Wireless device and system including examples of compensating for power amplifier noise

Abstract

This application relates to wireless devices and systems including instances of compensating for power amplifier noise. In compensating for the noise, a switch path is activated to provide amplified input data to a receiver stage including a coefficient calculator during an uplink transmission time interval (TTI). The coefficient calculator can generate coefficient data associated with the power amplifier noise based in part on computing errors representing the noise from a transmitted input signal and a feedback signal. The feedback signal is provided to the coefficient calculator after processing by the receiver. The amplified input data can also be transmitted as an RF wireless transmission via an RF antenna during the uplink TTI. During a downlink TTI, the switch path can be deactivated, and the receiver stage can receive additional RF wireless transmissions to be processed in the receiver stage.

Description

[0001] Related information of divisional application

[0002] This application is a divisional application. The parent application of this divisional application is Chinese Invention Patent Application No. 201980032613.4, entitled “Wireless Devices and Systems Including Instances of Compensating for Power Amplifier Noise,” filed on May 22, 2019. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present application relates to wireless communications, and more specifically, to wireless devices and systems including instances of compensating for power amplifier noise. BACKGROUND

[0004] Digital signal processing for wireless communications, such as digital baseband processing or digital front-end implementations, can be implemented using hardware (e.g., silicon) computing platforms. For example, multimedia processing and digital radio frequency (RF) processing can be implemented by an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that can implement a digital front-end of a wireless transceiver. A variety of hardware platforms can be used to implement digital signal processing, such as an ASIC, a digital signal processor (DSP) implemented as part of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or a system on a chip (SoC). However, each of these solutions typically requires implementing a custom signal processing method specific to the hardware implementation. For example, a digital signal processor can implement a particular portion of digital processing at a cellular base station, such as filtering interference at the base station based on environmental parameters. Each portion of the overall signal processing performed can be implemented by different, specially designed hardware, resulting in complexity.

[0005] Furthermore, there is increasing interest in advancing wireless communications to “fifth generation” (5G) systems. 5G promises increased speed and ubiquity, but methods for processing 5G wireless communications have not yet been set. In some implementations of 5G wireless communications, “Internet of Things” (IoT) devices can operate according to a narrowband wireless communication standard, which can be referred to as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). For example, Release 13 of the 3GPP specification depicts a narrowband wireless communication standard. SUMMARY

[0006] Embodiments of the invention include wireless devices and systems including examples that compensate for power amplifier noise. In example embodiments of the invention, a method includes receiving input data to be transmitted as a radio frequency (RF) wireless transmission and performing operations of a digital pre-distortion stage on the input data in a baseband domain to at least partially compensate the input data for non-linear power amplifier noise to generate compensated input data. The operations include mixing coefficient data based on the non-linear power amplifier noise with the input data. The example method further includes amplifying the compensated input data to generate amplified input data, activating a switch path to provide the amplified input data to a receiver stage including a coefficient calculator, and transmitting the amplified input data as an RF wireless transmission via an RF antenna. After the coefficient calculator receives the amplified input data, additional RF wireless transmissions are received to be processed in the receiver stage.

[0007] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes receiving a selection signal at a switch, the selection signal indicating whether the switch path is to be activated.

[0008] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes providing the compensated input data to a power amplifier, the power amplifier being associated with the non-linear power amplifier noise.

[0009] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes performing operations of an RF front end on the input data including block encoding the input data to provide block encoded input data, interleaving the block encoded input data, mapping the interleaved block encoded data according to a modulation map to generate modulated input data, and converting the modulated input data to a frequency domain with an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to generate the input data in the baseband domain.

[0010] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes mixing the compensated input data with a local oscillator signal at a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) to convert the compensated input data to an RF signal domain associated with the RF antenna.

[0011] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes training the coefficient calculator to generate the coefficient data based on the amplified input data provided to the receiver stage such that mixing the input data using the coefficient data compensates the input data for the non-linear power amplifier noise to be applied to the compensated input data.

[0012] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes minimizing a value of a difference between the input data and a representation of the amplified input data processed in the receiver stage.

