PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCING BRIQUETTES FROM WASTE MATERIAL AND BRIQUETTE FROM WASTE MATERIAL

Abstract

The invention relates to a process for producing briquettes (1), a briquette (1) from a waste material (2), and the use of a briquette (1) in the process according to the invention. The process involves providing a waste material (2) comprising at least one metal (3) and at least one organic material (4). The waste material (2) is mechanically treated in one or more stages, and at least a first fraction (5) is separated from the waste material (2). A briquette mixture (6) containing the at least a first fraction (5) is prepared, wherein the at least a first fraction (5) has a calorific value of 0 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg. The calorific value of the briquette mixture (6) is adjusted by varying the at least the first fraction (5). The briquette mixture (6) is fed into a briquetting machine (7) and compressed there to form briquettes (1).This produces briquettes (1) with a calorific value of 5 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg and with a maximum copper percentage of 0.1% by weight to 20% by weight.

Description

PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCING BRIQUETTES FROM WASTE MATERIAL AND BRIQUETTE FROM WASTE MATERIAL The invention relates to a process for producing briquettes from waste material, as well as a briquette made from waste material and the use of said briquette in a reactor. Different types of waste materials can be processed mechanically, for example in shredding plants, and separated into reusable or recyclable fractions. The resulting fractions, the shredder light fraction (SLF) and the shredder heavy fraction (SHF), can be separated into recyclable material streams, which are then processed during treatment procedures and thus reintroduced into a recycling cycle. However, some residue with a comparatively low recyclable material content, particularly low metal content, always remains from both SLF and SHF. Experts are familiar with treatment procedures for this shredding residue. However, these procedures are not very economically viable. This is primarily because the composition of shredder residue is subject to significant fluctuations in quality and composition. For this reason, shredder residue is generally incinerated at a thermal recycling facility (TVA) or disposed of in a landfill. Until now, the lighter fractions from crushers have been excluded as examples of waste containing heavy metals from crushing facilities or other waste materials with a high proportion of organic and mineral ingredients and a small proportion of metallic ingredients, such as landfill construction, mine tailings, or waste incineration plants. However, this approach does not allow for the recovery and reuse of some of the valuable components of this waste. However, these solutions do not reflect the spirit of a sustainable economy and are therefore only satisfactory to a certain extent, especially since the metals that would otherwise have to be obtained in a primary and costly way are lost forever through incineration and landfilling for return to a cycle of recyclable materials. To recycle the raw materials contained in waste material, either partially or as completely as possible, it is necessary to selectively separate these raw materials from the waste material in the purest possible form. This is especially important for heavy metals, particularly precious metals, to facilitate their return to the material cycle. Current disposal methods, particularly waste incineration, are not suitable for this purpose. Due to their structure, the incinerated waste does not allow for the separation of its components. Although methods exist for recovering metals from primary and secondary raw material sources in metal foundries, these methods are not currently suitable for processing waste fractions with large input flows and comparatively low metal content in an environmentally and economically viable manner. This is particularly true when the small quantities of metal or metals present are fine material. Waste, especially fine-grained, heavily interbedded, and with low metal content, such as that from shredder waste generated during the processing of waste electrical and electronic equipment (so-called tertiary waste, i.e., the residue remaining after multi-stage treatment), is not currently recoverable in a satisfactory manner. The objective of the present invention was to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a procedure for producing briquettes and a briquette with properties that allow for an environmentally friendly treatment and also the economic recovery of recyclable materials. This objective is achieved by means of a procedure, a briquette, and the use of a briquette according to the claims. The invention relates to a process for producing briquettes from waste material. In terms of the process, a waste material is provided, comprising at least one metal and at least one organic material. The waste material may be residues from mechanical processing containing at least one metal, for example, waste from the processing of electrical and electronic waste or waste from shredders. The organic material may be, for example, any type of plastic, any non-compostable organic material, but also any type of material containing cellulose, such as wood or natural fibers. The organic material may also be epoxy resin, for example, which may be a component of electronic waste. Furthermore, the waste material is mechanically treated in one or more stages, and at least a first fraction is separated from it. This first fraction may be a crusher residue fraction with a comparatively low recyclable material content. Due to the fine-grained and consolidated nature of the recyclable material or at least one metal, the first fraction differs from the nature of the metals contained in a light crusher residue fraction or a heavy crusher residue fraction. In another stage of the process, a briquette mixture is produced containing at least a first fraction. This first fraction has a calorific value of 0 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg. By varying the quantity of at least one of the initial fractions, the calorific value of the briquette mixture is adjusted. In this respect, the desired or required calorific value can be continuously adjusted or varied, so that briquettes with a suitable or even ideal calorific value for subsequent processing or combustion can always be produced from the briquette mixture. It can be useful to measure or check the calorific value of the briquette mixture continuously or intermittently at appropriate intervals. This can be done, for example, using a monitoring, control, and measurement system. The briquette mix is ​​fed into a briquetting machine and pressed to form briquettes, producing briquettes with a calorific value of 5 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg and a copper content ranging from 0.1% to 20% by weight. The