An ice-under carbon dioxide phase transition induced fracturing experiment observation method and device

Abstract

The embodiment of the application provides an ice-under carbon dioxide phase change fracturing experiment observation method and device, comprising: building an ice-water coupling experiment scene by a comprehensive experiment ice tank; a micro phase change directional excitation system generates a directional phase change jet, a stress wave and a pulsating bubble, transports liquid carbon dioxide and monitors medium storage, and triggers a liquid carbon dioxide phase change reaction; a multi-physical field synchronous observation system records ice surface and ice bottom crack propagation morphology, monitors ice layer damage deformation characteristics, and captures underwater shock wave propagation and pulsating pressure change law; an experimental ice sample preparation system regulates experimental environment temperature, restricts ice sample forming size, and completes underwater sensor position adjustment, attitude locking and ice layer fixed-point pre-embedding layout; a central synchronous control system is connected with each system in signal, so as to unify time sequence scheduling and complete microsecond-level hard synchronous triggering and data acquisition. The device provides an intuitive and accurate experiment platform and underlying data support for the design and optimization of a new type of environmentally friendly icebreaking equipment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of chemical measurement and testing technology, specifically to a method and apparatus for experimental observation of carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice. Background Technology

[0002] In related technologies, directional icebreaking involving carbon dioxide phase change under ice is an extremely complex transient coupling process of gas-liquid-solid multiphase fluid mechanics and solid mechanics (occurring on the order of milliseconds to microseconds). Currently, the engineering applications of this technology far outpace fundamental theoretical research, with the main bottleneck being the lack of laboratory-level testing equipment capable of accurately reproducing and finely observing this multi-field coupling mechanism. Existing rock or conventional icebreaking experimental devices lack fluid-structure interaction environments and directional release simulation capabilities, optical observations suffer from severe blind spots, and multiphysics data exhibits a "timeline misalignment." Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide an experimental observation method and apparatus for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice. The specific technical solution adopted is as follows: In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide an experimental observation method for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice, the method comprising: A closed and controllable ice-water coupling experimental environment was constructed using a comprehensive experimental ice tank; In the ice-water coupling experimental environment, the micro phase change directional excitation simulator is assembled and fixed at the preset installation position on the ice layer. The structure of the bottom and side directional openings of the simulator is used to constrain the spray direction of the phase change medium. The phase change liquid supply module and the phase change excitation drive module are then connected and installed in sequence. A multi-physics field synchronous observation system was used to adjust the shooting parameters and schlieren optical path of each optical camera module to complete the imaging calibration and coordinate calibration; and the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor and high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument were calibrated. A phase change liquid supply module is used to fill and detect the level of liquid carbon dioxide medium, and to test the sealing and pressure resistance of the delivery pipeline, as well as to seal the phase change excitation connection and simulator installation interface. Based on the microsecond-level hard synchronization control command issued by the central synchronization control system, the liquid carbon dioxide phase change reaction is synchronously triggered. The directional phase change jet, stress wave and underwater pulsating bubble are formed by the simulator directional structure. The ice layer crack propagation image, structural mechanical response signal and underwater shock wave and pulsating pressure time series data are continuously collected. Data fusion was performed on ice crack propagation images, structural mechanical response signals, and underwater shock wave and pulsating pressure time series data to invert the cracking mechanism caused by directional phase change of carbon dioxide under ice.

[0004] Secondly, an experimental observation device for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice is provided. The device includes: a comprehensive experimental ice tank, a micro-phase transition directional excitation system, a multi-physics field synchronous observation system, an experimental ice sample preparation system, and a central synchronous control system; wherein: The comprehensive experimental ice tank includes: a transparent outer box made of high-strength transparent explosion-proof glass, a constant-temperature water body injected inside the transparent outer box to simulate the real fluid environment under ice, an experimental ice sample fixed above the cavity of the transparent outer box, and rigid supports at both ends of the cavity for limiting and fixing the experimental ice sample. Background grid plates with a contrast of a preset contrast threshold are laid horizontally at the bottom and top of the transparent outer box to construct a closed and controllable ice-water coupling experimental environment. The micro phase change directional excitation system includes: a micro phase change directional excitation simulator with a replaceable directional flow guide kit, used to generate directional phase change jets and stress waves inside the ice layer of an experimental ice sample in an ice-water coupling experimental environment, and to generate directional phase change pulsating bubbles underwater. Phase change liquid supply module, used to deliver liquid carbon dioxide and monitor medium storage in real time; The phase change excitation drive module is used to trigger the phase change reaction of liquid carbon dioxide to complete the directional phase change loading and dynamic fracturing excitation of carbon dioxide. The multi-physics field synchronous observation system includes: multiple optical camera modules for capturing the evolution and flow of carbon dioxide bubbles and the multi-view crack propagation of ice layers; a fluid dynamics monitoring module for monitoring the underwater shock wave propagation and pulsating load changes in isothermal water; and a solid mechanics monitoring module for monitoring the ice layer changes of experimental ice samples. The experimental ice sample preparation system is used to control the low-temperature forming environment of the ice sample preparation process, constrain the shape and size of the experimental ice sample, and adjust and lock the placement and orientation of the sensors in a constant-temperature water body; wherein, low temperature is the temperature used to prepare and maintain the ice sample. The central synchronization control system establishes signal connections with the excitation end of the micro phase change directional excitation system, the multi-physics field synchronous observation system, and the experimental ice sample preparation system, respectively. It is used to output microsecond-level hard synchronization trigger signals to realize the time-series coordinated scheduling of each system and the time axis alignment of the multi-source monitoring data of each system.

[0005] Thirdly, a computer program product is provided, comprising: computer program code, which, when run on a computer, causes the computer to perform the methods described above.

[0006] Fourthly, a computer-readable storage medium is provided that stores computer program code, which, when executed on a computer, causes the computer to perform the methods described above.