[0013] Additionally or alternatively, transmitting the amplified input data as the RF wireless transmission via the RF antenna includes transmitting the RF signal at a frequency band corresponding to at least one of 1 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz, 700 MHz.

[0014] Additionally or alternatively, receiving the additional RF wireless transmission to be processed in the receiver stage occurs in a downlink transmission time interval (TTI) of a time division duplex (TDD) configured radio frame. Switching the path to provide the amplified input data to the receiver stage occurs in an uplink transmission time interval (TTI) of the TDD configured radio frame.

[0015] In another aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus includes a transmit antenna, a transmitter, a receive antenna, a receiver, and a switch. The transmitter is configured to transmit a first wireless communication signal via the transmit antenna, the transmitter including a digital pre-distortion (DPD) stage. The receiver is configured to receive a second wireless communication signal via the receive antenna. The switch is configured to selectively activate a first switch path to couple the transmitter with the transmit antenna and a second switch path to couple the receiver with the transmitter to provide the first wireless communication signal from the transmitter to the receiver as feedback for the DPD stage.

[0016] Additionally or alternatively, the receiver is further configured to receive the first wireless communication signal from the transmitter and process the first wireless communication signal as the feedback for the DPD stage.

[0017] Additionally or alternatively, the switch is further configured to receive a selection signal indicating whether the second switch path is to be activated, the selection signal based in part on a downlink transmission time interval (TTI) or an uplink transmission time interval (TTI) of a time division duplex (TDD) configured radio frame.

[0018] Additionally or alternatively, the transmit antenna or the receive antenna is configured to operate according to a wireless communication protocol that employs at least one of GFDM, FBMC, UFMC, DFDM, SCMA, NOMA, MUSA, or FTN, or any combination thereof.

[0019] Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus includes components of at least one of a base station, a small cell, a mobile device, a drone, a communication device, a vehicle communication device, or a device configured to operate on a narrowband Internet of Things (IoT) frequency band.

[0020] In another aspect of the disclosure, a method includes providing an input signal to be transmitted at a transmitter to a receiver via a path coupling the transmitter and the receiver; providing, after processing by the receiver, a feedback signal based on the input signal to be transmitted to a coefficient calculator. The example method further includes calculating, based in part on the input signal to be transmitted and the feedback signal, an error representative of a power amplifier noise to generate coefficient data associated with the power amplifier noise; deactivating the path coupling the transmitter and the receiver; and receiving, at a radio frequency (RF) antenna, an additional signal to be processed by the receiver.

[0021] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes calculating a representation of the feedback signal incorporating the coefficient data and the feedback signal; reducing a value of a difference between the input signal to be transmitted and the representation of the feedback signal, the value of the difference corresponding to the error representative of the power amplifier noise; and updating the coefficient data based on the minimized value of the difference between the input signal to be transmitted and the representation of the feedback signal.

[0022] Additionally or alternatively, the power amplifier noise representation is based on a vector set of at least one of a Gaussian function, a multiple quadratic function, an inverse multiple quadratic function, a thin plate spline function, a piecewise linear function, or a cubic approximation function.

[0023] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes determining the vector set of the coefficient calculator. The determining includes determining a set of sample vectors; and reducing, based on a calculation of each sample vector, a feedback signal error, each feedback signal representative of a corresponding sample vector processed by the transmitter and the receiver.

[0024] Additionally or alternatively, the method further includes providing the input signal to be transmitted at a transmitter to the receiver after the input signal to be transmitted has been processed by a power amplifier associated with the transmitter.

[0025] Additionally or alternatively, providing the input signal to be transmitted at the transmitter to the receiver includes providing the input signal to be transmitted during an uplink transmission time interval (TTI) of a radio frame of a time division duplex (TDD) configuration. Receiving, at the RF antenna, the additional signal to be processed by the receiver includes receiving the additional signal to be processed during a downlink transmission time interval (TTI) of the radio frame of the TDD configuration. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a system according to the example arrangements described herein.

[0027] Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of an electronic device arranged in accordance with the examples described herein.

[0028] Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a wireless transmitter.

[0029] Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of a wireless receiver.

[0030] Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of an example processing unit arranged in accordance with the examples described herein.

[0031] Figure 6 is a schematic illustration of a time frame of time division multiplexed time periods arranged in accordance with the examples described herein.

