Exercise apparatus and method of using an exercise apparatus for resistance training

Abstract

An exercise apparatus (10) is provided for enabling a user to perform a resistance-training exercise. The exercise apparatus (10) includes a motion-converter mechanism (14a), a movable user-engagement portion (12) and a resistance element (16). The motion-converter mechanism (14a) has a control element (30a), two input rotatable elements (32a), and an output rotatable element (34a). The output rotatable element (34a) is engageable with the input rotatable elements (32a). The output rotatable element (34a) is rotatable in only one rotational direction. The control element (30a) is associated with the input rotatable elements (32a) for enabling only one of the two input rotatable elements (32a) at a time to drive rotation of the output rotatable element (34a). The movable user-engagement portion (12) is mechanically coupled to at least one of the two input rotatable elements (32a) for enabling the user to impart momentum to at least one of the two input rotatable elements (32a). The resistance element (16) is mechanically coupled to the output rotatable element (34a) for providing resistance to movement of the user-engagement portion (12) via preventing or inhibiting rotation of the output rotatable element (34a).

Description

[0001] Exercise Apparatus and Method of Using an Exercise Apparatus for Resistance Training The present invention relates to an exercise apparatus for resistance training, and a method of using an exercise apparatus for resistance training.

[0002] Resistance training is a form of exercise used to build endurance, strength and muscle mass involving pushing and / or pulling against resistance, typically both in succession.

[0003] Various equipment offering resistance training is available, such as an indoor rowing machine. When using an indoor rowing machine, a user repeatedly pulls a handlebar connected to a frame portion by a rope or chain, away from the frame portion and against resistance. This involves tensing their upper body and extending their legs fully whilst sitting on a slidable seat with their feet immobilised. Upon folding their legs, the handlebar approaches the frame portion again, and the chain or rope is automatically retracted within the frame portion, and the cycle is repeated. Resistance to pulling the handlebar is provided by a range of means, such as magnetically, by water, air, a hydraulic-piston, or a combination thereof.

[0004] However, existing equipment has limited versatility by focusing on few areas of the body. To exercise a greater number of muscles, the user has to use a different type of machine. This is impractical, costly, and requires a large storage space. In the case of a rowing machine, no resistance is provided upon the user folding their legs, which is inefficient.

[0005] The present invention seeks to provide a solution to these problems.

[0006] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exercise apparatus for enabling a user to perform a resistance-training exercise, the exercise apparatus comprising: a motion-converter mechanism having: a control element, two input rotatable elements, and an output rotatable element engageable or engaged with the input rotatable elements, the output rotatable element being rotatable in only one rotational direction, the control element being associated with the input rotatable elements for enabling only one of the two input rotatable elements at a time to drive rotation of the output rotatable element; a movable user-engagement portion which is mechanically coupled to at least one of the two input rotatable elements for enabling the user to impart momentum to at least one of the two input rotatable elements; and a resistance element mechanically coupled to the output rotatable element for providing resistance to movement of the user-engagement portion via preventing or inhibiting rotation of the output rotatable element.

[0007] The motion-converter mechanism converts mechanical inputs, preferably rotational inputs in either rotational direction, and provides an output in a single rotational direction in both cases. As the output rotatable element is coupled to a resistance element, the resistance element applies resistance by inhibiting movement of the user-engagement portion throughout the whole cycle. Thus, upon exercising, the user must exert effort to overcome resistance throughout. This provides a balanced and more efficient workout. Although two input rotatable elements are mentioned, it is understood that the motion-converter mechanism may comprise more than two input rotatable elements.

[0008] Preferably, the motion-converter mechanism may further comprise an axle adapted to be rotatable clockwise upon receiving a said first mechanical input from the user-engagement portion and anticlockwise upon receiving a said second mechanical input from the user-engagement portion. Optionally, one or both of the two input rotatable elements may be rotatable around the axle. Additionally, the two input rotatable elements may be preferably simultaneously engageable with the output rotatable element. Furthermore, the control element may be adapted to selectively rotationally lock one of the two input rotatable elements relative to the axle, the movable userengagement portion may be mechanically coupled to the two input rotatable elements via the axle. Only one of the input rotatable elements drives the output rotatable element at any time whilst the other input rotatable element may be freewheel. The locking may be by a mechanical mechanism and / or via an electronic locking mechanism.

[0009] Preferably, the control element may include a clockwise ratcheting element and an anticlockwise ratcheting element, at least part of each ratcheting element being rotationally locked or lockable relative to the axle. Optionally, the clockwise ratcheting element may be associated with one of the two input rotatable elements. Furthermore, the anticlockwise ratcheting element may be associated with the same input rotatable element and / or with the other of the two input rotatable elements for selectively locking the associated input rotatable element according to the rotational direction of rotation of the axle. The control element is a mechanical mechanism, requiring no power to act upon the rotatable elements.

[0010] Preferably, at least one ratcheting element may include a one-way bearing. Additionally, the oneway bearing may be a sprag clutch. A roller clutch may be an alternative type of one-way bearing. A sprag clutch may provide a greater torque, at least compared to a ratchet having a pawl and teeth. A sprag clutch may be compact, or at least more compact than a ratchet having a pawl and teeth and / or than a roller clutch.

[0011] Preferably, at least one input rotatable element and / or at least one output rotatable element may comprise teeth. Teeth on at least one and more preferably two cooperating rotatable elements may provide a more secure engagement between rotatable elements. The risk of one rotatable element slipping without engaging with another rotatable element is reduced. However, engagement via friction alone may be sufficient for an input rotatable element to drive the output rotatable element.

[0012] Furthermore, at least one input rotatable element and / or at least one output rotatable element may include a bevel gear. Bevel gears may be quiet. In-use bevel gears cooperate with each other smoothly such that the risk of overheating may be reduced. The need for repairs may also be reduced. Advantageously, at least one ratcheting element may include a pawl and teeth. Pawl and teeth are a simple, two-part ratcheting mechanism such that manufacture is simplified. The pawl may be positioned on an associated input rotatable element and the teeth may be provided at the periphery of a core of the ratcheting element.

[0013] Beneficially, the resistance element may include a resistance rotatable element. The resistance rotatable element may be a rotatable wheel. Resistance may be provided by the inertia of the resistance rotatable element. Resistance may additionally or alternatively be provided by friction with a medium, such as air, water, upon rotation of the resistance rotatable element.

[0014] Additionally or alternatively, the resistance element may include a brake. Brake pads may be easy to source and / or assemble. Brake pads may be easy and cheap to replace when worn out. Resistance may optionally be varied by increasing or decreasing the friction by a brake pad.

[0015] Preferably, the user-engagement portion may include a handle element. The user engages with the exercise apparatus via grasping the user-engagement portion with at least one hand. This enables the user’s arms, upper body and / or shoulders to be exercised. A handle may improve the ergonomics.

[0016] Additionally or alternatively, the user-engagement portion may include a foot-engaging element. The user engages with the exercise apparatus via at least one foot being connected to the userengagement portion. This enables the user’s legs to be exercised instead of or in addition to the user’s arms.

[0017] Preferably, the user-engagement portion may further include a bar element. The bar element may increase the distance between the user engaging with the user-engagement portion and the pivot point, thereby increasing the length of the moment arm. This may facilitate movement of the userengagement portion. Additionally, the maximum range of motion the user can move the userengagement portion may be increased, at least compared to a user-engagement portion in which the bar element is omitted. If the bar element spaces apart two handles or foot-engaging portions from each other, the handles may be or be substantially aligned with the user’s shoulders. Rather than the user’s arms extending towards each other and / or moving in intersecting planes, the user’s arms move in parallel or substantially parallel planes to each other. The risk of injury may be reduced.

[0018] Optionally, a resistance provided by the resistance element may be selectable. The user can tailor the amount of resistance to their physical ability and / or to increase or decrease the difficulty of the exercise.

[0019] Beneficially, the user-engagement portion may be connected to or integrally formed with the axle. Fewer moving parts increases the ease of manufacture and assembly. Integrally formed parts may reduce the risk of structural failure. Preferably, the exercise apparatus may further comprise an input transmission mechanism for mechanically coupling the user-engagement portion to the or at least one of the motion-converter mechanisms. The user-engagement portion and the motion-converter mechanism may be spaced apart from each other. The input transmission mechanism may in-use transmit a force to one or both motion-converter mechanisms. The input transmission mechanism enables forces due to movement of the user-engagement portion to be transmitted to the motion-converter mechanism, even when the user-engagement portion is spaced apart from the motion-converter mechanism. Spacing-apart may be beneficial for a number of reasons. If the motion-converter mechanism is heavy, the exercise apparatus may have a high centre of gravity, which increases the risk of the exercise apparatus falling over. By positioning the motion-converter mechanism closer to the ground, the centre of gravity is lower so the exercise apparatus is more stable and less likely to fall over. The input transmission mechanism enables transmission of forces from the userengagement portion to the motion-converter mechanism, even if the axle is spaced apart from a pivot axis around which the user-engagement portion pivots.

[0020] Beneficially, the user-engagement portion may comprise a first pivot axis around which the userengagement portion may be pivotable. The user-engagement portion is pivotably movable. Translatably movable may be envisioned in an alternative embodiment. Optionally, a linear-to- rotation conversion mechanism may be required.

[0021] Preferably, the user-engagement portion may further comprise a second pivot axis around which the user-engagement portion may be pivotable, the second pivot axis being non-colinear and nonparallel with the first pivot axis. The user-engagement portion can be pivoted around one pivot axis selectable from a plurality of pivot axes. For example, the first pivot axis may be horizontal, thereby enabling the user to move the user-engagement portion up and down, whilst the second pivot axis may be vertical, thereby enabling the user to pivot the user-engagement portion in a horizontal plane. The user may even move the user-engagement portion around the plurality of pivot axes simultaneously. For example, the user-engagement portion may be moved in or substantially in a kayaking motion.