[0007] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: In the experimental observation device for carbon dioxide phase change-induced cracking under ice, the integrated experimental ice tank includes: a transparent outer box made of high-strength transparent explosion-proof glass, the outer box is filled with constant-temperature water to simulate the real fluid environment under ice, an experimental ice sample is fixed above the cavity of the outer box, and rigid supports are provided at both ends of the cavity to limit and fix the experimental ice sample. A background grid plate with a contrast meeting a preset contrast threshold is horizontally laid at the bottom and top of the inner bottom of the outer box to construct a closed and controllable ice-water coupling experimental environment, thereby providing a realistic and accurate ice-water coupling experimental environment for subsequent experiments and improving the accuracy of the experiment. A micro-phase change directional excitation system includes: a micro-phase change directional excitation simulator for generating directional phase change jets and stress waves within the ice layer of an experimental ice sample in an ice-water coupling experimental environment, and generating directional phase change pulsating bubbles underwater; a phase change liquid supply module for supplying liquid carbon dioxide and monitoring the medium storage in real time; a phase change excitation drive module for triggering a phase change reaction in the liquid carbon dioxide to complete the directional phase change loading and dynamic cracking excitation of carbon dioxide; and a multi-physics field synchronous observation system, including: multiple optical camera modules for capturing the bubble evolution and flow of the carbon dioxide and the multi-view crack propagation of the ice layer, and for monitoring the underwater shock wave propagation and pulsation of the isothermal water body. The system includes a fluid dynamics monitoring module for dynamic load changes and a solid mechanics monitoring module for monitoring ice layer changes in the experimental ice sample; an experimental ice sample preparation system for controlling the low-temperature forming environment during ice sample preparation, constraining the external dimensions of the experimental ice sample, and adjusting and locking the placement and orientation of the fiber optic sensor array and / or the high-frequency free-field pressure sensor in the constant-temperature water body; and a central synchronous control system that establishes signal connections with the excitation end of the micro-phase change directional excitation system, the multi-physics field synchronous observation system, and the experimental ice sample preparation system, respectively, for outputting microsecond-level hard synchronization trigger signals to achieve time-series coordinated scheduling of each system and time axis alignment of multi-source monitoring data from each system. This allows for precise simulation of the dynamic evolution process of directional phase change jets and stress waves in the ice layer, as well as the directional release of underwater bubbles, achieving perfect spatiotemporal alignment of fluid dynamic loads and solid damage fields, providing an intuitive and accurate experimental platform and data support for the design and optimization of new environmentally friendly icebreaking equipment. Attached Figure Description

[0008] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions and advantages in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0009] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the composition and structure of an experimental observation device for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a front sectional view of the integrated experimental ice tank provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the micro phase transition directional excitation system provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a front cross-sectional view of the micro phase transition directional excitation simulator provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a top view of the multiphysics synchronous observation system provided in this embodiment of the invention; Figure 6 This is a front view cross-sectional view of the multiphysics synchronous observation system provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a distribution diagram of the mechanical monitoring module of the multiphysics field synchronous observation system provided in the embodiments of the present invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the experimental ice sample preparation system provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the implementation process of an experimental observation method for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice, provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a computer device provided in an embodiment of the present invention; The system comprises: 1. Integrated experimental ice bath; 2. Micro-phase change directional excitation system; 3. Multi-physics field synchronous observation system; 4. Experimental ice sample preparation system; 5. Central synchronous control system; 6. Transparent ice bath outer casing 101; 7. Rigid support 102; 8. Experimental ice sample 103; 9. Ice bath water 104; 105. Background grid plate 105; 101. Micro-phase change directional excitation simulator 201; 202. Phase change liquid supply module 202; 203. Phase change excitation drive module 203; 301. Schlieren light source 302; 303. Schlieren high-speed camera 304; 305. Bottom-view high-speed camera 306; 307. Bottom-view mirror 308; 309. Fiber optic sensor array 307; 300 pressure sensor 308; 300 high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument 309; 401. Low-temperature constant temperature chamber 401; 402. Sample box 403; and 403. Three-dimensional adjustable support. Detailed Implementation

[0010] To further illustrate the technical means and effects adopted by the present invention to achieve its intended purpose, the following, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, details the specific implementation, structure, features, and effects of an experimental observation method for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice proposed by the present invention. In the following description, different "one embodiment" or "another embodiment" do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, specific features, structures, or characteristics in one or more embodiments may be combined from any suitable form.

[0011] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, unless otherwise stated, " / " means "or". For example, A / B can mean A or B. The "and / or" in the text is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that there can be three relationships. For example, A and / or B can mean: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, in the description of the embodiments of the present invention, "multiple" means two or more.

[0012] Hereinafter, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as implying or suggesting relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature.

[0013] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0014] With the routine operation of polar shipping routes and the accelerated development of high-latitude energy resources, mechanical icebreaking technologies (such as ramming icebreaking) are proving inadequate when facing thick ice sheets or ice ridges due to their enormous energy consumption and the high risk of damaging the ship's hull. While chemical icebreaking technologies are powerful, the toxic byproducts and highly lethal shock waves they produce can cause devastating damage to aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the search for safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly new icebreaking technologies has become an urgent need.

[0015] Carbon dioxide phase change fracturing technology, as a novel physical blasting technique, utilizes the vaporization and expansion of liquid carbon dioxide upon instantaneous heating to perform work. The entire process is flameless and leaves no toxic residue, making it considered one of the optimal alternatives to chemical explosives. In cutting-edge explorations of its ice-breaking applications, it has been found that directly placing the fracturing device on the ice surface results in a large amount of high-pressure gas escaping into the air (i.e., a dry run), leading to extremely low energy utilization. However, by deploying a directional phase change fracturing device at a predetermined location on the ice layer and extending it into the lower water layer, the rapid phase change effect of carbon dioxide simultaneously achieves a dual coupling effect of directional ice layer blasting and underwater bubble dynamic blasting. Utilizing the high-pressure pulsating bubbles generated by the phase change reaction, the expansion, contraction, and collapse of the bubbles produce high-speed micro-jet streams and water hammer impact loads. Combined with the synergistic effects of stress wave transmission, local load mutations, and buoyancy instability, directional splitting and overall fracturing effects are formed from the lower part of the ice layer, significantly improving ice-breaking efficiency and intensity. In addition, to achieve more controllable and precise ice breaking, a special flow guiding structure is used to guide high-pressure gas to be released in a specific direction, cutting out a regular network of cracks inside the ice layer.

[0016] However, directional icebreaking via carbon dioxide phase change under ice is an extremely complex transient coupling process of gas-liquid-solid multiphase fluid mechanics and solid mechanics (occurring on the millisecond to microsecond scale). Currently, the engineering applications of this technology far outpace fundamental theoretical research, and there is a lack of laboratory-level testing equipment capable of accurately reproducing and finely observing this multi-field coupling mechanism. The following significant shortcomings exist in relevant rock or conventional icebreaking experimental setups: First, most of the relevant experimental devices are dry contact explosions in an air environment, which cannot provide an underwater water environment and make it difficult to reproduce the expansion, collapse and microjet evolution process of underwater pulsating bubbles. At the same time, the micro-explosion tubes all release energy indiscriminately around the perimeter, which cannot simulate the "directional release" of gas and the generation law of asymmetric bubbles on a laboratory scale.

