Silenced FC regions
Variant Fc regions or CH2 domains with specific amino acid substitutions address the issue of residual FcγR binding in antibodies, improving assay specificity and therapeutic efficacy by minimizing off-target interactions and side effects.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/126935
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing antibodies with L234A/L235A/P329G substitutions in the CH2 domain still retain significant binding to various FcγR family receptors and exhibit effector functions, leading to background noise in assays and side effects in therapeutics.
Development of variant Fc regions or CH2 domains with specific amino acid substitutions at positions 234-238, reducing binding to Fc receptors and minimizing effector functions, such as ADCC, ADCP, and CDC, while maintaining FcRn binding.
The variant Fc regions or CH2 domains achieve reduced binding to FcγR family receptors, minimizing off-target interactions and side effects, enhancing assay specificity and therapeutic efficacy by lowering background noise and side effects.
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Figure PCTCN2024126935-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2024126935-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
SILENCED FC REGIONS
[0001] REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The content of the electronic sequence listing (PTGI_002_00US_SeqList_ST26. xml; Size: 227, 800 bytes; and Date of Creation: October 21, 2024) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND
[0003] Antibodies have been extensively used in therapeutics and assays. The fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of antibodies typically mediates effector functions via binding to various Fc receptors. Antibodies with reduced Fc receptor binding or Fc-mediated effector function are often desirable, because such binding or effector function may introduce background noise in assays or create side effects in therapeutics. Many variant Fc regions with reduced binding to Fc receptors have been engineered, such as those that contain the L234A / L235A (LALA) or L234A / L235A / P329G (LALAPG) substitutions in the CH2 domain. However, even Fc regions comprising the LALAPG mutations still retain significant binding to various FcγR family receptors and may display effector function in therapeutic or assay usages.
[0004] Thus, there exists a need for new variant Fc regions or variant CH2 domains with even lower binding to various Fc receptors and further reduced ability to carry out effector functions. The present disclosure provides such variant Fc regions or variant CH2 domains, the related proteins and molecules (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates) , and more.SUMMARY
[0005] In one aspect, the disclosure provides proteins comprising a variant fragment crystallizable (Fc) region or a variant CH2 domain, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 234-238, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0006] In one aspect, the disclosure provides proteins comprising a variant fragment crystallizable (Fc) region or a variant CH2 domain, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises (i) an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 234-236; and (ii) an amino acid substitution at one or both of amino acid positions 237-238, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0007] In some embodiments: (a) the amino acid substitution at position 234 is Alanine (A) or Glycine (G) ; (b) the amino acid substitution at position 235 is Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) ; (c) the amino acid substitution at position 236 is phenylalanine (F) , lysine (K) , glutamine (Q) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) ; (d) the amino acid substitution at position 237 is Alanine (A) , lysine (K) , glutamine (Q) , or Arginine (R) ; and / or (e) the amino acid substitution at position 238 is Arginine (R) or Serine (S) .
[0008] In some embodiments: (a) the amino acid substitution at position 234 is L234A or L234G; (b) the amino acid substitution at position 235 is L235A, L235G, L235S, or L235T; (c) the amino acid substitution at position 236 is G236F, G236K, G236Q, G236S, or G236T; (d) the amino acid substitution at position 237 is G237A, G237K, G237Q, or G237R; and / or (e) the amino acid substitution at position 238 is P238R or P238S.
[0009] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R.
[0010] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R.
[0011] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S.
[0012] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S.
[0013] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q.
[0014] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S.
[0015] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S.
[0016] In some embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S.
[0017] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids 234A / 235A, 234G / 235G, 234A / 235T, or 234A / 235S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A, L234G / L235G, L234A / L235T, or L234A / L235S.
[0018] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids selected from: (i) 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R; (ii) 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R; (iii) 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S; (iv) 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S; (v) 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q; (vi) 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S;
[0019] (vii) 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S; and (viii) 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S.
[0020] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions selected from: (i) L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R; (ii) L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R; (iii) L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S; (iv) L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S; (v) L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q; (vi) L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S; (vii) L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S; and (viii) L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S.
[0021] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid of 234A / 235T / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions of L234A / L235T / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at position 236. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 236 is histidine (H) , lysine (K) , asparagine (N) , arginine (R) , or glutamine (Q) .
[0022] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids of 234A / 236Q / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions of L234A / G236Q / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at positions 235. In some embodiments, wherein the amino acid substitution at positions 235 is Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) .
[0023] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain does not comprise an Arginine (R) substitution at position 236.
[0024] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises an amino acid substitution at amino acid position 268, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 268 is Glycine (G) . In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 268 is H268G.
[0025] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises an amino acid substitution at one or both of amino acid positions 330-331, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. In some embodiments, (a) the amino acid substitution at position 330 is Serine (S) ; and / or (b) the amino acid substitution at position 331 is Serine (S) . In some embodiments, (a) the amino acid substitution at position 330 is A330S; and / or (b) the amino acid substitution at position 331 is P331S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises both amino acid substitutions at positions 330-331.
[0026] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain does not comprise any additional mutation that modulates binding to a FcγR family receptor.
[0027] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is a variant IgG Fc region or variant IgG CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is derived from human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3 or human IgG4. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is derived from a rabbit IgG, a mouse IgG, or a rat IgG. In some embodiments, the protein is an antibody. In some embodiments, the protein comprises an antigen binding fragment of an antibody.
[0028] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, 32, and 35, except the one or more amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 10, 16, and 22, except the one or more amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 33, and 36, except the one or more amino acid substitutions. the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, 12, 18, and 24, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0029] In some embodiments, the protein or the variant Fc region comprises two variant CH2 domains comprising the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0030] In some embodiments, binding of the protein to human CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA is a 167R allotype or a 167H allotype.
[0031] In some embodiments, binding of the protein to human CD32b / FCGR2B / Fc gamma RIIB is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0032] In some embodiments, binding of the protein to human CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA is a 176F or F176V variant.
[0033] In some embodiments, binding of the protein to human CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB is a NA1 allotype, NA2 allotype, or SH allotype.
[0034] In some embodiments, binding of the protein to human CD64 / FCGR1 is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0035] In some embodiments, the protein retains human neonatal Fc receptor binding capability of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, wherein the protein or variant Fc region binds to the human FcRn with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of less than 1.4 mM.
[0036] In some embodiments, the protein has a higher FcRn binding affinity compared to a reference protein comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. In some embodiments, wherein the protein binds to human FcRn with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) that is no more than 90%of that of the reference protein.
[0037] In some embodiments, the binding is measured at a concentration that equals to the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of the reference protein to the binding partner. In some embodiments, the binding is measured by Biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assay.
[0038] In some embodiments, the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0039] In some embodiments, the antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0040] In some embodiments, the complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0041] In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0042] In some embodiments, the thermal stability of the protein is greater than or within ±2℃of the thermal stability of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the monomer content of the protein is greater than or within ±2%of the monomer content of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at 4 ℃ for 7-day, 10-day, 14-day, 21-day, or 28-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at 37 ℃ for 7-day, 10-day, 14-day, 21-day, or 28-day.
[0043] In one aspect, the disclosure provides molecules comprising the protein of the disclosure linked to a heterologous molecule. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is a small molecule, cytotoxic agent, radionuclide, solubility-altering agent, dye, fluorophore, immunogen, enzyme, lipid, polymer, polyethylene glycol, chemotherapeutic agent, prodrug, peptide, protein, nucleic acid, or a carbohydrate. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is covalently linked to the protein. In some embodiments, the molecule is an antibody-drug conjugate.
[0044] In one aspect, the disclosure provides nucleic acids encoding the protein of the disclosure. In one aspect, the disclosure provides host cells comprising the nucleic acid of the disclosure.
[0045] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods of producing the protein of the disclosure, comprising culturing a host cell expressing the protein. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating and / or purifying the protein collected from the cell culture.
[0046] In one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions comprising the protein of the disclosure or the molecule of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
[0047] In one aspect, the disclosure provides assay systems or kits comprising the protein of the disclosure or the molecule of the disclosure.
[0048] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods of treating a disease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering the protein of the disclosure or the molecule of the disclosure to the subject. In some embodiments, the protein or the molecule reduces Fc-mediated binding or Fc-mediated effector function. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the method (a) reduces an adverse clinical effect; (b) permits a higher dosage amount and / or frequency; and / or (c) increases treatment efficacy, compared to administering a reference protein without the amino acid substitution (s) .
[0049] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods of assaying a target molecule, comprising contacting the target molecule with the protein of the disclosure or the molecule of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , a fluorescence-based assay, an immunohistochemistry assay, or an imaging assay. In some embodiments, the assay is flow cytometry, and wherein the assay method comprises contacting a cell of the assay with the protein or the molecule.
[0050] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0051] FIGs. 1A-1J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcγRI / CD64. The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0052] FIGs. 2A-2J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcγRIIa / 32a (167R) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0053] FIGs. 3A-3J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcγRIIa / 32a (167H) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0054] FIGs. 4A-4J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcγRIIb / 32b. The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0055] FIGs. 5A-5J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIa / CD16a (176F) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0056] FIGs. 6A-6J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIa / CD16a (176V) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0057] FIGs. 7A-7J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIb / CD16b (NA1 allotype) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0058] FIGs. 8A-8J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIb / CD16b (NA2 allotype) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0059] FIGs. 9A-9J show results of interaction between the indicated rabbit IgG Fc with human FcRn (FCGRT& B2M) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0060] FIGs. 10A-10R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRI / CD64. The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0061] FIGs. 11A-11R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRIIa / 32a (167R) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0062] FIGs. 12A-12R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRIIa / 32a (167H) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0063] FIGs. 13A-13R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRIIb / 32b. The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0064] FIGs. 14A-14R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIa / CD16a (176F) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0065] FIGs. 15A-15R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIa / CD16a (176V) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0066] FIGs. 16A-16R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIb / CD16b (NA1 allotype) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0067] FIGs. 17A-17R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIb / CD16b (NA2 allotype) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0068] FIGs. 18A-18R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcγRIIIb / CD16b (SH allotype) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0069] FIGs. 19A-19R show results of interaction between the indicated human IgG Fc with human FcRn (FCGRT& B2M) . The analysis was performed using biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays.
[0070] FIGs. 20A-20L show results of flow cytometry assay using anti-CD3 OKT3 and anti-CD4 OKT4 antibodies comprising the indicated rabbit IgG Fc (or blank (without any antibody) ) . The anti-CD3 OKT3 antibodies were conjugated with CL647, and the anti-CD4 OKT4 antibodies were conjugated with CL488.
[0071] FIGs. 21A-21N show results of flow cytometry assay using anti-CD11b ICRF44 antibodies comprising the indicated human IgG1 Fc (or blank (without any antibody) ) . The anti-CD11b ICRF44 antibodies were conjugated with CL647.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0072] The disclosure provides variant Fc regions or variant CH2 domains comprising minimal binding to various FcγR family receptors and therefore do not mediate the corresponding effector functions. Proteins (e.g., antibodies) or molecules (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates) comprising such variant Fc regions or variant CH2 domains are desirable in various therapeutic and assay applications, partly because these proteins or molecules are less likely to have off-target binding (e.g., to non-target cells that express FcγR family receptor (s) ) . For example, antibodies comprising such a variant Fc region can be particularly useful in flow cytometry because they have minimal non-specific binding to the FcγR family receptors expressed on the surface of non-target cells, thus lowering the background noise. Likewise, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprising such a variant Fc region or CH2 domain are expected to have less off-target side effect (e.g., cytotoxicity) to non-target cells in the subject that express FcγR family receptors.
[0073] Definitions
[0074] All references cited are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Within this application, unless otherwise stated, the techniques utilized may be found in any of several well-known references such as: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Sambrook, et al., 1989, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) , Gene Expression Technology (Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 185, edited by D. Goeddel, 1991. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. ) , “Guide to Protein Purification” in Methods in Enzymology (M.P. Deutshcer, ed., (1990) Academic Press, Inc. ) ; PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis, et al. 1990. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. ) , Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique, 2nd Ed. (R.I. Freshney. 1987. Liss, Inc. New York, N.Y. ) , Gene Transfer and Expression Protocols, pp. 109-128, ed. E.J. Murray, The Humana Press Inc., Clifton, N.J. ) , and the Ambion 1998 Catalog (Ambion, Austin, Tex. ) .
[0075] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0076] As used herein, the term “and / or” is intended to include both “and” and “or” unless indicated otherwise. For example, the phrase “A and / or B” is intended to include the following scenarios: both A and B; A or B; A (alone) ; and B (alone) .
[0077] As used herein, the term “between” when used in reference to a range includes the endpoint numbers on both limits of the range unless indicated otherwise.
[0078] All embodiments of any aspect of the disclosure can be used in combination unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0079] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words ‘comprise’ , ‘comprising’ , and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to” . Additionally, the words “herein, ” “above, ” “below, ” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of the application.
[0080] The term “about” means a quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length that varies by as much as 10%of a reference quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length, inclusive of the endpoints. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth, unless otherwise apparent from context that it is impossible to extend the boundary beyond certain points (e.g., below 0%or above 100%) .
[0081] The term “antibody” refers to a protein comprising at least one heavy (H) chain. Conventional antibodies comprise at least two heavy (H) chains and at least two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a heavy chain constant region. In certain naturally occurring IgG, IgD and IgA antibodies, the heavy chain constant region comprises a hinge, a CH1 domain, a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain. In certain naturally occurring antibodies, each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (VL) and a light chain constant region. In some embodiments, the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. However, non-conventional antibodies may not contain all these elements found in conventional antibodies. For examples, non-convention heavy chain antibodies derived from camelids contain only heavy chains but not light chains, and their heavy chains do not contain a CH1 domain. Additional description of antibody and related features can be found, for example, in US20220106400, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0082] The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR) . Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of naturally occurring antibodies may mediate the binding of the antibodies to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system. Antibodies are often referred to as immunoglobulins in the art. “Antibody” may include, by way of example, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring antibodies; monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; chimeric and humanized antibodies; human and nonhuman antibodies; wholly synthetic antibodies; and single chain antibodies.
[0083] An immunoglobulin may be from any of the commonly known isotypes, including but not limited to IgG, IgA, secretory IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, and IgY. The IgG isotype is divided in subclasses in certain species: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in humans, and IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 in mice. The IgA isotype may be divided in subclasses IgA1 and IgA2. In some embodiments, immunoglobulins, e.g., human IgG1, exist in several allotypes, which differ from each other in at most a few amino acids. An IgM immunoglobulin consists of 5 of the basic heterotetramer units along with an additional polypeptide called a J chain, and contains 10 antigen binding sites, while IgA immunoglobulins contain from 2-5 of the basic 4-chain units which can polymerize to form polyvalent assemblages in combination with the J chain.
[0084] The terms “EU index” or “EU index as in Kabat” or “EU numbering scheme” refers to the numbering according to the EU index of Edelman et al., 1969, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 63 (1) : 78-85 as described in Kabat et al., 1991. of the EU myeloma protein (Edelman 1969; Kabat 1991) .
[0085] An “Fc region” (fragment crystallizable region) or “Fc domain” or “Fc” refers to the C-terminal region of the heavy chain of an antibody that, in the case of wildtype antibodies, mediates the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including binding to Fc receptors located on various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) or to the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system. Thus, an Fc region of an antibody of isotype IgG comprises the heavy chain constant region of the antibody excluding the first constant region immunoglobulin domain (CH1) . In IgG, IgA and IgD antibody isotypes, the Fc region comprises CH2 and CH3 constant domains in each of the antibody's two heavy chains; IgM and IgE Fc regions comprise three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2-4) in each polypeptide chain. For IgG, the Fc region comprises immunoglobulin domains consisting of the hinge, CH2 and CH3. For purposes herein, the Fc region is defined as starting at amino acid 216 and ending at amino acid 447, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. Kabat et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., and according to FIGS. 3c-3f of U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2008 / 0248028. The Fc may be a native (or naturally-occurring or wildtype) Fc, including any allotypic variant, or a variant Fc (e.g., a non-naturally occurring Fc) , comprising, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1-5, 1-10, 5-10, or more than 10 amino acid mutations, e.g., substitutions, additions or deletions. For example, a variant Fc may comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identical to a wildtype Fc. Modified or mutated Fcs may have enhanced or reduced effector function and / or half-life. The CH2 and CH3 regions are the primary site of effector functions and FcRn binding. Fc may refer to this region in isolation or in the context of an Fc-comprising protein polypeptide such as a “binding protein comprising an Fc region, ” also referred to as an “Fc fusion protein” (e.g., an antibody or immunoadhesin) .
[0086] An “effector function” refers to the interaction of an antibody Fc region with an Fc receptor or ligand, or a biochemical event that results therefrom. Exemplary “effector functions” include C1q binding, complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) , Fc receptor binding, FcγR-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) , and downregulation of a cell surface receptor (e.g., the B cell receptor; BCR) . Such effector functions generally require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain (e.g., an antibody variable domain) .
[0087] An “Fc receptor” or “FcR” is a receptor that binds to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin. FcRs that bind to an IgG antibody comprise receptors of the FcγR family, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors.
[0088] A “hinge” , “hinge domain” or “hinge region” or “antibody hinge region” refers to the heavy chain constant region that corresponds to those in naturally occurring antibodies that link the CH1 domain to the CH2 domain in a heavy chain constant domain. The hinge provides varying levels of flexibility between the binding and effector regions of an antibody and also provides sites for intermolecular disulfide bonding between the two heavy chain constant regions. As used herein, the start and the end of the hinge region correspond to amino acid positions Glu216 and Pro230, respectively, of human IgG1, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. The term “hinge” includes wildtype hinges, as well as variants thereof -e.g., variants having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1-3, 1-5, 3-5 and / or at most 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 mutations, e.g., substitutions, deletions or additions. In some embodiments, one or more of the cysteines in the hinge (e.g., C219, C220, C226 and / or C229 of an IgG hinge depending on the isotype) are changed to another amino acid. In some embodiments, the hinge (e.g., an IgG2 hinge variant) comprises a C219X or C220X substitution, wherein X is any amino acid, except cysteine. In some embodiments, a hinge is a hybrid hinge that comprises sequences from at least two isotypes. For example, a hinge may comprise the upper, hinge from one isotype and the middle hinge from one or more other isotypes.