[0022] Optionally, the input transmission mechanism may comprise a, preferably wide-angle, constant velocity joint. The constant velocity joint enables the user-engagement portion to be rotatable around two distinct pivot axes. The constant velocity joint may enable the axle to be rotated at a constant speed, regardless of the position of the user-engagement portion. The joint enables the user-engagement portion to be pivoted by an angle greater than would be typically achieved with a non-wide angle joint, such as a cardan joint.

[0023] Advantageously, the exercise apparatus may further comprise a second said motion-converter mechanism. A second motion-converter mechanism enables conversion of movement of the user-engagement portion in a second direction or plane, distinct from the first direction or plane. The exercise apparatus is multifunctional by enabling the user to carry out more than one resistance exercise using the same exercise apparatus. Fewer single-function exercise apparatuses are required.

[0024] Optionally, the user-engagement portion may be mechanically coupled to the first axle and / or to the second axle via the input transmission mechanism. If a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms is provided, the input transmission mechanism can transmit a force from the userengagement portion to a specific one of the motion-converter mechanism or to a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms.

[0025] Advantageously, the exercise apparatus may further comprise an output transmission mechanism for transmitting a rotary output from the or at least one of the output rotatable elements to the resistance element. The output transmission mechanism enables forces from the or a said output rotatable element to be transmitted to the resistance element when the output rotatable element and the resistance element are spaced apart from each other and / or the re-oriented relative to each other. If there is a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms, the output transmission mechanism may enable the resistance element to apply a resistance to the user-engagement portion, irrespective of which output transmission mechanism is in use.

[0026] Furthermore, at least one of the input transmission mechanism and the output transmission mechanism of the or at least one motion-converter mechanism may include at least one of: a transmission belt, a pulley and elongate flexible element, a transmission chain, an elongate rigid member, and a transmission gear. A transmission belt, chain, or elongate flexible element can transmit a force over a distance without requiring much space. Furthermore, a belt, chain or flexible element may be easy and cheap to source. Replacement of any broken parts may be simplified. The transmission gear may be more robust than a belt, chain or flexible element, and thus a reduced likelihood of structural failure.

[0027] Beneficially, the output transmission mechanism may include a planetary gear set having a sun gear, a plurality of planet gears, a ring gear and, optionally, a carrier. A planetary gear set is a reliable and stable mechanism that can incorporate inputs from a plurality of sources.

[0028] Optionally, the exercise apparatus may further comprise a second resistance element coupled to the second motion-converter mechanism. A plurality of resistance elements may provide redundancy and / or customisability. The output transmission mechanism may even be omitted. Fewer parts may simplify the manufacture and / or assembly, reducing the cost, and increasing the ease of replacement of any broken component.

[0029] Beneficially, the exercise apparatus may be provided as a kit of parts. A kit of parts may be easy to transport.

[0030] According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of using an exercise apparatus for resistance training, the method comprising the steps of: a] providing an exercise apparatus, preferably in accordance with the first aspect of the invention; b] moving the userengagement portion such that at least one of the input rotatable elements at a time drives rotation of the output rotatable element, and the resistance element provides resistance to movement of the user-engagement portion via inhibiting rotation of the output rotatable element.

[0031] The user can carry out resistance training exercise by using an exercise apparatus which provides a resistance throughout use for a balanced workout.

[0032] According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided an exercise apparatus for enabling a user to perform a resistance-training exercise, the exercise apparatus having: a userengagement portion having at least two non-colinear and non-parallel pivot axes, the userengagement portion being pivotably movable around at least one of the pivot axes to provide a first mechanical input and a second mechanical input opposite the first mechanical input; a motion-converter mechanism having an output rotatable element, the motion-converter mechanism being adapted to receive the first mechanical input and convert the first mechanical input into a rotary output from the rotatable element in a rotational direction, and the motionconverter mechanism being adapted to receive the second mechanical input and convert the second mechanical input into a rotary output from the rotatable element in the same rotational direction; and a resistance element adapted to provide resistance to movement of the userengagement portion via inhibiting or preventing rotation of the output rotatable element.

[0033] Resistance is provided by the exercise apparatus throughout the cycle for providing a balanced workout. A range of motions of the user-engagement portion, and thus a range of exercises can be accommodated by a plurality of pivot axes.

[0034] The invention will now be more particularly described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0035] Figure 1 illustrates a perspective representation of a first embodiment of an exercise apparatus in accordance the first and third aspects of the invention, in an assembled condition, with a housing omitted for clarity;

[0036] Figure 2 shows a perspective representation of the exercise apparatus of Figure 1 , in an exploded condition;

[0037] Figure 3 is a perspective part cut-away representation of a motion-converter mechanism of the exercise apparatus of Figure 1 ;

[0038] Figure 4 illustrates a perspective representation of a wide-angle constant velocity joint of the exercise apparatus of Figure 1 ;

[0039] Figure 5 shows a part cut-away front representation of a second embodiment of an exercise apparatus in accordance with the first and third aspects of the invention, with part of the housing omitted for clarity;

[0040] Figure 6 is a side representation of the exercise apparatus of Figure 5; Figure 7 is a front schematic representation of part of the input transmission mechanism of the exercise apparatus of Figure 5, in-use, illustrating four possible directions of movement of a first end of a terminal lever within a lever plane;

[0041] Figure 8 illustrates a perspective close-up representation of parts of the input transmission mechanism of Figure 7, further showing the user-engagement portion, parts of the motionconverter mechanisms, and a pivotable support; and

[0042] Figure 9 is an exploded perspective representation of the motion-converter mechanisms, the output transmission mechanism and the resistance element.

[0043] Referring firstly to Figure 1 , there is provided a first embodiment of an exercise apparatus indicated generally at 10. The exercise apparatus 10 in-use enables a user to perform a resistance-training exercise. The exercise apparatus 10 is preferably in an assembled condition or configuration. If in a disassembled or partially disassembled condition or configuration, the exercise apparatus 10 may need to be assembled prior to use. Optionally, the exercise apparatus 10 may be provided as a kit of parts.

[0044] Figure 1 shows the assembled apparatus 10 in an assembled and compact condition. Figure 2 illustrates the same apparatus 10 in an assembled but exploded condition, for clarity.

[0045] The exercise apparatus 10 has a user-engagement portion 12; at least one motion-converter mechanism 14a; a resistance element 16; an input transmission mechanism 18; an output transmission mechanism 20, and a housing, but any of the above may be omitted and / or a plurality of any of the above may be provided. The housing is not visible in any of the Figures.

[0046] The user-engagement portion 12 in-use enables the user to engage with the exercise apparatus 10 to undertake a resistance-training exercise. The user-engagement portion 12 includes a bar element 22; and at least one handle element 24, but any of the above may be omitted and / or a plurality of any of the above may be provided. More preferably, the user-engagement portion 12 includes a plurality of handle elements 24.

[0047] The bar element 22, also referred to as a bar or handlebar, may be linear, part linear, and / or nonlinear. The bar element 22 may have at least one linear section and / or at least one curved section. The, each or at least one handle element 24, also referred to as a handle, may be provided at or adjacent an end of the or a said bar element 22. Preferably as shown, a handle element 24 is provided at each end of the same bar element 22.

[0048] The user-engagement portion 12 is movable by the user. More preferably, the user-engagement portion 12 is preferably pivotably movable. To this effect, the user-engagement portion 12 has at least one pivot axis. In the preferred embodiment, the user-engagement portion 12 has a first pivot axis 26a and a second pivot axis 26b. Further pivot axes may be envisioned, as required.

[0049] For clarity, one of the pivot axes 26a, 26b may be referred to as a coronal or sagittal pivot axis 26a or the horizontal pivot axis 26a. The coronal or sagittal pivot axis 26a may enable the user- engagement portion 12 to be movable in a coronal, sagittal or vertical plane. The sagittal pivot axis 26a is illustrated as a dashed line in Figure 1.

[0050] The other of the pivot axes 26a, 26b may be referred to as a transverse pivot axis 26b or vertical pivot axis 26b. The transverse pivot axis 26b is illustrated as a dotted line in Figure 1. The transverse pivot axis 26b may enable the user-engagement portion 12 to be movable in a transverse or horizontal plane.

[0051] The sagittal pivot axis 26a and the transverse pivot axis 26b are non-colinear and non-parallel relative to each other, although parallel and / or colinear may be options in an alternative embodiment. More preferably, the sagittal pivot axis 26a and the transverse pivot axis 26b are perpendicular to each other.

[0052] The user-engagement portion 12 may be moved around any of: the sagittal pivot axis 26a, the transverse pivot axis 26b, or around both the sagittal pivot axis 26a and the transverse pivot axis 26b simultaneously. Moving the user-engagement portion 12 around one axis at a time results in movement in a plane. Moving the user-engagement portion 12 around both axes simultaneously may result in arcuate movement of the handles, similar to a kayaking motion.

[0053] Movement of the user-engagement portion 12 enables the user to in-use generate a first mechanical input. Upon doing the reverse or opposite motion, the user in-use generates a second mechanical input, as will be described in more detail hereinafter.

[0054] It is understood however, that the terms “sagittal”, “coronal” and “transverse” are only used to distinguish the pivot axes from each other. The pivot axes may extend in and / or permit movement of the user-engagement portion in any other plane and even in non-planes. The user-engagement portion 12 may even be pivotable around more than one pivot axis simultaneously such that the movement of the user-engagement portion 12 is non-planar.

[0055] Figure 3 shows a said motion-converter mechanism 14a, with portions cut-away for clarity. The motion-converter mechanism 14a may be alternatively referred to as a rectifier mechanism, a 2 way to 1-way machine, a converting mechanism, a motion rectifying gearbox, or converter.

[0056] The motion-converter mechanism 14a is configured or adapted to convert a first mechanical input and a second mechanical input into a single mechanical output. In other words, motion-converter mechanism 14a in-use provides a mechanical output irrespective of whether it received a first mechanical input or a second mechanical input. The mechanical inputs are preferably received, indirectly or directly, from the in-use user-engagement portion 12. In the preferred embodiment, the motion-converter mechanism 14a has at least one and preferably a plurality of rotatable elements; an axle 28a; and a control element 30a, but any of the above may be omitted and / or a plurality of any of the above may be provided.