[0017] Second, in underwater ice-breaking experiments, overhead or eye-level cameras are easily obstructed by the water splashes, bubbles, and flying ice fragments generated by the instantaneous phase transition, making it impossible for researchers to see the initiation location and expansion network of the initial microcracks on the bottom surface (tensile surface) of the ice plate, resulting in the loss of the most critical geometric fracture data.

[0018] Third, existing experimental platforms often rely on separate data collection by individual subsystems, using manual or soft triggering, resulting in time errors of several milliseconds or even tens of milliseconds. In the rapidly changing environment of an explosion, this error prevents researchers from accurately correlating the "pressure peak at a certain moment" with the "instantaneous cracking of the ice," thus hindering the establishment of a precise quantitative mapping relationship.

[0019] Based on this, embodiments of the present invention provide an experimental observation device for under-ice carbon dioxide phase change-induced cracking, overcoming the bottlenecks of line-of-sight obstruction and spatiotemporal misalignment in related technologies, and providing an intuitive and precise experimental platform and underlying data support for the design and optimization of new environmentally friendly icebreaking equipment. The specific scheme of the experimental observation device for under-ice carbon dioxide phase change-induced cracking provided by the present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, such as... Figure 1 The diagram shows the structural composition of an experimental observation device for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice provided in an embodiment of the present invention. The device includes: The system comprises an integrated experimental ice bath 1, a micro-phase transition directional excitation system 2, a multi-physics field synchronous observation system 3, an experimental ice sample preparation system 4, and a central synchronous control system 5; among which: The main view section of the integrated experimental ice tank 1 is as follows: Figure 2 As shown, the experimental ice tank includes: a transparent outer casing 101 made of high-strength, transparent, explosion-proof glass; constant-temperature water is injected inside the outer casing to simulate a real subsurface fluid environment; an experimental ice sample 103 is fixed above the cavity of the outer casing 101; rigid supports 102 are provided at both ends of the cavity to limit and fix the experimental ice sample; and background grid plates 105 with a preset contrast threshold are horizontally laid at the bottom and top of the outer casing 101 to construct a closed and controllable ice-water coupling experimental environment; wherein the preset contrast threshold can be a user-defined value. Thus, the integrated experimental ice tank includes an outer casing for observation protection and guide hole placement, rigid supports for limiting and fixing the ice sample, a cavity for containing water and supporting the experimental ice sample, and background grid plates horizontally arranged at the top and bottom of the overall structure, together constructing a closed and controllable ice-water coupling experimental environment. By laying a layer of high-contrast background grid plate 105 (such as a black and white checkerboard) horizontally on the bottom and top of the inner bottom of the transparent ice tank outer box 101, an unobstructed optical path for bottom view is built, which solves the problem that the line of sight is easily blocked by water splashes and ice fragments in underwater explosion experiments.

[0020] Micro-phase transition directional excitation system 2, such as Figure 3As shown, the system includes: a micro phase change directional excitation simulator 201, used to generate directional phase change jets and stress waves inside the ice layer of the experimental ice sample in an ice-water coupling experimental environment, and to generate directional phase change pulsating bubbles underwater; a phase change liquid supply module 202, used to deliver liquid carbon dioxide and monitor the medium storage in real time; and a phase change excitation drive module 203, used to trigger the phase change reaction of liquid carbon dioxide to complete the directional phase change loading and dynamic fracturing excitation of carbon dioxide. Thus, in the micro phase change directional excitation system, the micro phase change directional excitation simulator 201 can generate directional phase change jets and stress waves inside the ice layer, and generate directional phase change pulsating bubbles underwater. The micro phase change directional excitation simulator 201 adopts a structure with adjustable openings at the bottom and sides, which can constrain the jet injection direction and achieve directional jet guidance and concentrated release; the phase change liquid supply module 202 is used to deliver liquid carbon dioxide and monitor the medium storage in real time; and the phase change excitation drive module 203 is used to trigger the phase change reaction of liquid carbon dioxide. The three work together to complete the directional phase change loading and dynamic fracturing excitation of carbon dioxide.

[0021] Among them, the directional flow guide kit carried by the micro phase change directional excitation simulator is a replaceable flow guide block. The flow guide block is detachably and sealed to the simulator sleeve through internal and external threads. By replacing the flow guide block of different specifications, the number of openings, the shape of the openings, the azimuth angle of the openings and the opening area ratio can be adjusted. The flow guide block is a specially made cylindrical structure, and the shape, opening direction and number of its circumferential openings can be customized as needed. The number of openings in the flow guide block is the total number of injection holes circumferentially opened on the flow guide block, which can be selected from 1 to 8, and can be adjusted by replacing flow guide blocks with corresponding opening numbers; the shape of the openings of the flow guide block is the cross-sectional configuration of the injection holes, including circular, rectangular, and fan-shaped, and can be adjusted by replacing flow guide blocks with matching cross-sectional configurations; the opening azimuth angle is the circumferential angle corresponding to the center of the injection hole with the axis of the flow guide block as the reference, and the value ranges from 0 degrees to 360 degrees. A specially designed internal and external thread structure ensures that the opening azimuth angle remains constant before and after the flow guide block is screwed in; the opening area ratio is the ratio of the total cross-sectional area of ​​all openings to the flow cross-sectional area of ​​the inner cavity of the flow guide block, and the value ranges from 0.2 to 0.8, and can be adjusted by replacing flow guide blocks of the same shape but with different hole diameters or groove widths. In this way, by designing a miniature simulator with a replaceable directional flow guide kit, the accurate simulation of "directional bubbles" of carbon dioxide phase change was achieved for the first time in an indoor laboratory. By adjusting the slit angle and width, the control laws of different flow guiding structures on the expansion, collapse and microjet direction of underwater asymmetric bubbles can be studied in a refined and quantitative manner.