[0089] The term “CH1 domain” refers to the heavy chain constant region that corresponds to those in naturally occurring antibodies that link the variable domain to the hinge in a heavy chain constant domain. As used herein, the start and the end of the CH1 domain correspond to amino acid positions A118 and V215, respectively, of human IgG1, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. The term “CH1 domain” includes wildtype CH1 domains as well as variants thereof -e.g., variants having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1-5, 1-10, 5-10, or more than 10 amino acid mutations, e.g., substitutions, additions or deletions. Exemplary CH1 domains include CH1 domains with mutations that modify a biological activity of an antibody, such as ADCC, CDC or half-life.
[0090] The term “CH2 domain” refers to the heavy chain constant region that corresponds to those in naturally occurring antibodies that link the hinge to the CH3 domain in a heavy chain constant domain. As used herein, the start and the end of the CH2 domain correspond to amino acid positions A231 and K340, respectively, of human IgG1, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. The term “CH2 domain” includes wildtype CH2 domains as well as variants thereof -e.g., variants having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1-5, 1-10, 5-10, or more than 10 amino acid mutations, e.g., substitutions, additions or deletions. Exemplary CH2 domains include CH2 domains with mutations that modify a biological activity of an antibody, such as ADCC, CDC or half-life.
[0091] The term “CH3 domain” refers to the heavy chain constant region that corresponds to those in naturally occurring antibodies that is C-terminal to the CH2 domain in a heavy chain constant domain. As used herein, the start and the end of the CH3 domain correspond to amino acid positions G341 and K447, respectively, of human IgG1, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. The term “CH3 domain” includes wildtype CH3 domains as well as variants thereof -e.g., variants thereof having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1-5, 1-10, 5-10, or more than 10 amino acid mutations, e.g., substitutions, additions or deletions. Exemplary CH3 domains include CH3 domains with mutations that modify a biological activity of an antibody, such as ADCC, CDC or half-life.
[0092] The term “antigen-binding fragment” or “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen. It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody described herein, include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F (ab′) 2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341: 544-546) , which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) or (vii) a combination of two or more isolated CDRs which may optionally be joined by a synthetic linker. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules known as single chain Fv (scFv) ; see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242: 423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5879-5883) . Such scFvs are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody. These and other potential constructs are described at Chan & Carter (2010) Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10: 301. These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies. Antigen-binding portions can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact immunoglobulins.
[0093] A “complementarity determining region” or “CDR” of a variable domain are amino acid residues within the hypervariable region that are identified in accordance with the definitions of the Kabat, Chothia, the combination of both Kabat and Chothia, AbM, contact, and / or conformational definitions or any method of CDR determination well known in the art. Antibody CDRs may be identified as the hypervariable regions originally defined by Kabat et al. See, e.g., Kabat et al., 1992, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed., Public Health Service, NIH, Washington D. C. The positions of the CDRs may also be identified as the structural loop structures originally described by Chothia and others. See, e.g., Chothia et al., 1989, Nature 342: 877-883. Other approaches to CDR identification include the “AbM definition, ” which is a compromise between Kabat and Chothia and is derived using Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software (now Biovia by Dassault Systèmes) , or the “contact definition” of CDRs based on observed antigen contacts, set forth in MacCallum et al., 1996, J. Mol. Biol., 262: 732-745. In another approach, referred to herein as the “conformational definition” of CDRs, the positions of the CDRs may be identified as the residues that make enthalpic contributions to antigen binding. See, e.g., Makabe et al., 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283: 1156-1166. Still other CDR boundary definitions may not strictly follow one of the above approaches, but will nonetheless overlap with at least a portion of the Kabat CDRs, although they may be shortened or lengthened in light of prediction or experimental findings that particular residues or groups of residues or even entire CDRs do not significantly impact antigen binding. As used herein, a CDR may refer to CDRs defined by any approach known in the art, including combinations of approaches. The methods used herein may utilize CDRs defined according to any of these approaches. For any given embodiment containing more than one CDR, the CDRs may be defined in accordance with any of Kabat, Chothia, extended, AbM, contact, and / or conformational definitions.
[0094] As used herein, “isotype” refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, and IgE antibody) that is encoded by the heavy chain constant domain genes. The full-length amino acid sequence of each wildtype human IgG constant region (including all domains, i.e., CH1 domain, hinge, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain) is cataloged in the UniProt database available on-line, e.g., as P01857 (IgG1) , P01859 (IgG2) , P01860 (IgG3) , and P01861 (IgG4) . As used herein, a domain of a heavy chain constant region, e.g., the hinge, is of an “IgG1 isotype, ” “IgG2 isotype, ” “IgG3 isotype, ” or “IgG4 isotype, ” if the domain comprises the amino acid sequence of the corresponding domain of the respective isotype, or a variant thereof (that has a higher homology to the corresponding domain of the respective isotype than it does to that of the other isotypes) .
[0095] “Allotype” refers to naturally occurring variants within a specific isotype group, which variants differ in a few amino acids (see, e.g., Jefferies et al. (2009) mAbs 1: 1) . Antibodies described herein may be of any allotype.
[0096] The term “monoclonal antibody, ” as used herein, refers to an antibody that displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope or a composition of antibodies in which all antibodies display a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope. Typically such monoclonal antibodies will be derived from a single cell or nucleic acid encoding the antibody, and will be propagated without intentionally introducing any sequence alterations. Accordingly, the term “human monoclonal antibody” refers to a monoclonal antibody that has variable and optional constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In one embodiment, human monoclonal antibodies are produced by a hybridoma, for example, obtained by fusing a B cell obtained from a transgenic or transchromosomal non-human animal (e.g., a transgenic mouse having a genome comprising a human heavy chain transgene and a light chain transgene) , to an immortalized cell.
[0097] The term “recombinant human antibody, ” as used herein, includes all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as (a) antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom, (b) antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express the antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, (c) antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and (d) antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies comprise variable and constant regions that utilize particular human germline immunoglobulin sequences are encoded by the germline genes, but include subsequent rearrangements and mutations that occur, for example, during antibody maturation. As known in the art (see, e.g., Lonberg (2005) Nature Biotech. 23 (9) : 1117-1125) , the variable region contains the antigen binding domain, which is encoded by various genes that rearrange to form an antibody specific for a foreign antigen. In addition to rearrangement, the variable region can be further modified by multiple single amino acid changes (referred to as somatic mutation or hypermutation) to increase the affinity of the antibody to the foreign antigen. The constant region will change in further response to an antigen (i.e., isotype switch) . Therefore, the rearranged and somatically mutated nucleic acid sequences that encode the light chain and heavy chain immunoglobulin polypeptides in response to an antigen may not be identical to the original germline sequences, but instead will be substantially identical or similar (i.e., have at least 80%identity) .
[0098] A “human” antibody (HuMAb) refers to an antibody having variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The antibodies described herein may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo) . However, the term “human antibody” , as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences. The terms “human” antibodies and “fully human” antibodies are used synonymously.
[0099] A “humanized” antibody refers to an antibody in which some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDR domains of a non-human antibody are replaced with corresponding amino acids derived from human immunoglobulins. In one embodiment of a humanized form of an antibody, some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDR domains have been replaced with amino acids from human immunoglobulins, whereas some, most or all amino acids within one or more CDR regions are unchanged. Small additions, deletions, insertions, substitutions or modifications of amino acids are permissible as long as they do not abrogate the ability of the antibody to bind to a particular antigen. A “humanized” antibody retains an antigenic specificity similar to that of the original antibody.
[0100] A “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from one species and the constant regions are derived from another species, such as an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from a mouse antibody and the constant regions are derived from a human antibody.
[0101] A “bispecific” or “bifunctional antibody” is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy / light chain pairs, giving rise to two antigen binding sites with specificity for different antigens. Bispecific antibodies can be produced by a variety of methods including fusion of hybridomas or linking of Fab′fragments. See, e.g., Songsivilai & Lachmann, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 79: 315-321 (1990) ; Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148, 1547-1553 (1992) .
[0102] The antibodies disclosed herein encompass isolated antibodies. An “isolated antibody, ” as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds to antigen “x” is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than antigen “x” ) . An isolated antibody that specifically binds to an epitope of antigen “x” may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigen “x” proteins from different species.
[0103] As used herein, an “agonist antibody” refers to an antibody that is an agonist of a co-stimulatory receptor, e.g., an antibody that is capable of boosting the immune system (or an immune response) of a subject by stimulating the activity of a protein that, in turn, stimulates an immune cell, e.g., a T cell, such as a B7-1, B7-2, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137) , 4-1BBL, GITR, ICOS, ICOS-L, OX40, OX40L, CD70, or CD27, DR3, or CD28H protein. In certain embodiments, an agonist antibody is an antibody that enhances the activity of an inhibitory receptor, e.g., CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, or LAG-3, TIM-3, Galectin 9, CEACAM-1, BTLA, CD69, Galectin-1, TIGIT, CD113, GPR56, VISTA, 2B4, CD48, GARP, CD73, PD1H, LAIR1, TIM-1, or TIM-4, and thereby inhibits an immune response.
[0104] As used herein, an “antagonist antibody” refers to an antibody that is an antagonist of an inhibitory signal on an immune cell, e.g., a T cell, e.g., an antibody that is capable of inhibiting or blocking a protein that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors) , such as a CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, or LAG-3, TIM-3, Galectin 9, CEACAM-1, BTLA, CD69, Galectin-1, TIGIT, CD113, GPR56, VISTA, 2B4, CD48, GARP, CD73, PD1H, LAIR1, TIM-1, or TIM-4, and thereby stimulates an immune response. In certain embodiments, an antagonist antibody is an antibody that inhibits the activity of a stimulatory receptor, e.g., B7-1, B7-2, CD28, 4-IBB (CD137) , 4-1BBL, GITR, ICOS, ICOS-L, OX40, OX40L, CD70, or CD27, DR3, or CD28H, and thereby inhibits an immune response.
[0105] Both agonist and antagonist antibodies result in amplifying antigen-specific T cell responses, or in inhibiting antigen-specific T cell responses (immune checkpoint regulators) .
[0106] The term “epitope” or “antigenic determinant” refers to a site on an antigen to which an immunoglobulin or antibody specifically binds. Epitopes within protein antigens can be formed both from contiguous amino acids (usually a linear epitope) or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of the protein (usually a conformational epitope) . Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically, but not always, retained on exposure to denaturing solvents, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents. An epitope typically includes at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation. Methods for determining what epitopes are bound by a given antibody (i.e., epitope mapping) are well known in the art and include, for example, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation assays, wherein overlapping or contiguous peptides from an antigen are tested for reactivity with a given antibody. Methods of determining spatial conformation of epitopes include techniques in the art and those described herein, for example, x-ray crystallography, 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and HDX-MS (see, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66, G.E. Morris, Ed. (1996) ) .
[0107] The term “naturally-occurring” as used herein as applied to an object refers to the fact that an object can be found in nature. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is present in an organism (including viruses) that can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by man in the laboratory is naturally-occurring.
[0108] A “polypeptide” refers to a chain comprising at least two consecutively linked amino acid residues, with no upper limit on the length of the chain. One or more amino acid residues in the protein may contain a modification such as, but not limited to, glycosylation, phosphorylation or a disulfide bond. A “protein” may comprise one or more polypeptides.
[0109] The term “nucleic acid molecule, ” as used herein, is intended to include DNA molecules and RNA molecules. A nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, and may be cDNA.
[0110] Also provided are “conservative sequence modifications” of the sequences set forth herein include, for example, conservative nucleotide and amino acid substitutions, as well as, nucleotide and amino acid additions and deletions. Conservative sequence modifications include conservative amino acid substitutions, in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) .
[0111] In one embodiment, amino acid sequence modifications to a heavy chain constant region or domain thereof do not modify or abrogate certain properties of the heavy chain constant region. These properties include, e.g., the rigidity or stiffness of the hinge, as well as agonist or antagonist activity of the antibody. In certain embodiments, amino acid sequence modifications to a heavy chain constant region or domain thereof do modify or abrogate certain properties of the heavy chain constant region.
[0112] As used herein, the term “antigen” refers to any natural or synthetic immunogenic substance, such as a protein, peptide, or hapten. An antigen may be a full-length or mature protein, or a fragment thereof.
[0113] An “immune response” refers to a biological response within a vertebrate against foreign agents, which response protects the organism against these agents and diseases caused by them. An immune response is mediated by the action of a cell of the immune system (for example, a T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, natural killer (NK) cell, macrophage, eosinophil, mast cell, dendritic cell or neutrophil) and soluble macromolecules produced by any of these cells or the liver (including antibodies, cytokines, and complement) that results in selective targeting, binding to, damage to, destruction of, and / or elimination from the vertebrate's body of invading pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens, cancerous or other abnormal cells, or, in cases of autoimmunity or pathological inflammation, normal human cells or tissues. An immune reaction includes, e.g., activation or inhibition of a T cell, e.g., an effector T cell or a Th cell, such as a CD4+ or CD8+ T cell, or the inhibition of a Treg cell.
[0114] An “immunomodulator” or “immunoregulator” refers to an agent, e.g., a component of a signaling pathway, that may be involved in modulating, regulating, or modifying an immune response. “Modulating, ” “regulating, ” or “modifying” an immune response refers to any alteration in a cell of the immune system or in the activity of such cell (e.g., an effector T cell) . Such modulation includes stimulation or suppression of the immune system which may be manifested by an increase or decrease in the number of various cell types, an increase or decrease in the activity of these cells, or any other changes which can occur within the immune system. Both inhibitory and stimulatory immunomodulators have been identified, some of which may have enhanced function in a tumor microenvironment. In preferred embodiments, the immunomodulator is located on the surface of a T cell. An “immunomodulatory target” or “immunoregulatory target” is an immunomodulator that is targeted for binding by, and whose activity is altered by the binding of, a substance, agent, moiety, compound or molecule. Immunomodulatory targets include, for example, receptors on the surface of a cell ( “immunomodulatory receptors” ) and receptor ligands ( “immunomodulatory ligands” ) .
[0115] “Immunotherapy” refers to the treatment of a subject afflicted with, or at risk of contracting or suffering a recurrence of, a disease by a method comprising inducing, enhancing, suppressing or otherwise modifying an immune response.
[0116] “Potentiating an endogenous immune response” means increasing the effectiveness or potency of an existing immune response in a subject. This increase in effectiveness and potency may be achieved, for example, by overcoming mechanisms that suppress the endogenous host immune response or by stimulating mechanisms that enhance the endogenous host immune response.
[0117] “T effector” ( “Teff” ) cells refers to T cells (e.g., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) with cytolytic activities as well as T helper (Th) cells, which secrete cytokines and activate and direct other immune cells, but does not include regulatory T cells (Treg cells) .
[0118] The term “affinity” refers to the strength of the interaction between an antigen and a binding agent’s (e.g., antibody’s) antigen binding site. The affinity can be determined, for example, using the equation KA = [Ab: Ag ] / [Ab ] [Ag ] ;
[0119] Where KA=affinity constant; [Ab] =molar concentration of unoccupied binding sites on the binding agent (e.g., an antibody) ; [Ag] =molar concentration of unoccupied binding sites on the target antigen; and [Ab: Ag] =molar concentration of the binding agent-target antigen complex. The KA describes how much binding agent-antigen complex exists at the point when equilibrium is reached. The time taken for this to occur depends on rate of diffusion and is similar for every antibody. However, high-affinity antibodies will bind a greater amount of antigen in a shorter period of time than low-affinity antibodies. The KA of the antibodies produced can vary and range from between about 105 mol-1 to about 1012 mol-1 or more. The KA can be influenced by factors including pH, temperature, and buffer composition.
[0120] The antibody affinity can be measured using any means commonly employed in the art, including but not limited to the use of biosensors, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) , or Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) . Resonance units are proportional to the degree of binding of a soluble ligand (e.g., protein antigen) to the immobilized binding agent (or soluble binding agent to immobilized ligand such as protein antigen) . Determining the amount of binding at equilibrium with different known concentrations of the binding agent (e.g., an antibody) and ligand (e.g., protein antigen) allows the calculation of equilibrium constants (KA, KD) , and the rates of dissociation and association (koff, kon) . The KA can be calculated using the formula KA = kon / koff.
[0121] Unless otherwise stated, the affinity measurements (KA or KD) are derived from the dissociation / association rates (koff and kon) that are obtained using the BLI method.
[0122] The term “avidity” refers to the accumulated strength of multiple affinities of individual non-covalent binding interactions, such as between an antibody and its antigen. Avidity is related to both the affinity of individual immunoglobulin molecules in the population with specific epitopes, and also the valencies of the antibodies and the antigen. Therefore, for a multivalent binding molecule, the affinity might appear higher, and the off-rate might appear slower when compared to the monovalent molecule, although the affinity and off-rate of each individual binding domain of the multivalent binding molecule are identical to the monovalent affinity or off-rate, respectively.
[0123] The term “koff” refers to the dissociation rate or off constant, or specific reaction rate, for dissociation of a binding agent from a binding agent / antigen complex, measured in units: 1 / second (s-1) .
[0124] The term “kon” refers to the association rate constant or on, or specific reaction rate, of a direct or complex-forming reaction, measured in units: M–1s –1.
[0125] Unless stated otherwise, “koff” or “kon” values are derived from the following condition using Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) : phosphate buffered saline pH 7, 0.1% (m / v) BSA, 0.02%(v / v) Tween20, and 0.02%NaN3; all samples are set up in a microplate (200 μl / well) at room temperature, and all experiments are run at 30℃, a shaking speed of 1000 rpm and a recording rate of 5 Hz. The target antigen is immobilized on the biosensor, preferably through a biotin tag to streptavidin on the biosensor when applicable.
