low-temperature environment, which helps to study the low-temperature cold resistance of rice.

[0017] This invention is designed with a water tank and a filtration system, which enables water recycling, reduces water waste, and maintains water quality.

[0018] This invention, through its adjustable weir plate design, allows for flexible adjustment of the water level according to the needs of different growth stages of rice, thus meeting the water depth requirements for rice growth.

[0019] This invention is equipped with a supplemental lighting unit and a timer control switch to ensure that rice receives suitable light conditions; at the same time, a temperature recording device monitors and displays the water temperature in real time to ensure the accuracy of experimental data.

[0020] This invention is equipped with a camera and a hard disk recorder to record the entire growth process of rice, providing researchers with intuitive experimental data for subsequent analysis.

[0021] This invention, by setting up a normal temperature cultivation chamber inside a cold water inlet chamber to form a control experiment, helps to evaluate the low-temperature growth ability of genetically modified or hybridized rice seeds.

[0022] Of course, any product implementing this invention does not necessarily need to achieve all of the advantages described above at the same time. Attached Figure Description

[0023] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to the present invention.

[0025] Figure 2 for Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure.

[0026] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a rice cultivation trough and its internal facilities.

[0027] Figure 4 for Figure 3 A cross-sectional schematic diagram.

[0028] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a rice cultivation trough.

[0029] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the water tank.

[0030] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a rice cultivation pot.

[0031] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the structure of the support frame for the cultivation pot.

[0032] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the cover plate for the cultivation pot.

[0033] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the adjustable weir plate.

[0034] The attached diagram lists the components represented by each number as follows: 1-Three-layer frame, 2-Supplemental lighting unit, 3-Rice cultivation trough, 4-Water tank, 5-Chiller, 6-Filter cotton, 7-Rice cultivation pot, 8-Cultivation pot support, 9-Cultivation pot cover, 10-Nut with handle, 11-Adjustable weir plate, 12-Timer control switch, 13-Camera, 14-Hard disk recorder, 15-Memory type electronic digital display alarm thermometer, 16-Dual probe sensor, 31-Inlet weir plate, 32-Outlet weir plate, 33-Cold water inlet chamber, 34-Cold water cultivation chamber, 35- Cold water reflux chamber, 36-leakage hole, 37-single-head stud, 38-splash guard ring, 39-isolation plate, 310-room temperature incubation chamber, 311-water inlet connection pipe, 81-first rectangular plate, 82-first water inlet channel, 83-fixed support rod, 84-first round through hole, 85-first guide hole, 91-second rectangular plate, 92-second water inlet channel, 93-cone, 94-second guide hole, 101-mounting bracket, 41-mud baffle, 42-water outlet pipe connector, 111-slender round through hole. Detailed Implementation

[0035] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Specific Implementation Example 1: Please see Figure 1-10 As shown, this invention is a cultivation and monitoring device for the cold-tolerant growth of rice. The purpose of this device is to study the low-temperature growth ability of seeds after genetic modification or hybridization with cold-tolerant varieties. Specific implementation methods are as follows: The device of this invention includes a three-tiered frame 1 for mounting the equipment. The three-tiered frame 1 is made of sturdy metal material to ensure the overall stability of the device. The upper tier of the three-tiered frame 1 is equipped with a supplementary lighting unit 2 to provide necessary lighting for the rice. The supplementary lighting unit 2 uses LED light sources, which have advantages such as energy saving and long lifespan. The middle tier of the three-tiered frame 1 is equipped with a rice cultivation trough 3 for placing and cultivating rice. The lower tier of the three-tiered frame 1 is equipped with a water tank 4 and a chiller 5. The water tank 4 is used to store circulating water, and the chiller 5 is used to regulate the water temperature to a set range.

[0037] Water tank 4: Water tank 4 is a rectangular box structure with an opening at the top. Inside, there is a mudguard 41 extending from the upper right wall to the lower left, which is used to settle impurities in the water. A water outlet pipe connector 42 is fixed through the right wall of water tank 4, which is used to connect to the water inlet connector of chiller 5 through the first pipe.