[0022] In a specific example, the front view cross-section of a micro phase transition directional excitation simulator is as follows: Figure 4As shown, the key parameters of the flow guide insert 41 are: six rectangular slot openings are evenly distributed along the circumference at 60 degrees, and special internal and external threads are used to ensure that the opening azimuth angle is constant before and after screwing in. By replacing inserts of different specifications, the number, shape, azimuth angle and opening area ratio of the openings can be adjusted. The opening area ratio can be controlled within the range of 0.4-0.6 by adjusting the slot width, which is a medium-to-high flow symmetrical diffusion type spray configuration.

[0023] The multi-physics field synchronous observation system 3 includes: multiple optical camera modules for capturing the bubble evolution and flow of the carbon dioxide and the multi-view crack propagation of the ice layer; a fluid dynamics monitoring module for monitoring the underwater shock wave propagation and pulsating load changes of the isothermal water body; and a solid mechanics monitoring module for monitoring the ice layer changes of the experimental ice sample.

[0024] Here, the multiple sets of optical camera modules include: a side-view optical camera module, a bottom-view optical camera module, and a top-view optical camera module; wherein: A top view of the multiphysics synchronous observation system is shown below. Figure 5 As shown, the main view profile of the multiphysics synchronous observation system is as follows: Figure 6 As shown, the side-view optical camera module consists of a schlieren light source 301, a spherical mirror 302, and a schlieren high-speed camera 303 with an integrated knife-edge assembly; wherein: Schlieren light source 301 is used to provide illumination light; The light emitted by the schlieren light source 301 is reflected by the spherical mirror 302 and passes through the flow field region. After being reflected again, it is projected onto the schlieren high-speed camera 303. The light is adjusted and a schlieren image is formed by using a knife-edge assembly. Spherical mirror 302 is used to construct a complete schlieren optical path and reflect light rays through the flow field region; The blade assembly integrated in the schlieren high-speed camera 303 is used to convert the flow field density changes in the flow field region into light intensity differences in order to dynamically capture the dynamic processes of bubble evolution, crack propagation, and phase change jet on the side of the ice layer.

[0025] The bottom-view optical camera module includes a bottom-view high-speed camera 304 and a bottom-view reflector 305; The top-down optical camera module is equipped with a top-down high-speed camera 306, which is tilted above the integrated experimental ice tank and aligned with the micro phase transition directional excitation simulator 201. The camera captures the entire process of surface crack evolution through the top of the ice tank and the background grid plate 105.

[0026] A downward-viewing reflector 305 is tilted and placed directly below the ice tank of the comprehensive experiment. A bottom-viewing high-speed camera 304 is horizontally mounted and aligned with the downward-viewing reflector 305. It can record the radial and circumferential crack propagation network on the bottom surface of the experimental ice sample 103 through the bottom of the transparent ice tank and the background grid plate 105.

[0027] The fluid dynamics monitoring module consists of multiple sets of high-frequency free-field pressure sensors 308 and a high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument 309 (wherein, the high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument 309 is as follows...). Figure 7 (as shown) consists of; wherein: Multiple sets of high-frequency free-field pressure sensors 308 are arranged in a spatial array inside the ice tank water body 104 (the water body in the outer box of the transparent ice tank, i.e., the constant temperature water body) to capture the instantaneous pressure peak of the underwater shock wave, the pulsating pressure change and the bubble collapse impact load of the constant temperature water body. The high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument 309 is used to acquire and store the dynamic signals of each pressure sensor 308 in order to monitor the underwater shock wave propagation and pulsating load changes in the constant temperature water body, that is, to accurately characterize the evolution law of the flow field load.

[0028] The solid mechanics monitoring module includes: a fiber optic sensor array 307 and a high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument 309; wherein: A fiber optic sensor array 307 is coupled into the interior of the experimental ice sample 103 to monitor the micro-strain distribution, damage evolution, and stress wave propagation characteristics inside the ice layer in real time. The high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument 309 is used to synchronously acquire and store the dynamic signals of the fiber optic sensor array 307 to record the full-time history of the mechanical response of the ice layer in the experimental ice sample, thus achieving high-resolution recording of the full-time history of the mechanical response of the ice layer. In this way, the high-precision microsecond-level hard synchronization of multi-physics field data through the micro phase change directional excitation system breaks through the barrier of independent sampling of each system in the past. The central synchronous control system can trigger all devices immediately with a single ignition, realizing perfect matching of four-dimensional data in the time domain of bubble profile evolution, underwater shock wave, microcrack initiation, and macroscopic deflection of the ice surface, eliminating the mechanism misjudgment caused by time axis misalignment.

[0029] The experimental ice sample preparation system 4 is used to control the low-temperature molding environment of the ice sample preparation process, constrain the external dimensions of the experimental ice sample, and adjust and lock the placement and orientation of the sensors (i.e., fiber optic sensor array and / or high-frequency free field pressure sensor) in the constant temperature water body.

[0030] Here, the experimental ice sample preparation system is as follows: Figure 8 As shown, it includes: a low-temperature constant temperature chamber 401, a sample chamber 402, and a three-dimensional adjustable support 403; wherein: The low-temperature constant temperature chamber 401 is used to provide a low-temperature environment for the ice sample preparation process, so as to achieve precise control of the growth temperature and forming conditions of the experimental ice sample. Sample box 402 is used to constrain the shape and size of ice samples to ensure consistency and comparability of different batches of experimental ice samples. The three-dimensional adjustable bracket 403 is used to adjust and lock the placement and orientation of the fiber optic sensor array and / or high-frequency free field pressure sensor in a constant temperature water body. After the water body freezes, the sensor is fixed to a preset point inside the ice layer of the experimental ice sample to complete the precise pre-embedded placement of the sensor.

[0031] The central synchronization control system 5 establishes signal connections with the excitation end of the micro phase change directional excitation system, the multi-physics field synchronous observation system, and the experimental ice sample preparation system, respectively, to output microsecond-level hard synchronization trigger signals, realize the time-series coordinated scheduling of each system, and the time axis alignment of the multi-source monitoring data of each system.

[0032] Here, the central synchronization control system 5 establishes signal connections with the micro phase transition directional excitation system 2, the multiphysics field synchronous observation system 3, and the experimental ice sample preparation system 4, respectively. This coordinates the timing of each system and outputs microsecond-level hard synchronization trigger signals, achieving microsecond-level hard synchronization triggering and multi-source data synchronous acquisition throughout the experimental process. Hard synchronization is implemented by the central synchronization control system, using a 100 MHz hardware clock as a reference to generate multiple hard trigger pulses, directly connected to the external trigger terminals of each system, achieving microsecond-level timing alignment. Compensation for delay differences between different devices can be achieved by calibrating the inherent response time and pre-trigger offset compensation. Specifically, the delays of the excitation, camera, fiber optic, and pressure acquisition systems are measured first, and then trigger commands are sent to the faster-responding devices in advance to ensure that the effective actions of the devices are aligned with the actual phase transition moment.