[0126] The “equilibrium dissociation constant” or “dissociation constant” or “KD” or “Kd” can be calculated using the formula KD = koff / kon. The KD is a ratio of koff / kon, between the binding agent and its antigen. KD and affinity (KA) are inversely related. The lower the KD value (lower peptide concentration) , the higher the affinity of the antibody. Most antibody-derived antigen binding domains have KD values in the low micromolar (10-6 M) to nanomolar (10-7 to 10-9 M) range. High affinity antigen binding domains are generally considered to have a KD in the low nanomolar range (10-9 M) with very high affinity being a KD in the picomolar (10-12 M) range or even lower (e.g. 10-13 to 10-14 M range) . In one embodiment, the binding agents disclosed herein have an apparent KD ranging from about 10-6 to about 10-15 M, about 10-7 to about 10-15 M, about 10-8 to about 10-15 M, about 10-9 to about 10-15 M, about 10-10 to about 10-15 M, about 10-11 to about 10-15 M, about 10-12 to about 10-15 M, about 10-13 to about 10-14 M, about 10-13 to about 10-15 M, or about 10-14 to about 10-15 M.
[0127] The term “valent” refers to the presence of a specified number of binding sites of a binding agent (e.g., an antibody) . As such, the terms “bivalent” , “tetravalent” , and “hexavalent” refer to the presence of two binding sites, four binding sites, and six binding sites, respectively, in a binding agent (e.g., an antibody of the present disclosure) .
[0128] As used herein the term “sequence identity” refers to the extent to which two optimally aligned polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences are invariant throughout a window of alignment of residues, e.g. nucleotides or amino acids. An “identity fraction” for aligned segments of a test sequence and a reference sequence is the number of identical residues which are shared by the two aligned sequences divided by the total number of residues in the reference sequence segment, i.e. the entire reference sequence or a smaller defined part of the reference sequence. “Percent identity” is the identity fraction times 100. Comparison of sequences to determine percent identity can be accomplished by a number of well-known methods, including for example by using mathematical algorithms, such as, for example, BLAST version 2.11.0 using default parameters.
[0129] In some embodiments, identity of related polypeptides or nucleic acid sequences can be readily calculated by any of the methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The “percent identity” of two sequences (e.g., nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) may, for example, be determined using the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 2264-68, 1990, modified as in Karlin and Altschul Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-77, 1993. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the and programs (version 2.0) of Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-10, 1990. protein searches can be performed, for example, with the XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to the proteins described herein. Where gaps exist between two sequences, Gapped can be utilized, for example, as described in Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (17) : 3389-3402, 1997. When utilizing and Gapped programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., and ) can be used, or the parameters can be adjusted appropriately as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Unless stated otherwise, percent identity in the claims is determined from sequences aligned using the Clustal Omega online tool with default parameters.
[0130] Another local alignment technique which may be used, for example, is based on the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith, T.F. & Waterman, M.S. (1981) “Identification of common molecular subsequences. ” J. Mol. Biol. 147: 195-197) . A general global alignment technique which may be used, for example, is the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm (Needleman, S.B. & Wunsch, C.D. (1970) “A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequences of two proteins. ” J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) , which is based on dynamic programming.
[0131] More recently, a Fast Optimal Global Sequence Alignment Algorithm (FOGSAA) was developed that purportedly produces global alignment of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences faster than other optimal global alignment methods, including the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm. In some embodiments, the identity of two polypeptides is determined by aligning the two amino acid sequences, calculating the number of identical amino acids, and dividing by the length of one of the amino acid sequences. In some embodiments, the identity of two nucleic acids is determined by aligning the two nucleotide sequences and calculating the number of identical nucleotide and dividing by the length of one of the nucleic acids.
[0132] For multiple sequence alignments, computer programs including Clustal (Sievers et al., Mol Syst Biol. 2011 Oct 11; 7: 539) may be used.
[0133] As used herein, the term “linked” refers to the association of two or more molecules. The linkage can be covalent or non-covalent. The linkage also can be genetic (i.e., recombinantly fused) . Such linkages can be achieved using a wide variety of art recognized techniques, such as chemical conjugation and recombinant protein production.
[0134] As used herein, “administering” refers to the physical introduction of a composition comprising a therapeutic agent to a subject, using any of the various methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art. Preferred routes of administration for antibodies described herein include intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intralymphatic, intralesional, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion, as well as in vivo electroporation. Alternatively, an antibody described herein can be administered via a non-parenteral route, such as a topical, epidermal or mucosal route of administration, for example, intranasally, orally, vaginally, rectally, sublingually or topically. Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and / or over one or more extended periods.
[0135] As used herein, the term “T cell-mediated response” refers to a response mediated by T cells, including effector T cells (e.g., CD8+ cells) and helper T cells (e.g., CD4+ cells) . T cell mediated responses include, for example, T cell cytotoxicity and proliferation.
[0136] As used herein, the term “cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response” refers to an immune response induced by cytotoxic T cells. CTL responses are mediated primarily by CD8+ T cells.
[0137] The terms “treat, ” “treating, ” and “treatment, ” as used herein, refer to any type of intervention or process performed on, or administering an active agent to, the subject with the objective of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, or slowing down or preventing the progression, development, severity or recurrence of a symptom, complication, condition or biochemical indicia associated with a disease. Prophylaxis refers to administration to a subject who does not have a disease, to prevent the disease from occurring or minimize its effects if it does.
[0138] The term “effective dose” or “effective dosage” is defined as an amount sufficient to achieve or at least partially achieve a desired effect. A “therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective dosage” of a drug or therapeutic agent is any amount of the drug that, when used alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, promotes disease regression evidenced by a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction. A “prophylactically effective amount” or a “prophylactically effective dosage” of a drug is an amount of the drug that, when administered alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent to a subject at risk of developing a disease or of suffering a recurrence of disease, inhibits the development or recurrence of the disease. The ability of a therapeutic or prophylactic agent to promote disease regression or inhibit the development or recurrence of the disease can be evaluated using a variety of methods known to the skilled practitioner, such as in human subjects during clinical trials, in animal model systems predictive of efficacy in humans, or by assaying the activity of the agent in in vitro assays.
[0139] The terms “patient” and “subject” refer to any human or non-human animal that receives either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment. For example, the methods and compositions described herein can be used to treat a subject having cancer. The term “non-human animal” includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
[0140] Variant Fc Regions and Variant CH2 Domains
[0141] In one aspect, the disclosure provides variant Fc regions or variant CH2 domains comprising mutations (e.g., substitutions) at one or more of amino acid positions 234-238, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises (i) an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 234-236; and (ii) an amino acid substitution at one or both of amino acid positions 237-238, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0142] In one aspect, the disclosure provides proteins comprising the variant Fc region or the variant CH2 domain of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the protein or the variant Fc region comprises two variant CH2 domains of the disclosure (i.e., each CH2 domain comprises the one or more mutations) . In some embodiments, the two variant CH2 domains within the protein or the variant Fc region comprise the same mutations (e.g., substitutions) within the region of amino acid positions 235-238. In some embodiments, the two variant CH2 domains within the protein or the variant Fc region further comprise the same mutation at amino acid position 268. In some other embodiments, the two variant CH2 domains within the protein or the variant Fc region does not comprise a mutation at amino acid position 268. In some embodiments, the two variant CH2 domains within the protein or the variant Fc region further comprise the same mutation (s) at amino acid positions 330 and / or 331. In some other embodiments, the two variant CH2 domains within the protein or the variant Fc region does not comprise a mutation at amino acid position 330 and / or 331. The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0143] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 234-238, wherein:
[0144] (a) the amino acid substitution at position 234 is Alanine (A) or Glycine (G) ;
[0145] (b) the amino acid substitution at position 235 is Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) ;
[0146] (c) the amino acid substitution at position 236 is phenylalanine (F) , lysine (K) , glutamine (Q) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) ;
[0147] (d) the amino acid substitution at position 237 is Alanine (A) , lysine (K) , glutamine (Q) , or Arginine (R) ; and / or
[0148] (e) the amino acid substitution at position 238 is Arginine (R) or Serine (S) ,
[0149] wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. In some embodiments, the wildtype Fc region or CH2 domain comprises, in amino acid positions 234-238: L234A, L235A, G236, G237, and / or P238. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid substitution (s) comprises:
[0150] (a) L234A or L234G at amino acid position 234;
[0151] (b) L235A, L235G, L235S, or L235T at amino acid position 235;
[0152] (c) G236F, G236K, G236Q, G236S, or G236T at amino acid position 236;
[0153] (d) G237A, G237K, G237Q, or G237R at amino acid position 237; and / or
[0154] (e) P238R or P238S at amino acid position 238. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Glycine (G) at position 268 (e.g., the amino acid substitutions H268G) , wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) , wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0155] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the combination of amino acids at positions 234-238 according to one of the embodiments of Table 1 below.
[0156] Table 1. Non-limiting Embodiments of Combinations of Amino Acids in the Variant Fc Region of Variant CH2 Domain
[0157] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the combination of amino acids at positions 234-238 and 268 according to one of the embodiments of Table 2 below.
[0158] Table 2. Non-limiting Embodiments of Combinations of Amino Acids in the Variant Fc Region of Variant CH2 Domain
[0159] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the combination of amino acids at positions 234-238, 268 and 330-331 according to one of the embodiments of Table 3 below.
[0160] Table 3. Non-limiting Embodiments of Combinations of Amino Acids in the Variant Fc Region of Variant CH2 Domain
[0161] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or all four, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or all four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a Glycine (G) at amino acid position 236. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Glycine (G) at position 268 (e.g., the amino acid substitutions H268G) . In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R / 268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R / H268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236G / 237A / 238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R / 268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236G / 237A / 238R / 268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R / H268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) . The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0162] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Glycine (G) at position 268 (e.g., the amino acid substitutions H268G) . In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or all six, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R / 268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or all six, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R / H268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R / 268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R / H268G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) . The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0163] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S / 268H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) . The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0164] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, of the following amino acids: 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, amino acid substitutions selected from L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S / 268H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) . The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0165] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or all four, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or all four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q / 238P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q / 268H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q / 238P / 268H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a Proline (P) at amino acid position 238. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) . The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0166] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S / 268H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) . The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0167] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S / 268H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) . The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0168] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, at least four, or all five, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the following amino acids: 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S / 268H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises the amino acid Serine (S) at position 330 and / or position 331 (e.g., the amino acid substitution (s) A330S and / or P331S) . The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0169] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or all four, of the following amino acids: 234A / 235T / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions of L234A / L235T / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, such a variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid at positions 236. In some embodiments, such a variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises histidine (H) , lysine (K) , asparagine (N) , arginine (R) , or glutamine (Q) at position 236. The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0170] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or all four, of the following amino acids: 234A / 236Q / 237R / 238S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions of L234A / G236Q / G237R / P238S. In some embodiments, such a variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid at positions 235. In some embodiments, such a variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) at positions 235. The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0171] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the combination of amino acids, according to EU index as in Kabat, of one of the embodiments of Table 4 below.
[0172] Table 4. Non-limiting Embodiments of Combinations of Amino Acids in the Variant Fc Region of Variant CH2 Domain
[0173] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 330S and / or 331S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 330S and 331S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 330A and / or 331P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 330A and 331P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at one or both of amino acid positions 330-331. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises both amino acid substitutions at positions 330-331. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 330 is Serine (S) . In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 331 is Serine (S) . In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 330 is A330S. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution at position 331 is P331S. The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0174] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 136-215.
[0175] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 51-130.
[0176] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234A and / or 235A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234A and 235A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234G and / or 235G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234G and 235G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234A and / or 235T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234A and 235T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234A and / or 235S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234A and 235S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 235A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 235G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 235T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 235S. The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0177] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain does not comprise an Arginine (R) substitution at position 236.
[0178] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 231. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 231A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 232. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 232P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 233. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 233E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 234. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 234L. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 235. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 235L. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 236. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 236G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 237. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 237G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 238. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 238P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 239. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 239S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 240. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 240V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 241. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 241F. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 242. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 242L. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 243. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 243F. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 244. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 244P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 245. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 245P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 246. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 246K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 247. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 247P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 248. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 248K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 249. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 249D. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 250. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 250T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 251. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 251L. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 252. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 252M. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 253. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 253I. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 254. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 254S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 255. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 255R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 256. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 256T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 257. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 257P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 258. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 258E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 259. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 259V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 260. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 260T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 261. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 261C. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 262. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 262V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 263. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 263V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 264. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 264V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 265. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 265D. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 266. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 266V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 267. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 267 S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 268. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 268H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 269. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 269E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 270. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 270D. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 271. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 271P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 272. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 272E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 273. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 273V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 274. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 274K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 275. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 275F. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 276. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 276N. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 277. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 277W. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 278. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 278Y. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 279. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 279V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 280. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 280D. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 281. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 281G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 282. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 282V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 283. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 283E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 284. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 284V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 285. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 285H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 286. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 286N. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 287. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 287A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 288. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 288K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 289. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 289T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 290. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 290K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 291. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 291P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 292. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 292R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 293. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 293E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 294. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 294E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 295. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 295Q. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 296. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 296Y. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 297. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 297N. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 298. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 298S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 299. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 299T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 300. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 300Y. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 301. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 301R. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 302. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 302V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 303. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 303V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 304. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 304S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 305. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 305V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 306. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 306 L. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 307. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 307T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 308. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 308V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 309. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 309L. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 310. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 310H. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 311. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 311Q. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 312. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 312D. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 313. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 313W. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 314. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 314L. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 315. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 315N. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 316. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 316G. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 317. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 317K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 318. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 318E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 319. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 319Y. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 320. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 320K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 321. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 321C. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 322. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 322K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 323. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 323V. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 324. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 324S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 325. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 325 N. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 326. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 326K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 327. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 327A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 328. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 328L. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 329. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 329P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 330. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 330A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 331. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 331P. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 332. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 332I. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 333. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 333E. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 334. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 334K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 335. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 335T. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 336. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 336I. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 337. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 337S. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 338. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 338K. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 339. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 339A. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises the amino acid of a wildtype antibody at amino acid position 340. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises 340K. The amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0179] An amino acid substitution of the disclosure may be a conservative amino acid substitution or a non-conservative amino acid substitution.
[0180] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain of the disclosure comprises one of the sequences set forth in the Sequence Table, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain (i) differs from a sequence in the Sequence Table in 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) differs from a sequence in the Sequence Table in at most 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acids substitutions, additions or deletions; (iii) differs from a sequence in the Sequence Table in 1-5, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5 or 3-5 amino acids substitutions, additions or deletions and / or (iv) comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identical to a sequence in the Sequence Table, wherein in any of (i) - (iv) , an amino acid substitution may be a conservative amino acid substitution or a non-conservative amino acid substitution; and wherein the biological activity of the constant region is not significantly changed by these mutation (s) . In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain of the disclosure may comprise a combination of mutations that confer onto the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain a combination of the biological activities conferred by each individual mutation.
[0181] Antibodies or Fragments Derived from Antibodies
[0182] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is derived from an antibody. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides antibodies comprising the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the antibody is a human, mouse, rat, rabbit, rhesus or cynomolgus monkey, or chicken antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a mouse antibody, a rat antibody, a rabbit antibody, a chicken antibody (e.g., IgY) , a guinea pig antibody, a donkey antibody, a human antibody, a monkey antibody, a goat antibody, a pig antibody, a horse antibody, or a cattle antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a human antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a mouse antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a rat antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a rabbit antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a chicken antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a camelid antibody.
[0183] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides proteins comprising the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain derived from an antibody. In some embodiments, the protein is an antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) . In some embodiments, the protein contains a non-antibody fragment (e.g., a human serum albumin fragment) . In some embodiments, the protein comprises an antigen binding fragment of an antibody. In some embodiments, the protein comprises a binding region (e.g., scFv) that is different from the binding domain found in a naturally occurring antibody.
[0184] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, 32, and 35, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0185] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 10, 16, and 22, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0186] In some embodiments, the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 33, and 36, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0187] In some embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, 12, 18, and 24, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0188] In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgM. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgA. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgD. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgE. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgY antibody (e.g., a chicken antibody) . In some embodiments, the antibody is a heavy-chain antibody (e.g., a camelid heavy chain antibody) .
[0189] In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG. In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 subclass. In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is IgG1 subclass. In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is IgG2 subclass. In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is IgG3 subclass. In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is IgG4 subclass.
[0190] In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is a human antibody. In some embodiments, the human IgG antibody is IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 subclass. In some embodiments, the human IgG antibody is IgG1 subclass. In some embodiments, the human IgG antibody is IgG2 subclass. In some embodiments, the human IgG antibody is IgG3 subclass. In some embodiments, the human IgG antibody is IgG4 subclass. In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG1 antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 (Uniprot ID: P01857) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG2 antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 38 (Uniprot ID: P01859) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG3 antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 39 (Uniprot ID: P01860) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG4 antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 40 (Uniprot ID: P01861) .
[0191] In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is a mouse antibody. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG antibody is IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c or IgG3 subclass. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG antibody is IgG1 subclass. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG antibody is IgG2a subclass. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG antibody is IgG2b subclass. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG antibody is IgG2c subclass. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG antibody is IgG3 subclass. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG1 antibody is an IgG1*variant. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG2b antibody is an IgG2b*variant. In some embodiments, the mouse IgG2a antibody is the IgG2a A allotype (IgG2aA) . In some embodiments, the mouse IgG2a antibody is the IgG2a B allotype (IgG2aB) . Descriptions of murine antibodies can be found, for example, in Han et al., ACS Omega. 2020 Apr 21; 5 (15) : 8564–8571, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG1 antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 41 (Uniprot ID: P01868) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG2a antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 42 (Uniprot ID: P01864) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG2b antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 43 (Uniprot ID: P01867) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG2c antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 (Uniprot ID: A0A0A6YY53) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG3 antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 45 (Uniprot ID: A0A075B5P5) .