[0057] For additional clarity, a said rotatable element may be referred to according to its function. For instance, a rotatable element which in-use receives a first mechanical input and / or a second mechanical input may be referred to as an input rotatable element 32a. A rotatable element which in-use provides an output of the motion-converter mechanism 14a may be referred to as an output rotatable element 34a.

[0058] The above-mentioned plurality of rotatable elements preferably includes an output rotatable element 34a, and at least one input rotatable element 32a. In the illustrated embodiment, two input rotatable elements 32a are provided.

[0059] The or at least one input rotatable element 32a is engaged or engageable with the output rotatable element 34a. More preferably, if there are multiple input rotatable elements 32a, at least two of the input rotatable elements 32a are simultaneously engageable or engaged with the output rotatable element 34a, rather than non-simultaneously, although this alternative may be envisioned. For instance, the input rotatable elements may be sequentially engaged with the output rotatable element. It is possible that only one input rotatable element may be engaged or engageable at any time with the output rotatable element. An input rotatable element may be moveable into and out of engagement.

[0060] Each input rotatable element 32a in-use receives an input from the user-engagement portion 12. The user-engagement portion 12 is mechanically coupled to the motion-converter mechanism 14a, and more preferably to the or at least one of the input rotatable elements 32a.

[0061] Furthermore, each input rotatable element 32a in-use drives, or is adapted or configured to drive the output rotatable element 34a to provide a mechanical output. The input rotatable elements 32a in the preferred embodiment are received or receivable around the axle 28a. The, each or at least one input rotatable element 32a preferably comprises teeth. In other words, the input rotatable element 32a may include a gear or a cog. More preferably yet, the, each or at least one input rotatable element 32a includes a bevel gear.

[0062] The output rotatable element 34a in-use provides a mechanical output, preferably a rotational or rotary output, upon being driven. The output rotatable element 34a is engaged or engageable with the, at least one and more preferably the two input rotatable elements 32a. Preferably, the rotary output is solely in one rotational direction. The rotational direction may be clockwise or anticlockwise. The output rotatable element 34a has teeth and / or an output axle or hub 36a, but any of the above may be omitted and / or a plurality of any of the above may be provided. More preferably, the output rotatable element 34a includes a bevel gear. Unlike the input rotatable elements 32a, the axle 28a preferably does not extend through the output rotatable element 34a. The output hub 36a may be integrally formed with, connected or connectable with the output transmission mechanism 20. The output rotatable element 34a, and / or the output hub 36a thereof is mechanically coupled, directly or indirectly, with the resistance element 16.

[0063] In the preferred embodiment, the mechanical output of the motion-converter mechanism 14a is preferably a rotary or rotational output. The rotary output is preferably in one rotational direction or angular orientation, which may be either clockwise or anticlockwise. Thus, the motion-converter mechanism 14a is adapted to receive the first mechanical input and convert the first mechanical input into a rotary output from the output rotatable element 34a in a rotational direction. The motion-converter mechanism 14a is adapted to receive a second mechanical input and convert the second mechanical input into a rotary output from the output rotatable element 34a in the same rotational direction.

[0064] Preferably, the mechanical inputs of the motion-converter mechanism 14a are rotary or rotational inputs, and in particular, clockwise and anticlockwise rotary inputs, but non-rotary inputs may be an option.

[0065] The control element 30a in-use controls at least in part the motion-converter mechanism 14a or part thereof. More preferably, the control element 30a in-use controls the rotation of at least one of and more preferably still, each input rotatable element 32a. The control element 30a is beneficially associated with the input rotatable elements 32a. The control element 30a is adapted to or configured to enable only one of the two input rotatable elements 32a at a time to drive rotation of the output rotatable element 34a. In the shown embodiment, the control element 30a includes at least one and preferably, a plurality of ratcheting elements 38a.

[0066] A said ratcheting element 38a in-use enables rotation in one rotational direction and prevents or inhibits rotation in the opposite rotational direction. A ratcheting element 38a may also be referred to as a ratchet or ratchet system. Preferably, the, each or at least one ratcheting element 38a includes a one-way bearing. The one-way bearing may include a roller clutch or a sprag clutch, by way of examples only. In an alternative embodiment, the or a said ratcheting element may include a pawl and teeth.

[0067] In the shown embodiment, the ratcheting elements 38a or part thereof are rotationally locked or fixed relative to the axle 28a. In other words, rotating the axle 28a causes a rotatable part of the ratcheting element 38a to rotate. Furthermore, the ratcheting elements 38a are permissive or rotatable in opposite rotational directions relative to each other. In other words, the control element 30a includes a clockwise ratcheting element 38a and an anticlockwise ratcheting element 38a. The clockwise ratcheting element 38a is associated with the one of the two input rotatable elements 32a. The anticlockwise ratcheting element 38a is associated with the same or another of the input rotatable elements 32a. The opposing directions of the ratcheting elements 38a enable for selectively locking the associated input rotatable element 32a according to the rotational direction of movement of the axle 28a.

[0068] The axle 28a is in-use rotatable about its axis. Preferably, the axle 28a may be rotatable in one of, and more preferably both: clockwise and anticlockwise rotational directions. The userengagement portion 12 is preferably mechanically coupled, directly or indirectly, to the axle 28a, optionally via the input transmission mechanism 18. This allows the user to cause the axle 28a to move, and more preferably to be rotated around its axis in-use. In other words, the user is in-use able to impart momentum or rotational movement to the axle 28a. The axle 28a may be adapted or configured to be rotatable clockwise upon receiving a first mechanical input from the userengagement portion 12. Additionally or alternatively, the axle 28a may be adapted or configured to be anticlockwise upon receiving a second mechanical input from the user-engagement portion 12. It is understood that the apparatus 10 may be arranged such that clockwise and anticlockwise movements of the axle, respectively, occur upon receiving a second and first mechanical inputs, respectively.

[0069] In turn, the axle 28a causes at least one of the input rotatable elements 32a to be moved, and more preferably rotated. The axle 28a preferably extends through at least one of the input rotatable elements 32a. As such, the, each or at least one of the input rotatable elements 32a is preferably rotatable around the axle 28a. In the preferred embodiment, the control element 30a is adapted to or configured to selectively rotationally lock the or at least one of the input rotatable elements 32a relative to the axle 28a.

[0070] In the absence of any control element 30a or in the absence of any locking by the control element, each input rotatable element 32a is freely rotatable around the axle 28a. However, due to each input rotatable element 32a being associated with a ratcheting element 38a and the ratcheting elements 38a being in opposite rotational directions, one of the input rotatable elements 32a is rotationally locked relative to the axle 28a whilst the other input rotatable element 32a is freely rotated about the axle 28a upon the axle 28a being turned.

[0071] The resistance element 16 is adapted or configured to provide resistance to movement of the user-engagement portion 12 via the motion-converter mechanism 14a. Resistance is provided via inhibiting or preventing rotation of the output rotatable element 34a.

[0072] The resistance element 16 may provide resistance in the form of air friction, water friction, a braking mechanism, magnetic resistance, any further type of friction, or any combination thereof. In the preferred embodiment, the resistance element 16 includes a resistance rotatable element. More preferably, the resistance rotatable element includes a resistance wheel or flywheel. A brake, such as a brake pad, induction brake or induction motor, may be additionally or alternatively envisioned. An induction motor may even be paired with a software application. This may enable the resistance to be altered via the software application, for instance to create a dynamic workout.

[0073] Optionally, the resistance provided by the resistance element 16 may be variable or selectable. The resistance may be altered manually and / or non-manually. For example, the apparatus 10 may include a user interface, through which the user can input a desired resistance. Prevention of rotation of the output rotatable element 34a may result in the user-engagement portion 12 not being movable. This may be useful to prevent or inhibit unauthorised use of apparatus and / or to prevent or inhibit injury of another user. The resistance element 16 is preferably mechanically coupled to the output rotatable element 34a.

[0074] Preferably, the exercise apparatus 10 includes at least a second motion-converter mechanism 14b.

[0075] The second motion-converter mechanism 14b is similar to the first motion-converter mechanism 14a. Features of the second motion-converter mechanism 14b which are the same or similar to those of the first motion-converter mechanism 14a have similar reference numerals with the suffix “b” replacing the suffix “a”. For further clarity, the features of the first motion-converter mechanism 14a may be labelled “first” whilst those of the second motion-converter mechanism 14b may be labelled “second”.

[0076] The second motion-converter mechanism 14b is the same or similar to the first motion-converter mechanism 14a, having similar second axle 28b; at least one and preferably a plurality of second input rotatable elements 32b; a second output rotatable element 34b; a control element, the control element having at least one and preferably, a plurality of second ratcheting elements 38b; but any of the above may be omitted and / or a plurality of any of the above may be provided. Detailed description of the common features and caveats is omitted for brevity.

[0077] The second motion-converter mechanism 14b in-use enables a user to carry out a different exercise by moving the user-engagement portion 12 in a different dimension, direction, plane or as is preferably the case, around the second pivot axis 26b.

[0078] Optionally, a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms 14 may provide redundancy and / or a longer shelf life by enabling at least one exercise to be carried out, for instance in case of breakage. The apparatus 10 may enable the user to select whether to exercise their legs instead of or in addition to their upper body, by way of examples.

[0079] If any further motion-converter mechanism is provided, the or each further motion-converter mechanism and features thereof which are similar or the same as the first motion-converter mechanism 14a and / or of the second motion-converter mechanism 14b may have similar reference numerals with a distinct suffix replacing the previous suffix. Similar incremental labelling may also be applied. All or at least two motion-converter mechanisms may be identical to each other. All or at least two motion-converter mechanisms may be dissimilar to each other.