[0033] This invention provides an experimental observation method for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice, such as... Figure 9 As shown, it includes the following steps: 901. A closed and controllable ice-water coupling experimental environment was constructed using a comprehensive experimental ice tank.

[0034] Here, the ambient temperature is controlled and a standard experimental ice sample is prepared using an experimental ice sample preparation system. A three-dimensional adjustable support is used to adjust and lock the placement and installation orientation of the fiber optic sensor array in the ice-making water. A high-frequency free-field pressure sensor is installed at a preset point on the inner bottom of the transparent ice tank's outer casing. Figure 7 As shown, a high-frequency free-field pressure sensor is placed in a constant-temperature water body.

[0035] After the water body to be made into ice is completely frozen, the fiber optic sensor array is firmly embedded in the preset points inside the ice layer to complete the precise pre-embedded deployment of the monitoring sensors. Then, ice tank water is injected into the comprehensive experimental ice tank, a background grid plate is laid out, the experimental ice sample is assembled and fixed inside the comprehensive experimental ice tank, and preset holes are drilled with reference to the size of the micro phase change directional excitation simulator to complete the construction of the ice-water coupling experimental scene.

[0036] The ice-making water is a clean water body with low impurities. The content of suspended solids, particulate matter and soluble impurities in the ice-making water body is extremely low. The water quality is uniform and there are few interfering factors. It can effectively avoid the interference of impurities on the internal structure, composition and physical properties of the ice sample. It is convenient to prepare standard experimental ice samples with uniform composition, complete structure and no obvious impurity defects based on this pure experimental water body, so as to ensure the accuracy and stability of subsequent ice sample experimental test data.

[0037] The ice bath is set to a constant temperature water body, which can stably maintain the temperature environment at the interface between the ice layer and the water body, avoiding structural damage problems such as melting and cracking of the ice layer at the contact point due to water temperature fluctuations. At the same time, it can accurately simulate the temperature environment of ice and water coexisting in natural water bodies, improving the realism of experimental conditions and the reliability of experimental results.

[0038] 902. In the ice-water coupling experimental environment, the micro phase change directional excitation simulator is assembled and fixed at the preset installation position on the ice layer. The structure of the bottom and side directional openings of the simulator is used to constrain the spray direction of the phase change medium. The phase change liquid supply module and the phase change excitation drive module are then connected and installed in sequence.

[0039] Here, the micro phase change directional excitation simulator is assembled and fixed at a preset installation position on the ice layer. The structure of the bottom and side directional openings of the micro phase change directional excitation simulator constrains the jet direction of the phase change medium, realizing the directional flow and concentrated release of the phase change jet. The phase change liquid supply module and the phase change excitation drive module are installed in sequence to complete the mechanical assembly and pipeline connection of each functional module, ensuring that the overall layout of the carbon dioxide phase change excitation structure is in place, providing a structural foundation for subsequent directional phase change loading and dynamic fracturing excitation.

[0040] 903 employs a multi-physics field synchronous observation system to adjust the shooting parameters and schlieren optical path of each optical camera module in order to complete imaging calibration and coordinate calibration; and to calibrate the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor, and high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument.

[0041] Here, the sensor channels of the fiber optic sensor array and the high-frequency pressure sensor are zeroed, and the readings of the high-speed data acquisition and recorder are also zeroed. The electrical connection status, communication status, and signal path status of each channel of the zeroed fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor, and high-speed data acquisition and recorder are then checked to ensure that each channel is normal. After confirming that each channel is normal, standard load / standard strain is used to quantitatively calibrate the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor, and high-speed data acquisition and recorder. This achieves zero-point calibration, channel detection, and signal calibration of the fiber optic sensor array and the high-frequency pressure sensor.

[0042] In some possible implementations, a multi-physics field synchronous observation system is activated, and the shooting parameters and schlieren optical paths of each optical camera module are adjusted to complete imaging calibration and coordinate calibration. Zero-point correction, channel detection, and signal calibration are performed on the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor, and high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument to ensure that the working status of the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor, and high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument is stable and the acquisition accuracy meets the experimental requirements.

[0043] For the schlieren optical path, the schlieren light source output is adjusted to ensure uniform and stable illumination. The position and angle of the spherical reflector are adjusted to ensure the light completely passes through the flow field area. The integrated blade assembly of the schlieren high-speed camera is finely adjusted to form the best contrast between light and dark, converting changes in flow field density into observable changes in light intensity. High frame rate and short exposure shooting parameters are set to meet the needs of dynamic capture. By fixing the tilt angle of the downward-looking reflector, the light path is ensured to penetrate the bottom of the ice tank and the background grid plate. The position, focus, aperture, and ISO of the bottom-view high-speed camera (corresponding to the bottom-view optical camera module) are adjusted to clearly record the ice bottom crack propagation process. The angle and position of the camera in the top-view module are adjusted to cover the entire ice surface crack area and the shooting parameters are unified. Finally, multi-view imaging calibration and coordinate calibration are completed based on the background grid plate to ensure that the images of each optical module are clear, distortion-free, and have unified spatiotemporal coordinates.

[0044] In some possible implementations, the zero-point calibration process involves: clearing environmental interference and initial offsets, zeroing all sensor channels and data acquisition instrument readings, eliminating static drift and initial system errors, and ensuring that the monitoring signal starts based on the actual physical load. The channel detection process involves: checking the electrical connections, communication status, and signal paths of the data acquisition instrument and sensors channel by channel to confirm that each channel is free of open circuits, short circuits, crosstalk, and abnormal noise, ensuring that all monitoring points can output stable signals normally. The signal calibration involves quantitatively calibrating the sensors and acquisition system using standard loads / standard strains, establishing a precise correspondence between output voltage / optical signal changes and actual strain and pressure values, determining the system sensitivity and linear range, and ensuring that the acquired data meets experimental accuracy requirements.

[0045] 904 uses a phase change liquid supply module to fill and detect the level of liquid carbon dioxide, and tests the sealing and pressure resistance of the delivery pipeline, as well as sealing the phase change excitation connection and simulator installation interface.