briquetting machine can be a state-of-the-art machine or installation capable of producing briquettes with different geometries, such as round briquettes, briquettes with a hole, cylindrical briquettes, etc. Since it is well known to experts that the term "briquette" refers to pressed, molded pieces of fine-grained material, no further detailed definition will be provided here. It may also be useful to measure or check the quality, particularly the calorific value and copper content, continuously or intermittently at appropriate intervals.This continuous quality control can be carried out, for example, with the help of a control, regulation, and measurement system. It should be mentioned at this point that the individual stages of the procedure and their chronological sequence do not necessarily have to be carried out in the order listed; a different chronological sequence is also possible. However, it is preferable that the stages of the procedure described be carried out successively and, therefore, one after the other chronologically. The process according to the invention has the advantage of producing briquettes with a defined calorific value, a defined chemical composition, and a defined recyclable material content, specifically a defined percentage of copper. This ensures that the briquettes best meet the procedural requirements of a subsequent treatment process or can be processed in such a process in the most efficient way possible. Since the composition and quality of the briquettes are precisely known, and the calorific value of the briquette mixture can be adjusted or adapted, the briquettes can be used in a subsequent treatment or smelting process in a controlled, reliable, and therefore extremely economical manner.In particular, if the first fraction consists predominantly of fine-grained material and is subsequently destined for treatment, combustion, or melting in a reactor, processing the first fraction into briquettes can be advantageous. This is also because briquettes are easy to handle and can be simply dosed. Specifically, compared to an unbriquetated first fraction, briquettes can be introduced into the reactor in a reduced dust state and, consequently, remain in the process chamber longer. Furthermore, it may be advantageous for at least one first fraction to be provided as a fine fraction, or to comprise a fine fraction, the fine fraction of which predominantly comprises constituents with a maximum grain size of less than 15 mm, preferably less than 10 mm. In principle, it is conceivable that at least one first fraction may not consist exclusively of a single fraction, specifically a single fine fraction, but may also be a mixture of several fractions. The term "fine fraction" is known in the mechanical treatment of waste material and refers to a fraction of sand and fine material produced during the course of a single- or multi-stage mechanical waste treatment. Generally, the fine fraction is a mixture of, for example, glass, fine-grained iron, oxide, fine copper wires, lead- and zinc-containing powder, plastic particles, lint, and paint residue.The fine fraction is usually relatively light and therefore requires considerable storage and transport space. Its calorific value is typically in the range of 5 MJ / kg ± 5 MJ / kg. Furthermore, the fine fraction may contain a high proportion of oxide materials, which can act as slag formers in any subsequent smelting process. The fine fraction may contain up to 20% iron by weight. Additionally, it may contain up to 5% non-ferrous metals (e.g., copper, zinc, gold, etc.) by weight. According to the classification in the Austrian Waste Catalogue Ordinance or in accordance with point 5 of Table 1 of the ONORM S 2100 Waste Catalogue, the fine fraction corresponds to the code number SN 91103 for mechanical treatment waste.This classification also applies analogously to this type of material outside of Austria and even if the material is not classified as waste material. However, it is also possible that at least the first fraction may be supplied as a fluff fraction. The term fluff fraction, or fluff, is used in the mechanical treatment of waste material and refers to a mixture of lightweight, porous, and / or fibrous materials (textile fibers, foams, wood or cellulose, films) produced during the course of a single- or multi-stage mechanical waste treatment. Typically, the calorific value of the fluff fraction is in the range of 22.5 MJ / kg ± 10 MJ / kg and is therefore generally significantly higher than the calorific value of the fine fraction. The fluff fraction may also contain lead, zinc, and / or chlorine compounds. The fluff fraction may contain up to 6% iron by weight. Furthermore, the plastic fraction may contain up to 5% non-ferrous metals (e.g., copper, zinc, gold, etc.) by weight.According to the classification in the Austrian Waste Catalogue Ordinance or in accordance with point 5 of Table 1 of the ONORM S 2100 Waste Catalogue, the fine fraction corresponds to the key number SN 91103 for waste from mechanical treatment. This classification also applies analogously to this type of material outside of Austria, even if the material is not classified as waste. Furthermore, it may be anticipated that at least a second fraction will be added to the briquette mixture, this second fraction having a different calorific value than the first fraction. Advantageously, in this respect, the first and second fractions may contain predominantly fine-grained components. For example, at least one second fraction can be a plastic fraction, such as plastic from a shredding plant. Typically, a plastic fraction comprises solid, lumpy material or rounded fragments resulting from the mechanical processing of waste material. The calorific value of the plastic fraction is usually in the range of 18.5 MJ / kg ± 10 MJ / kg. The plastic fraction may also contain a high percentage of chlorine compounds. It may contain up to 5% iron by weight. Furthermore, it may contain up to 5% non-ferrous metals (e.g., copper, zinc, gold, etc.) by weight. Using a plastic fraction as the second fraction can facilitate adjusting the calorific value of the briquette mix and make it more flexible. Furthermore, the second fraction may be intended to be a fluff fraction or to include a fluff fraction. In principle, it is conceivable that the second fraction may not consist exclusively of a single fraction, namely a single fluff fraction, but may also be a mixture of several fractions. The use of a fluff fraction as the second fraction, in addition to the fine fraction as the first fraction, can facilitate and allow for greater flexibility in adjusting the calorific value of the briquette mixture. It is also advantageous for the waste material to include at least one mineral component. In particular, if the briquettes produced from the waste material are oxidized or burned in a reactor, especially a smelting furnace, a certain percentage of mineral material may be beneficial. The presence of minerals in the waste material can promote the formation of a