[0080] To refer to any of the motion-converter mechanisms and / or if only one motion-converter mechanism is provided, the suffix may be omitted entirely.

[0081] Referring back to Figures 1 and 2, the input transmission mechanism 18 in-use enables an input from the user-engagement portion 12 to be transmitted to the motion-converter mechanism 14a, or if there are a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms 14, to at least one said motion-converter mechanism 14a. More preferably, the user-engagement portion is mechanically coupled via the input transmission mechanism 18 to the, each or at least one motion-converter mechanism 14a, and more preferably to the axle 28a thereof. The input transmission mechanism 18 may enable the user-engagement portion 12 to be connectable to, connected to, separably connected to or integrally formed with the axle 28a.

[0082] The input transmission mechanism 18 may include at least one of: a constant velocity joint 40, a transmission belt, a pulley 42 and elongate flexible element 44, a transmission chain, a gear 46, a planetary gear set, an elongate rigid member 48, a pinion 50, any other means, mechanism or element suitable of transmitting a force, a plurality of any of the above, and any combination thereof. In the preferred embodiment, the input transmission mechanism 18 includes a constant velocity joint 40, a pulley 42 and elongate flexible element 44, an elongate rigid member 48, an axis gear 46 and pinion 50.

[0083] A constant velocity joint 40 in-use enables the user-engagement portion 12 to be pivotable around at least one pivot axis from a plurality of pivot axes. The constant velocity joint 40 may further enable rotation of the or an associated axle 28a at a constant angular velocity, regardless of the angle and / or orientation of the user-engagement portion 12.

[0084] More preferably, the constant velocity joint 40 is a wide angle constant velocity joint 40. By being wide angled, the constant velocity joint 40 enables the user-engagement portion to be pivoted by a maximum angle of at least 15°, more preferably, at least 30°, even more preferably at least 45°. More preferably, the maximum angle is at least 50°, more preferably at least 60° and most preferably is or is about 70°. It could however be envisioned that an angle greater than 70° or an angle smaller than 15° may be envisioned. It is also understood that the user can select to pivot the user-engagement portion 12 by less than the maximum angle permitted by the joint 40.

[0085] The elongate rigid member 48 and the elongate flexible element 44 are not necessarily shown to scale, as denoted by the break indicated by sinusoidal waves in Figures 1 and 2.

[0086] More preferably, the axis gear 46 or the pinion 50 is positioned at or adjacent an end of the elongate rigid member 48. The other of the axis gear 46 and the pinion 50 is preferably associated with the or a said axle 28a of the or a said motion-converter mechanism 14a. One or both of the axis gear 46 and the pinion 50 may be bevel gears.

[0087] The output transmission mechanism 20 in-use transmits the, preferably rotary, output of the output rotatable element 34a to the resistance element 16. If there are a plurality of motionconverter mechanisms 14, the output transmission mechanism 20 may transmit a rotary output from all, or a subset of motion-converter mechanisms 14 to the resistance element 16. Equally, if there is a plurality of resistance elements 16, the output transmission mechanism 20 may transmit a rotary output from the, or at least one output rotatable element 34a to all or any number of resistance elements 16. The output transmission mechanism 20 may be referred to as a motion combiner. The output transmission mechanism 20 may include at least one of: a constant velocity joint, a transmission belt, a pulley and elongate flexible element, a transmission chain, an elongate rigid member, a transmission gear 52, a planetary gear set 54, any other means, mechanism or element suitable of transmitting a force, a plurality of any of the above, and any combination thereof.

[0088] Preferably, as best shown in Figure 2, the output transmission mechanism 20 includes a plurality of transmission gears 52 and a said planetary gear set 54.

[0089] The planetary gear set 54 optionally includes a carrier 56. The planetary gear set 54 includes a sun gear 58, a plurality of planet gears 60, and a ring gear 62.

[0090] The carrier 56 is engageable or engaged with the resistance element 16, which is here a resistance rotatable element. The carrier 56 is also engageable or engaged with the planet gears 60.

[0091] Sun gear 58 is engaged or engageable, indirectly or directly, with at least one of the output rotatable elements 34b. Thus, the sun gear 58 is rotatable by its associated output rotatable element 34b.

[0092] The or another output rotatable element 34a is engaged or engageable, directly or indirectly with the ring gear 62. In the shown embodiment, the engagement is indirect, via at least one, and preferably two transmission gears 52.

[0093] The housing, not shown in the Figures, is an outer casing received or receivable around at least some of the features of the exercise apparatus 10. The housing in-use may have one or more of the following functions in-use. In no particular order, a first function may be to provide a barrier to prevent or inhibit user-access to the internal components, thereby reducing the risk of injury to the user and / or damaging to the internal components. A second function may be to improve the aesthetics of the exercise apparatus 10. A third function may be to provide a support for one or more of the components of the exercise apparatus 10. To this effect, the outer housing may comprise an inner frame or frame element 64, shown in Figure 1 .

[0094] The housing may comprise a frame or frame element 64. The movable user-engagement portion 12 preferably extends at least in part outwardly or even more preferably, is fully provided outward of the outer housing. The input transmission mechanism 18 may optionally extend at least partly outwardly of the outer housing. Preferably, all or at least one of: the or at least one resistance element 16, at least one or all motion-converter mechanisms 14, at least part of the input transmission mechanism 18; and at least part of the output transmission mechanism 20 are within the housing.

[0095] In-use, the user wanting to do resistance-training exercise, obtains an exercise apparatus 10. If provided as a kit of parts which may be in a fully or partially disassembled condition, the apparatus 10 may need to be assembled first. To assemble the apparatus 10, the user may carry out any or all the following steps.

[0096] In no particular order, to assemble the or each motion-converter mechanism 14a, the axle 28a thereof is inserted through at least one and preferably all the input rotatable elements 32a. If not integrally formed therewith, the ratcheting elements 38a are rotationally locked or fixed relative to the axle before, during or after insertion of the axle 28a into the input rotatable elements 32a.

[0097] The output rotatable element 34a is positioned so as to engage with the input rotatable elements 32a of the motion-converter mechanism 14a.

[0098] If a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms 14 are required, the above steps are repeated for each motion-converter mechanism 14a.

[0099] The resistance element 16 is connected or associated with the or at least one output rotatable element 34a. Preferably, as shown in the Figures, a single resistance element 16 is provided and connected to a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms 14.

[0100] The resistance element 16 is here connected via the output transmission mechanism 20. The carrier 56 is engaged with the planet gears 60 of the planetary gear set 54 and with the resistance element 16. The sun gear 58 is connected to the output rotatable element 34b, and more preferably the hub 36b thereof, of one of the motion-converter mechanisms 14. If provided, the transmission gear 52 is engaged with the ring gear 62. The or a further transmission gear 52 is also engaged with the output rotatable element 34a. The number of transmission gears 52 may depend on a number of factors, such as the distance between the output rotatable element 34a and the ring gear 62, and the rotational direction of the various gears.

[0101] Similarly, the user-engagement portion 12 is engaged with the or each motion-converter mechanism 14a. In the shown embodiment, the user-engagement portion 12 is engaged with a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms 14. This may involve engaging the input transmission mechanism 18 with the user-engagement portion 12 and with the or at least one motion-converter mechanism 14a, preferably the axle 28a thereof.

[0102] If a frame 64 is provided, any of the above components may be engaged with the frame 64 at any time during the assembly steps.

[0103] If provided, the housing may be positioned to enclose at least part of the exercise apparatus 10. The exercise apparatus 10 is in an assembled condition. To disassemble or part-disassemble the exercise apparatus 10, any or all the above steps may be done in reverse, not necessarily in reverse order.

[0104] Once the exercise apparatus 10 is in an assembled condition, it may be used to undertake a resistance training exercise. The user starts by engaging the relevant body part with the userengagement portion 12. The relevant body part may be a foot or both feet, but preferably in the shown example, is at least one, and even more preferably both hands. The user grasps the handle or handles 24.

[0105] The user may only be able to move the user-engagement portion 12 in one plane, dimension, or direction, depending on the embodiment of the exercise apparatus 10, for example, by having only one motion-converter mechanism 14a. The direction may be an arcuate direction.

[0106] If the user has a choice of possible planes, dimensions, or directions in which to move the userengagement portion 12, the user selects the plane, dimension or direction in which to move the user-engagement portion 12. For example, the user may be able to move the user-engagement portion 12 back and forth in a horizontal plane or up and down in a vertical plane. Different muscle groups may be used. Referring back to Figure 1 , arrows A and C indicate the possible movements of each handle 24 in the horizontal plane whilst arrows B and D indicate the possible movements of each handle 24 in the vertical plane in the illustrated embodiment.

[0107] The user then moves the user-engagement portion 12 in the or the selected plane, dimension or direction. By way of example only, the selected plane may be a vertical plane. It is understood, of course, that the user may instead select the horizontal plane, or any other plane, direction or dimension accommodated by the exercise apparatus 10.

[0108] As the preferred embodiment includes handles 24 on either end of a handlebar 22 pivotable around a pivot axis 26a, 26b between the handles 24, movement of the handlebar 22 involves pivoting the handlebar 22 around the pivot axis 26a, 26b. In the illustration, as the selected plane is the vertical plane, in a first step, the user raises one arm whilst lowering the other arm, thereby working a particular combination of muscles. As a result, one handle 24 is raised as the other handle 24 is lowered, as indicated by arrows B. This constitutes an example of a first mechanical input.

[0109] In a second step, the opposite movement is carried out, whereby the lower arm and associated handle 24 are raised whilst the raised arm and associated handle 24 are lowered, as per arrows D. This constitutes an example of a second mechanical input which is opposite the first mechanical input.

[0110] The user may repeat the cycle of first step followed by the second step. This cycle is repeated as many times as required. Movement of the user-engagement portion 12 is then transmitted to the axle 28a of the or a said motion-converter mechanism 14, in this case the first motion-converter mechanism 14a. If the user-engagement portion 12 is connected to the motion-converter mechanism 14a by an input transmission mechanism 18, as is the case here, the movement of the user-engagement portion 12 is transmitted to the axle 28a. In the illustrated embodiment, the rotary input is transmitted by a pulley and flexible elongate element.