[0046] Here, the liquid carbon dioxide medium is filled and its quantity is detected by the phase change liquid supply module, the sealing of the delivery pipeline is checked and the pressure resistance test is completed; the phase change excitation connection and simulator installation interface are sealed to prevent medium leakage and ensure stable and reliable phase change medium delivery and directional excitation.

[0047] The inventory detection process involves reading data from the module's built-in metering and monitoring unit after filling to confirm that the filling amount meets the experimental settings, ensuring a sufficient and stable supply of the phase change medium. The pressure resistance test involves applying test pressure under sealed conditions and observing whether there is leakage, deformation, or abnormal pressure drop in the pipeline, verifying the system's structural safety and sealing performance under high-pressure phase change conditions. The sealing process involves using sealing components that are resistant to low temperatures, high pressures, and carbon dioxide corrosion: installing sealing rings or gaskets between the simulator and the ice layer mounting hole to eliminate assembly gaps; wrapping sealing tape or applying sealant at the threaded connections of the pipeline to block gas leakage; and tightening all mating surfaces to form a complete sealed structure, ensuring no leakage or pressure drop throughout the entire process of liquid carbon dioxide filling and phase change excitation.

[0048] 905, based on the central synchronous control system, issues microsecond-level hard synchronization control commands to synchronously trigger the liquid carbon dioxide phase change reaction. It uses a simulator directional structure to form directional phase change jets, stress waves, and underwater pulsating bubbles, and continuously collects ice crack propagation images, structural mechanical response signals, and underwater shock wave and pulsating pressure time series data.

[0049] Here, relying on the central synchronous control system to issue microsecond-level hard synchronization control commands, the phase change excitation drive module, optical camera module, solid mechanics monitoring module and fluid mechanics monitoring module are started simultaneously; the liquid carbon dioxide phase change reaction is triggered simultaneously, and directional phase change jet, stress wave and underwater pulsating bubble are formed with the help of the simulator's directional structure, and ice layer crack propagation images, structural mechanical response signals and underwater shock wave and pulsating pressure time series data are continuously collected.

[0050] Specifically, the synchronous activation of the phase change excitation driving module, optical imaging module, solid mechanics monitoring module, and fluid mechanics monitoring module is used to achieve microsecond-level hard synchronous triggering, allowing phase change cracking, optical imaging, solid mechanics monitoring, and fluid mechanics monitoring to start at the same time, ensuring that the time axis of multi-source data is completely aligned, accurately establishing the instantaneous correspondence between "load-crack-pressure-strain", and providing reliable data for the inversion of the ice-coupled cracking mechanism.

[0051] The central synchronization control system issues microsecond-level hard synchronization control commands, instantly activating the phase change excitation drive module. This causes the liquid carbon dioxide inside the micro phase change directional excitation simulator to rapidly heat and vaporize, resulting in a dramatic expansion and high pressure. Constrained by the directional openings at the bottom and sides of the simulator, the high-pressure carbon dioxide is ejected in a concentrated manner along a preset direction, forming a directional phase change jet. The jet impacts the ice layer, generating stress waves that propagate into the ice. The high-pressure gas then enters the water beneath the ice, where it undergoes periodic expansion-contraction-collapse under water pressure, forming underwater directional pulsating bubbles, accompanied by secondary jets and pulsating pressure.

[0052] The directional structure, namely the adjustable directional opening combination structure at the bottom and sides used in the micro phase change directional excitation simulator, constrains the release path of high-pressure carbon dioxide by closing off the other directions and retaining only the preset channel, thereby realizing the directional flow and concentrated release of the phase change medium.

[0053] 906. Data fusion is performed on the ice crack propagation image, structural mechanical response signal, and underwater shock wave and pulsating pressure time series data to invert the ice-induced cracking mechanism of directional phase change coupling of carbon dioxide.

[0054] Here, multi-view imagery, ice layer mechanical monitoring data, and flow field pressure acquisition signals are integrated to complete the time-series alignment and fusion processing of multi-source data; characteristic parameters of phase change jet propagation, stress wave attenuation, ice layer damage evolution, and hydrodynamic load are extracted to invert the mechanism of directional phase change coupling-induced cracking of carbon dioxide under ice, providing theoretical basis and experimental support for revealing the coupled icebreaking mechanism and optimizing directional icebreaking equipment.

[0055] The specific steps of multi-source data time-series alignment and fusion processing are as follows: taking the microsecond-level hard synchronization trigger signal output by the central synchronization control system as the only time zero point, firstly, hardware timestamp calibration and equipment inherent delay compensation are performed on the three types of raw data: high-speed image, ice strain, and underwater pressure. Then, time-series alignment is completed based on a unified microsecond-level time axis, and spatial coordinate calibration is completed using a background grid board. Subsequently, key features such as phase change jet, crack propagation, stress wave attenuation, and hydrodynamic pressure peak are extracted. Finally, the image, strain, and pressure data at the same moment are bound and fused to construct a spatiotemporally precisely matched multiphysics dataset for inverting the ice-induced cracking mechanism of carbon dioxide directional phase change coupling.

[0056] Multi-source data time-series alignment and fusion processing utilizes the microsecond-level hard synchronization trigger signal of the central synchronous control system as a unified time reference to perform time-axis correction on the multi-source data, achieving precise time-series alignment across the entire domain. All data are extracted at the same time interval, ensuring a one-to-one correspondence between image, strain, and pressure data at each moment. Combined with the geometric calibration results of the background grid plate, spatial coordinates and temporal signal data are integrated and correlated to form a complete multiphysics dataset suitable for mechanistic analysis.

[0057] The phase change jet morphology, propagation velocity, effective range, and directional characteristic parameters are extracted using a high-speed optical module; stress wave amplitude, propagation velocity, attenuation coefficient, and ice layer damage evolution characteristic parameters are extracted using strain data from a fiber optic sensor array; and hydrodynamic load peak value, pulse width, pressure pulsation period, and bubble collapse impact characteristic parameters are extracted using time-series data from a high-frequency pressure sensor.

[0058] Based on multi-source data after time-series alignment and fusion processing, this study conducts correlation analysis on the propagation characteristics of phase change jets, stress wave attenuation laws, ice layer damage evolution process, and hydrodynamic load variation curves. A quantitative response relationship is established between high-pressure gas directional release, stress wave propagation, ice layer crack propagation, and underwater bubble pulsation load. This reveals the energy transfer, crack initiation and propagation, and bubble dynamic driving mechanism of ice layer dynamic fracture under fluid-structure interaction, thereby reversing the mechanism of directional phase change coupling cracking caused by carbon dioxide under ice.