[0032] Figure 7 is a schematic illustration of a power amplifier noise compensation method in accordance with the examples described herein.

[0033] Figure 8 is a block diagram of a computing device arranged in accordance with the examples described herein.

[0034] Figure 9 is a schematic illustration of a wireless communication system arranged in accordance with aspects of the disclosure.

[0035] Figure 10 is a schematic illustration of a wireless communication system arranged in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Examples described herein include wireless devices and systems that can include examples that compensate for power amplifier noise. A digital pre-distortion (DPD) filter can be used to compensate for non-linear power amplifier noise, such as power amplifier noise found in wireless devices and systems having power amplifiers. For example, an RF power amplifier (PA) can be used in a transmitter of a wireless device and system to amplify a wireless transmission signal to be transmitted. This non-linear power amplifier noise from the power amplifier can be difficult to model, and thus, a DPD filter is used to compensate for this non-linear power amplifier noise, thereby reducing noise introduced into the wireless transmission signal from the power amplifier during transmission. Conventional wireless devices and systems can implement a DPD filter in a wireless device or system with specially designed hardware. For example, a DPD filter can be implemented in a variety of hardware platforms as part of a wireless transceiver or transmitter.

[0037] As described herein, a coefficient calculator in a wireless device or system can utilize feedback after processing a compensated wireless transmission signal to determine the efficiency of a DPD filter in compensating the wireless transmission signal. For example, in determining the efficiency of a DPD filter in performing on non-linear power amplifier noise, the coefficient calculator can calculate an error signal between an initial wireless transmission signal and a compensated amplified wireless transmission signal to reduce errors in a model of the DPD filter (e.g., coefficient data used to model the compensation filter). Conventional wireless devices can include a specific path with a receiver portion to process feedback signals at the DPD filter, which can be inefficient in utilizing computational resources and / or board space to provide this path for the feedback. That specific path with a receiver portion to process feedback signals can be outside of a wireless receiver path for a wireless receiver portion of a wireless device. Thus, a chip architecture in which feedback signals are provided to a coefficient calculator in an efficient scheme to reduce required computational resources and / or optimize board space of that wireless chip can be desirable.

[0038] In examples described herein, a time division duplex (TDD) configured radio frame is utilized along with a single receiver path to provide feedback signals to both a coefficient calculator and to receive wireless transmission signals, which can be received at a wireless receiver portion of a wireless device. According to examples described herein, a switch can activate a path to provide feedback signals to the coefficient calculator through the wireless receiver path when the wireless receiver path is not receiving active wireless signals. For example, the wireless receiver path can not receive active wireless signals during an uplink time period of a TDD configured radio frame. The uplink time period of a TDD configured radio frame can be referred to as an uplink transmission time interval (TTI). Similarly, a downlink time period of a TDD configured radio frame can be referred to as a downlink transmission time interval (TTI). During an uplink TTI, the switch can be activated to provide feedback to the coefficient calculator through the wireless receiver path. In providing feedback over multiple uplink TTIs, the coefficient calculator can provide coefficients of a model that compensate for non-linear power amplifier noise. Additionally, during a downlink TTI, the switch can deactivate the path to provide feedback through the wireless receiver path so that the wireless receiver portion of a wireless transceiver can receive wireless transmission signals, thereby providing an efficient TDD frame to provide feedback signals to a coefficient calculator and to receive wireless signals using the same wireless receiver path.

[0039] Figure 1This is a schematic illustration of a system 100 arranged according to the examples described herein. System 100 includes electronic device 102, electronic device 110, antennas 101, 103, 105, 107, 121, 123, 125, and 127, wireless transmitter 111, wireless transmitter 113, wireless receiver 115, wireless receiver 117, wireless transmitter 131, wireless transmitter 133, wireless receiver 135, and wireless receiver 137. Electronic device 102 may include antennas 121, 123, 125, and 127, wireless transmitter 131, wireless transmitter 133, wireless receiver 135, and wireless receiver 137. Electronic device 110 may include antennas 101, 103, 105, and 107, wireless transmitter 111, wireless transmitter 113, wireless receiver 115, and wireless receiver 117. In operation, electronic devices 102 and 110 can transmit wireless signals between their respective antennas. In an example of TDD mode, a wireless transmitter 131 coupled to antenna 121 can transmit to antenna 105 coupled to wireless receiver 115 during the uplink cycle of a radio frame configured for TDD, while simultaneously or for at least a portion of the same time, the wireless transmitter can also activate a switching path that provides feedback signals to a coefficient calculator of wireless transmitter 131.