slag phase with suitable viscosity in a reactor and thus positively influence the separation of a metallic phase. According to an improvement, it is possible to manufacture briquettes with a calorific value of 8 MJ / kg to 25 MJ / kg, preferably from 11 MJ / kg to 18 MJ / kg. This calorific value has proven to be particularly convenient for precise and efficient control of the process in a reactor, as it favors autothermal combustion, i.e., combustion without the addition of additional fuels. Furthermore, it may be advantageous for the briquettes to be manufactured with a maximum copper content of 0.3% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5% to 3% by weight. This copper content has proven particularly suitable for precise and efficient process control in a reactor. Furthermore, the briquettes may be heated or cooled after pressing. Depending on the composition and nature of the briquettes, heating or cooling can have a positive effect on their dimensional stability and strength. Furthermore, the briquettes from the briquetting machine may be transferred continuously or intermittently to a reactor. This can be done directly, i.e., almost in-line, or via an intermediate storage and / or transport stage. According to a particular feature, the briquette mixture may be composed in such a way that the calorific value of the waste material it contains is so high that at least one of the metals it contains melts in combustion within the reactor during an ongoing process along with other briquettes, without the addition of further fuel or energy. This allows for an autothermal reaction and facilitates precise and efficient process control within the reactor. However, it is also possible that, in addition to the briquettes, an additional coarse fraction is added to the reactor, the calorific value of which is so high that at least one of the metals it contains melts in combustion within the reactor during an ongoing process along with other briquettes, without the addition of further fuel or energy.A coarse fraction of waste material might be, for example, a fraction from a previous shredder classification, which has comparatively high percentages of metals, particularly non-ferrous metals. A coarse fraction might also be, for example, electronic waste, scrap metal, and / or a plastic fraction. In accordance with advantageous improvements, the composition or calorific value of the briquette mixture may be continuously adjusted to the reactor process parameters. These process parameters include, for example, the temperature in a downstream afterburner, the oxygen content of the process gas in the reactor or afterburner, and / or the exhaust gas composition of the process gas in the reactor or afterburner. However, the objective of the invention is also achieved independently by means of a briquette made from waste material. The waste material comprises at least one metal and at least one organic material. In this respect, the briquette is preferably produced by a process according to one of the claims. It is envisaged that the briquette is manufactured from a briquette mixture containing at least a first fraction of the waste material, the first fraction having a calorific value of 0 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg, and that the briquette has a calorific value of 5 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg and a maximum copper content of 0.1% to 20% by weight. To avoid unnecessary repetition, reference is made to the parts and advantages of the preceding description. The briquette according to the invention has the advantage of possessing a defined calorific value and a defined recyclable material content, specifically a defined percentage of copper. Since the composition and quality of the briquettes are precisely defined and known, the briquette can be controlled along with other briquettes in a possible subsequent treatment or smelting process in a controlled, process-safe, and therefore extremely economical manner. In particular, if the first fraction consists predominantly of fine-grained material and is subsequently destined for treatment, combustion, or smelting in a reactor, processing the first fraction to form briquettes can be advantageous. This is also because the briquettes are easy to handle and can be simply dosed.In particular, compared to an initial unbriquetated fraction, the briquettes can be introduced into the reactor in a reduced powder form and, consequently, remain in the process chamber longer. Since the calorific value and recyclable material content are precisely defined, the percentage of slag components can also be precisely adjusted, which can have an advantageous effect on any subsequent treatment or smelting process. Furthermore, it may be provided that at least the first fraction is a fine fraction, or comprises a fine fraction, a fine fraction comprising predominantly components with a maximum grain size of less than 15 mm, preferably less than 10 mm. Furthermore, it may be anticipated that the briquette mixture will contain a second fraction, a second fraction that has a different calorific value than the first fraction. Advantageously, a feature may also be provided according to which the second fraction may be provided to be a lint fraction or comprise a lint fraction. According to an improvement, the ratio between the fine fraction and the fluff fraction can be at most 0.1 to 6, preferably at most 0.3 to 5, and most preferably at most 0.5 to 3. A briquette produced with these mixing proportions exhibits ideal properties for combustion or melting in a reactor, particularly a melt reactor. These properties include, among others, the calorific value, the content of recyclable materials, particularly the metal or copper content, and also the viscosity of the melt. In addition, it may be convenient for the waste material to include at least one mineral material. Furthermore, the briquette may be expected to have a calorific value of 8 MJ / kg at 25 MJ / kg, preferably 11 MJ / kg to 18 MJ / kg. Furthermore, the briquette may be expected to have a maximum copper content of 0.3% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5% by weight to 3% by weight. According to a particular feature, it is possible for the briquette mixture to be composed in such a way that the calorific value of the waste material contained therein is so high that at least one metal contained therein can be melted in combustion in a reactor during an ongoing process together with other briquettes, without adding more fuel or without adding energy. Corresponding to an advantageous refinement, it may be stipulated that the waste material contains at least one additional metal, and that the total percentage of metals in the briquette mixture is at most 35% by weight, preferably at most 25% by weight, and most preferably at most 20% by weight. Alternatively, it may be advantageous that the total percentage of metals, consisting of copper and metals more noble than copper according to the periodic table of elements, is at most 25% by