[0059] This invention presents a miniature simulator with a replaceable directional flow guide kit, achieving for the first time a precise simulation of "directional bubbles" during the phase change of carbon dioxide in an indoor laboratory. By adjusting the slit angle and width, the control laws of different flow guide structures on the expansion, collapse, and microjet direction of underwater asymmetric bubbles can be studied in a refined and quantitative manner. This invention utilizes an optical path of "transparent ice tank bottom + tilted downward-looking reflector," enabling a bottom-viewing high-speed camera to perfectly penetrate clear water and orthogonally capture the entire process of initial microcrack initiation and crack network interweaving on the bottom surface (tension side) of the ice plate, obtaining the most crucial geometric fracture data. Furthermore, by combining the ice plate with a constant-temperature water body, the true boundary constraints and hydrodynamic environment of natural ice layers are recreated.

[0060] Optionally, the transmission medium can be a wired link (e.g., but not limited to, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) or a wireless link (e.g., but not limited to, Wireless Fidelity (WIFI), Bluetooth, and mobile device networks). It should be noted that the control device provided in the above embodiments is only an example illustrating the division of the above functional modules. In practical applications, the above functions can be assigned to different functional modules as needed, that is, the internal structure of the computer device can be divided into different functional modules to complete all or part of the functions described above. Furthermore, the method embodiments provided in the above embodiments belong to the same concept, and their specific implementation processes are detailed in the method embodiments, and will not be repeated here.

[0061] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a computer device provided in an embodiment of the present invention. For example, as shown... Figure 10 As shown, the computer device 1000 includes: a memory 1001, a processor 1002, and a computer program 1003 stored in the memory 1001 and running on the processor 1002, wherein when the processor 1002 executes the computer program 1003, the computer device can execute any of the aforementioned methods for observing the under-ice carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking experiment.

[0062] Furthermore, this invention also protects a control device, which may include a memory and a processor. The memory stores executable program code, and the processor is used to call and execute the executable program code to perform an experimental observation method for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice provided by this invention. This invention can divide the control device into functional modules based on the above method example. For example, each module can correspond to a specific function, or two or more functions can be integrated into a processing module. The integrated module can be implemented in hardware. It should be noted that the module division in this invention is illustrative and only represents a logical functional division; in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. It should also be noted that all relevant content of each step involved in the above method embodiment can be referenced to the functional description of the corresponding functional module, and will not be repeated here. It should be understood that the control device provided by this invention is used to execute the above-mentioned experimental observation method for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice, and therefore can achieve the same effect as the above-described implementation method. When using integrated units, the control device may include a processing module and a storage module. When the control device is applied to an equipment, the processing module can be used to control and manage the operation of the equipment. The storage module can be used to support the execution of mutual program code by the device. The processing module can be a processor or controller, which can implement or execute various exemplary logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the disclosure of this invention. The processor can also be a combination that implements computing functions, such as a combination of one or more microprocessors, a combination of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and microprocessors, etc., and the storage module can be a memory.

[0063] Furthermore, the control device provided in the embodiments of the present invention may specifically be a chip, component, or module. The chip may include a connected processor and a memory; wherein, the memory is used to store instructions, and when the processor calls and executes the instructions, the chip can execute the experimental observation method for under-ice carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking provided in the above embodiments. The embodiments of the present invention also provide a computer-readable storage medium storing computer program code. When the computer program code is run on a computer, the computer executes the aforementioned method steps to implement the experimental observation method for under-ice carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking provided in the above embodiments.

[0064] This invention also provides a computer program product. When the computer program product is run on a computer, it causes the computer to execute the aforementioned related steps to achieve the experimental observation method for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice provided in the above embodiments. The control device, computer-readable storage medium, computer program product, or chip provided in this invention are all used to execute the corresponding methods provided above. Therefore, the beneficial effects they achieve can be referred to the beneficial effects in the corresponding methods provided above, and will not be repeated here. Through the description of the above embodiments, those skilled in the art can understand that, for the sake of convenience and brevity, only the division of the above functional modules is used as an example. In practical applications, the above functions can be assigned to different functional modules as needed, that is, the internal structure of the control device can be divided into different functional modules to complete all or part of the functions described above. In the embodiments provided by this invention, it should be understood that the disclosed control device and method can be implemented in other ways. For example, the control device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For example, the division of modules or units is only a logical functional division. In actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another control device, or some features can be ignored or not executed. Another point is that the mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed can be an indirect coupling or communication connection through some interface, control device or unit, and can be electrical, mechanical or other forms.

[0065] It should be noted that the order of the above embodiments of the present invention is merely for descriptive purposes and does not represent the superiority or inferiority of the embodiments. The processes depicted in the accompanying drawings do not necessarily require a specific or sequential order to achieve the desired results. In some embodiments, multitasking and parallel processing are also possible or may be advantageous. The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, and the same or similar parts between the various embodiments can be referred to mutually. Each embodiment focuses on describing the differences from other embodiments. The above content is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An experimental observation device for carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice, characterized in that, The device includes: The comprehensive experimental ice tank includes: a transparent ice tank outer box made of transparent explosion-proof glass, a constant temperature water body injected inside the transparent ice tank outer box to simulate the real fluid environment under ice, an experimental ice sample fixed above the cavity of the transparent ice tank outer box, and a background grid plate with a contrast of a preset contrast threshold horizontally laid on the bottom and top of the transparent ice tank outer box to construct a closed and controllable ice-water coupling experimental environment. The micro phase change directional excitation system includes: a micro phase change directional excitation simulator, used to generate directional phase change jets and stress waves inside the ice layer of an experimental ice sample in an ice-water coupling experimental environment, and to generate directional phase change pulsating bubbles underwater; Phase change liquid supply module, used to deliver liquid carbon dioxide and monitor medium storage in real time; The phase change excitation drive module is used to trigger the phase change reaction of liquid carbon dioxide to complete the directional phase change loading and dynamic fracturing excitation of carbon dioxide. The multi-physics field synchronous observation system includes: multiple optical camera modules for capturing the evolution and flow of carbon dioxide bubbles and the multi-view crack propagation of ice layers; a fluid dynamics monitoring module for monitoring the underwater shock wave propagation and pulsating load changes in isothermal water; and a solid mechanics monitoring module for monitoring the ice layer changes of experimental ice samples. The experimental ice sample preparation system is used to control the low-temperature forming environment of the ice sample preparation process, constrain the shape and size of the experimental ice sample, and adjust and lock the placement and orientation of the sensors in a constant-temperature water body; wherein, low temperature is the temperature used to prepare and maintain the ice sample. The central synchronization control system is connected to the excitation end of the micro phase change directional excitation system, the multi-physics field synchronous observation system, and the experimental ice sample preparation system, respectively, and is used to output microsecond-level hard synchronization trigger signals.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, Multiple optical camera modules, including: a side-view optical camera module, a bottom-view optical camera module, and a top-view optical camera module; wherein: The side-view optical camera module consists of a schlieren light source, a spherical mirror, and a schlieren high-speed camera mechanism with integrated knife-edge components; Bottom-view optical camera module, including bottom-view high-speed camera and bottom-view reflector; The top-down optical camera module is equipped with a top-down high-speed camera, which is tilted above the integrated experimental ice tank and aligned with the micro phase transition directional excitation simulator. It captures the entire process of surface crack evolution in the ice layer through the top of the ice tank and the background grid plate.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that, Schlieren light source, used to provide illumination; The light emitted by the schlieren light source is reflected by a spherical mirror and passes through the flow field region. After being reflected again, it is projected onto the schlieren high-speed camera. A knife-edge assembly is used to adjust the light and form a schlieren image. Spherical mirrors are used to construct complete schlieren light paths and reflect light rays through the flow field region; The blade assembly integrated into the Schlieren high-speed camera is used to convert changes in flow field density in the flow field region into differences in light intensity, so as to dynamically capture the dynamic processes of bubble evolution, crack propagation, and phase change jet on the side of the ice layer.