[0192] In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is a rat antibody. In some embodiments, the rat IgG antibody is IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, or IgG2c subclass. In some embodiments, the rat IgG antibody is IgG1 subclass. In some embodiments, the rat IgG antibody is IgG2a subclass. In some embodiments, the rat IgG antibody is IgG2b subclass. In some embodiments, the rat IgG antibody is IgG2c subclass. Descriptions of rat antibodies can be found, for example, in Kinoshita and Ross, J Immunoassay. 1993 Sep; 14 (3) : 149-66, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG1 antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 46 (Uniprot ID: P20759) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG2a antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 47 (Uniprot ID: P20760) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG2b antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 48 (Uniprot ID: P20761) . In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG2c antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 49 (Uniprot ID: P20762) .
[0193] In some embodiments, the IgG antibody is a rabbit antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region of the IgG antibody comprises or consists of a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 50 (Uniprot ID: P01870) .
[0194] Binding to Fc Receptors and Effector Function
[0195] Provided herein are antibodies, proteins, and molecules comprising a variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprising one or more amino acid mutations that reduce FcγR binding and / or effector function.
[0196] In some embodiments, the FcγR family consists of three activating (FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV in mice; FcγRIA, FcγRIIA, and FcγRIIIA in humans) and one inhibitory (FcγRIIB) receptor. In some embodiments, innate effector cells co-express one or more activating FcγR and the inhibitory FcγRIIB. In some embodiments, natural killer (NK) cells selectively express one activating Fc receptor (FcγRIII in mice and FcγRIIIA in humans) but not the inhibitory FcγRIIB in mice and humans. Human IgG1 binds to most human Fc receptors and is considered equivalent to murine IgG2a with respect to the types of activating Fc receptors that it binds to.
[0197] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced binding to at least one of FcγRs. In some embodiments, the FcγR is CD64, CD32a, CD32b, CD16a, CD16b, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced binding to all of CD64, CD32a, CD32b, CD16a, and CD16b, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%binding to at least one of FcγRs compared to a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%binding to all of CD64, CD32a, CD32b, CD16a, and CD16b, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of, of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, such binding is measured at a concentration that equals to the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of the reference protein to the binding partner. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure display high Kd values (i.e., weak or negligible binding) for an FcγR family receptor. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure display high Kd values (i.e., weak or negligible binding) for all of CD64, CD32a, CD32b, CD16a, and CD16b, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of. In some embodiments, such binding is measured by Biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assay.
[0198] In some embodiments, the reference protein comprises a CH2 domain that comprises wildtype amino acid residues in the one or more amino acid positions comprising a mutation as in the variant CH2 domain of the disclosure, but otherwise comprises the same amino acid residues in the rest of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the reference protein comprises a wildtype CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the reference protein comprises a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the reference protein comprises a CH2 domain comprising 234A / 235A / 329G according to EU index as in Kabat, but otherwise comprises wildtype amino acid residues or the same amino acid residues as in the protein of interest (except for the specific one or more amino acid mutations) . Choosing the proper reference protein is within the knowledge of a skilled person. When the protein contains two or more CH2 domains, the reference protein shall contain the same number of CH2 domains that do not contain the one or more mutations as in the variant CH2 domain of the disclosure.
[0199] Additional description of FcγR binding, effector function, and related assays can be found, for example, in Wilkinson et al., PLoS One. 2021; 16 (12) : e0260954 and U.S. Pat. No. 12,037,380, the content of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0200] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced binding to CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32a is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure display a Kd value of more than 10 μM, more than 50 μM, more than 100 μM, more than 500 μM, more than 1 mM, more than 5 mM, or more than 10 mM, for binding to CD32a. In some embodiments, the CD32a is a human CD32a. In some embodiments, the CD32a is an 167R allotype. In some embodiments, the CD32a is an 167H allotype.
[0201] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced binding to CD32b / FCGR2B / Fc gamma RIIB. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure display a Kd value of more than 10 μM, more than 50 μM, more than 100 μM, more than 500 μM, more than 1 mM, more than 5 mM, or more than 10 mM, for binding to CD32b. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD32b is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CD32b is a human CD32b.
[0202] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced binding to CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16a is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure display a Kd value of more than 10 μM, more than 50 μM, more than 100 μM, more than 500 μM, more than 1 mM, more than 5 mM, or more than 10 mM, for binding to CD16a. In some embodiments, the CD16a is a human CD16a. In some embodiments, the CD16a is an 176F allotype. In some embodiments, the CD16a is an 176V allotype.
[0203] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced binding to CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD16b is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure display a Kd value of more than 10 μM, more than 50 μM, more than 100 μM, more than 500 μM, more than 1 mM, more than 5 mM, or more than 10 mM, for binding to Cd16b. In some embodiments, the CD16b is a human CD16b. In some embodiments, the CD16b is an NA1 allotype. In some embodiments, the CD16b is an NA2 allotype. In some embodiments, the CD16b is an SH allotype.
[0204] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced binding to CD64 / FCGR1. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to CD64 is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure display a Kd value of more than 10 μM, more than 50 μM, more than 100 μM, more than 500 μM, more than 1 mM, more than 5 mM, or more than 10 mM, for binding to CD64. In some embodiments, the CD64 is a human CD64.
[0205] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure retains binding to neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) . In some embodiments, FcRn is a heterodimer formed by two subunits, FCGRT and B2M. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure better retains FcRn binding than a control protein or variant Fc region that has reduced or abolished FcγR binding and / or effector function. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure displays faster kon for FcRn binding than a control protein or variant Fc region that has reduced or abolished FcγR binding and / or effector function. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure displays slower koff for FcRn binding than a control protein or variant Fc region that has reduced or abolished FcγR binding and / or effector function. In some embodiments, the control protein or variant Fc region comprises amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0206] In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 90%and about 110%, between about 80%and about 125%, between about 70%and about 140%, between about 60%and about 160%, between about 50%and about 200%, between about 40%and about 250%, between about 30%and about 350%, between about 20%and about 500%, or between about 10%and about 1000%, of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region (e.g., a reference protein or Fc region comprising a wildtype CH2 domain) . In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 1000%and about 800%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 800%and about 600%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 600%and about 400%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 400%and about 200%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 200%and about 100%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 100%and about 50%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 50%and about 25%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 50%and about 25%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is between about 25%and about 10%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, binding is determined by the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) . In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn with a Kd of less than 1.4 mM. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn with a Kd of no more than 1.4 mM, no more than 1.3 mM, no more than 1.2 mM, no more than 1.1 M, or no more than 1.0 mM. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn with a Kd of no more than 0.9 mM, no more than 0.8 mM, no more than 0.7 mM, no more than 0.6 mM, no more than 0.5 mM, no more than 0.4 mM, no more than 0.3 mM, no more than 0.2 mM, or no more than 0.1 mM. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn with a Kd of no more than 90 μM, no more than 80 μM, no more than 70 μM, no more than 60 μM, no more than 50 μM, no more than 40 μM, no more than 30 μM, no more than 20 μM, or no more than 10 μM. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn with a Kd of no more than 9 μM, no more than 8 μM, no more than 7 μM, no more than 6 μM, no more than 5 μM, no more than 4 μM, no more than 3 μM, no more than 2 μM, or no more than 1 μM. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn with a Kd of no more than 0.9 μM, no more than 0.8 μM, no more than 0.7 μM, no more than 0.6 μM, no more than 0.5 μM, no more than 0.4 μM, no more than 0.3 μM, no more than 0.2 μM, or no more than 0.1 μM. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn with a Kd of between 1.3 mM and 1.4 mM, 1.2 mM and 1.3 mM, 1.1 mM and 1.2 mM, 1.0 mM and 1.1 mM, 0.8 mM and 1.0 mM, 0.6 mM and 0.8 mM, 0.4 mM and 0.6 mM, 0.2 mM and 0.4 mM, 0.1 mM and 0.2 mM, 30 μM and 0.1 mM, 10 μM and 30 μM, 3 μM and 10 μM, 1 μM and 3 μM, 0.3 μM and 1 μM, 0.1 μM and 0.3 μM, or 0.01 μM and 0.1 μM. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn at acidic pH (i.e., pH <7, such as pH ranging between 5 and 5.5, between 5.5 and 6, between 6 and 6.5, or between 6.5 and 6.9) , and its FcRn binding decreases significantly at neutral pH, or at basic pH (i.e., pH >7, such as pH ranging between 7.1 and 7.5, between 7.5 and 8.0, between 8.0 and 8.5, between 8.5 and 9.0) . In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is measured at pH 6.0. In some embodiments, binding of the protein or variant Fc region to FcRn is measured at pH 6.5.
[0207] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to FcRn with a higher binding affinity, a faster kon, and / or a slower koff, compared to a reference protein or variant Fc region comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to human FcRn with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) that is no more than 90%, no more than 80%, no more than 70%, no more than 60%, no more than 50%, no more than 40%, no more than 30%, no more than 20%, or no more than 10%, of that of the reference protein or variant Fc region comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to human FcRn with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) that is between 90%and 0.001%, between 90%and 10%, between 10%and 1%, between 1%and 0.1%, between 0.1%and 0.01%, or between 0.01%and 0.001%, of that of the reference protein or variant Fc region comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to human FcRn with a kon that is at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold, of that of the reference protein or variant Fc region comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to human FcRn with a kon that is between 1.1-fold and 100,000-fold, between 1.1-fold and 2-fold, between 2-fold and 10-fold, between 10-fold and 100-fold, between 100-fold and 1,000-fold, between 1,000-fold and 10,000-fold, or between 10,000-fold and 100,000-fold, of that of the reference protein or variant Fc region comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to human FcRn with a koff that is no more than 90%, no more than 80%, no more than 70%, no more than 60%, no more than 50%, no more than 40%, no more than 30%, no more than 20%, or no more than 10%, of that of the reference protein or variant Fc region comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region binds to human FcRn with a koff that is between 90%and 0.001%, between 90%and 50%, between 50%and 10%, between 10%and 1%, between 1%and 0.1%, between 0.1%and 0.01%, or between 0.01%and 0.001%, of that of the reference protein or variant Fc region comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain.
[0208] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region.
[0209] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the ADCP activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region.
[0210] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the CDC activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region.
[0211] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure has reduced cytokine-release activity. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 0.3%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is less than 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 20%and about 5%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 5%and about 1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 1%and about 0.1%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.1%and about 0.01%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.01%and about 0.001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.001%and about 0.0001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the cytokine-release activity of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0.0001%and about 0.00001%of that of a reference protein or reference Fc region.
[0212] In some embodiments, the thermal stability of the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure is greater than or within ±2℃ of the thermal stability of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the thermal stability of the protein or variant Fc region is between about -2℃ and about 0℃ lower than the thermal stability of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the thermal stability of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0℃ and about 2℃ higher than the thermal stability of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the thermal stability of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 2℃ and about 4℃ higher than the thermal stability of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the thermal stability of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 4℃ and about 6℃ higher than the thermal stability of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the thermal stability of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 6℃ and about 8℃ higher than the thermal stability of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the thermal stability of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 8℃ and about 10℃higher than the thermal stability of a reference protein or a reference Fc region.
[0213] In some embodiments, the monomer content of the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure is greater than or within ±2%of the monomer content of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the monomer content of the protein or variant Fc region is between about -2%and about 0%lower than the monomer content of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the monomer content of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 0%and about 2%higher than the monomer content of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the monomer content of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 2%and about 4%higher than the monomer content of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the monomer content of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 4%and about 6%higher than the monomer content of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the monomer content of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 6%and about 8%higher than the monomer content of a reference protein or a reference Fc region. In some embodiments, the monomer content of the protein or variant Fc region is between about 8%and about 10%higher than the monomer content of a reference protein or a reference Fc region.
[0214] In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 4 ℃ for 3-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 4 ℃ for 7-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 4 ℃ for 10-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 4 ℃ for 14-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 4 ℃ for 21-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 4 ℃ for 28-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 20 ℃ for 3-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 20 ℃ for 7-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 20 ℃ for 10-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 20 ℃ for 14-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 20 ℃ for 21-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 20 ℃for 28-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 25 ℃ for 3-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 25 ℃ for 7-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 25 ℃ for 10-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 25 ℃ for 14-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 25 ℃ for 21-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 25 ℃ for 28-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 37 ℃for 3-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 37 ℃ for 7-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 37 ℃ for 10-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 37 ℃ for 14-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 37 ℃ for 21-day. In some embodiments, the stability test is conducted at about 37 ℃ for 28-day.
[0215] Moiety for Conjugation to a Heterologous Molecule
[0216] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region of the disclosure comprises at least one moiety for conjugation to a heterologous molecule. In some embodiments, the at least one moiety is a cysteine. In some embodiments, the at least one moiety is a lysine. In some embodiments, the at least one moiety is a biotin. In some embodiments, biotinylation of the protein or variant Fc region is achieved through chemical methods. In some embodiments, biotinylation of the protein or variant Fc region is achieved through enzymatic methods. In some embodiments, biotinylation of the protein or variant Fc region is achieved in vitro. In some embodiments, biotinylation of the protein or variant Fc region is achieved in vivo.
[0217] Exemplary methods of biotinylation, as well as other bioconjugation techniques, can be found in Hermanson GT (2008) Bioconjugate techniques, 2nd Edition. San Diego (CA) : Academic Press, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
[0218] In some embodiments, the at least one moiety is a streptavidin.
[0219] In some embodiments, the at least one moiety is a non-natural amino acid.
[0220] In some embodiments, the at least one moiety comprises a functional group for conjugation through click chemistry. In some embodiments, the functional group comprises dibenzocyclooctyne group (DBCO) , azide, tetrazine and / or trans-cyclooctene (TCO) . Descriptions of click chemistry can be found, for example, in Devaraj and Finn, Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 12, 6697–6698; and Hein et al., Pharm Res. 2008 Oct; 25 (10) : 2216–2230, the content of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
[0221] In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region comprises one moiety for conjugation to a heterologous molecule. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region comprises two or more moieties for conjugation to a heterologous molecule. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more than ten moieties for conjugation to a heterologous molecule. In some embodiments, the protein or variant Fc region comprise two moieties for conjugation to a heterologous molecule. In some embodiments, the two or more moieties are the same. In some embodiments, the two or more moieties are different.
[0222] Molecules Comprising the Variant Fc Region or the Variant CH2 Domain
[0223] In one aspect, the disclosure provides molecules comprising the protein of the disclosure. In some embodiment, the molecules comprise the protein of the disclosure linked to a heterologous molecule. In one aspect, the disclosure provides molecules comprising (i) the variant Fc region or the variant CH2 domain; and (ii) the heterologous molecule. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is linked to the protein via the variant Fc region or the variant CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is linked to the protein, but not via the variant Fc region or the variant CH2 domain.
[0224] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is covalently linked to the protein. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is non-covalently linked to the protein.
[0225] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is selected from fluorescent dyes, haptens (e.g. biotin) , contrast agents (e.g. gadolinium, radionuclides) , chelated metals, therapeutic agents, sensitizers, small molecules, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a reporter, an oligonucleotide, a moiety functionalized for click chemistry, or an effector. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a small molecule, cytotoxic agent, radionuclide, solubility-altering agent, dye, fluorophore, immunogen, enzyme, lipid, polymer, polyethylene glycol, chemotherapeutic agent, prodrug, peptide, protein, nucleic acid, or a carbohydrate. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises an amino acid, a peptide, a protein, a polysaccharide, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a nucleic acid, a hapten, a drug, a hormone, a lipid, a lipid assembly, a synthetic polymer, a polymeric microparticle, a biological cell, a virus, a fluorophore, a chromophore, a dye, a toxin, a hapten, an enzyme, an antibody, an antibody fragment, a radioisotope, solid matrixes, semi-solid matrixes, or any combination thereof. Patents teaching the use of such heterologous molecules include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350; 3,996,345; 4,277,437; 4,275,149; and 4,366,241 and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0226] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a radioactive isotope, including, but not limited to At211, Cu64, 1131, 1125, Y90, Re186, Re188, Sm153, Bi212, P32, Zr89 and radioactive isotopes of Lu.
[0227] Therapeutic Agents
[0228] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a nucleic acid molecule, a radioisotope, a thymidylate synthase inhibitor, or a platinum compound. Exemplary examples of each are found in US Patent No. 10,888,618, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0229] In some embodiments, the molecule is an antibody-drug conjugate. In some embodiments, the ADC comprises a cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent conjugated to the antibody comprising the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain.
[0230] Cytotoxic and / or Cytostatic Agents for Conjugation
[0231] In some embodiments, the molecule comprises a cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent is conjugated to the protein of the disclosure. In some embodiments, conjugation of the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent and the protein is achieved via a linker. In some embodiments, the molecule comprises: (the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent) - (linker) - (protein) , wherein these components are conjugated covalently.
[0232] The cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents may be any agents known to inhibit the growth and / or replication of and / or kill cells, and in particular cancer and / or tumor cells. Numerous agents having cytotoxic and / or cytostatic properties are known in the literature. Non-limiting examples of classes of cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents include, by way of example and not limitation, radionuclides, alkylating agents, DNA cross-linking agents, DNA intercalating agents (e.g., groove binding agents such as minor groove binders) , cell cycle modulators, apoptosis regulators, kinase inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, mitochondria inhibitors, nuclear export inhibitors, topoisomerase I inhibitors, topoisomerase II inhibitors, RNA / DNA antimetabolites and antimitotic agents.
[0233] Specific non-limiting examples of agents within certain of these various classes are provided below.