weight, most preferably 15% by weight, and most preferably 10% by weight. By keeping the metal content of the waste material low compared to the metallurgical treatment of the primary and secondary raw materials, briquettes with a high calorific value can be produced. They are particularly suitable for the heat recovery of the waste heat from briquette combustion. In particular, it can be advantageous for the briquette to be thermostable up to a temperature of 400 °C. In this context, thermostable means that the briquette is stable for a sufficiently long time to be stored, transported, and supplied to a reactor, but is not so stable that it disintegrates rapidly, burns, and melts in the reactor. This can be ensured by the specified temperature. Furthermore, the briquette may preferably be at least essentially cylindrical in shape, with its length and diameter at least essentially equal, or it may preferably be at least essentially cubic in shape, with its length and width at least essentially equal. The lateral length(s) and / or diameter of the briquette may be from 10 mm to 200 mm, preferably from 20 mm to 150 mm, and most preferably from 50 mm to 120 mm. It may also be advantageous if the ratio of the briquette length to the briquette diameter or the briquette length to the briquette width is at most 0.3 to 5, preferably at most 0.5 to 3, and most preferably at most 0.7 to 2. Regardless, the objective of the invention is also achieved by using a briquette in a reactor for smelting in at least one liquid phase of slag and in at least one liquid phase containing metal. The briquette in this respect is a briquette according to one of the claims, and / or the briquette is manufactured by a process according to one of the claims. To avoid unnecessary repetition, reference is made to the parts and advantages of the preceding description. The present invention relates to a process for treating waste material containing metal and other substances, particularly when it is in the form of lint or similar, for example light fractions from the shredder, to recover the metal. Given this background, one objective of the present invention is to provide a procedure for treating waste material containing metal and other substances, particularly when it is in the form of lint or similar, for example light fractions from the shredder, that is suitable for recovering valuable metals. This objective is achieved through the procedure. Advantageous designs of the invention follow from the dependent claims. In such a process for treating waste material containing metal and other substances to recover the metal, the waste material is compacted to form briquettes, then introduced into a fusion reactor and melted in the fusion reactor to form at least two phases. In principle, the use of fusion reactors is known in which waste material can be melted to produce different phases containing individual raw materials selectively or combined in groups of raw materials. However, to operate these types of fusion reactors, it is necessary to determine and adjust the composition of the reaction material, including the air, with the greatest possible precision. This has not been possible until now with the light fractions from the crusher or with waste material of similar structure with a high percentage of organic and mineral ingredients and a small proportion of metallic ingredients. Compression for briquetting initially allows for continuous loading into the fusion reactor at a defined rate. Furthermore, briquetting enables the conversion reactions of the waste material in the fusion reactor to take place under well-controlled and safe conditions. In other words, compression for briquetting allows for precise adjustment of the materials introduced into the fusion reactor, particularly the material mixture required for an autothermal reaction, and therefore the reaction mixture of waste material, pyrolysis gases, and air within the fusion reactor. This effectively and easily ensures that the correct ratio of the various reactants to each other, especially the ratio of waste material to air, is maintained in the fusion reactor.By means of the process according to the invention, a large part of the energy contained in the waste material can be harnessed during melting through an autothermal melting reaction without having to forgo the possibility of recovering the metal also contained in the waste material. Therefore, recovery can be particularly energy-efficient. Furthermore, the mineral percentage present in the waste material, for example, a mineral fraction from the lighter fractions of the crusher, can be recycled in addition to the metal recovery, particularly of non-ferrous and precious metals. Briquettes are preferably produced by compacting waste material in a press designed as a reciprocating compressor. This device, also called a briquetting press, is quite common. Compared to other methods of compacting waste material, this can be done easily and reliably, even in large quantities and under continuous operation. Preferably, the metal in the scrap material contains copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel, and iron, as well as precious metals. For these metals, the procedure described herein can be reliably carried out, but other metals can also be recovered from the scrap material in the manner described herein. Preferably, the other substances in the waste material contain organic and / or mineral components. Particularly preferentially, the waste material comprises a high percentage of organic and mineral ingredients and a low percentage of metallic ingredients, particularly heavy metals. These types of waste material can be treated reliably and advantageously using the procedure described herein. Preferably, the briquettes are used in an autothermal manner with the addition of air to the fusion reactor, thus generating hot process gases. Compacting the waste material into briquettes is particularly advantageous in this case because the briquettes greatly facilitate the continuous loading of the waste material into the fusion reactor at a precisely measured rate compared to procedures that do not introduce the waste material into the fusion reactor in a different way. Therefore, the reactants can be combined in such a way that no additional energy input is required for the reaction. In this respect, hot process gases preferably generate steam, at least partially, in a waste heat boiler. The steam can then be supplied, for example, to a steam turbine to generate electricity or something similar. However, hot process gases, particularly their thermal energy, can also be used in other ways, for example, in a district heating system. Hot process gases can also contribute, at least partially, to the melting of the waste material in the fusion reactor by adding their thermal energy to the reaction. In this way, hot process gases ensure the melting of the metallic and mineral components in the waste material. Advantageously, proper control of the atmosphere in the fusion reactor produces