[0111] The axle 28a is rotated in a first direction, for example, clockwise. The rotatable portion of the plurality of ratcheting elements 38a both rotate with the axle 28a. However, only one of the ratcheting elements 38a locks its associated input rotatable element 32a relative to the axle 28a. The other of the two input rotatable elements 32a is free to rotate relative to the axle 28a.

[0112] Upon the user reversing the motion of the user-engagement portion 12, the axle 28a is made rotate in a second direction, for example, anticlockwise. Due to the reversal in rotational direction of the axle 28a, the other of the two input rotatable elements 32a becomes rotationally locked with the axle 28a whilst the first of two input rotatable elements 32a becomes freely rotatable relative to the axle 28a. Whichever input rotatable element 32a is locked relative to the axle 28a drives the output rotatable element 34a to rotate in any rotational direction. The rotational direction of the output rotatable element 34a is always the same, irrespective of the rotational direction of the axle 28a. Thus, the motion-converter mechanism 14a is adapted or configured to convert a clockwise and / or anticlockwise rotary input received from the user-engagement portion 12 into a rotary output in only one rotational direction. Thus, the user-engagement portion 12 is moved such that the or at least one of the input rotatable elements 32a at a time drives rotation of the output rotatable element 34a.

[0113] In Figure 2, the output rotatable element 34a is illustrated as rotating clockwise and thereby provides a clockwise rotary output, as indicated by arrow E. However, the motion-converter mechanism may be arranged in an alternative embodiment so that the output rotatable element is rotatable anticlockwise and provides an anticlockwise rotary output.

[0114] Due to the output rotatable element 34a being preferably engaged with both input rotatable elements 32a simultaneously, the driven output rotatable element 34a causes the freely rotating input rotatable element 32a to rotate relative to the axle 28a.

[0115] The output transmission mechanism 20 transmits the output from the output rotatable element 34a to the resistance element 16. More preferably, the output rotatable element 34a engages with the or a said transmission gear 52. The rotary output of the output rotatable element 34a drives the transmission gear 52 to rotate, here clockwise, as indicated by arrow F in Figure 2. If one or more further transmission gears 52 are provided as shown, the rotation of the transmission gear 52 drives the or each further transmission gear 52 to rotate. As illustrated, there is one such further transmission gear 52, which is driven to rotate in the opposite rotational direction relative to the transmission gear 52. Thus, the further transmission gear 52 rotates anticlockwise, as indicated by arrow G in the specific embodiment of Figure 2. The or at least one of the transmission gears 52 engaged with the planetary gear set 54 and more preferably the ring gear 62 thereof.

[0116] The ring gear 62 is driven to rotate, clockwise in the illustrated embodiment, as indicated by arrow H. The sun gear 58 is preferably stationary such that the planet gears 60, driven by the rotating ring gear 62, move, preferably clockwise, around the central axis of the sun gear 58 in the illustrated embodiment. The carrier 56 which extends from the planet gears 60 also rotates as a result of the planet gears 60 moving, once again clockwise in the illustrated embodiment, as indicated by arrow I.

[0117] The resistance element 16, here a resistance rotatable element such as a resistance wheel, which is made to rotate clockwise as indicated by arrow J, provides resistance to the movement of the carrier 56, and thereby to the rotation of each of the gears 52,60 and any other components mechanically connecting the resistance element 16 to the user-engagement portion 12. In other words, the resistance element 16 provides resistance to movement of the user-engagement portion 12 via inhibiting rotation of the output rotatable element 34a. The user encounters resistance to moving the user-engagement portion 12, which provides resistance training. Furthermore, the motion-converter mechanism 14a enables the resistance to be provided throughout the whole cycle, regardless of the direction of movement of the user-engagement portion 12.

[0118] If the amount of resistance can be varied, the user may optionally be able to select how much resistance is applied by the resistance element 16.

[0119] If a plurality of motion-converter mechanisms 14 is provided as in the illustrated embodiment, the user can switch to moving the user-engagement portion 12 in a different direction or plane. This may allow the user to exercise a different group of muscles.

[0120] For example, the user may want to move the user-engagement portion 12 in the horizontal plane along arrows A and C. This results in the user pushing one handle 24 away from them whilst pulling the other handle 24 towards them, as per arrows A, then doing the opposite, as per arrows C and repeating the cycle. The pivot axis 26b in this instance is vertical.

[0121] The input provided by moving the user-engagement portion 12 is transmitted by the input transmission mechanism 18 if provided, to the second motion-converter mechanism 14b. In the shown embodiment, the input transmission mechanism 18 includes a transverse axis input bevel gear 46 and pinion 50. Movement of the user-engagement portion 12 around its pivot axis 26b causes the transverse axis input bevel gear 46 and pinion 50 to rotate and drive the second axle 28b to rotate.

[0122] The second motion-converter mechanism 14b is preferably similar or identical to the first motionconverter mechanism 14a. The second motion-converter mechanism 14b works in the same way as the first motion-converter mechanism 14a, whereby the second output rotatable element 34b is driven by one of the two second input rotatable elements 32b and provides a rotary output in only one direction, regardless of the rotational direction of the second axle 28b. Detailed description of the common features and caveats is omitted for brevity. Arrow K indicates that the rotary output of the second motion-converter mechanism 14b is clockwise. However, the direction could be anticlockwise. The plurality of motion-converter mechanisms 14 may provide a rotary output in the same or different rotational directions to each other. The or a further resistance element 16 may be associated with the second motion-converter mechanism 14b. Preferably, the same resistance element 16 is associated with both the first motion-converter mechanism 14a and the second motion-converter mechanism 14b, preferably by means of the output transmission mechanism 20.

[0123] In the illustrated embodiment, the second output rotatable element 34b, and more preferably the second hub 36b thereof, drives the sun gear 58 to rotate. In this situation, the ring gear 62 is preferably stationary, as not driven by the first motion-converter mechanism 14a. Once again, the planet gears 60 move, preferably again clockwise, around the central axis of the sun gear 58. The resistance element 16, here the resistance rotatable element, provides resistance once again by inhibiting rotation of the carrier 56 and thereby each of the upstream gears and links between the resistance element 16 and the user-engagement portion 12.

[0124] Optionally, when the user has finished the resistance training exercise, the user may decide prevent use of the apparatus 10 by a third party, if the apparatus 10 provides a locking and / or disabling functionality. For example, the user-engagement portion 12 may be selectably prevented from being movable. This may be useful to reduce the risk of breakage and / or injury if another party, such as an unsupervised child, attempts to move the user-engagement portion 12 and / or access moving gears. Any suitable means, mechanism or element of temporarily locking and / or disabling the apparatus 10 may be envisioned.

[0125] For instance, the control element 30 may include a locking element that is configured or configurable to prevent the or each input rotatable element 32 from being able to drive the output rotatable element 34. This may be achieved by the control element 30 being in a configuration where no input rotatable element 32 is able to drive rotation of the output rotatable element 34, such as by disengaging all or at least the driving input rotatable element 32 from the output rotatable element 34, and / or all rotatable elements 32 being freely rotatable. Alternatively, clockwise and anticlockwise ratcheting elements 38 may be simultaneously engaged and / or a plurality of input rotatable elements 32 may be locked such that the ratcheting elements 38 and / or input rotatable elements 32 act against each other.

[0126] The resistance of the resistance element 16 may be selected so as to prevent any or any substantial movement of any part of the apparatus 10.

[0127] Any part of the apparatus 10 linking the user-engagement portion 12 to the resistance element 16 may be removed or decoupled so that any transmission of forces from the user-engagement portion 12 to the resistance element 16 is prevented.

[0128] A physical lock may be used in association with any part, such as the user-engagement portion 12.

[0129] Referring now to Figures 5 to 9, there is provided a second embodiment of an exercise apparatus indicated generally at 110. Features of the second embodiment which are the same or similar to those of the first embodiment have the prefix “1” added.

[0130] The second embodiment of the exercise apparatus 110 is similar to the first embodiment of the apparatus 10, having similar user-engagement portion 112; at least one motion-converter mechanism 114a; a resistance element 116; an input transmission mechanism 118; an output transmission mechanism 120, and a housing 166, but any of the above may be omitted and / or a plurality of any of the above may be provided. Detailed description of the common features and of the caveats is omitted for brevity.

[0131] Unlike the first embodiment, the user-engagement portion 112 preferably has only one handle element 124 and no bar element, although a bar element and / or a further handle element may easily be envisioned in addition to or instead of the single handle element. A foot-engaging element may even be an option. The user-engagement portion 112 further comprises a plate element 168.

[0132] The input transmission mechanism 118 may include at least one of: one or more elongate rigid members 148, one or more connections 170, one or more gears 146, and any combination thereof. More preferably, the input transmission mechanism 118 includes all the above, and more preferably a plurality of each of the above.

[0133] The, each or a said elongate rigid members 148 may be referred to as a lever, a lever element or an arm 148 for clarity. Three levers 148 are shown, but none, one, two or at least four may be envisioned.

[0134] The user-engagement portion 112 is coupled or coupleable via a first connection 170a to a first of the levers 148. The first lever 148 may be referred to as the terminal lever or forearm 148i for clarity. The first connection 170a may be referred to as a terminal connection or wrist connection. Preferably, the terminal connection 170a is at or adjacent a first end, located in a first end region of the terminal lever 148i.

[0135] Additionally, the user-engagement portion 112 is preferably separably connectable with the terminal lever 148i. If a range of user-engagement portions 112 is provided, the user may have a choice of user-engagement portions to connect to the terminal lever 148i. Furthermore, the userengagement portion 112 is preferably reorientable or movable relative to the terminal lever 148i . This is enabled by the first connection 170a including a 3-axis joint but any alternative to a 3-axis joint may be envisioned such as a pivot axle.