[0234] Alkylating Agents: asaley (L-Leucine, N- [N-acetyl-4- [bis- (2-chloroethyl) amino] -DL-phenylalanyl] -, ethylester) ; AZQ (1, 4-cyclohexadiene-1, 4-dicarbamic acid, 2, 5-bis (1-aziridinyl) -3, 6-dioxo-, diethyl ester) ; BCNU (N, N′-Bis (2-chloroethyl) -N-nitrosourea) ; busulfan (1, 4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate) ; (carboxyphthalato) platinum; CBDCA (cis- (1, 1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato) diammineplatinum (II) ) ; CCNU (N- (2-chloroethyl) -N′-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea) ; CHIP (iproplatin; NSC 256927) ; chlorambucil; chlorozotocin (2- [ [ [ (2- chloroethyl) nitrosoamino] carbonyl] amino] -2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose) ; cis-platinum (cisplatin) ; clomesone; cyanomorpholinodoxorubicin; cyclodisone; dianhydrogalactitol (5, 6-diepoxydulcitol) ; fluorodopan ( (5- [ (2-chloroethyl) - (2-fluoroethyl) amino] -6-methyl-uracil) ; hepsulfam; hycanthone; indolinobenzodiazepine dimer DGN462; melphalan; methyl CCNU ( (1- (2-chloroethyl) -3- (trans-4-methylcyclohexane) -1-nitrosourea) ; mitomycin C; mitozolamide; nitrogen mustard ( (bis (2-chloroethyl) methylamine hydrochloride) ; PCNU ( (1- (2-chloroethyl) -3- (2, 6-dioxo-3-piperidyl) -1-nitrosourea) ) ; piperazine alkylator ( (1- (2-chloroethyl) -4- (3-chloropropyl) -piperazine dihydrochloride) ) ; piperazinedione; pipobroman (N, N′-bis (3-bromopropionyl) piperazine) ; porfiromycin (N-methylmitomycin C) ; spirohydantoin mustard; teroxirone (triglycidylisocyanurate) ; tetraplatin; thio-tepa (N, N′, N″-tri-1, 2-ethanediylthio phosphoramide) ; triethylenemelamine; uracil nitrogen mustard (desmethyldopan) ; Yoshi-864 ( (bis (3-mesyloxy propyl) amine hydrochloride) .
[0235] DNA Alkvlating-like Agents: Cisplatin; Carboplatin; Nedaplatin; Oxaliplatin; Satraplatin; Triplatin tetranitrate; Procarbazine; altretamine; dacarbazine; mitozolomide; temozolomide.
[0236] Alkylating Antineoplastic Agents: Carboquone; Carmustine; Chlornaphazine; Chlorozotocin; Duocarmycin; Evofosfamide; Fotemustine; Glufosfamide; Lomustine; Mannosulfan; Nimustine; Phenanthriplatin; Pipobroman; Ranimustine; Semustine; Streptozotocin; ThioTEPA; Treosulfan; Triaziquone; Triethylenemelamine; Triplatin tetranitrate.
[0237] DNA replication and repair inhibitors: Altretamine; Bleomycin; Dacarbazine; Dactinomycin; Mitobronitol; Mitomycin; Pingyangmycin; Plicamycin; Procarbazine; Temozolomide; ABT-888 (veliparib) ; olaparib; KU-59436; AZD-2281; AG-014699; BSI-201; BGP-15; INO-1001; ONO-2231.
[0238] Cell Cycle Modulators: Paclitaxel; Nab-Paclitaxel; Docetaxel; Vincristine; Vinblastine; ABT-348; AZD-1152; MLN-8054; VX-680; Aurora A-specific kinase inhibitors; Aurora B-specific kinase inhibitors and pan-Aurora kinase inhibitors; AZD-5438; BMI-1040; BMS-032; BMS-387; CVT-2584; flavopyridol; GPC-286199; MCS-5A; PD0332991; PHA-690509; seliciclib (CYC-202, R-roscovitine) ; ZK-304709; AZD4877, ARRY-520; GSK923295A.
[0239] Apoptosis Regulators: AT-101 ( (-) gossypol) ; G3139 or oblimersen (Bcl-2-targeting antisense oligonucleotide) ; IPI-194; IPI-565; N- (4- (4- ( (4′-chloro (1, 1′-biphenyl) -2-yl) methyl) piperazin-1-ylbenzoyl) -4- ( ( (1R) -3- (dimethylamino) -1- ( (phenylsulfanyl) methyl) propyl) amino) -3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide) ; N- (4- (4- ( (2- (4-chlorophenyl) -5, 5-dimethyl-1-cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) methyl) piperazin-1-yl) benzoyl) -4- ( ( (1R) - 3- (morpholin-4-yl) -1- ( (phenylsulfanyl) methyl) propyl) amino) -3- ( (trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl) benzenesulfonamide; GX-070 ( 1H-Indole, 2- (2- ( (3, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl) methylene) -3-methoxy-2H-pyrrol-5-yl) -) ) ; HGS 1029; GDC-0145; GDC-0152; LCL-161; LBW-242; venetoclax; agents that target TRAIL or death receptors (e.g., DR4 and DR5) such as ETR2-STO1, GDC0145, HGS-1029, LBY-135, PRO-1762; drugs that target caspases, caspase-regulators, BCL-2 family members, death domain proteins, TNF family members, Toll family members, and / or NF-kappa-B proteins.
[0240] Angiogenesis Inhibitors: ABT-869; AEE-788; axitinib (AG-13736) ; AZD-2171; CP-547, 632; IM-862; pegaptamib; sorafenib; BAY43-9006; pazopanib (GW-786034) ; vatalanib (PTK-787, ZK-222584) ; sunitinib; SU-11248; VEGF trap; vandetanib; ABT-165; ZD-6474; DLL4 inhibitors.
[0241] Proteasome Inhibitors: Bortezomib; Carfilzomib; Epoxomicin; Ixazomib; Salinosporamide A.
[0242] Kinase Inhibitors: Afatinib; Axitinib; Bosutinib; Crizotinib; Dasatinib; Erlotinib; Fostamatinib; Gefitinib; Ibrutinib; Imatinib; Lapatinib; Lenvatinib; Mubritinib; Nilotinib; Pazopanib; Pegaptanib; Sorafenib; Sunitinib; SU6656; Vandetanib; Vemurafenib; CEP-701 (lesaurtinib) ; XL019; INCB018424 (ruxolitinib) ; ARRY-142886 (selemetinib) ; ARRY-438162 (binimetinib) ; PD-325901; PD-98059; AP-23573; CCI-779; everolimus; RAD-001; rapamycin; temsirolimus; ATP-competitive TORC1 / TORC2 inhibitors including PI-103, PP242, PP30, Torin 1; LY294002; XL-147; CAL-120; ONC-21; AEZS-127; ETP-45658; PX-866; GDC-0941; BGT226; BEZ235; XL765.
[0243] Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Streptomycin; Dihydrostreptomycin; Neomycin; Framycetin; Paromomycin; Ribostamycin; Kanamycin; Amikacin; Arbekacin; Bekanamycin; Dibekacin; Tobramycin; Spectinomycin; Hygromycin B; Paromomycin; Gentamicin; Netilmicin; Sisomicin; Isepamicin; Verdamicin; Astromicin; Tetracycline; Doxycycline; Chlortetracycline; Clomocycline; Demeclocycline; Lymecycline; Meclocycline; Metacycline; Minocycline; Oxytetracycline; Penimepicycline; Rolitetracycline; Tetracycline; Glycylcyclines; Tigecycline; Oxazolidinone; Eperezolid; Linezolid; Posizolid; Radezolid; Ranbezolid; Sutezolid; Tedizolid; Peptidyl transferase inhibitors; Chloramphenicol; Azidamfenicol; Thiamphenicol; Florfenicol; Pleuromutilins; Retapamulin; Tiamulin; Valnemulin; Azithromycin; Clarithromycin; Dirithromycin; Erythromycin; Flurithromycin; Josamycin; Midecamycin; Miocamycin; Oleandomycin; Rokitamycin; Roxithromycin; Spiramycin; Troleandomycin; Tylosin; Ketolides; Telithromycin; Cethromycin; Solithromycin; Clindamycin; Lincomycin; Pirlimycin; Streptogramins; Pristinamycin; Quinupristin / dalfopristin; Virginiamycin.
[0244] Histone deacetylase inhibitors: Vorinostat; Romidepsin; Chidamide; Panobinostat; Valproic acid; Belinostat; Mocetinostat; Abexinostat; Entinostat; SB939 (pracinostat) ; Resminostat; Givinostat; Quisinostat; thioureidobutyronitrile (KevetrinTM) ; CUDC-10; CHR-2845 (tefinostat) ; CHR-3996; 4SC-202; CG200745; ACY-1215 (rocilinostat) ; ME-344; sulforaphane.
[0245] Topoisomerase I Inhibitors: camptothecin; various camptothecin derivatives and analogs (for example, NSC 100880, NSC 603071, NSC 107124, NSC 643833, NSC 629971, NSC 295500, NSC 249910, NSC 606985, NSC 74028, NSC 176323, NSC 295501, NSC 606172, NSC 606173, NSC 610458, NSC 618939, NSC 610457, NSC 610459, NSC 606499, NSC 610456, NSC 364830, and NSC 606497) ; morpholinisoxorubicin; SN-38.
[0246] Topoisomerase II Inihibitors: doxorubicin; amonafide (benzisoquinolinedione) ; m-AMSA (4′- (9-acridinylamino) -3′-methoxymethanesulfonanilide) ; anthrapyrazole derivative ( (NSC 355644) ; etoposide (VP-16) ; pyrazoloacridine ( (pyrazolo [3, 4, 5-kl] acridine-2 (6H) -propanamine, 9-methoxy-N, N-dimethyl-5-nitro-, monomethanesulfonate) ; bisantrene hydrochloride; daunorubicin; deoxydoxorubicin; mitoxantrone; menogaril; N, N-dibenzyl daunomycin; oxanthrazole; rubidazone; teniposide.
[0247] DNA Intercalating Agents: anthramycin; chicamycin A; tomaymycin; DC-81; sibiromycin; pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivative; SGD-1882 ( (S) -2- (4-aminophenyl) -7-methoxy-8- (3- ( ( (S) -7-methoxy-2- (4-methoxyphenyl) -5-oxo-5, 11a-dihydro-1H-benzo [e] pyrrolo [1, 2-a] [1, 4] diazepin-8-yl) oxy) propoxy) -1H-benzo [e] pyrrolo [1, 2-a] [1, 4] diazepin-5 (11aH) -one) ; SG2000 (SJG-136; (11aS, 11a′S) -8, 8′- (propane-1, 3-diylbis (oxy) ) bis (7-methoxy-2-methylene-2, 3-dihydro-1H-benzo [e] pyrrolo [1, 2-a] [1, 4] diazepin-5 (11aH) -one) ) .
[0248] RNA / DNA Antimetabolites: L-alanosine; 5-azacytidine; 5-fluorouracil; acivicin; aminopterin derivative N- [2-chloro-5- [ [ (2, 4-diamino-5-methyl-6-quinazolinyl) methyl] amino] benzoyl] L-aspartic acid (NSC 132483) ; aminopterin derivative N- [4- [ [ (2, 4-diamino-5-ethyl-6-quinazolinyl) methyl] amino] benzoyl] L-aspartic acid; aminopterin derivative N- [2-chloro-4- [ [ (2, 4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl] amino] benzoyl] L-aspartic acid monohydrate; antifolate PT523 ( (Nα- (4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl) -NY-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithine) ) ; Baker's soluble antifol (NSC 139105) ; dichlorallyl lawsone ( (2- (3, 3-dichloroallyl) -3-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone) ; brequinar; ftorafur ( (pro-drug; 5-fluoro-1- (tetrahydro-2-furyl) -uracil) ; 5, 6-dihydro-5-azacytidine; methotrexate; methotrexate derivative (N- [ [4- [ [ (2, 4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl] methylamino] -1-naphthalenyl] carbonyl] L-glutamic acid) ; PALA ( (N- (phosphonoacetyl) -L-aspartate) ; pyrazofurin; trimetrexate.
[0249] DNA Antimetabolites: 3-HP; 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine; 5-HP; α-TGDR (α-2′-deoxy-6-thioguanosine) ; aphidicolin glycinate; ara C (cytosine arabinoside) ; 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine; β-TGDR (β-2′-deoxy-6-thioguanosine) ; cyclocytidine; guanazole; hydroxyurea; inosine glycodialdehyde; macbecin II; pyrazoloimidazole; thioguanine; thiopurine.
[0250] Mitochondria Inhibitors: pancratistatin; phenpanstatin; rhodamine-123; edelfosine; d-alpha-tocopherol succinate; compound 11β; aspirin; ellipticine; berberine; cerulenin; GX015-070 ( 1H-Indole, 2- (2- ( (3, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl) methylene) -3-methoxy-2H-pyrrol-5-yl) -) ; celastrol (tripterine) ; metformin; Brilliant green; ME-344.
[0251] Antimitotic Agents: allocolchicine; auristatins, such as MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E) and MMAF (monomethyl auristatin F) ; halichondrin B; cemadotin; colchicine; cholchicine derivative (N-benzoyl-deacetyl benzamide) ; dolastatin-10; dolastatin-15; maytansine; maytansinoids, such as DM1 (N2′-deacetyl-N2′- (3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl) -maytansine) ; rhozoxin; paclitaxel; paclitaxel derivative ( (2′-N- [3- (dimethylamino) propyl] glutaramate paclitaxel) ; docetaxel; thiocolchicine; trityl cysteine; vinblastine sulfate; vincristine sulfate.
[0252] Nuclear Export Inhibitors: callystatin A; delactonmycin; KPT-185 (propan-2-yl (Z) -3- [3- [3-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl] prop-2-enoate) ; kazusamycin A; leptolstatin; leptofuranin A; leptomycin B; ratjadone; Verdinexor ( (Z) -3- [3- [3, 5-bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl] -N′-pyridin-2-ylprop-2-enehydrazide) .
[0253] Hormonal Therapies: anastrozole; exemestane; arzoxifene; bicalutamide; cetrorelix; degarelix; deslorelin; trilostane; dexamethasone; flutamide; raloxifene; fadrozole; toremifene; fulvestrant; letrozole; formestane; glucocorticoids; doxercalciferol; sevelamer carbonate; lasofoxifene; leuprolide acetate; megesterol; mifepristone; nilutamide; tamoxifen citrate; abarelix; prednisone; finasteride; rilostane; buserelin; luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) ; Histrelin; trilostane or modrastane; fosrelin; goserelin.
[0254] Any of these agents that include, or that may be modified to include, a site of attachment to an antibody and / or binding fragment may be included in an ADC.
[0255] Skilled artisans will also appreciate that the above mechanisms of action are not mutually exclusive, and that in some embodiments it may be desirable to utilize ADCs capable of exerting antitumor activity via more than one mechanism of action.
[0256] In some embodiments, the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent is cell-permeating. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent is linked to an ADC by way of a cleavable linker.
[0257] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents included in an ADC will, upon cleavage of the ADC, be able to traverse cell membranes ( “cell permeable cytostatic and / or cytotoxic agents” ) . Specific cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents of interest, and / or cleavage products of ADCs including such agents, may be tested for the ability to traverse cell membranes using routine methods known to those of skill in the art. Permeability (P) of molecules across a membrane can be expressed as P=KD / Δx where K is the partition coefficient, D is the diffusion coefficient, and Δx is the thickness of the cell membrane. The diffusion coefficient (D) is a measure of the rate of entry into the cytoplasm depending on the molecular weight or size of a molecule. K is a measure of the solubility of the substance in lipids. A low value of K describes a molecule like water that is not soluble in lipid. Graphically, it is expected that permeability (P) as a function of the partition coefficient (K) will increase linearly when D and Δx are constants. (Walter & Gutknecht, 1986, “Permeability of small nonelectrolytes through lipid bilayer membranes, ” Journal of Membrane Biology 90: 207-217; Diamond & Katz, 1974, “Interpretation of nonelectrolyte partition coefficients between dimyristoyl lecithin and water, ” Journal of Membrane Biology 17: 121-154) . In a specific embodiment, the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent is a cell-permeable antimitotic agent. In another specific embodiment, the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent is a cell-permeable auristatin, such as, for example, dolastatin-10 or MMAE. In another specific embodiment, the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent is a cell-permeable minor groove-binding DNA cross-linking agent, such as, for example, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine ( “PBD” ) dimer.
[0258] Linkers
[0259] In some embodiments, the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents are linked to the protein (e.g., antibody) by way of a linker. The linker may be short, long, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, flexible or rigid, or may be composed of segments that each independently have one or more of the above-mentioned properties such that the linker may include segments having different properties. The linkers may be polyvalent such that they covalently link more than one agent to a single site on the protein, or monovalent such that covalently they link a single agent to a single site on the protein.
[0260] As will be appreciated by skilled artisans, the linkers link the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents to the protein by forming a covalent linkage to the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent at one location and a covalent linkage to the protein. The covalent linkages are formed by reaction between functional groups on the linker and functional groups on the agents and the protein. As used herein, the expression “linker” is intended to include (i) unconjugated forms of the linker that include a functional group capable of covalently linking the linker to a cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent and a functional group capable of covalently linking the linker to the protein such as an antibody; (ii) partially conjugated forms of the linker that includes a functional group capable of covalently linking the linker to an protein such as an antibody and that is covalently linked to a cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent, or vice versa; and (iii) fully conjugated forms of the linker that is covalently linked to both a cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent and an protein such as an antibody. In some specific embodiments of linkers and ADCs described herein, as well as synthons used to conjugate linker-agents to antibodies, moieties comprising the functional groups on the linker and covalent linkages formed between the linker and antibody are specifically illustrated as Rx and XY, respectively.
[0261] The linkers linking the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents to the protein of an ADC may be long, short, flexible, rigid, hydrophilic or hydrophobic in nature, or may comprise segments that have different characteristics, such as segments of flexibility, segments of rigidity, etc. The linker may be chemically stable to extracellular environments, for example, chemically stable in the blood stream, or may include linkages that are not stable and release the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents in the extracellular milieu. In some embodiments, the linkers include linkages that are designed to release the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents upon internalization of the ADC within the cell. In some specific embodiments, the linkers includes linkages designed to cleave and / or immolate or otherwise breakdown specifically or non-specifically inside cells. A wide variety of linkers useful for linking drugs to antigen binding moieties such as antibodies in the context of ADCs are known in the art. Any of these linkers, as well as other linkers, may be used to link the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents to the protein of the ADCs described herein.