a slag phase that is low in, preferably free of, valuable metal, particularly low in, preferably free of, copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel, iron, or precious metals. The slag phase is considered low in valuable metal if it contains 0.7% by weight or less of the valuable metal. The slag phase is considered essentially free of valuable metal if it contains 0.5% by weight or less of the valuable metal. In addition, a liquid metal phase is produced, particularly a liquid copper phase, which is enriched with other heavy metals, particularly lead, tin, zinc, nickel, and precious metals. The slag phase and the enriched liquid copper phase allow for relatively simple selective recovery of the various components from the waste material.The atmosphere in the fusion reactor can be controlled particularly well, especially continuously, by supplying the waste material in the form of briquettes. Preferably, the molten waste material is transferred to a separation furnace in which a separation, particularly gravimetric, of the slag phase and the metallic phase takes place. The objective is also achieved independently by means of an industrial plant configured to carry out a process for processing waste material containing metal and other substances in order to recover the metal. The industrial plant comprises a press, preferably configured as a reciprocating compressor, to compact the waste material into briquettes, and a melting reactor to melt the briquettes in at least two stages. Other advantages and improvements of the invention result from all of the claims and the following detailed description. For a better understanding of the invention, it is explained in more detail with the help of the following figures. They show in each case a very simplified schematic representation: Fig. 1 a very schematic flowchart of the procedure, Fig. 2 A simplified schematic representation of a system in which a preferred procedure can be carried out. First, it should be noted that in the embodiments described in different ways, the same parts are provided with the same references or component names, and the disclosures contained throughout the description can be applied analogously to the same parts with the same references or component names. Likewise, the positional indications chosen in the description, such as top, bottom, side, etc., refer to the represented figure being described directly, and these positional indications must be transferred analogously to the new position in the event of a change of position. The term in particular is henceforth understood in this respect as a possible more special configuration or a more detailed specification of an object or a stage of the procedure, but it does not necessarily have to represent a mandatory and preferred form of realization of the same or a mandatory way of proceeding. As used in this document, the terms comprising, presenting, which presents, includes, even, contains, which contains and any variations thereof are intended to encompass a non-exclusive inclusion. Figure 1 shows an approximate chemical process flow diagram of the most important process steps and material flows. It goes without saying that not all the plant components and material flows shown or described below are absolutely necessary. Furthermore, other plant components and material flows may be required in addition to those shown or described below. Essentially, the process shown in Fig. 1 or the briquette 1 produced therein comprises two main installation zones: a briquette production facility 15 for producing briquettes with one or more briquetting machines 7 and a feeding facility 16 for feeding a downstream reactor facility 20. In addition, a waste treatment facility 25 may be provided for the pre-treatment and sorting of waste material 2, either associated with the main facility or structurally independent. In the represented embodiment, the briquette production unit 15 and the feeding unit 16 are structurally integrated into a single main installation. The main installation is essentially fed via a main conveyor for additives 17 and a main conveyor for waste material 2. The briquette production unit 15 and the feeding unit 16 are used to produce briquettes 1 and, optionally, also for the storage, mixing, and dispensing of material in pieces, in particular a coarse fraction 18 from waste material 2 or other waste material 19. A coarse fraction of waste material can be, for example, a fraction from a previous crusher classification, which has comparatively high percentages of metals, particularly non-ferrous metals.A coarse fraction of another waste material 19 can also be, for example, electronic scrap, scrap metal, and / or a plastic fraction. From the main installation, as shown in the example, a material flow comprising the briquettes 1 and, where applicable, other components such as a coarse fraction 18, can then be supplied continuously or intermittently to a reactor installation 20 with a reactor 12. However, it is also possible—but not shown in the figure—for the production of briquettes 1 to take place in a structurally or spatially separate briquette production installation 15, and for the briquettes 1 to be stored only in the subsequent feed installation 16 and transported from there, and if necessary, to the reactor installation 20. A loading installation 16 can also be implemented as a component of a reactor installation 20. The briquette production plant 15 and the loading plant 16 comprise a plurality of conveyors 21 and storage means 22, for example, screw conveyors, screens, pipes, intermediate hoppers, silos, one or more briquetting machines 7 configured, for example, as a briquetting press 23, one or more containers equipped with load cells 24, and conveyor belts. The load cells 24 enable precisely metered loading of the reactor plant 20 or reactor 12 with the briquettes 1. For this purpose, the storage silos for the coarse fraction 18 and also for the additives 17 can also be configured with load cells 24. In the process shown in Fig. 1, a waste material 2 is first provided, wherein the waste material 2 comprises at least one metal 3, in particular copper, and at least one organic material 4. The waste material 2 may further comprise at least one mineral material 11. The waste material 2 may also contain at least one other metal, wherein the total proportion of metals in the briquette mixture 6 is at most 35% by weight, preferably at most 25% by weight, and most preferably at most 20% by weight. Alternatively, the total percentage of metals comprised of copper and metals listed as more noble than copper according to the periodic table of elements may be at most 25% by weight, preferably at most 15% by weight, and most preferably at most 10% by weight. The waste material 2 then undergoes one or more mechanical treatments. Specifically, these two stages can be carried out in a waste treatment plant 25, for example, in a crushing plant. In this respect, a waste treatment plant 25 can also be structurally or spatially separated from