[0040] The coefficient calculator of wireless transmitter 131 can provide coefficients in the model for at least partial compensation of power amplifier noise within wireless transmitter 131. Wireless transmitter 131 may include a power amplifier that amplifies such a wireless transmission signal before providing it to antenna 121 for RF transmission. In some instances, the coefficient calculator wireless transmitter 131 may also provide (e.g., optimize) coefficients to also at least partially compensate for power amplifier noise from other components of electronic device 102 (e.g., the power amplifier of wireless transmitter 133). After the uplink cycle of a time-division duplex (TDD) radio frame has elapsed, wireless receiver 135 and / or wireless receiver 137 may receive the wireless signal during the downlink cycle of a time-division duplex radio frame. For example, wireless receiver 135 and / or wireless receiver 137 may receive individual signals or combinations of signals (e.g., MIMO signals) from electronic device 110, thereby having wireless signals transmitted from wireless transmitter 111 coupled to antenna 101 and / or having wireless signals transmitted from wireless transmitter 113 coupled to antenna 103. Power amplifier noise generally refers to any noise in the signals transmitted from the electronic device that may be at least partially generated by one or more power amplifiers of that electronic device.

[0041] The electronic devices described herein (e.g.) Figure 1The electronic devices 102 and 110 shown can be implemented using virtually any electronic device that requires communication capabilities. For example, electronic devices 102 and / or 110 can be implemented using mobile phones, smartwatches, computers (e.g., servers, laptops, tablets, desktop computers), or radio. In some instances, electronic devices 102 and / or 110 can be integrated into and / or communicate with other devices that require communication capabilities, such as (but not limited to) wearable devices, medical devices, automobiles, aircraft, helicopters, home appliances, tags, cameras, or other devices.

[0042] Although Figure 1 While not explicitly shown, in some instances, electronic device 102 and / or electronic device 110 may include any of a variety of components, including (but not limited to) memory, input / output devices, circuitry, processing units (e.g., processing elements and / or processors) or combinations thereof.

[0043] Electronic devices 102 and 110 may each include multiple antennas. For example, electronic devices 102 and 110 may each have more than two antennas. Figure 1 The diagram shows each of the three antennas, but any number of antennas can typically be used, including 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 32, or 64 antennas. Other numbers of antennas can be used in other embodiments. In some embodiments, electronic device 102 and electronic device 110 may have the same number of antennas, such as... Figure 1 The following is illustrated in the diagram. In other instances, electronic devices 102 and 110 may have different numbers of antennas. Generally, the systems described herein may comprise multiple-input multiple-output (“MIMO”) systems. A MIMO system typically refers to a system comprising one or more electronic devices that transmit transmissions using multiple antennas and one or more electronic devices that receive transmissions using multiple antennas. In some instances, the electronic devices may use multiple antennas to transmit and receive transmissions simultaneously. Some example systems described herein may be “massive MIMO” systems. Generally, a massive MIMO system refers to a system that employs a greater than a specific number (e.g., 64) of antennas to transmit and / or receive transmissions. As the number of antennas increases, the complexity involved in accurately transmitting and / or receiving transmissions generally also increases.

[0044] Despite Figure 1 Two electronic devices (e.g., electronic device 102 and electronic device 110) are shown in the figure, but in general, system 100 may contain any number of electronic devices.