[0136] Terminal lever 148i has a second end, located in a second end region, opposite the first end region along the length of the terminal lever 148i. Terminal lever 148i is, preferably pivotably, connected or connectable by a second connection 170b to a second lever 148ii. Preferably, the second connection 170b is located at or adjacent to the second end of terminal lever 148i Second lever 148ii may be referred to as an upper arm, biceps, or intermediate lever 148ii for clarity. Second connection 170b may be referred to as an intermediate or terminal-intermediate connection and preferably includes an axle. Similarly to the terminal lever 148i, intermediate lever 148ii has a first end and a second end, located in first end region and second end region respectively, at opposing ends of the lever 148ii. The second connection 170b may be positioned at or adjacent the first end of the intermediate lever 148ii. Furthermore, the intermediate lever 148ii is, preferably pivotably, connected or connectable by a third connection 170c to a third lever 148iii. Preferably, the third connection 170c is located at or adjacent to the second end of intermediate lever 148ii.

[0137] Third lever 148iii may be referred to as a brachialis or initial lever 148iii. Third connection 170c may be referred to as an intermediate-initial connection and preferably includes an axle. Similarly to the terminal lever 148i, initial lever 148iii has a first end and a second end, located in first end region and second end region respectively, at opposing ends of the lever. The third connection 170c may be positioned at or adjacent the first end of the initial lever 148iii . Furthermore, initial lever 148iii is connected or connectable by a fourth connection 170d to the motion-converter mechanism and / or to a non-lever component of the input transmission mechanism 118. In the shown embodiment, initial lever 148iii is connected or connectable to a gear 146, directly or indirectly, via the fourth connection 170d, which is here an axle, referred to as an initial axle for clarity.

[0138] Preferably, the initial lever 148iii is rotationally locked or fixed relative to the initial axle 170d. Optionally, the initial lever 148iii may be further coupled to the said gear 146 via a secondary coupling. The secondary coupling may preferably be eccentric relative to the initial axle 170d. If a secondary coupling is provided, rotational locking of the initial lever 148iii relative to the initial axle 170d is optional. In any case, movement of the initial lever 148iii causes the initial axle 148iii to move.

[0139] Preferably, the levers 148 are adapted to be movable in a plane, referred to as the lever plane LP for clarity. The lever plane LP is illustrated in dash-dotted lines in Figure 7.

[0140] Each or at least one of the levers 148 includes at least one, and more preferably two lever rod elements 148a. The lever rod elements 148a of a lever 148 are associated with each other so as to work synchronously. Having a plurality of lever rod elements 148a per lever 148 may beneficially reduce the forces acting on any one lever rod element 148a of the lever 148, provide additional strength and / or redundancy in case of breakage.

[0141] Each lever rod element 148a is preferably planar along at least part of its longitudinal extent. In other words, each lever 148 has a rectangular cross-section. Additionally, any lever rod element 148a may be linear, curved, part curved, or non-curved along all, a major extent or a minor extent of the length of the lever rod element 148a. In the illustrated embodiment, the lever rod elements 148a of the intermediate lever 148ii have curvature along their longitudinal extent such that the intermediate lever 148ii widens along its length. Each lever rod elements 148a of the intermediate lever 148ii has a sigmoidal profile in longitudinal cross-section. However, the exact shape in transverse and / or any longitudinal cross-section of a lever rod element 148a and / or of a lever is not critical. Similarly to each lever 148, each lever rod element 148a has a first end and a second end, located in a first end region and a second end region respectively.

[0142] The input transmission mechanism 118 further comprises an anchoring rod 148b and a pivotable support 172, but either may be omitted and / or a plurality of either may be provided.

[0143] The anchoring rod 148b may be referred to as an anchoring rod element, an anchor, or a humerus for clarity. The anchoring rod 148b has a first end and a second end, located in a first end region and a second end region respectively, opposite each other along the length of the anchoring rod 148b.

[0144] The first end region of the anchoring rod 148b is connected or connectable to the second end region of the terminal lever 148i by a fifth connection 170e. Preferably the second connection 170b is located along the length of the terminal lever 148i between the first connection 170a and the fifth connection 170e.

[0145] The second end region of the anchoring rod 148b may also connect or be connectable via a sixth connection 170f to a fixed location, more preferably to a gear 146 and / or the pivotable support 172. Preferably, the anchoring rod 148b connects to the fourth connection 170d, which is the initial axle here. The anchoring rod 148b is preferably freely rotatable around the initial axle. The anchoring rod 148b provides a support for the initial axle of the fourth connection 170d and the levers 148. The fourth connection 170d is preferably located between the fifth connection 170e and the sixth connection 170f along the length of the anchoring rod 148b.

[0146] The levers 148 and / or the initial axle 170ii is coupled directly, or preferably, indirectly to the or a said motion-converter mechanism 114, here by one or more rotatable elements, such as gears 146.

[0147] The gears 146 includes a first primary gear 146ai, a second primary gear 146aii, and a set of semi-spherical gears 146bi , 146bii but any may be omitted and / or a plurality of any of the above may be provided. Further primary and / or non-primary gears may be added, as required.

[0148] First primary gear 146ai is in-use driven by movement of the levers 148, and more preferably by the initial lever 148iii and / or the initial axle 170iii. First primary gear 146ai is mountable or mounted onto the initial axle 170ii. Preferably, the first primary gear 146ai is rotationally fixed relative to the initial axle 170ii. Non-mounted and non-mountable may be options however. For example, the periphery of the first primary gear may be abuttable against the initial axle and upon the initial axle rotating, the first primary gear may be in-use driven by friction. The first primary gear 146ai is preferably engaged or engageable with the second primary gear 146aii. Rotation of the first primary gear 146ai in-use drives rotation of the second primary gear 146aii.

[0149] The set of semi-spherical gear 146b preferably has a first semi-spherical gear 146bi and a second semi-spherical gear 146bii, engageable or engaged with the first semi-spherical gear 146bi. Second primary gear 146aii is engaged or engageable with the first semi-spherical gear 146bi. Movement of the second primary gear 146aii in-use drives rotation of the first semi-spherical gear 146bi. In an alternative embodiment, it is understood that first primary gear may be engaged or engageable directly with the semi-spherical gear directly. The second primary gear may be omitted entirely. Optionally, additional primary gears may be provided.

[0150] In the second embodiment, the first semi-spherical gear 146bi is engageable or engaged with the second semi-spherical gear 146bii. In turn, first semi-spherical gear 146bi in-use drives rotation of the second semi-spherical gear 146bii.

[0151] The second semi-spherical gear 146bii is associated with the first motion-converter mechanism 114a and more preferably the axle 128a thereof. Rotation of the second semi-spherical gear 146bii drives rotation of the axle 128a.

[0152] As previously mentioned, the input transmission mechanism 118 preferably includes a pivotable support 172. The pivotable support 172 in-use provides a support for any of: the levers 148, the primary gear or gears 146a, at least one of the semi-spherical gears 146b, the anchoring rod 148b, the user-engagement portion 112 or any combination thereof. In the preferred embodiment, the first semi-spherical gear 146bi, and the second primary gear 146aii are mounted on the pivotable support 172.

[0153] The pivotable support 172 is pivotable or rotatable around a pivot axis 126. The pivot axis 126 is illustrated as a dashed line in Figures 5 and 8. Pivoting of the pivotable support 172 in-use drives the second motion-converter mechanism 114b. In the illustrated embodiment, the pivotable support 172 comprises at least one gear 146, a base 174a, and a post 174b but any of the above may be omitted and / or a plurality may be provided.

[0154] The at least one gear 146 preferably includes a bevel gear and a pinion. Optionally, a further said gear 146 may be provided. The bevel gear is provided on the base 174a and the pinion on the axle 128b of the second motion-converter mechanism 114b, but the opposite arrangement may be easily envisioned.

[0155] The post 174b is preferably upstanding from the base 174a. Furthermore, the post 174b extends along an axis which is preferably parallel but non-colinear with the pivot axis 126. Colinear axes, or neither colinear nor parallel axes may be envisioned in alternative embodiments.

[0156] Thus, the post 174b is in-use rotatable around the pivot axis 126. Beneficially, the set of semi- spherical gears 146b enables the in-use transmission of forces to the first motion-converter mechanism 114a, regardless of the relative position and / or movement of the post 174b around the pivot axis 126. Thus, either or both the first motion-converter mechanism 114a and the second motion-converter mechanism 114b can be used, optionally simultaneously, according to the motion in three dimensions of the user-engagement portion 112.

[0157] The motion-converter mechanisms 114a, 114b of the second embodiment are similar to those of the first embodiment. Detailed description of the common features and caveats is omitted for brevity.

[0158] The output transmission mechanism 120 of the second embodiment is similar to that of the first embodiment. Detailed description of the common features and caveats is omitted for brevity.

[0159] Preferably, the output transmission mechanism 120 further comprises an induction brake and a Continuously Variable Transmission sub-system or sub-mechanism 176 but either feature may be omitted and / or a plurality of either may be provided. The induction brake is not shown in the figures.

[0160] The sub-system 176 is more preferably an Electro Continuously Variable Transmission subsystem, referred to hereinafter as ECVT 176. The ECVT 176 is shown in Figure 9. The ECVT 176 may be provided within the housing 166. The ECVT 176 includes a ECVT motor element 178a, an ECVT gear 178b, and a planetary gear set 154 but any of the above may be omitted and / or a plurality of any of the above may be provided. The ECVT motor element 178a is preferably an electric motor. The ECVT gear 178b is preferably coupled to a said transmission gear 152. Furthermore, the two planetary gear sets 154 are preferably coupled together. This enables the ring gears 162 to be rotationally fixed relative to each other. Similarly, the sun gears 158 may be rotationally fixed relative to each other.