[0038] Chiller 5: The temperature control range of chiller 5 is 5℃ to room temperature, which can precisely control the temperature of the output water to meet the needs of low-temperature rice cultivation. The outlet of chiller 5 is connected to the rice cultivation tank 3 through a second pipe.

[0039] The rice cultivation trough 3 is equipped with an inlet weir plate 31 and an outlet weir plate 32 with its upper end lower than the inlet weir plate 31, which divides the cultivation trough into an adjacent cold water inlet chamber 33, a cold water cultivation chamber 34 and a cold water return chamber 35.

[0040] Cold water inlet chamber 33: The outlet of the chiller 5 is connected to the cold water inlet chamber 33 through a second pipe to provide a cold water source for the cultivation tank. Two parallel partition plates 39 are fixed inside the cold water inlet chamber 33, and the space away from the cold water cultivation chamber 34 is set as the normal temperature cultivation chamber 310 for setting up the control group. Several rice cultivation pots 7 are also set up in the normal temperature cultivation chamber 310.

[0041] Cold water cultivation chamber 34: It is equipped with rice seedling transplanting guide components for placing and cultivating rice seedlings.

[0042] Cold water return chamber 35: Several drainage holes 36 are opened at the bottom for the return water to flow out. Filter cotton 6 is installed inside the cold water return chamber 35 to filter impurities in the return water. A splash guard 38 is fixed to the bottom surface of the cold water return chamber 35, surrounding the drainage holes 36 to prevent water from splashing out. A water inlet connection pipe 311, communicating with the cold water inlet chamber 33, is fixed through the side wall of the rice cultivation trough 3. The water inlet connection pipe 311 is connected to the second pipe.

[0043] The rice seedling transplanting guide assembly includes a rice cultivation pot 7, a cultivation pot support 8, and a cultivation pot cover plate 9.

[0044] Rice cultivation pot 7: This is a round pot with an open top. The bottom of the round pot has drainage holes to facilitate water circulation and aeration. A circular platform is provided on the outer wall of the upper part of the round pot, which is placed on the cultivation pot support 8 to fix its position.

[0045] The cultivation pot support bracket 8 is installed at the bottom of the cold water cultivation chamber 34 and includes a first rectangular plate 81. A first water inlet channel 82 is provided at one end of the first rectangular plate 81 located near the water inlet weir plate 31, and two rows of fixed support rods 83 are fixed to its lower surface for supporting the bracket. The first rectangular plate 81 has several first round through holes 84 for installing rice cultivation pots 7, and several first guide holes 85 to facilitate water flow.

[0046] Cultivation pot cover plate 9: Covers several rice cultivation pots 7, including a second rectangular plate 91 of the same size as the first rectangular plate 81. The second rectangular plate 91 has a second water inlet channel 92 at one end of the inlet weir plate 31, which coincides with the first water inlet channel 82 in the installed state. Several conical tubes 93 are fixedly inserted through the second rectangular plate 91, aligned with the first through holes 84. When the cultivation pot cover plate 9 is installed, the conical tubes 93 are not higher than the outlet weir plate 32 to ensure smooth water flow. Several second guide holes 94 are also provided on the second rectangular plate 91 to further facilitate water circulation.

[0047] Water level control: A row of single-ended studs 37 is fixed to the side wall of the outlet weir plate 32 on one side of the cold water return chamber 35. An adjustable weir plate 11 is clamped and installed on the row of single-ended studs 37 by a nut with a handle 10. The adjustable weir plate 11 has an oblong through hole 111 that is vertically adjusted to match the single-ended studs 37. By adjusting the height of the adjustable weir plate 11 above the outlet weir plate 32, the water depth in the cold water cultivation chamber 34 can be adjusted to meet the needs of rice at different growth stages.