the briquette production plant 15 and the feeding plant 16. The waste treatment plant 25 can also be used to treat other waste material 19. In addition to the first fraction 5, the second fraction 9 can also be produced in the waste treatment plant 25. Of course, it is also conceivable for the waste treatment plant 25 to be part of the overall plant.In the waste treatment plant 25 and / or the briquette production plant 15, at least a first fraction 5 is separated from the waste material 2. The material flows shown in Fig. 1 are to be understood in this respect—as mentioned at the beginning—only as schematics and examples. Depending on the type of waste material 2 and the separation process in the waste treatment plant 25, it may be useful for the briquette production plant 15 to be configured with one or more screens or screw conveyors, which can provide sufficient separation of the material flows. The arrangement of the conveyors 21 and screw conveyors shown in Fig. 1 is to be understood in this respect only as an example.The actual arrangement of the conveyors 21 depends on the type and nature of the material to be conveyed and is a matter of the skill of the expert in the field. However, it is also possible—though not shown in the figure—that not the briquette production plant 15 but the waste treatment plant 25 may be equipped with one or more screens or screw conveyors, which can be useful for sufficient separation of the material flows. Next, i.e., as shown below the waste processing plant 25 or the conveyors 21 configured as screw conveyors, a briquette mixture 6 is produced containing at least a first fraction 5, where the first fraction 5 has a calorific value of 0 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg. In this respect, the calorific value of the briquette mixture 6 is produced by varying at least the first fraction 5. This variation can be achieved, for example, by means of the conveyors 21. The at least first fraction 5 can be provided as a fine fraction 8, which predominantly comprises components with a maximum grain size of less than 15 mm, preferably less than 10 mm. Furthermore, at least a second fraction 9, which has a different calorific value than the first fraction 5, can be added to the briquette mixture 6.In this respect, the second fraction 9 may also come from the waste treatment facility 25. The second fraction 9 may be a lint fraction 10. A ratio between the fine fraction 8 and the lint fraction 10 is at most 0.1 to 6, preferably at most 0.3 to 5, and most preferably at most 0.5 to 3. Both fractions 5 and 9 for briquette mix 6 and the finished briquette mix 6 are stored in suitable storage facilities 22, for example, silos. The briquette mix 6 is then conveyed to briquetting machines 7 or briquetting presses 23 by means of conveyors 21. The briquetting presses 23 can be configured, for example, as reciprocating compressors or as eccentrically driven extrusion presses. Figure 1 shows four briquetting presses 23 as examples, the actual number naturally depending on the size or capacity of the installation. The briquetting presses 23 can operate in parallel or alternately. Needless to say, the precise design of the entire installation is the responsibility of a specialist.The briquette mixture 6 is then pressed into briquettes 1 in briquetting machines 7 or briquetting presses 23, producing briquettes 1 with a calorific value of 5 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg and a maximum copper content of 0.1% to 20% by weight. Specifically, the briquettes may have a calorific value of 8 MJ / kg to 25 MJ / kg, preferably 11 MJ / kg to 18 MJ / kg. Furthermore, the briquettes 1 may have a maximum copper content of 0.3% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5% to 3% by weight. Preferably, the briquette 1 is heat-stable up to a temperature of 400 °C. The briquette 1 may also preferably have at least an essentially cylindrical shape. Preferably the length of briquette 1 and the diameter of briquette 1 are essentially equal in this respect.However, briquette 1 may also preferably have an at least essentially cubic shape, with its length and width preferably being essentially equal. The lateral length(s) and / or diameter of briquette 1 may be from 10 mm to 200 mm, preferably from 20 mm to 150 mm, and most preferably from 50 mm to 120 mm. It may also be advantageous if the ratio of the length of briquette 1 to its diameter, or the length of briquette 1 to its width, is at most 0.3 to 5, preferably at most 0.5 to 3, and most preferably at most 0.7 to 2. The finished briquettes 1 can be conveyed from the briquetting presses 23 to one or more storage means 22 or silos configured with load cells 24. From these silos or from the briquetting press 7, the briquettes 1 are conveyed continuously or intermittently to a reactor 12 of a reactor plant 20. It is also conceivable that the briquettes 1 could be conveyed directly, i.e., without intermediate storage, from the briquetting presses 7 to the reactor 12. The briquettes 1 can be heated or cooled after pressing. This heating or cooling can take place in the installation area, between the briquetting press 7 and the storage means 22, or along the transport path between the storage means 22 and the reactor 12. It is also conceivable that all the installation areas between the briquetting press 7 and the reactor 12 could be heated or cooled.In addition to the briquettes 1, various additives 17 and a coarse fraction 18 can also be loaded into reactor 12. In reactor 12 or in a separation furnace 40 connected downstream of reactor 12, the briquettes 1, the additives 17 and the coarse fraction 18 are melted into a liquid slag phase 13 and a liquid metal-containing phase 14. The briquette mixture 6 is composed such that the calorific value of the waste material 2 contained therein is so high that at least one metal 3 contained therein melts during combustion in reactor 12 in an ongoing process along with other briquettes 1, without the addition of further fuel or energy. In this respect, the composition of the briquette mixture 1 or the calorific value of the briquette mixture 6 is continuously adjusted to the process parameters of reactor 12. These process parameters can be, for example, the temperature of a flue gas in a downstream afterburner connected to reactor 12, the oxygen content of this flue gas, or its composition. This continuous measurement of the process parameters, as well as the process control based on these parameters, can be carried out using a control system 26.The overall installation can be configured with a central control unit, which allows for monitoring, measuring, controlling, and regulating individual installation zones. However, it is also possible that the main installation zones or individual installation zones have a separate or distinct control unit. Figure 2 shows another simplified schematic representation of a system in which a preferred procedure can be carried out. In this respect, it shows how the briquettes 1 produced according to the procedure