[0161] The resistance element 116 of the second embodiment is similar to that of the first embodiment. Preferably, the resistance element 116 includes a flywheel. Detailed description of the common features and caveats is omitted for brevity. Preferably, in the second embodiment, an induction brake is included instead of or, preferably, in addition to a resistance rotatable element, such as a fly wheel. The induction brake may be part of the Electro Continuously Variable Transmission. Referring back to Figure 5, the exercise apparatus 110 of the second embodiment further comprises a height-adjustment mechanism 180, and a holder 182, but either may be omitted and / or a plurality of either may be provided.

[0162] The height-adjustment mechanism 180 enables the distance between a ground flood and a subset of components of the apparatus 110 to be varied, as required. More preferably, the heightadjustment mechanism 180 includes at least one and preferably two supporting legs 184 and at least one leg-engaging portion 186.

[0163] At least one, and preferably each supporting leg 184 comprises a position locking mechanism 188. In the shown embodiment, the position locking mechanism 188 includes a rack. The, each or at least one said leg-engaging portion 186 is engageable or engaged with one or more supporting legs 184 and / or the or a said position locking mechanism 188 thereof. In the shown embodiment, a said leg-engaging portion 186 encloses a supporting leg 184. More preferably, there are two leg-engaging portions 186, each enclosing a supporting leg 184.

[0164] The, each or at least one leg-engaging portion 186 preferably interacts with position locking mechanism 188 via an interacting element, not shown. The interacting element may include a pinion or gear, a crank, or a movable tooth by way of example. The leg-engaging portion 186 may be selectively lockable. Optionally, leg-engaging portion 186 may comprise a motor. This may enable the leg-engaging portion 186 to be automatically movable instead or in addition to manually movable.

[0165] The motor may be controllable by a user-interactable element 190, such as a button or toggle. The motor may be controllable by a software application. The software application may be provided on a user-interface. The user-interface may be provided as part of the apparatus 110 and / or on the user’s personal computing device, such as a mobile phone. Any of the motor or motor elements may be powered by a power source, such as battery or the electrical mains.

[0166] The, each or at least one leg-engaging portion 186 is also connected or connectable to the housing 166. Thus, movement of the leg-engaging portion 186 along the extent the supporting leg 184 may alter the height of the housing 166 and any associated component of the exercise apparatus 110 relative to a floor surface.

[0167] A car jack mechanism, augmented with a motor attached to a spur gear may be an alternative arrangement of the height-adjustment mechanism.

[0168] The holder 182 is adapted or configured to support the user-engagement portion 112 and / or part of the input transmission mechanism 118 when the user-engagement portion 112 is not being used. Preferably, the holder 182 is part of or extends from a said leg-engaging portion 186. The holder 182 may optionally be complementarily shaped with the user-engagement portion 112, such as by being concave in the illustrated example. This may beneficially enhance the engagement with and provide safer storage of the user-engagement portion 112.

[0169] The uses of the second embodiment are similar to those of the first embodiment. Detailed description of the common steps and caveats is omitted for brevity.

[0170] If required, the user can change the height of the user-engagement portion 112 via the heightadjustment mechanism 180 at any time.

[0171] If not already connected, the user-engagement portion 112 is connected to the terminal lever 148i. If a range of user-engagement portions 112 is available, the user selects their preferred user-engagement portion 112 before connecting to the terminal lever 148i.

[0172] Optionally, the user-engagement portion 112 can be supported by the holder 182 whilst the user connects the user-engagement portion 112 to the terminal lever 148i, thereby facilitating the connection step. Once connected, the holder 182 may continue to support the user-engagement portion 112 until the apparatus 110 is used to carry out a resistance training exercise.

[0173] To carry out a resistance training exercise, the user engages with the user-engagement portion 112, which is shown to be a handle in the second embodiment. The movement imparted by the user to the user-engagement portion 112 depends on which muscles the user wishes to exercise. The levers 148 enable the user-engagement portion 112 to be moveable along a linear, part linear or non-linear path. The linear path may be any of: vertical, horizontal, angled relative to the vertical or horizontal. The path may be in a plane, such as the lever plane LP, or in a three-dimensional volume. Referring back to Figure 7, four possible linear directions of motion in the lever plane LP are indicated by double-headed dashed arrows. A part linear or non-linear path may be, for example, a curved or part curved path. A curved path may be an arc, by way of example only. Any of the axles 170 may provide a pivot axis. A combination of axles 170 may enable an arcuate path to be formed around a virtual pivot axis spaced apart from any pivot axis. A combination of axles 170 may also enable a linear path to be formed.

[0174] Furthermore, the pivotable support 172 enables the lever plane LP to be moved, and more preferably pivoted around the pivot axis 126. This provides a greater range of possible movements of the user-engagement portion 112 in a three-dimensional volume.

[0175] In an example use scenario, the user grasps and moves the user-engagement portion 112 linearly vertically down, corresponding to a first mechanical input. The first end of the terminal lever 148i moves downwards as the levers 148 pivot around at least one, and more preferably a plurality of connections, here the fifth connection 170e and the sixth connection 170f, in order to permit linear downward movement, rather than arcuate movement. The downward movement of the terminal lever 148i causes downward movement of the intermediate lever 148ii which in turn drives downward movement of the first end of the initial lever 148iii. The initial axle 170iii rotates, driving rotation of the first primary gear 146ai. First primary gear 146ai drives rotation of the second primary gear 146aii, itself driving the set of semi-spherical gears 146bi,146bii to rotate. Second semi-spherical gear 146bii drives the rotation of the axle 128a of the first motion-converter mechanism 114a in a first rotational direction.

[0176] Moving the user-engagement portion 112 linearly vertically upwards, corresponding to a second mechanical input, results in the opposite motion being imparted and thus, the axle 128a of the first motion-converter mechanism 114a rotates in the opposite rotational direction.

[0177] In a second use scenario, the user moves the user-engagement portion 112 along an arcuate path in a plane normal to the lever plane LP, for example, upwardly and downwardly along an arc of a vertical circle or ellipse. The axle 128a of the first motion-converter mechanism 114a moves as described in the first use scenario. Additionally, due to the movement of the user-engagement portion 112 in the normal plane, the levers 148 cause the pivotable support 172 to pivot around its axis 126. The bevel gear of the input transmission mechanism 118 drives the pinion associated with the axle 128b of the second motion-converter mechanism 114b to rotate. Thus, both motionconverter mechanisms 114a, 114b are driven simultaneously in the second use scenario.

[0178] Each motion-converter mechanism 114a, 114b, the output transmission mechanism 120 and the resistance element 116 function similarly to those of the first embodiment. Detailed description of the common steps is omitted for brevity.

[0179] If an ECVT 176 is provided, the resistance of resistance element 116 may be selected from a, preferably continuous or substantially continuous, range. The ECVT gear 178b engages with the ring gear 162 of the or at least one of the planetary gear sets 154. Rotation of the ECVT gear 178b in-use causes the ring gear 162 to start moving and / or or alters the velocity of the ring gear 162. The relative rotational velocities of the sun gear 158 and ring gear 162 determine whether the planet gears 160 rotate around the central axis of rotation of the planetary gear set 154, and if so, their velocity. The ECVT motor element 178a is adapted to alter the rotational velocity of the ECVT gear 162. In turn, the ECVT gear 162 can alter the velocity of the ring gear 162, preferably along a continuous range of velocities if required. As the carrier 156 extends from the planet gears 160, the rotation of which is controlled at least in part by the ECVT 176, the rotational velocity of the resistance element 116 can be altered, preferably continuously.

[0180] If provided, the induction brake may selectively prevent or inhibit rotation of the resistance element 116. Optionally, if the ECVT motor element 178a is an electric motor, the ECVT motor element 178a may additionally function as an induction brake on the resistance element 116.

[0181] Upon the user finishing the resistance training exercise, the user-engagement portion 112 may be placed on and supported by the holder 182.

[0182] In the first embodiment, the user-engagement portion includes a bar element and a handle at each end, the bar element being pivotable around a pivot axis between the handles and spacedapart from both ends of the bar element. In the second embodiment, the user-engagement portion includes a handle element. However, alternative or additional user-engagement portions may be easily envisioned.

[0183] The pivot axis may be provided at or adjacent to an end of the bar element. One of the handles may be provided between the pivot axis and the second handle.

[0184] One of the handles may be omitted entirely such that the user-engagement portion may comprise only one handle. This enables the user to exercise one arm at a time. Alternatively, the single handle may be dimensioned so as to be graspable by both hands. The bar element may be omitted entirely such that the user-engagement portion only includes the handle or handles. The user-engagement portion may comprise two handles, each associated with a separate bar element. It may even be envisioned that each handle may be associated with a separate motionconverter mechanism, for enabling the arms to be exercised independently. As an alternative or in addition to handles, the user-engagement portion may include one or more foot-engaging elements or a feet-engaging element. For example, the foot-engaging element may include a pedal, sock or foot-enclosing part. This may enable a user to exercise their legs instead of or in addition to their arms. One or more additional motion-converter mechanisms may optionally be provided.

[0185] It may easily be envisioned in an alternative embodiment, that the axle may not extend through all or any of the input rotatable elements. For example, the axle may be abutted or abuttable against the perimeter of the input rotatable element, by way of example only.

[0186] Although in the first embodiment, the user-engagement portion is movable by being pivotable around a pivot axis, it could easily be envisioned that the user-engagement portion may be non- pivotably movable.

[0187] For example, the user-engagement portion may be translatable instead, optionally within a plane. The apparatus may optionally further comprise a mechanism, element or means for converting linear motion into rotary motion, such as a pulley system.

[0188] Optionally, a flexible elongate element forming a closed loop being movable around a support may additionally be provided. The flexible elongate element may be coupled to the userengagement portion such that movement of the user-engagement portion may cause the flexible elongate element to move around the support. The flexible elongate element may be mechanically coupled to the axle of a motion-converter mechanism. Upon movement of the flexible elongate element, the axle may be made to rotate, clockwise and / or anticlockwise. By being a closed loop, the flexible elongate element enables the resistance element to oppose or inhibit movement of the user-engagement portion in both directions. This differs from a rowing machine in which resistance to movement of the user-engagement portion is only provided when the userengagement portion is moved in one direction, but not both.