[0262] The number of cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents linked to the protein of an ADC can vary (called the “drug-to-antibody ratio, ” or “DAR” ) , and will be limited only by the number of available attachments sites on the protein and the number of agents linked to a single linker. Typically, a linker will link a single cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent to the protein of an ADC. In embodiments of ADCs which include more than a single cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent, each agent may be the same or different. As long as the ADC does not exhibit unacceptable levels of aggregation under the conditions of use and / or storage, ADCs with DARs of twenty, or even higher, are contemplated. In some embodiments, the ADCs described herein may have a DAR in the range of about 1-10, 1-8, 1-6, or 1-4. In certain specific embodiments, the ADCs may have a DAR of 2, 3 or 4. In certain embodiments, the ADC has an average DAR of 3.1.
[0263] The linkers are preferably, but need not be, chemically stable to conditions outside the cell, and may be designed to cleave, immolate and / or otherwise specifically degrade inside the cell. Alternatively, linkers that are not designed to specifically cleave or degrade inside the cell may be used. Choice of stable versus unstable linker may depend upon the toxicity of the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agent. A wide variety of linkers useful for linking drugs to antibodies in the context of ADCs are known in the art. Any of these linkers, as well as other linkers, may be used to link the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents to the antibody of the ADCs described herein.
[0264] Exemplary polyvalent linkers that may be used to link many cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents to a single antibody molecule are described, for example, in WO 2009 / 073445; WO 2010 / 068795; WO 2010 / 138719; WO 2011 / 120053; WO 2011 / 171020; WO 2013 / 096901; WO 2014 / 008375; WO 2014 / 093379; WO 2014 / 093394; WO 2014 / 093640, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Additional examples of dendritic type linkers can be found in US 2006 / 116422; US 2005 / 271615; de Groot et al (2003) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42: 4490-4494; Amir et al (2003) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42: 4494-4499; Shamis et al (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126: 1726-1731; Sun et al (2002) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 12: 2213-2215; Sun et al (2003) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11: 1761-1768; King et al (2002) Tetrahedron Letters 43: 1987-1990, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0265] Exemplary monovalent linkers that may be used are described, for example, in Nolting, 2013, Antibody-Drug Conjugates, Methods in Molecular Biology 1045: 71-100; Kitson et al., 2013, CROs / CMOs-Chemica Oggi-Chemistry Today 31 (4) : 30-38; Ducry et al., 2010, Bioconjugate Chem. 21: 5-13; Zhao et al., 2011, J. Med. Chem. 54: 3606-3623; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,223,837; 8,568,728; 8,535,678; and WO2004010957, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0266] In some embodiments, the linker is a cleavable linker. In some embodiments, the linker is a noncleavable linker.
[0267] Further descriptions of the cytotoxic and / or cytostatic agents and linkers can be found, for example, in US 2020 / 0215200, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0268] Reporter and / or Effectuator Molecules
[0269] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a reporter molecule. In some embodiments, the reporter molecule is a fluorescent reporter, a non-fluorescent reporter, an enzymatic reporter, a radioactive reporter, a metal reporter or effectuator, an oligonucleotide report, or any combination thereof.
[0270] In some embodiments, the reporter molecule is genetically linked with the protein. For example, the reporter molecule may be a fluorescent molecule, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) . To be genetically linked, the sequence for GFP will be in-frame with the sequence for the protein. The expression or transcription of the coding sequence may be under the influence or control of the same promoter. Therefore, expression from a promoter will express the reporter molecule and protein in the same polypeptide.
[0271] In some embodiments, the reporter molecule is on the c-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the reporter molecule is on the n-terminus of the protein.
[0272] In some embodiments, reporter / effectuator molecules are attached via other means. For example, in some embodiments reporters and effectuators can be attached via Light Activated Site-Specific Conjugation of Native IgGs (Bioconjugate Chem. 2015, 26, 8, 1456–1460) .
[0273] Fluorescent Reporters
[0274] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a fluorescent reporter. In some embodiments, the fluorescent reporter includes, but is not limited to, coumarins, cyanines, benzofurans, quinolines, quinazolinones, indoles, benzazoles, borapolyazaindacenes, and xanthenes, including fluoresceins, rhodamines, and rhodols.
[0275] In some embodiments, the fluorescent reporter is a fluorescent protein (FP) , such as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) . GFP refers to a polypeptide having a peak in the emission spectrum at 510 nm or about 510 nm. Various fluorescent proteins (FPs) that emit at various wavelengths are known in the art. FPs of interest are green fluorescent protein (GFP) , yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) , orange fluorescent protein (OFP) , cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) , blue fluorescent protein (BFP) , red fluorescent protein (RFP) , far red including but not limited to fluorescent proteins, or near infrared fluorescent proteins. As used herein, Aequorea GFP refers to GFP from the genus Aequorea and mutants or variants thereof. Such mutants and other species such as Anthozoa reef coral, Anemonia sea anemone, Renilla, Galaxea coral, Acropora brown coral, Trachyphyllia and peti GFPs from Pectimidae coral and other species are well known and available and known to those skilled in the art. Additional GFP variants include, but are not limited to, BFP, CFP, YFP and OFP. Examples of fluorescent proteins and variants thereof include GFP proteins such as Emerald (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif. ) , EGFP (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif. ) , Azami-Green (MBL International, Woburn, Mass. ) , Kaede (MBL International, Woburn, Mass. ) , ZsGreenl (Clontech, Palo Alto, California) , and CopGFP (Evrogen / Axxora, LLC, San Diego, CA) ; CFP proteins such as Cerulean (Rizzo, Nat Biotechnol. 22 (4) : 445-9 (2004) ) , mCFP (Wang et al., PNAS USA. 101 (48) : 16745-9 (2004) ) , AmCyan1 (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) , MiCy (MBL International, Woburn, Massachusetts) State) , and CyPet (Nguyen and Daugherty, Nat Biotechnol. 23 (3) : 355-60 (2005) ) ; BFP proteins such as EBFP (Clontech Palo Alto, California) ; YFP proteins such as EYFP (Clontech, Palo Alto, California) , Ypet (Nguyen and Daugherty, Nat Biotechnol. 23 (3) : 355-60 (2005) ) , Venus (Nagai et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 20 (1) : 87-90 (2002) ) , Zs Yellow (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) , and mCitrine (Wang et al., PNAS USA. 101 (48) : 16745-9 (2004) OFP proteins such as cOFP (Strategene, La Jolla, CA) , mKO (MBL International, Woburn, Mass. ) , And mOrange; and others (Shaner NC, Steinbach PA, and Tsien R Y., Nat Methods. 2 (12) : 905-9 (2005) ) .
[0276] In some embodiments, the fluorescent reporter is red fluorescent protein (RFP) . In some embodiments the RFP is Discosoma RFP (DsRed) isolated from corallimorph Discosoma (Matz et al., Nature Biotechnology 17: 969-973 (1999) ) , and any other optional species, such as red or far-red fluorescent proteins from Heteractis reef corals and Actinia or Entacmaea sea anemones, and variants thereof. RFP is, for example, monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1) , mCherry, tdTomato, mStrawberry, mTangerine (Wang et al., PNAS US A. 101 (48) : 16745-9 (2004) ) , DsRed2 (Clontech, Palo Alto, California) , and DsRed-T1 (Bevis and Glick, Nat. Biotechnol., 20: 83-87 (2002) ) , Anthomedusa J-Red (Evrogen) and Anemonia AsRed2 (Clontech, Palo Alto, California) Includes discosome variants. Far-red fluorescent proteins include, for example, Actinia AQ143 (Shkrob et al., Biochem J. 392 (Pt 3) : 649-54 (2005) ) , Entacmaea eqFP611 (Wiedenmann et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99 (18) : 1 1646-51 (2002) ) , discosomal variants such as mPlum and mRasberry (Wang et al., PNAS US A. 101 (48) : 16745-9 (2004) ) , and Heteractis HcRedl and t-HcRed (Clontech , Palo Alto, California) .
[0277] Non-Fluorescent Reporters
[0278] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a non-fluorescent reporter. The term “non-fluorescent reporter” as used herein, refers to a chemical moiety that is not fluorescent but which can be used to provide the contrast or signal in imaging and is detectable by a non-fluorescent imaging technique. In some embodiments, other non-fluorescent reporters can be chemically linked with the imaging agents, or can be administered to a subject simultaneously or sequentially with the imaging agents of the disclosure. Such reporters can include photoluminescent nanoparticles, radioisotopes, superparamagnetic agents, X-ray contrast agents, and ultrasound agents. A reporter may also comprise therapeutic reporters such as porphyrins, aminolevulinic acid, hypericin, benzoporphryrin derivatives used in photodynamic therapy, and radionuclides used for radiotherapy.
[0279] Enzymatic Reporters
[0280] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises an enzymatic reporter. In some embodiments, the enzymatic reporter is horseradish peroxidase or soybean peroxidase. In some embodiments, the enzymatic reporter is β-galactosidase or alkaline phosphatase. In some embodiments, the enzymatic reporter is acetylcholinesterase. In some embodiments, the enzymatic reporter is a binding pair capable of forming a complex. In some embodiments, the binding pair is streptavidin and biotin. In some embodiments, the binding pair is avidin and biotin. Other enzymatic reporters are well known in the art and are further described in van Rossum et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety (van Rossum, T., Kengen, S.W.M. and van der Oost, J. (2013) , Reporter-based screening and selection of enzymes. FEBS J, 280: 2979-2996. )
[0281] Radioactive Reporters and Therapeutic Agents
[0282] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a radioactive reporter or a radioactive therapeutic agent (i.e., reporter molecules or therapeutic agents having one or more radioactive labels, such as radioisotopic forms of metals such as copper, gallium, indium, technetium, yttrium, and lutetium) . Exemplary radioactive labels include, without limitation, 3H, 35S, 14C, 32P, 99mTC, 111In, 64Cu, 67Ga, 186Re, 188Re, 153Sm, 177Lu, and 67Cu.
[0283] Additional radioactive labels can include, for example, 123I, 124I, 125I, 11C, 13N, 15O, and 18F. Additional labels can be therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals including for example 186Re, 188Re, 153Sm, 166Ho, 177Lu, 149Pm, 90Y, 212Bi, 103Pd, 109Pd, 159Gd, 140La, 198Au, 199Au, 169Yb, 175Yb, 165Dy, 166Dy, 67Cu, 105Rh, 111Ag, and 192Ir.
[0284] Chelators or bonding moieties can be chemically associated with the proteins of the disclosure. Chelators can be selected to form stable complexes with radioisotopes that have imageable gamma ray or positron emissions, such as 99mTc, 111In, 64Cu, and 67Ga. Exemplary chelators include diaminedithiols, monoamine-monoamidedithiols, triamide-monothiols, monoamine-diamide-monothiols, diaminedioximes, and hydrazines. Chelators generally are tetradentate with donor atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and may include for example, cyclic and acyclic polyaminocarboxylates such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) , 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) , (DO3A) , 2-benzyl-DOTA, alpha- (2-phenethyl) 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazazcyclododecane-1-acetic-4, 7, 10- tris (methylacetic) acid, 2-benzyl-cyclohexyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 2-benzyl-6-methyl-DTPA, and 6, 6”-bis [N, N, N”, N”-tetra (carboxymethyl) aminomethyl] -4’- (3-amino-4-methoxyphenyl) -2, 2’: 6’, 2’-terpyridine.
[0285] Chelators or bonding moieties can be selected to form stable complexes with the radioisotopes that have alpha particle, beta particle, Auger or Coster-Kronig electron emissions, such as 186Re, 188Re, 153Sm, 177Lu, and 67Cu. Chelators can be selected from diaminedithiols, monoamine-monoamidedithiols, triamide-monothiols, monoamine-diamide-monothiols, diaminedioximes, and hydrazines, cyclic and acyclic polyaminocarboxylates such as DTPA, DOTA, DO3A, 2-benzyl-DOTA, alpha- (2-phenethyl) 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-acetic-4, 7, 10-tris (methylacetic) acid, 2-benzyl-cyclohexyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 2-benzyl-6-methyl-DTPA, and 6, 6”-bis [N, N, N”, N”-tetra (carboxymethyl) aminomethyl] -4’- (3-amino-4-methoxyphenyl) -2, 2’: 6’, 2”-terpyridine.
[0286] Metal Reporters / Effectuators
[0287] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises a magnetic label. Other exemplary reporters can include a chelating agent for magnetic agents. Such chelators can include for example, polyamine-polycarboxylate chelators or iminoacetic acid chelators that can be chemically linked to the protein of the disclosure.
[0288] Magnetic reporters can be selected to form stable complexes with paramagnetic metal ions, such as Gd (III) , Dy (III) , Fe (III) , and Mn (II) , are selected from cyclic and acyclic polyaminocarboxylates such as DTPA, DOTA, DO3A, 2-benzyl-DOTA, alpha- (2-phenethyl) 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-acetic-4, 7, 10-tris (met hylacetic) acid, 2-benzyl-cyclohexyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 2-benzyl-6-methyl-DTPA, and 6, 6”-bis [N, N, N”, N”-tetra (carboxymethyl) aminomethyl] -4’- (3-amino-4-methoxyp henyl) -2, 2’: 6’, 2”-terpyridine.
[0289] In some embodiments, the protein is chemically linked to superparamagnetic metal oxide nanoparticles that are either (a) non-fluorescent or (b) are fluorescent and can be used in a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications.
[0290] Oligonucleotide Reporters
[0291] In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule comprises an oligonucleotide reporter. Persons having skill in the art will be familiar with various natural and synthetic oligonucleotides that can be attached to proteins (e.g., antibodies) of the disclosure, including those discussed in Evaluation of oligonucleotide conjugated antibodies as reporter molecules in single-cell assays, Takahashi et al., The Journal of Immunology May 1, 2020, 204 (1 Supplement) 86.35; Pharmaceutics. 2020 Jun; 12 (6) : 545. Published online 2020 Jun 12. Doi: 10.3390 / pharmaceutics12060545; and Kennedy-Darling et al, (2021) , Highly multiplexed tissue imaging using repeated oligonucleotide exchange reaction. Eur. J. Immunol., 51: 1262-1277, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0292] Compositions and Kits Comprising the Protein or Molecule
[0293] In one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions comprising the protein or molecule of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the protein or molecule of the disclosure is prepared in pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, buffers, or excipients that are nontoxic and / or stabilize the protein or molecule. In some embodiments, the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution. Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and / or nonionic surfactants such as polysorbate 20 (TWEENTM) polyethylene glycol (PEG) , and poloxamers (PLURONICSTM) , and the like.
[0294] In some embodiments, the composition may be administered in a form suitable for any route of administration, including e.g., orally in the form tablets, capsules, or liquid, or in sterile aqueous solution for injection. The composition may be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, ovules, elixirs, solutions or suspensions, gels, syrups, mouth washes, or a dry powder for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use, optionally with flavoring and coloring agents for immediate-, delayed-, modified-, sustained-, pulsed-or controlled-release applications. Solid compositions such as tablets, capsules, lozenges, pastilles, pills, boluses, powder, pastes, granules, bullets, or premix preparations can also be used. Solid and liquid compositions for oral use can be prepared according to methods well known in the art. Such compositions can also contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients which can be in solid or liquid form. When the composition is formulated for oral administration, the tablets or capsules can be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) ; fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate) ; lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica) ; disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate) ; or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate) . The tablets can be coated by methods well known in the art.
[0295] The pharmaceutically acceptable excipients also include, but are not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate and glycine, disintegrants such as starch (preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch) , sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and certain complex silicates, and granulation binders such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl ethylcellulose (HPMC) , hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) , sucrose, gelatin, and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, glyceryl behenate and talc can be included.
[0296] In one aspect, the disclosure provides assay systems comprising the protein or molecule of the disclosure. In one aspect, the disclosure provides kits comprising the protein or molecule of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the assay systems or the kits further comprises an instruction manual for using the protein or molecule.
[0297] Nucleic Acids and Host Cells
[0298] In one aspect, the disclosure provides nucleic acids encoding the protein of the disclosure. In one aspect, the disclosure provides nucleic acids encoding the variant Fc region or the variant CH2 domain of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is DNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is RNA.
[0299] In one aspect, the disclosure provides host cells comprising the nucleic acid of the disclosure. In one aspect, the disclosure provides host cells expressing the protein, the molecule, the variant Fc region, or the variant CH2 domain of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the host cell is a prokaryotic cell (e.g., an E. coli cell) . In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell, such as a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell, a human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293T) , an African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76) , a human hepatoma line (Hep G2) , a myeloma cell, or a lymphoma cell.
[0300] Production of Proteins
[0301] The present disclosure teaches methods of producing the proteins of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the protein is encoded in and expressed from nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the proteins of the disclosure are made via in vivo or in vitro expression (e.g., in vitro translation) . In some embodiments, the proteins of the disclosure are expressed from a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic acid encoding the protein. In some embodiments, the protein production method comprises culturing a host cell expressing the protein. In some embodiments, the protein production method comprises isolating and / or purifying the protein collected from the cell culture. Persons skilled in the art will be familiar with techniques for cloning and expression -see, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, 1992, New York, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0302] Methods of Use
[0303] In one aspect, the disclosure provides assay methods using the protein or molecule of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the methods are for assaying a target molecule, comprising contacting the target molecule with the protein or molecule of the disclosure.
[0304] The protein or molecule of the disclosure can generally be used for any method that uses a protein or molecule comprising an Fc region or a CH2 domain.
[0305] For example, the method may comprise the detection of a target antigen by optical detection, isotopic detection, or detection by electron microscopy. For example, the methods of the disclosure may be a microscopy method, such as a fluorescent microscopy method or an immunofluorescence method.
[0306] In some embodiment, the assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , a fluorescence-based assay, an immunohistochemistry assay, or an imaging assay.
[0307] In some embodiment, the assay is flow cytometry. In some embodiments, the assay comprises contacting a cell of the assay with the protein or the molecule.
[0308] The methods of the disclosure may also comprise immunofluorescence detection. In some embodiments, the method comprises cyclic immunofluorescence detection.