are used or treated in a reactor installation 20, in a general process or general installation. The lighter fractions from the crusher, as in the present example, of a waste material 2 containing metal 3 and other substances, the percentage of which of the metal must be largely recovered, are initially fed into a storage hopper 27 for further processing. From the storage hopper 27, the waste material 2 is fed via screw conveyors 28 and the like to a briquetting press 23 configured as a reciprocating compressor 29, where the waste material 2 is compacted to form briquettes 1. The lighter fractions from the crusher may contain, in particular, copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel, and / or precious metals such as metal 3. In a specific installation, for example, four briquetting presses 23 configured as reciprocating compressors 29 can compact and agglomerate about 10 tons per hour of light fractions from the crusher. Next, the briquettes 1 are transported via a weighbridge 30 to a dosing hopper 31 to be introduced into a fusion reactor 33 from there via a loading lance 32. In addition to the briquettes 1, air 43 is also introduced into the fusion reactor 33 to create a reactive mixture within the fusion reactor 33. The briquettes 1 are introduced in batches, i.e., in stages. Before introducing the briquettes 1 into the fusion reactor 33, the reactor is heated, for example, to 1200 °C to 1250 °C. By compressing the waste material 2 to form briquettes 1, it is possible to precisely adjust the amount of organic material 4 introduced into the fusion reactor 33. For example, a percentage of 35% to 50% organic material 4 of the introduced mass has proven suitable for the autothermal reaction with the participation of air and pyrolysis gases supplied by a dedicated compressed air lance 34. The autothermal reaction can be stabilized by controlling the amount of air and pyrolysis gases supplied. For this, it is essential to know the amount of organic material 4 involved in the reaction in the fusion reactor 33. Only enough air is supplied for the reaction to occur in the fusion reactor 33; that is, the organic material 4 and the pyrolysis gases burn. However, the air supply is limited to prevent all the pyrolysis gases from burning directly, thus avoiding overheating the fusion reactor 33. This reaction can take place in the fusion reactor 33, for example, for 5 to 5.5 hours without external heating, resulting in the formation of a bath of liquid slag 13 and liquid metal 14 within the fusion reactor 33. The autothermal reaction produces hot process gases 44 which are drawn through a suction hood 35 and directed through an afterburner chamber 36 to a boiler 37, in which steam can be generated in the usual way which can be used to generate electricity through a turbine 38. The steam can be used alternatively and additionally in local heating and district heating networks. After the reaction in the fusion reactor 33 has been carried out as completely as possible, the fusion reactor 33 can be emptied, and its liquid contents can be conveyed via a conveying route 39. Preferably, the liquid slag bath 13 and liquid metal 14 are fed into a separation furnace 40, which can be implemented, for example, as a rotary kiln and in which a temperature of, for example, 1200 °C to 1250 °C can prevail. Unlike the fusion reactor 33, the separation furnace 40 is ignited externally to reach and maintain its temperature, as no reaction will take place within it. Once the fusion reactor 33 is emptied, it can be filled with another batch of waste material 2. In separation furnace 40, the slag phase 13 can be separated from the metallic phase 14 for a period of, for example, 5 to 5.5 hours. Volumetric separation is suitable for this purpose, as the slag phase 13 has a density of approximately 3 to 3.5 t / m³, while the metallic phase 14 has a density of approximately 8 t / m³, although these values ​​are only examples and naturally vary from one material to another. If the two or more phases have different densities, they will separate from each other in layers in separation furnace 40. In the separation furnace 40, for a period of, for example, 3 to 4 hours, slag adjustment can take place, and the slag can be granulated for a period of, for example, 2 to 3 hours and removed from the separation furnace 40 via a slag discharge route 41. Preferably, metal 3 can be removed after the separation furnace 40 via a metal discharge route 42 and thus recovered. For example, metal 3 can be present as a liquid metallic phase 14, such as the copper phase, which may be enriched with other metals or heavy metals such as lead, tin, zinc, nickel, and / or precious metals. The embodiment examples show possible embodiment variants, noting at this point that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiment variants represented, but on the contrary, various combinations of the different embodiment variants with each other are also possible, and this possibility of variation falls within the knowledge of the expert in the field who works in this technical field thanks to the teaching in relation to a technical action by means of the present invention. The scope of protection is determined by the claims. However, the interpretation of the claims must be based on the description and drawings. Individual features or combinations of features of the different embodiments shown and described may in themselves represent independent solutions to the invention. The objective on which the inventive independent solutions are based may be inferred from the description. All indications regarding ranges of values ​​in this description should be understood to include any freely chosen range and all partial ranges thereof, for example, the indication 1 to 10 should be understood to include all partial ranges, starting from the lower limit 1 and up to the upper limit 10, that is, all partial ranges begin with a lower limit of 1 or higher and end at an upper limit of 10 or lower, for example 1 to 1.7 or 3.2 to 8.1 or 5.5 to 10. For the sake of clarity, it should finally be noted that for a better understanding of the structure, the elements have been represented in part without scale and / or at an enlarged and / or reduced scale. List of references 1 Briquette 30 Weighing Scale 2 Waste Material 31 Dosing Hopper 3 Metal 32 Loading Lance 4 Organic Material 33 Melting Reactor 5 First Fraction 34 Compressed Air Lance 6 Briquette Mixture 35 Suction Hood 7 Briquetting Machine 36 Afterburner Chamber 8 Fine Fraction 37 Boiler 9 Second Fraction 38 Turbine 10 Fluff Fraction 39 Transport Route 11 Mineral Material 40 Separation Furnace 12 Reactor 41 Slag Discharge Route 13 Slag Stage 42 Metal Discharge Route 14 Metal-Containing Stage 43 Air 15 Briquetting Plant 44 Process Gas 16 Feeding Plant 17 Additive 18 Coarse Fraction 19 Additional Waste Material 20 Reactor Plant 21 Conveyor 22 Storage Medium 23 Briquetting Press 24 Cell Load 25 Waste treatment facility 26 Control 27 Storage hopper 28 Screw conveyor 29 Reciprocating compressor