[0189] Whilst a single resistance element is included to provide resistance to all or at least two motionconverter mechanisms, it may easily be envisioned that a plurality of resistance elements may be provided per exercise apparatus. For example, one resistance element may be provided per motion-converter mechanism.

[0190] Optionally, the resistance element may be mounted or engaged with the output rotatable element directly, such as the output hub thereof. The output transmission mechanism may be omitted.

[0191] As an alternative to a toothed rotatable element, a non-toothed element may be envisioned. For instance, a rotatable element may be engageable or engaged with another said rotatable element via friction only.

[0192] In a bevel gear, the teeth-bearing surface is frustoconical or substantially frustoconical. As an alternative to frustoconical, one or more rotatable elements and / or an axle may have a cylindrical teeth-bearing surface. The rotatable elements may still be arranged such that the teeth of two adjacent rotatable element engage.

[0193] Whilst the position locking mechanism preferably includes a rack in the second embodiment, any alternative or additional mechanism may be envisioned, such as a ratchet system, notches, grooves, a movable clamping mechanism, a telescopically extendable leg, or a modularly assemblable leg.

[0194] Whilst each lever is pairwise connected to another of the levers at or adjacent respective ends, the connection between two levers may be spaced apart from an end of either or both levers.

[0195] In the second embodiment, three levers are provided. However, the intermediate lever may be omitted or additional intermediate levers may be added.

[0196] Whilst Figure 9 shows two planetary gear sets 154, two transmission gears 152, and an ECVT gear 178b, in an alternative embodiment, the output transmission mechanism may comprise only one planetary gear set. The ECVT may engage with the sole planetary gear set. In a further modification, the ECVT motor element may act upon the or one of the transmission gears directly such that the transmission gear and the ECVT gear may be one and the same. In other words, there may be no distinct ECVT gear and transmission gear. It may even be considered that at least one or all the transmission gears may be omitted.

[0197] In the second embodiment, the exercise apparatus may optionally further comprise a biasing element adapted to counter the weight of the levers. This may enable the resistance provided to the user via the levers in-use to be unaffected or less affected by gravity. By way of examples, the biasing element may include a spring, such as an extension spring. A counterweight may be another option for the biasing element.

[0198] Any of the features and caveats that apply to one of the embodiments may easily be provided or applicable to any of the other embodiments.

[0199] Whilst a preferred shape may have been specified for any of the above-described features, any alternative shape may be envisioned in any of transverse or lateral cross-section, longitudinal cross-section, in side view, or in plan view. The shape may be any or any combination of: curved, part curved, non-curved, linear, part linear, non-linear, a broken line, any polygon, whether regular or irregular, having one or more chamfered and / or rounded corners, a triangle, a quadrilateral, such as a square, a rectangle, a trapezium, a trapezoid, a pentagon, a hexagon, a heptagon, an octagon, or any other polygon, a cross, an ellipse, a circle, part circular, an oval, or any abstract shape.

[0200] It is therefore possible to provide an exercise apparatus which provides resistance throughout to enable a user to exercise their muscles equally or in a balanced manner throughout the cycle of a resistance-training exercise. This is enabled by the exercise apparatus including a motionconverter machine which can receive rotary inputs in either rotational direction and convert the rotary inputs into a rotary output in only one rotational direction, coupled to a resistance element. It is also possible to provide a method of using an exercise apparatus for resistance training to train muscle groups in a balanced manner. As resistance is provided throughout, rather than during one phase of the exercise unlike a rowing machine, resistance training is more efficient. It is further possible to provide an exercise apparatus which enables a greater range of motions by virtue of comprising a plurality of pivot axes, and the user-engagement element being pivotable around one or several pivot axes simultaneously.

[0201] The words ‘comprises / comprising’ and the words ‘having / including’ when used herein with reference to the present invention are used to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof. It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.

[0202] The embodiments described above are provided by way of examples only, and various other modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the field without departing from the scope of the invention as defined herein.

Claims

Claims1. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) for enabling a user to perform a resistance-training exercise, the exercise apparatus (10; 110) comprising: a motion-converter mechanism (14a; 114a) having: a control element (30a), two input rotatable elements (32a), and an output rotatable element (34a) engageable or engaged with the input rotatable elements (32a), the output rotatable element (34a) being rotatable in only one rotational direction, the control element (30a) being associated with the input rotatable elements (32a) for enabling only one of the two input rotatable elements (32a) at a time to drive rotation of the output rotatable element (34a); a movable user-engagement portion (12; 112) which is mechanically coupled to at least one of the two input rotatable elements (32a) for enabling the user to impart momentum to at least one of the two input rotatable elements (32a); and a resistance element (16;116) mechanically coupled to the output rotatable element (34a) for providing resistance to movement of the userengagement portion (12; 112) via preventing or inhibiting rotation of the output rotatable element (34a).

2. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the motion-converter mechanism (14a;114a) further comprises: an axle (28a;128a) adapted to be rotatable clockwise upon receiving a said first mechanical input from the user-engagement portion (12; 112) and anticlockwise upon receiving a said second mechanical input from the user-engagement portion (12; 112), the two input rotatable elements (32a) being rotatable around the axle (28a;128a) and simultaneously engageable with the output rotatable element (34a), the control element (30a) being adapted to selectively rotationally lock one of the two input rotatable elements (32a) relative to the axle (28a;128a), the movable user-engagement portion (12;112) being mechanically coupled to the two input rotatable elements (32a) via the axle (28a; 128a).

3. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in claim 2, wherein the control element (30a) includes a clockwise ratcheting element (38a) and an anticlockwise ratcheting element (38a), at least part of each ratcheting element (38a) being rotationally locked relative to the axle (28a;128a), the clockwise ratcheting element (38a) being associated with the one of the two input rotatable elements (32a) and the anticlockwise ratcheting element (38a) being associated with the other of the two input rotatable elements (32a) for selectively locking the associated input rotatable element (32a) according to the rotational direction of rotation of the axle (28a; 128a).

4. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in claim 3, wherein at least one ratcheting element (38a) includes a one-way bearing.

5. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in claim 4, wherein the one-way bearing includes a sprag clutch.

6. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one input rotatable element (32a) and / or at least one output rotatable element (34a) comprises teeth.

7. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in claim 6, wherein at least one input rotatable element (32a) and / or at least one output rotatable element (34a) includes a bevel gear.

8. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the resistance element (16; 116) includes a resistance rotatable element.

9. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the user-engagement portion (12; 112) includes a handle element (24;124).

10. An exercise apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the userengagement portion includes a foot-engaging element.

11. An exercise apparatus (10) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the user-engagement portion (12) further includes a bar element (22).

12. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the user-engagement portion (12; 112) comprises a first pivot axis (26a; 126) around which the user-engagement portion (12; 112) is pivotable.

13. An exercise apparatus (10;110) as claimed in claim 12, wherein the user-engagement portion (12; 112) comprises a second pivot axis (26b) around which the user-engagement portion (12; 112) is pivotable, the second pivot axis (26b) being non-colinear and non-parallel with the first pivot axis (26a).

14. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the exercise apparatus further comprises a second said motion-converter mechanism (14b; 114b).

15. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in claim 14, further comprising a second resistance element (16; 116) coupled to the second motion-converter mechanism (14b; 114b).

16. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the exercise apparatus (10; 110) further comprises an input transmission mechanism (18; 118) for mechanically coupling the user-engagement portion (12; 112) to the or at least one of the motionconverter mechanisms (14a;114a).

17. An exercise apparatus (10) as claimed in claim 16, wherein the input transmission mechanism (18) comprises a wide-angle constant velocity joint (40).

18. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the exercise apparatus (10; 110) further comprises an output transmission mechanism (20; 120) for transmitting a rotary output from the or at least one of the output rotatable elements (34a) to the resistance element (16; 116).

19. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein at least one of the input transmission mechanism (18; 118) and the output transmission mechanism(20;120) of the or at least one motion-converter mechanism (14a;114a) includes at least one of: a transmission belt, a pulley (42) and elongate flexible element (44), a transmission chain, an elongate rigid member (48;148), and a transmission gear (46,52;146,152).

20. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in claim 19, wherein the output transmission mechanism (20;120) includes a planetary gear set (54;154) having a sun gear (58;158), a plurality of planet gears (60; 160), a ring gear (62; 162) and, optionally, a carrier (56; 156).

21. An exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the exercise apparatus (10; 110) is provided as a kit of parts.

22. Method of using an exercise apparatus (10; 110) for resistance training, the method comprising the steps of: a] providing an exercise apparatus (10; 110) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims; b] moving the user-engagement portion (12; 112) such that at least one of the input rotatable elements (32a) at a time drives rotation of the output rotatable element (34a), and the resistance element (16; 116) provides resistance to movement of the user-engagement portion (12; 112) via inhibiting rotation of the output rotatable element (34a).

23. An exercise apparatus (10;110) for enabling a user to perform a resistance-training exercise, the exercise apparatus (10; 110) having: a user-engagement portion (12; 112) having at least two non-colinear and non-parallel pivot axes (26a,26b;126), the user-engagement portion (12; 112) being pivotably movable around at least one of the pivot axes (26a,26b;126) to provide a first mechanical input and a second mechanical input opposite the first mechanical input; a motion-converter mechanism (14a;114a) having an output rotatable element (34a), the motionconverter mechanism (14a;114a) being adapted to receive the first mechanical input and convert the first mechanical input into a rotary output from the rotatable element in a rotational direction, and the motion-converter mechanism (14a;114a) being adapted to receive the second mechanical input and convert the second mechanical input into a rotary output from the rotatable element in the same rotational direction; and a resistance element (16; 116) adapted to provide resistance to movement of the user-engagement portion (12;112) via inhibiting or preventing rotation of the output rotatable element (34a).

Images