[0045] The electronic devices described herein may include receivers, transmitters, and / or transceivers. For example, Figure 1 Electronic device 102 includes a wireless transmitter 131 and a wireless receiver 135, and electronic device 110 includes a wireless transmitter 111 and a wireless receiver 115. Generally, a receiver for receiving transmissions from one or more connected antennas can be provided, as can a transmitter for transmitting transmissions from one or more connected antennas, and a transceiver for both receiving and transmitting transmissions from one or more connected antennas can be provided. Although in Figure 1 Both electronic devices 102 and 110 are described as having individual wireless transmitters and individual wireless receivers. However, it should be understood that the wireless transceivers can be coupled to the antennas of the electronic devices and can operate as wireless transmitters or wireless receivers to receive and transmit transmissions. For example, the transceiver of electronic device 102 can be used to provide transmissions to antenna 121 and / or receive transmissions from antenna 112, while other transceivers of electronic device 110 can be provided to provide transmissions to and / or receive transmissions from antennas 101 and 103. Generally, multiple receivers, transmitters, and / or transceivers can be provided in the electronic devices—each communicating with each of the antennas of the electronic device. The transmission may be based on any of a variety of protocols, including (but not limited to) 5G signals, and / or may use a variety of modulation / demodulation schemes, including (but not limited to): Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM), Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) transmission, Biorthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (BFDM), Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA), Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), Multi-User Shared Access (MUSA), and Faster than Nyquist (FTN) signaling with a time-frequency module. In some instances, the transmission may be sent and received, or both, according to 5G protocols and / or standards.

[0046] Examples of transmitters, receivers, and / or transceivers described herein (such as wireless transmitter 131 and wireless transmitter 111) can be implemented using a variety of components, including hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. For example, a transceiver, transmitter, or receiver may include a circuit system and / or one or more processing units (e.g., a processor) and memory encoded with executable instructions that cause the transceiver to perform one or more functions (e.g., software) described herein.

[0047] Figure 2is a schematic illustration of an electronic device 200 arranged in accordance with the examples described herein. The electronic device 200 includes a baseband transmitter (Tx) 215 and a baseband receiver (Rx) 285, each having a transmitter path to / from a receiver path to / from a receive antenna (Rx) 255, respectively, to a transmit antenna (Tx) 250. The electronic device 200 can represent an implementation of the electronic device 102, 110; where the baseband transmitter 215 and transmitter path represent the wireless transmitter 131, 133 or the wireless transmitter 111, 113; and where the baseband receiver 285 represents the wireless receiver 135, 137 or the wireless receiver 115, 117.

[0048] After receiving the signal to be transmitted t(n) 210, the baseband transmitter 215 can perform baseband processing on that signal to be transmitted t(n) 210 to produce a baseband signal to be transmitted t(n) 216. The signal 216 is provided to the coefficient calculator 280 and also along the transmitter path toward the transmit antenna 250 to a digital pre-distortion (DPD) filter 220. The DPD filter 220 compensates at least in part for the signal t(n) 216 based on a model that includes coefficient data (e.g., a plurality of coefficients) provided to the DPD filter by the coefficient calculator 280. The DPD filter 220 utilizes the model based on the coefficient data to compensate at least in part for the signal 216 for noise in the electronic device 200, such as non-linear power amplifier noise generated by the power amplifier 240. As will be described with respect to the coefficient calculator 280, the coefficient data can be determined to reduce errors introduced into the signal 216 by the non-linear power amplifier noise when the signal to be transmitted t(n) 216 is amplified by the power amplifier 240 for transmission at the transmit antenna 250.

[0049] After being at least partially compensated for noise by the DPD filter 220, the signal to be transmitted t(n) can be further processed along the transmitter path toward the transmit antenna 250. Thus, the compensated signal 216 is processed by a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 225, a digital-to-analog converter 230, an intermediate frequency (IF) filter 235, a mixer 237 along with a local oscillation signal provided from a local oscillator 290, and a power amplifier 240 to produce an amplified signal to be transmitted T(n) 247. The signal to be transmitted T(n) 247 is provided to the transmit antenna 250 via a switch 245. The transmitter path to the transmit antenna 250 includes the path through the switch 245 to transmit any signal to be transmitted. When the switch 245 is activated, that same amplified signal to be transmitted T(n) 247 is provided to the receiver path via the switch 245 as a signal X(n) 249.