[0048] Temperature Control: The chiller 5 can precisely control the temperature of the output water, ensuring that the water temperature in the chilled water incubation chamber 34 remains within the set range. Simultaneously, dual-probe sensors 16 are installed in both the chilled water incubation chamber 34 and the ambient temperature incubation chamber 310 to monitor the water temperature in real time. The temperature value is displayed via a memory-type electronic digital display alarm thermometer 15, which issues an alarm when the water temperature exceeds the set range. The electronic digital display alarm thermometer 15 is model TT40G4-EX.

[0049] Lighting system: A timer control switch 12 for controlling the start and stop of the supplementary lighting group 2 is installed on one side of the three-layer frame 1. The lighting time and intensity can be set according to the growth needs of rice.

[0050] Recording System: The video recording device includes a camera 13 and a hard disk recorder 14. The camera 13 is installed in the middle of the upper layer of the three-layer rack 1 and is fixed by a mounting bracket 101. It is used to record the growth process of rice in the rice cultivation trough 3. The hard disk recorder 14 is installed on the lower layer of the three-layer rack 1 and is used to store the video data captured by the camera 13. The model number is TL-NVR6104C-L.

[0051] One specific application of this embodiment is as follows: After the chiller 5 cools the water to a set temperature, it is transported to the cold water inlet chamber 33 through the second pipe. The water overflows from the inlet weir plate 31 to the cold water cultivation chamber 34 for low-temperature cultivation of rice seedlings in the rice cultivation pot 7. The water flows from the permeable holes at the bottom of the rice cultivation pot 7 into the area below the cultivation pot support 8, then overflows from the first guide hole 85 and the second guide hole 94 to the area above the cultivation pot cover plate 9, and finally overflows from the outlet weir plate 32 to the cold water return chamber 35. After being filtered by the filter cotton 6, the water flows back to the water tank 4 through the drain hole 36, and is then cooled again by the chiller 5 for reuse.

[0052] Throughout the cultivation process, video recording devices continuously documented the rice's growth, while temperature recording devices monitored and displayed the water temperature in real time, ensuring the rice grew under the set low-temperature conditions. Researchers can analyze the video footage and temperature data to assess the low-temperature growth ability of genetically modified or hybridized rice seeds.

[0053] In the description of this specification, references to terms such as "an embodiment," "example," "specific example," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0054] The preferred embodiments of the present invention disclosed above are merely illustrative of the invention. These preferred embodiments do not exhaustively describe all details, nor do they limit the invention to the specific implementations described. Clearly, many modifications and variations can be made based on the content of this specification. This specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principles and practical applications of the invention, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.

Claims

1. A cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice, characterized in that: The system includes a three-layer frame (1) for installing equipment; a supplementary lighting unit (2) is installed on the upper layer of the three-layer frame (1); a rice cultivation trough (3) is installed on the middle layer of the three-layer frame (1); and a water tank (4) and a chiller (5) are installed on the lower layer of the three-layer frame (1). The water tank (4) and the inlet of the chiller (5) are connected through a first pipe; the outlet of the chiller (5) is connected to the rice cultivation trough (3) through a second pipe; and the water tank (4) receives the return water from the rice cultivation trough (3). The rice cultivation trough (3) is equipped with a rice seedling planting guide component; The three-layer frame (1) is equipped with a video recording device for recording the rice growth process in the rice cultivation trough (3); A temperature recording device is installed on the rice cultivation trough (3).

2. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rice cultivation trough (3) is equipped with an inlet weir plate (31) and an outlet weir plate (32) whose upper end is lower than the inlet weir plate (31); the rice cultivation trough (3) is divided into adjacent cold water inlet chamber (33), cold water cultivation chamber (34) and cold water return chamber (35) by the inlet weir plate (31) and the outlet weir plate (32); the outlet end of the chiller (5) is connected to the cold water inlet chamber (33) through the second pipe; the rice seedling transplanting guide assembly is installed Inside the cold water cultivation chamber (34); several leak holes (36) are opened at the bottom of the cold water return chamber (35); filter cotton (6) is installed inside the cold water return chamber (35); a splash-proof ring (38) is fixed on the bottom surface of the cold water return chamber (35) surrounding the several leak holes (36); a water inlet connecting pipe (311) communicating with the cold water inlet chamber (33) is fixed through the side wall of the rice cultivation trough (3); the water inlet connecting pipe (311) is connected to the second pipe.

3. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to claim 2, characterized in that, The rice seedling transplanting guide assembly includes a rice cultivation pot (7), a cultivation pot support bracket (8), and a cultivation pot cover plate (9); the cultivation pot support bracket (8) is installed at the bottom of the cold water cultivation chamber (34); several rice cultivation pots (7) are inserted and installed on the cultivation pot support bracket (8); the cultivation pot cover plate (9) is placed on the several rice cultivation pots (7).

4. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to claim 3, characterized in that, The rice cultivation pot (7) is a round pot with an open top. The bottom of the round pot has a water-permeable hole, and the outer wall of the upper end of the round pot is provided with a circular platform that rests on the cultivation pot support (8). The cultivation pot support (8) includes a first rectangular plate (81). The first rectangular plate (81) has a first water inlet channel (82) at one end of the water inlet weir plate (31). Two rows of fixed support rods (83) are fixed on the lower surface of the first rectangular plate (81). The first rectangular plate (81) has several first round through holes (84) for installing the rice cultivation pot (7). The first rectangular plate (81) also has several first guide holes (85).

5. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to claim 4, characterized in that, The cultivation pot cover plate (9) includes a second rectangular plate (91) of the same size as the first rectangular plate (81); the second rectangular plate (91) has a second water inlet channel (92) at one end of the water inlet weir plate (31), and the second water inlet channel (92) coincides with the first water inlet channel (82) when installed; a plurality of cones (93) are fixed through the second rectangular plate (91) and are aligned with the first round through hole (84), and the cones (93) are not higher than the water outlet weir plate (32) when the cultivation pot cover plate (9) is installed; a plurality of second guide holes (94) are also provided on the second rectangular plate (91).

6. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to any one of claims 2-5, characterized in that, The outlet weir plate (32) is located on the side wall of the cold water return chamber (35) with a row of single-headed studs (37); an adjustable weir plate (11) is clamped and installed on the row of single-headed studs (37) by a nut with a handle (10); the adjustable weir plate (11) is provided with an oval through hole (111) that is vertically adjusted to cooperate with the single-headed studs (37).

7. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to claim 6, characterized in that, A timer control switch (12) for controlling the start and stop of the fill light group (2) is installed on one side of the three-layer rack (1).

8. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to claim 1 or 7, characterized in that, The water tank (4) is a rectangular box structure with an opening at the top; a mudguard (41) extending from the upper right wall to the lower left is provided inside the water tank (4); a water outlet pipe joint (42) is fixed through the right wall of the water tank (4); the water outlet pipe joint (42) is connected to the first pipe.

9. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to claim 8, characterized in that, The cold water inlet chamber (33) has two parallel partitions (39) fixed inside. The space on the side of the two partitions (39) away from the cold water incubation chamber (34) is set as a normal temperature incubation chamber (310). Several rice cultivation pots (7) are set inside the normal temperature incubation chamber (310).

10. The cultivation and monitoring device for low-temperature cold-resistant growth of rice according to claim 9, characterized in that, The video recording device includes a camera (13) and a hard disk recorder (14); a mounting bracket (101) for mounting the camera (13) is fixed in the middle of the upper layer of the three-layer rack (1); the hard disk recorder (14) is mounted on the lower layer of the three-layer rack (1); the temperature recording device includes a memory-type electronic digital display alarm thermometer (15) and a dual-probe sensor (16), the dual-probe sensor (16) detecting the water temperature in the cold water incubation chamber (34) and the ambient temperature incubation chamber (310).

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