Claims

1. A method for producing briquettes (1) from a waste material (2), comprising the steps of: - providing a waste material (2), said waste material (2) comprising at least one metal (3) and at least one organic material (4), - mechanically treating the waste material (2) in one or more stages and separating at least a first fraction (5) from the waste material (2), - producing a briquette mixture (6) containing the at least a first fraction (5), wherein the at least a first fraction (5) has a calorific value of 0 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg, - adjusting a calorific value of the briquette mixture (6) by varying at least the first fraction (5), - introducing the briquette mixture (6) into a briquetting machine (7) and pressing the briquette mixture (6) to form briquettes (1), such that briquettes (1) with a calorific value of 5 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg are produced. MJ / kg and with a maximum copper percentage of 0.1% by weight to 20% by weight.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least a first fraction (5) is provided as a fine fraction (8), or comprising a fine fraction (8), the fine fraction (8) comprising predominantly components with a maximum grain size of less than 15 mm, preferably less than 10 mm.

3. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least a second fraction (9) is added to the briquette mixture (6), the second fraction (9) having a different calorific value than the first fraction (5).

4. Process according to claim 3, characterized in that the second fraction (9) is a lint fraction (10) or comprises a lint fraction (10).

5. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the waste material (2) comprises at least one mineral material (11).

6. A process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the briquettes (1) are produced with a calorific value of 8 MJ / kg to 25 MJ / kg, preferably from 11 MJ / kg to 18 MJ / kg.

7. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the briquettes (1) are produced with a maximum copper percentage of 0.3% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.5% by weight to 3% by weight.

8. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the briquettes (1) are heated or cooled after pressing.

9. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the briquettes (1) from the briquetting machine (7) are transferred to a reactor (12) continuously or discontinuously.

10. A method according to claim 9, characterized in that the briquette mixture (6) is composed in such a way that the calorific value of the waste material (2) contained therein is so high that the at least one metal (3) contained therein melts in combustion in the reactor (12) during a process running together with other briquettes (1), without adding other fuels or without adding energy.

11. Method according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that a briquette mixture composition (1) or the calorific value of the briquette mixture (6) is continuously adapted to the process parameters of the reactor (12).

12. Briquette (1) of a waste material (2), waste material (2) comprising at least one metal (3) and at least one organic material (4), and briquette (1) preferably produced by a process according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the briquette (1) is produced from a briquette mixture (6) containing at least a first fraction (5) of the waste material (2), the first fraction (5) having at least a calorific value of 0 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg, and in that the briquette (1) has a calorific value of 5 MJ / kg to 30 MJ / kg and a maximum copper percentage of 0.1% by weight to 20% by weight.

13. Briquette (1) according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one first fraction (5) is a fine fraction (8), or comprises a fine fraction (8), the fine fraction (8) having predominantly components with a maximum grain size of less than 15 mm, preferably less than 10 mm.

14. Briquette (1) according to claim 13, characterized in that the briquette mixture (6) contains a second fraction (9), the second fraction (9) having a different calorific value than the first fraction (5).

15. Briquette (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that the second fraction (9) is a lint fraction (10) or comprises a lint fraction (10).

16. Briquette (1) according to claim 15, characterized in that the ratio between the fine fraction (8) and the fluff fraction (10) is at most 0.1 to 6, preferably at most 0.3 to 5, and especially preferably at most 0.5 to 3.

17. Briquette (1) according to any one of claims 12 to 16, characterized in that the waste material (2) comprises at least one mineral material (11).

18. Briquette (1) according to any one of claims 12 to 17, characterized in that the briquette (1) has a calorific value of 8 MJ / kg to 25 MJ / kg, preferably from 11 MJ / kg to 18 MJ / kg.

19. Briquette (1) according to any one of claims 12 to 18, characterized in that the briquette (1) has a maximum copper percentage of 0.3% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5% to 3% by weight.

20. Briquette (1) according to any one of claims 12 to 19, characterized in that the briquette mixture (6) is composed in such a way that the calorific value of the waste material (2) contained therein is so high that the at least one metal (3) contained therein melts in combustion in a reactor (12) during a process ongoing together with other briquettes (1), without the addition of other fuels or without the addition of energy.

21. Briquette (1) according to any one of claims 12 to 20, characterized in that the waste material (2) contains at least one other metal, and in that the total percentage of metals in the briquette mixture (6) is at most 35% by weight, preferably at most 25% by weight, particularly preferably at most 20% by weight, or in that the total percentage of metals consisting of copper and metals that are more noble than copper according to the periodic table of the elements is at most 25% by weight, especially preferably 15% by weight, and especially preferably 10% by weight.

22. Briquette (1) according to any one of claims 12 to 21, characterized in that it is thermoset up to a temperature of 400 °C.

23. Briquette (1) according to any one of claims 12 to 22, characterized in that it preferably has at least an essentially cylindrical shape, and in that the length and diameter of the briquette (1) are at least essentially equal, or in that the briquette (1) preferably has an essentially cubic shape, and in that the length and width of the briquette (1) are at least essentially equal.

24. Use of a briquette (1) produced in a process according to one of claims 1 to 11 and / or of a briquette (1) according to one of claims 12 to 23 in a reactor (12) for melting into at least one liquid slag phase (13) and at least one liquid metal-containing phase (14).