[0309] The methods of the disclosure may also comprise spatial genomic analysis.
[0310] The methods of the disclosure may also comprise a flow cytometry or a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) method. The methods of the disclosure may also comprise a Western Blot.
[0311] The methods of the disclosure may also be an immunohistochemistry method. The methods of the disclosure may also be an ELISA method.
[0312] The methods of the disclosure may also comprise screening of antibodies or molecules comprising an antigen binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises screening of hybridomas. In some embodiments, the method comprises labeling the supernatant (e.g., hybridoma supernatant) with the protein or molecule of this disclosure.
[0313] The methods of the disclosure may also comprise mass spectroscopy.
[0314] In some embodiments, the method comprises detecting a test antigen in a sample. In some embodiments, the method comprising the steps of:
[0315] A) contacting the sample with the protein or molecule of the disclosure,
[0316] B) removing unbound protein or molecule of the disclosure, and
[0317] C) measuring the presence of the protein or molecule of the disclosure.
[0318] In some embodiments, the protein or molecule of the disclosure forms a molecular complex with the test antigen.
[0319] In some embodiments, the method comprises removal of unbound protein or molecule of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the unbound protein or molecule of the disclosure is removed by ultrafiltration. In some embodiments, the unbound protein or molecule of the disclosure is removed by bead depletion. In some embodiments, the unbound protein or molecule of the disclosure is removed by washing the sample with a buffer.
[0320] Disease Treatment
[0321] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the protein or the molecule of the disclosure to the subject. In some embodiments, the protein or molecule reduces Fc-mediated binding or Fc-mediated effector function compared to administering a reference protein without the amino acid substitution (s) in the Fc region or the CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the method reduces an adverse clinical effect compared to administering a reference protein without the amino acid substitution (s) in the Fc region or the CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the method permits a higher dosage amount compared to administering a reference protein without the amino acid substitution (s) in the Fc region or the CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the method permits a higher dosage (administration) frequency compared to administering a reference protein without the amino acid substitution (s) in the Fc region or the CH2 domain. In some embodiments, the method increases treatment efficacy compared to administering a reference protein without the amino acid substitution (s) in the Fc region or the CH2 domain.
[0322] In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is an autoimmune disease.
[0323] In some embodiments, the method is for treating cancer. Examples of cancers include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, glioblastoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and leukemia, myeloma, or lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of cancers include: squamous cell cancer (e.g., epithelial squamous cell cancer) , Ewing sarcoma, Wilms tumor, astrocytomas, lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, medullary thyroid cancer, differentiated thyroid carcinoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulvar cancer, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, as well as head-and-neck cancer. The term “cancer” includes primary malignant cells or tumors (e.g., those whose cells have not migrated to sites in the subject's body other than the site of the original malignancy or tumor) and secondary malignant cells or tumors (e.g., those arising from metastasis, the migration of malignant cells or tumor cells to secondary sites that are different from the site of the original tumor) .
[0324] Other examples of cancers or malignancies include, but are not limited to: Acute Childhood Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Adult (Primary) Hepatocellular Cancer, Adult (Primary) Liver Cancer, Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Adult Lymphocytic Leukemia, Adult Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Adult Primary Liver Cancer, Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma, AIDS-Related Lymphoma, AIDS-Related Malignancies, Anal Cancer, Astrocytoma, Bile Duct Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Bone Cancer, Brain Stem Glioma, Brain Tumors, Breast Cancer, Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Central Nervous System (Primary) Lymphoma, Central Nervous System Lymphoma, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Cerebral Astrocytoma, Cervical Cancer, Childhood (Primary) Hepatocellular Cancer, Childhood (Primary) Liver Cancer, Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral Astrocytoma, Childhood Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors, Childhood Hodgkin's Disease, Childhood Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood Hypothalamic and Visual Pathway Glioma, Childhood Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood Medulloblastoma, Childhood Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood Pineal and Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood Primary Liver Cancer, Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Childhood Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, Colon Cancer, Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, Endocrine Pancreas Islet Cell Carcinoma, Endometrial Cancer, Ependymoma, Epithelial Cancer, Esophageal Cancer, Ewing's Sarcoma and Related Tumors, Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer, Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor, Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor, Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer, Eye Cancer, Female Breast Cancer, Gaucher's Disease, Gallbladder Cancer, Gastric Cancer, Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal Tumors, Germ Cell Tumors, Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor, Hairy Cell Leukemia, Head and Neck Cancer, Hepatocellular Cancer, Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Hypergammaglobulinemia, Hypopharyngeal Cancer, Intestinal Cancers, Intraocular Melanoma, Islet Cell Carcinoma, Islet Cell Pancreatic Cancer, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Kidney Cancer, Laryngeal Cancer, Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer, Liver Cancer, Lung Cancer, Lymphoproliferative Disorders, Macroglobulinemia, Male Breast Cancer, Malignant Mesothelioma, Malignant Thymoma, Medulloblastoma, Melanoma, Mesothelioma, Metastatic Occult Primary Squamous Neck Cancer, Metastatic Primary Squamous Neck Cancer, Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, Multiple Myeloma / Plasma Cell Neoplasm, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Myelogenous Leukemia, Myeloid Leukemia, Myeloproliferative Disorders, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Neuroblastoma, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Occult Primary Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer, Oropharyngeal Cancer, Osteo- / Malignant Fibrous Sarcoma, Osteosarcoma / Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Osteosarcoma / Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone, Ovarian Epithelial Cancer, Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor, Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor, Pancreatic Cancer, Paraproteinemias, Polycythemia vera, Parathyroid Cancer, Penile Cancer, Pheochromocytoma, Pituitary Tumor, Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma, Primary Liver Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Rectal Cancer, Renal Cell Cancer, Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Salivary Gland Cancer, Sarcoidosis Sarcomas, Sezary Syndrome, Skin Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Intestine Cancer, Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Squamous Neck Cancer, Stomach Cancer, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal and Pineal Tumors, T-Cell Lymphoma, Testicular Cancer, Thymoma, Thyroid Cancer, Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer, Trophoblastic Tumors, Ureter and Renal Pelvis Cell Cancer, Urethral Cancer, Uterine Cancer, Uterine Sarcoma, Vaginal Cancer, Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Vulvar Cancer, macroglobulinemia, Wilms' tumor, and any other hyperproliferative disease, besides neoplasia, located in an organ system listed above.
[0325] SELECTED SEQUENCES OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0326] EXAMPLES
[0327] Example 1: Amino acid substitutions in the Fc region abolish its binding to various FcγR proteins
[0328] The 3D structure of the rabbit IgG Fc region was constructed and analyzed using the Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer software, and various amino acid substitutions were introduced into the Fc region with the goal of disrupting its interaction with FcγR proteins. Eight Rabbit IgG Fc mutants (#6-#13) , as shown in Table 5 below, stood out. These mutations were subsequently grafted into Human IgG counterpart to create human IgG Fc mutants #6-#21, as shown in Table 6 below. Antibodies containing each of these Fc regions were produced and tested for binding to various Fc receptors, as well as applications in flow cytometry, as described below.
[0329] Table 5. Combinations of Amino Acids Substitutions in Rabbit IgG Fc mutants
[0330] Table 6. Combinations of Amino Acids Substitutions in Human IgG1 Fc mutants
[0331] Experimental Procedures:
[0332] Cell Culture and Antibody Expression: HEK 293 cells were expanded until cell density reached approximately 3×10^6 to 5×10^6 live cells / mL, then diluted to a final density of 2.3×10^6 live cells / mL, and allowed to grow overnight. The following afternoon (Day 0) , live cell density and viability were measured, with a typical cell density of about 3×10^6 –5×10^6 live cells / mL and a viability of ≥ 97%. Cells were then diluted again to a final density of 3×10^6 live cells / mL using fresh prewarmed 293 expression medium at 37℃, and aliquoted for transfection. The transfection reagent was prepared by mixing PEI reagent with DNA vectors encoding the target antibody, which was then added to the cells. In the morning of the next day, 293 feed was added; and in the morning of the second day (42-46 hours post-transfection) , 293 feed was added to the cells. On Day 6 post-transfection, the cell supernatant was harvested for antibody purification.
[0333] Antibody Purification: cell supernatants containing the expressed antibodies were collected and centrifuged at 5000g for 30 minutes to remove cell debris. Protein A or Protein G affinity chromatography resins were equilibrated with 1xPBS, incubated with the cell supernatant at room temperature with rotation for 1 hour (or overnight at 4℃ with rotation) , and then packed into the column. Alternatively, cell supernatants were passed directly through the column at a rate of 0.6 mL / min using a peristaltic pump. The column was then washed with 1×PBS 10-15 times the column volume, for 3 times, to remove unbound antibodies and impurities. The elution buffer (5.72 ml acetic acid per 1 liter buffer; pH 3.0) was added to column to elute the antibodies and the eluant was collected at 500 μL fraction per Eppendorf tube that was pre-loaded with 80 μL of antibody neutralizing solution (121.14 g Tris per 1 liter solution; pH 8.5) . The column resins may be regenerated with 0.5 M NaOH and rinsed with 1×PBS. Purified antibodies were then loaded onto a desalination column (with Smartdex G-25 medium) to remove salts and be buffer exchanged into the final stock solution.
[0334] Flow cytometry: Test antibodies were diluted into two gradients: 0.4 μg / ml and 0.8 μg / ml.
[0335] For staining of cell surface markers: Single cell suspension was prepared, and in some experiments BD PharmingenTM Purified NA / LE Human BD Fc BlockTM (Cat. No. 564765) was used to block Fc Receptors as discussed in the experimental results section. Each primary antibody was then added to the cells and incubated at 2-8 ℃ for 30 minutes. Unbound primary antibodies were removed by washing the cells with flow cytometry staining buffer or PBS. If a non-fluorescent primary antibody was used, fluorescent secondary antibody was added and incubated with the cells at 2-8 ℃ for 30 minutes before cells were washed again to remove the secondary antibody using the flow cytometry staining buffer. Optionally, cells were stained for viability analysis. Cells were then resuspended in PBS and analyzed with flow cytometer.
[0336] For cell fixation and staining: single cell suspension was prepared by washing the cells twice with PBS. For intracellular targets, cells were then fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 10-20 minutes and then washed 1-2 times with Proteintech Flow Cytometry Perm Buffer (Cat#PF00011-C) . For nuclear targets, the Proteintech Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Kit (Cat#PF00011) was used. After washing, cells were then resuspended with the corresponding buffer (e.g., Proteintech Flow Cytometry Perm Buffer or Proteintech Transcription Factor Staining Buffer) and let stand for 10 minutes, and the number of cells were adjusted to 10^6 cells / 100 μl. Cells were then transferred to 2 mL centrifuge tube with a volume of 100 μl per tube, and incubated with the indicated test antibody at 2-8 ℃ for 45 minutes. Unbound antibodies were then removed by washing the cells 1-2 times with the corresponding buffer. If a non-fluorescent primary antibody was used, a fluorescent secondary antibody was added and incubated with the cells at 2-8 ℃ for 45 minutes before cells were washed again 1-2 times with the corresponding buffer. Cells were then resuspended in PBS and analyzed using the flow cytometer.
[0337] Biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assays: To measure the binding affinity of Fc variants to various Fc receptor (FcR) proteins, anti-His probes (Gator, 20-5066) were used to immobilize the specific His-tagged FcR protein and then the association-dissociation kinetics between the immobilized FcR and each Fc variant were determined. Each new anti-His probe was contacted with the wells of the MAX plate containing Q buffer (0.02%Tween-20 and 0.2%IgG, protease free BSA dissolved in PBS. 0.22μm filtered) and soaked for 5 minutes. The FcR proteins were dissolved in ddH2O to prepare stock solutions at 1 mg / mL concentration, and then dilute to a working concentration of 5 μg / mL in Q Buffer, and then immobilized to the probe. Solutions of the antibodies containing Fc variants were concentrated using ultrafiltration tubes with a molecular weight cut-off of 50 kDa, and then serially diluted to prepare test antibody solutions with the following gradient of concentrations: 32 μM (4.8 mg / mL) , 16 μM, 8 μM, 4 μM, 2 μM, 1 μM, and 0.5 μM, in Q Buffer. The antibody solutions and probes were added to the plates for BLI kinetic assays, and GatorLauch software was used for analyzing the binding by setting the detection frequency to 10 Hz and dividing the testing procedure into specificity testing and affinity measurement. The specificity testing program was used to exclude non-specific binding between the antibody and probe and consisted of 3 steps ( “baseline-association-disassociation” ) . The affinity measurement program used consisted of 6 steps ( “baseline-loading-baseline-baseline-association-disassociation” ) , wherein the loading time was 120 seconds, association time was 150 seconds, and disassociation time was 200 seconds.
[0338] The following human Fc receptor proteins (with 6×His tags) were used in BLI kinetic assays, all of which were purchased from Sino Biological: CD64 / FCGR1 (Cat#10256-H08H) ; CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA (167R) (Cat#10374-H08H) ; CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA (167H) (Cat#10374-H08H1) ; CD32b / FCGR2B / Fc gamma RIIB (Cat#10259-H08H) ; CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB (NA1 allotype) (Cat#11046-H08H1) ; CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB (NA2 allotype) (Cat#11046-H08H1) ; CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA (176V) (Cat#10389-H08H1) ; CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA (176F) (Cat#10389-H08H) ; and FcRn (FCGRT & B2M) (Cat#CT009-H08H) .
[0339] Antibody stability test: For each test antibody, the concentration was adjusted to 1 mg / mL in PBS containing 0.09%sodium azide. Twelve tubes were prepared for each test antibody according to the storage conditions, with two tubes per condition, each containing a solution volume of 100 μl (i.e., 100 μg antibody) . The experimental storage conditions included: 37℃ for 5 days, 7 days, 10 days; and 4℃ for 5 days, 7 days, 10 days. The integrity and functionality of the antibodies were then tested using ELISA (antibody titer test) , PAGE (antibody integrity test) , BLI (Fc receptor affinity test) , FC (antibody function test) , and SEC-HPLC (antibody purity test) .
[0340] Experimental Results:
[0341] The amino acid substitutions shown in Table 5 above abolished FcγR binding of each of the resultant rabbit IgG Fc mutants. Specifically, as shown in FIGs. 1A-8J, each of the eight rabbit IgG mutants #6-#13 had no detectable binding to various FcγR proteins including FcγRI / CD64, FcγRIIa / 32a (167R or 167H) , FcγRIIb / 32b, FcγRIIIa / CD16a (176F or 176V) , and FcγRIIIb / CD16b (NA1 allotype or NA2 allotype) . These rabbit IgG Fc mutants, however, retained binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) , which is a heterodimer formed by FCGRT and B2M, as shown in FIGs. 9A-9J.
[0342] The Fc silencing effects of these amino acid substitutions found in rabbit IgG Fc mutants #6-#13 were reproduced in human IgG Fc counterparts. Specifically, the corresponding amino acid substitutions were introduced into human IgG1 Fc region to generate human Fc mutants #6-#21, as shown in Table 6 above. Each of these human Fc mutants had virtually no binding affinity to various FcγR proteins including FcγRI / CD64, FcγRIIa / 32a (167R or 167H) , FcγRIIb / 32b, FcγRIIIa / CD16a (176F or 176V) , and FcγRIIIb / CD16b (NA1 allotype, NA2 allotype, or SH allotype) , except human Fc mutant #15 displayed some residual binding to FcγRI / CD64 (FIGs. 10A-18R) . These human IgG Fc mutants also retained binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) , as shown in FIGs. 19A-19R. In contrast, a control human Fc silencing mutant comprising the Fc region sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132, which contains the amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain, also displayed minimal binding to FcγR proteins (FIGs. 10B, 11B, 12B, 13B, 14B, 15B, 16B, 17B, and 18B) , but it also displayed lower binding affinity to FcRn (FIG. 19B) compared to the wildtype human Fc region (FIG. 19A) .
[0343] Due to the lack of FcγR binding affinities, antibodies comprising any of these Fc mutants displayed a lower background in flow cytometry applications, as demonstrated by both rabbit and human antibody mutants. In one set of flow cytometry study shown in FIGs. 20A-20L, rabbit anti-CD3 OKT3 and anti-CD4 OKT4 antibodies were used to stain CD3 and CD4 expressed on cell surface. The cell population stained with rabbit IgG antibodies containing a wildtype Fc region showed fluorescent signal between the top two quadrants, indicating non-specific binding of the antibodies to FcγR expressed on cell surfaces (FIG. 20B) , and such non-specific binding could not be fully prevented by adding a blocking Fc protein to the solution (FIG. 20C) . In contrast, rabbit antibodies containing any of the Fc silencing mutants #6-#13 showed no such non-specific binding signal, and the fluorescence signals of the corresponding cell population completely shifted to the upper left quadrant (FIGs. 20E-20L) . Likewise, the use of a rabbit antibody containing a control Fc silencing mutant, which contains the amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain (SEQ ID NO: 131) , also did not show non-specific binding in flow cytometry (FIG. 20D) .
[0344] Similarly, in a second set of flow cytometry study shown in FIGs. 21A-21N, human anti-CD11b ICRF44 antibodies comprising a mutant Fc region displayed much lower background noise compared to the control antibody having a wildtype Fc region. Specifically, the cell population stained with anti-CD11b antibody containing a wildtype human IgG1 Fc region displayed a significant residual fluorescent signal that extended horizontally to the right of the negative cell population at the lower left quadrants, indicating non-specific binding of the antibodies to FcγR expressed on cell surfaces (FIG. 21B) , and such non-specific binding could not be fully prevented by adding a blocking Fc protein (FIG. 21C) . In contrast, human antibodies containing various Fc silencing mutants showed no such non-specific binding, and the fluorescence signal of the negative cell population stayed in the lower left quadrant (FIGs. 21E-21N) . So was the use of a human antibody containing the control Fc silencing mutant (SEQ ID NO: 132) (FIG. 21D) .
[0345] All Fc mutants listed in Tables 5-6 displayed sufficient stabilities that are comparable to wildtype Fc region in the antibody stability test (data not shown) .