4. The apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that, A downward-viewing reflector is tilted directly below the ice tank in the comprehensive experiment. A high-speed bottom-viewing camera is horizontally mounted and aligned with the downward-viewing reflector to record the radial and circumferential crack propagation network on the bottom surface of the experimental ice sample through the transparent bottom of the ice tank and the background grid plate.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fluid dynamics monitoring module consists of multiple sets of high-frequency free-field pressure sensors and a high-speed data acquisition and recording device; among which: Multiple sets of high-frequency free-field pressure sensors are arranged in a spatial array inside the water body of the outer box of the transparent ice tank to capture the instantaneous pressure peak of the underwater shock wave, the pulsating pressure change and the impact load of bubble collapse. A high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument is used to collect and store dynamic signals from various pressure sensors to monitor underwater shock wave propagation and pulsating load changes in constant-temperature water.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solid mechanics monitoring module includes: a fiber optic sensor array and a high-speed data acquisition and recording device; wherein: An optical fiber sensor array is coupled into the interior of the experimental ice sample to monitor the micro-strain distribution, damage evolution, and stress wave propagation characteristics inside the ice layer in real time. A high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument is used to synchronously acquire and store the dynamic signals of the fiber optic sensor array to record the full-time history of the mechanical response of the ice layer of the experimental ice sample.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The experimental ice sample preparation system includes: a low-temperature constant temperature chamber, a sample chamber, and a three-dimensional adjustable support; wherein: The low-temperature constant temperature chamber is used to provide a low-temperature environment for the ice sample preparation process, so as to control the growth temperature and forming conditions of the experimental ice sample. The sample box is used to constrain the shape and size of the ice sample to ensure the consistency and comparability of different batches of experimental ice samples. A three-dimensional adjustable bracket is used to adjust and lock the placement and orientation of the fiber optic sensor array and / or high-frequency free-field pressure sensor in a constant-temperature water body. After the constant-temperature water body freezes, the sensor is fixed at a preset point inside the ice layer of the experimental ice sample to complete the pre-embedded placement of the sensor.

8. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The micro phase change directional excitation simulator carries a directional flow guide kit, which is a replaceable flow guide block. The flow guide block is detachably and sealed to the simulator sleeve through internal and external threads. The flow guide block has a cylindrical structure. The number of openings in the guide block is the total number of injection holes opened circumferentially in the guide block. The shape of the openings in the guide block is the cross-sectional configuration of the injection holes. The opening azimuth angle is the circumferential angle corresponding to the center of the injection hole with the axis of the guide block as the reference. The opening area ratio is the ratio of the total cross-sectional area of ​​all openings to the flow cross-sectional area of ​​the inner cavity of the guide block.

9. A method for experimentally observing carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking under ice, characterized in that, The method, applied to the experimental observation apparatus for under-ice carbon dioxide phase transition-induced cracking according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprises: A closed and controllable ice-water coupling experimental environment was constructed using a comprehensive experimental ice tank; In the ice-water coupling experimental environment, the micro phase change directional excitation simulator is assembled and fixed at the preset installation position on the ice layer. The structure of the bottom and side directional openings of the simulator is used to constrain the spray direction of the phase change medium. The phase change liquid supply module and the phase change excitation drive module are then connected and installed in sequence. A multi-physics field synchronous observation system was used to adjust the shooting parameters and schlieren optical path of each optical camera module to complete the imaging calibration and coordinate calibration; and the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor and high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument were calibrated. A phase change liquid supply module is used to fill and detect the level of liquid carbon dioxide medium, and to test the sealing and pressure resistance of the delivery pipeline, as well as to seal the phase change excitation connection and simulator installation interface. Based on the microsecond-level hard synchronization control command issued by the central synchronization control system, the liquid carbon dioxide phase change reaction is synchronously triggered. The directional phase change jet, stress wave and underwater pulsating bubble are formed by the simulator directional structure. The ice layer crack propagation image, structural mechanical response signal and underwater shock wave and pulsating pressure time series data are continuously collected. Data fusion was performed on ice crack propagation images, structural mechanical response signals, and underwater shock wave and pulsating pressure time series data to invert the cracking mechanism caused by directional phase change of carbon dioxide under ice.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, Calibrate the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor, and high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument, including: Zero the sensor channels of the fiber optic sensor array and the high-frequency pressure sensor, and zero the readings of the high-speed data acquisition and recorder. The electrical connection status, communication status and signal path status of the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor and high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument that have been reset to zero are checked channel by channel to ensure that there are no abnormalities in each channel; After confirming that there are no abnormalities in each channel, the fiber optic sensor array, high-frequency pressure sensor, and high-speed data acquisition and recording instrument are quantitatively calibrated using standard load / standard strain.

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