[0346] NUMBERED EMBODIMENTS
[0347] Embodiment 1. A protein comprising a variant fragment crystallizable (Fc) region or a variant CH2 domain, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 234-238, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0348] Embodiment 2. A protein comprising a variant fragment crystallizable (Fc) region or a variant CH2 domain, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises (i) an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 234-236; and (ii) an amino acid substitution at one or both of amino acid positions 237-238, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0349] Embodiment 3. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein:
[0350] (a) the amino acid substitution at position 234 is Alanine (A) or Glycine (G) ;
[0351] (b) the amino acid substitution at position 235 is Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) ;
[0352] (c) the amino acid substitution at position 236 is phenylalanine (F) , lysine (K) , glutamine (Q) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) ;
[0353] (d) the amino acid substitution at position 237 is Alanine (A) , lysine (K) , glutamine (Q) , or Arginine (R) ; and / or
[0354] (e) the amino acid substitution at position 238 is Arginine (R) or Serine (S) .
[0355] Embodiment 4. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein:
[0356] (a) the amino acid substitution at position 234 is L234A or L234G;
[0357] (b) the amino acid substitution at position 235 is L235A, L235G, L235S, or L235T;
[0358] (c) the amino acid substitution at position 236 is G236F, G236K, G236Q, G236S, or G236T;
[0359] (d) the amino acid substitution at position 237 is G237A, G237K, G237Q, or G237R;
[0360] and / or
[0361] (e) the amino acid substitution at position 238 is P238R or P238S.
[0362] Embodiment 5. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R; optionally, a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R.
[0363] Embodiment 6. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R.
[0364] Embodiment 7. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S.
[0365] Embodiment 8. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S.
[0366] Embodiment 9. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q; optionally, a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q.
[0367] Embodiment 10. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S.
[0368] Embodiment 11. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S.
[0369] Embodiment 12. The protein of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S.
[0370] Embodiment 13. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids 234A / 235A, 234G / 235G, 234A / 235T, or 234A / 235S; optionally, a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A, L234G / L235G, L234A / L235T, or L234A / L235S.
[0371] Embodiment 14. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids selected from:
[0372] (i) 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R;
[0373] (ii) 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R;
[0374] (iii) 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S;
[0375] (iv) 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S;
[0376] (v) 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q;
[0377] (vi) 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S;
[0378] (vii) 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S; and
[0379] (viii) 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S.
[0380] Embodiment 15. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions selected from:
[0381] (i) L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R;
[0382] (ii) L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R;
[0383] (iii) L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S;
[0384] (iv) L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S;
[0385] (v) L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q;
[0386] (vi) L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S;
[0387] (vii) L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S; and
[0388] (viii) L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S.
[0389] Embodiment 16. The protein of any of Embodiments 1-15, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid of 234A / 235T / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of amino acid substitutions of L234A / L235T / G237R / P238S.
[0390] Embodiment 17. The protein of Embodiment 16, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at position 236; optionally, wherein the amino acid substitution at position 236 is histidine (H) , lysine (K) , asparagine (N) , arginine (R) , or glutamine (Q) .
[0391] Embodiment 18. The protein of any of Embodiments 1-15, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids of 234A / 236Q / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of amino acid substitutions of L234A / G236Q / G237R / P238S.
[0392] Embodiment 19. The protein of Embodiment 18, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at positions 235; optionally, wherein the amino acid substitution at positions 235 is Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) .
[0393] Embodiment 20. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain does not comprise an Arginine (R) substitution at position 236.
[0394] Embodiment 21. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises an amino acid substitution at amino acid position 268, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0395] Embodiment 22. The protein of Embodiment 21, wherein the amino acid substitution at position 268 is Glycine (G) .
[0396] Embodiment 23. The protein of Embodiment 21, wherein the amino acid substitution at position 268 is H268G.
[0397] Embodiment 24. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises an amino acid substitution at one or both of amino acid positions 330-331, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
[0398] Embodiment 25. The protein of Embodiment 24, wherein:
[0399] (a) the amino acid substitution at position 330 is Serine (S) ; and / or
[0400] (b) the amino acid substitution at position 331 is Serine (S) .
[0401] Embodiment 26. The protein of Embodiment 24, wherein:
[0402] (a) the amino acid substitution at position 330 is A330S; and / or
[0403] (b) the amino acid substitution at position 331 is P331S.
[0404] Embodiment 27. The protein of any of Embodiments 24-26, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises both amino acid substitutions at positions 330-331.
[0405] Embodiment 28. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain does not comprise any additional mutation that modulates binding to a FcγR family receptor.
[0406] Embodiment 29. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is a variant IgG Fc region or variant IgG CH2 domain.
[0407] Embodiment 30. The protein of Embodiment 29, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is derived from human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3 or human IgG4.
[0408] Embodiment 31. The protein of Embodiment 29, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is derived from a rabbit IgG, a mouse IgG, or a rat IgG.
[0409] Embodiment 32. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the protein is an antibody.
[0410] Embodiment 33. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the protein comprises an antigen binding fragment of an antibody.
[0411] Embodiment 34. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, 32, and 35, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0412] Embodiment 35. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 10, 16, and 22, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0413] Embodiment 36. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 33, and 36, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0414] Embodiment 37. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, 12, 18, and 24, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0415] Embodiment 38. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the protein or the variant Fc region comprises two variant CH2 domains comprising the one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0416] Embodiment 39. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein binding of the protein to human CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA is a 167R allotype or a 167H allotype.
[0417] Embodiment 40. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein binding of the protein to human CD32b / FCGR2B / Fc gamma RIIB is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0418] Embodiment 41. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein binding of the protein to human CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA is a 176F or F176V variant.
[0419] Embodiment 42. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein binding of the protein to human CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB is a NA1 allotype, NA2 allotype, or SH allotype.
[0420] Embodiment 43. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein binding of the protein to human CD64 / FCGR1 is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0421] Embodiment 44. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the protein retains human neonatal Fc receptor binding capability of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; optionally, wherein the protein or variant Fc region binds to the human FcRn with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of less than 1.4 mM.
[0422] Embodiment 45. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the protein has a higher FcRn binding affinity compared to a reference protein comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat; optionally, wherein the protein binds to human FcRn with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) that is no more than 90%of that of the reference protein.
[0423] Embodiment 46. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the binding is measured at a concentration that equals to the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of the reference protein to the binding partner.
[0424] Embodiment 47. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the binding is measured by Biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assay.
[0425] Embodiment 48. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0426] Embodiment 49. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0427] Embodiment 50. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0428] Embodiment 51. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the cytokine-release activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0429] Embodiment 52. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the thermal stability of the protein is greater than or within ±2℃ of the thermal stability of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0430] Embodiment 53. The protein of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the monomer content of the protein is greater than or within ±2%of the monomer content of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0431] Embodiment 54. The protein of Embodiment 52 or 53, wherein the stability test is conducted at 4 ℃ for 7-day, 10-day, 14-day, 21-day, or 28-day.
[0432] Embodiment 55. The protein of Embodiment 52 or 53, wherein the stability test is conducted at 37 ℃ for 7-day, 10-day, 14-day, 21-day, or 28-day.
[0433] Embodiment 56. A molecule comprising the protein of any one of Embodiments 1-55 linked to a heterologous molecule.
[0434] Embodiment 57. The molecule of Embodiment 56, wherein the heterologous molecule is a small molecule, cytotoxic agent, radionuclide, solubility-altering agent, dye, fluorophore, immunogen, enzyme, lipid, polymer, polyethylene glycol, chemotherapeutic agent, prodrug, peptide, protein, nucleic acid, or a carbohydrate.
[0435] Embodiment 58. The molecule of Embodiment 56 or 57, wherein the heterologous molecule is covalently linked to the protein.
[0436] Embodiment 59. The molecule of any one of Embodiments 56-58, wherein the molecule is an antibody-drug conjugate.
[0437] Embodiment 60. A nucleic acid encoding the protein of any one of Embodiments 1-55.
[0438] Embodiment 61. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid of Embodiment 60.
[0439] Embodiment 62. A method of producing the protein of any one of Embodiments 1-55, comprising culturing a host cell expressing the protein.
[0440] Embodiment 63. The method of Embodiment 62, further comprising isolating and / or purifying the protein collected from the cell culture.
[0441] Embodiment 64. A composition comprising the protein of any one of Embodiments 1-55 or the molecule of any one of Embodiments 56-59.
[0442] Embodiment 65. The composition of Embodiment 64, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
[0443] Embodiment 66. An assay system or kit comprising the protein of any one of Embodiments 1-55 or the molecule of any one of Embodiments 56-59.
[0444] Embodiment 67. A method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering the protein of any one of Embodiments 1-55 or the molecule of any one of Embodiments 56-59 to the subject.
[0445] Embodiment 68. The method of Embodiment 67, wherein the protein or the molecule reduces Fc-mediated binding or Fc-mediated effector function.
[0446] Embodiment 69. The method of any one of Embodiments 67-68, wherein the disease is cancer.
[0447] Embodiment 70. The method of any one of Embodiments 67-69, wherein the method (a) reduces an adverse clinical effect; (b) permits a higher dosage amount and / or frequency; and / or (c) increases treatment efficacy, compared to administering a reference protein without the amino acid substitution (s) .
[0448] Embodiment 71. A method of assaying a target molecule, comprising contacting the target molecule with the protein of any one of Embodiments 1-55 or the molecule of any one of Embodiments 56-59.
[0449] Embodiment 72. The assay method of Embodiment 71, wherein the assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , a fluorescence-based assay, an immunohistochemistry assay, or an imaging assay.
[0450] Embodiment 73. The assay method of Embodiment 71, wherein the assay is flow cytometry, and wherein the assay method comprises contacting a cell of the assay with the protein or the molecule.
[0451] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0452] All references, articles, publications, patents, patent publications, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. However, mention of any reference, article, publication, patent, patent publication, and patent application cited herein is not, and should not, be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that they constitute valid prior art or form part of the common general knowledge in any country in the world.
Claims
A protein comprising a variant fragment crystallizable (Fc) region or a variant CH2 domain, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 234-238, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.A protein comprising a variant fragment crystallizable (Fc) region or a variant CH2 domain, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises (i) an amino acid substitution at one or more of amino acid positions 234-236; and (ii) an amino acid substitution at one or both of amino acid positions 237-238, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein:(a) the amino acid substitution at position 234 is Alanine (A) or Glycine (G) ;(b) the amino acid substitution at position 235 is Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) ;(c) the amino acid substitution at position 236 is phenylalanine (F) , lysine (K) , glutamine (Q) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) ;(d) the amino acid substitution at position 237 is Alanine (A) , lysine (K) , glutamine (Q) , or Arginine (R) ; and / or(e) the amino acid substitution at position 238 is Arginine (R) or Serine (S) .The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein:(a) the amino acid substitution at position 234 is L234A or L234G;(b) the amino acid substitution at position 235 is L235A, L235G, L235S, or L235T;(c) the amino acid substitution at position 236 is G236F, G236K, G236Q, G236S, or G236T;(d) the amino acid substitution at position 237 is G237A, G237K, G237Q, or G237R; and / or(e) the amino acid substitution at position 238 is P238R or P238S.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R; optionally, a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acids selected from 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q; optionally, a combination of at least two, or at least three, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S.The protein of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acids selected from 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S; optionally, a combination of at least two, at least three, or at least four, amino acid substitutions selected from L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids 234A / 235A, 234G / 235G, 234A / 235T, or 234A / 235S; optionally, a combination of amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A, L234G / L235G, L234A / L235T, or L234A / L235S.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids selected from:(i) 234A / 235A / 237A / 238R;(ii) 234A / 235A / 236S / 237A / 238R;(iii) 234A / 235A / 236Q / 237R / 238S;(iv) 234G / 235G / 236S / 237R / 238S;(v) 234A / 235A / 236F / 237Q;(vi) 234A / 235T / 236K / 237R / 238S;(vii) 234A / 235T / 236Q / 237R / 238S; and(viii) 234A / 235S / 236T / 237K / 238S.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid substitutions selected from:(i) L234A / L235A / G237A / P238R;(ii) L234A / L235A / G236S / G237A / P238R;(iii) L234A / L235A / G236Q / G237R / P238S;(iv) L234G / L235G / G236S / G237R / P238S;(v) L234A / L235A / G236F / G237Q;(vi) L234A / L235T / G236K / G237R / P238S;(vii) L234A / L235T / G236Q / G237R / P238S; and(viii) L234A / L235S / G236T / G237K / P238S.The protein of any of claims 1-15, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acid of 234A / 235T / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of amino acid substitutions of L234A / L235T / G237R / P238S.The protein of claim 16, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at position 236; optionally, wherein the amino acid substitution at position 236 is histidine (H) , lysine (K) , asparagine (N) , arginine (R) , or glutamine (Q) .The protein of any of claims 1-15, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises a combination of amino acids of 234A / 236Q / 237R / 238S; optionally, a combination of amino acid substitutions of L234A / G236Q / G237R / P238S.The protein of claim 18, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid substitution at positions 235; optionally, wherein the amino acid substitution at positions 235 is Alanine (A) , Glycine (G) , Serine (S) , or Threonine (T) .The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain does not comprise an Arginine (R) substitution at position 236.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises an amino acid substitution at amino acid position 268, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.The protein of claim 21, wherein the amino acid substitution at position 268 is Glycine (G) .The protein of claim 21, wherein the amino acid substitution at position 268 is H268G.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain further comprises an amino acid substitution at one or both of amino acid positions 330-331, wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.The protein of claim 24, wherein:(a) the amino acid substitution at position 330 is Serine (S) ; and / or(b) the amino acid substitution at position 331 is Serine (S) .The protein of claim 24, wherein:(a) the amino acid substitution at position 330 is A330S; and / or(b) the amino acid substitution at position 331 is P331S.The protein of any of claims 24-26, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises both amino acid substitutions at positions 330-331.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain does not comprise any additional mutation that modulates binding to a FcγR family receptor.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is a variant IgG Fc region or variant IgG CH2 domain.The protein of claim 29, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is derived from human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3 or human IgG4.The protein of claim 29, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain is derived from a rabbit IgG, a mouse IgG, or a rat IgG.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein is an antibody.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein comprises an antigen binding fragment of an antibody.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, 32, and 35, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region or variant CH2 domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 4, 10, 16, and 22, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 33, and 36, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the variant Fc region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or 100%identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, 12, 18, and 24, except the one or more amino acid substitutions.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein or the variant Fc region comprises two variant CH2 domains comprising the one or more amino acid substitutions.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein binding of the protein to human CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD32a / FCGR2A / Fc gamma RIIA is a 167R allotype or a 167H allotype.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein binding of the protein to human CD32b / FCGR2B / Fc gamma RIIB is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein binding of the protein to human CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD16a / FCGR3A / Fc gamma RIIIA is a 176F or F176V variant.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein binding of the protein to human CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the human CD16b / FCGR3B / Fc gamma RIIIB is a NA1 allotype, NA2 allotype, or SH allotype.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein binding of the protein to human CD64 / FCGR1 is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of that of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein retains human neonatal Fc receptor binding capability of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; optionally, wherein the protein or variant Fc region binds to the human FcRn with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of less than 1.4 mM.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the protein has a higher FcRn binding affinity compared to a reference protein comprising amino acid substitutions L234S, L235T, and G236R in its CH2 domain, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat; optionally, wherein the protein binds to human FcRn with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) that is no more than 90%of that of the reference protein.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the binding is measured at a concentration that equals to the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of the reference protein to the binding partner.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the binding is measured by Biolayer interferometry (BLI) kinetic assay.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the cytokine-release activity of the protein is less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1%of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the thermal stability of the protein is greater than or within ±2℃ of the thermal stability of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.The protein of any of the preceding claims, wherein the monomer content of the protein is greater than or within ±2%of the monomer content of a reference protein comprising a CH2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.The protein of claim 52 or 53, wherein the stability test is conducted at 4 ℃ for 7-day, 10-day, 14-day, 21-day, or 28-day.The protein of claim 52 or 53, wherein the stability test is conducted at 37 ℃ for 7-day, 10-day, 14-day, 21-day, or 28-day.A molecule comprising the protein of any one of claims 1-55 linked to a heterologous molecule.The molecule of claim 56, wherein the heterologous molecule is a small molecule, cytotoxic agent, radionuclide, solubility-altering agent, dye, fluorophore, immunogen, enzyme, lipid, polymer, polyethylene glycol, chemotherapeutic agent, prodrug, peptide, protein, nucleic acid, or a carbohydrate.The molecule of claim 56 or 57, wherein the heterologous molecule is covalently linked to the protein.The molecule of any one of claims 56-58, wherein the molecule is an antibody-drug conjugate.A nucleic acid encoding the protein of any one of claims 1-55.A host cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 60.A method of producing the protein of any one of claims 1-55, comprising culturing a host cell expressing the protein.The method of claim 62, further comprising isolating and / or purifying the protein collected from the cell culture.A composition comprising the protein of any one of claims 1-55 or the molecule of any one of claims 56-59.The composition of claim 64, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.An assay system or kit comprising the protein of any one of claims 1-55 or the molecule of any one of claims 56-59.A method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering the protein of any one of claims 1-55 or the molecule of any one of claims 56-59 to the subject.The method of claim 67, wherein the protein or the molecule reduces Fc-mediated binding or Fc-mediated effector function.The method of any one of claims 67-68, wherein the disease is cancer.The method of any one of claims 67-69, wherein the method (a) reduces an adverse clinical effect; (b) permits a higher dosage amount and / or frequency; and / or (c) increases treatment efficacy, compared to administering a reference protein without the amino acid substitution (s) .A method of assaying a target molecule, comprising contacting the target molecule with the protein of any one of claims 1-55 or the molecule of any one of claims 56-59.The assay method of claim 71, wherein the assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , a fluorescence-based assay, an immunohistochemistry assay, or an imaging assay.The assay method of claim 71, wherein the assay is flow cytometry, and wherein the assay method comprises contacting a cell of the assay with the protein or the molecule.