[0050] The switch 245 can be activated by a control signal (e.g., a select signal) indicating that an uplink (TTI) is occurring in a time division duplex configuration of radio frames utilized by the electronic device 200. When the switch 245 is activated, the amplified signal to be transmitted T(n) 247 is provided to a receiver path of the electronic device 200 to be used as a feedback signal in calculations performed by the coefficient calculator 280. The amplified signal to be transmitted T(n) 247 is provided to the receiver path as a signal X(n) 249 that originates at a low noise amplifier (LNA) 260. The signal X(n) 249 and the amplified signal to be transmitted T(n) 247 represent the same signal processed by the power amplifier 240. When the switch 245 is activated, both the signal X(n) 249 and the amplified signal to be transmitted T(n) 247 can be provided by the switch 245 to the receiver path and the transmit antenna 250, respectively, of the electronic device 200. Thus, the signal X(n) 249 is processed by the LNA 260, a mixer 263 along with a local oscillation signal provided from a local oscillator 290, an intermediate frequency (IF) filter 265, an analog-to-digital converter 270, and a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 275 to produce a feedback signal X(n) 277 that is provided to the coefficient calculator 280. The coefficient calculator 280 can also receive a control signal indicating that an uplink time period is occurring, and can receive the feedback signal X(n) 277 to process that signal in calculations to reduce errors introduced by nonlinear power amplifier noise produced by the power amplifier 240.

[0051] After receiving the feedback signal X(n) 277, the coefficient calculator 280 can determine an error signal that calculates a difference between the signal to be transmitted t(n) 216 and the compensated wireless transmission signal to reduce errors in a model of the DPD filter 220. The coefficient calculator utilizes the error signal to determine and / or update coefficient data B(n) 243 (e.g., a plurality of coefficients) in the model of the DPD filter 220 that is provided to the DPD filter 220 for at least partially compensating for nonlinear power amplifier noise. To have the coefficient calculator 280 calculate the plurality of coefficients, the coefficient calculator 280 can calculate an error signal that reduces (e.g., minimizes) a difference between the signal to be transmitted t(n) 216 that is input to the DPD filter 220 and the feedback signal X(n) 277. For example, the difference can be reduced (e.g., minimized) by utilizing equation (1):

[0052]

[0053] The transmitted signal t(n) 216 can be computed as z(k) in equation (1). The feedback signal X(n) 277 can be computed as y(k) to be summed with respect to 'p' and'm' in equation (1), where 'P' represents the order of nonlinearity of the power amplifier noise to be compensated for, and 'M' represents the "memory" of the coefficient calculator 280. For example, the coefficient calculator can store previous versions of the feedback signal X(n) 277, where the'm' term represents a deviation of the feedback signal X(n) 277 such that the deviation indicates a number of time periods between the received feedback signal X(n) 277 and a previous version of the feedback signal X(n) 277 received'm' time periods before the feedback signal X(n) 277 has been received at the coefficient calculator 280 to perform the computation. In examples, 'P' can represent a number of filter taps of a model of the DPD filter 220 used to at least partially compensate for the nonlinearity of the power amplifier noise. In various implementations, 'P' can equal 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 20, 100, or 200. Additionally or alternatively, 'M' can equal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 20, 100, or 200. The coefficient calculator 280 can utilize equation (1) in conjunction with an algorithm used to reduce (e.g., minimize) the difference between z(k) and y(k), such as a least mean square (LMS) algorithm, a least square (LS) algorithm, or a total least square (TLS) algorithm. Thus, in reducing the difference between z(k) and y(k), the coefficient calculator determines the coefficient data B(n) 243 as the term a p,m The transmitted signal t(n) 216 can be computed as z(k) in equation (1). The feedback signal X(n) 277 can be computed as y(k) to be summed with respect to 'p' and'm' in equation (1), where 'P' represents the order of nonlinearity of the power amplifier noise to be compensated for, and 'M' represents the "memory" of the coefficient calculator 280. For example, the coefficient calculator can store previous versions of the feedback signal X(n) 277, where the'm' term represents a deviation of the feedback signal X(n) 277 such that the deviation indicates a number of time periods between the received feedback signal X(n) 277 and a previous version of the feedback signal X(n) 277 received'm' time periods before the feedback signal X(n) 277 has been received at the coefficient calculator 280 to perform the computation. In examples, 'P' can represent a number of filter taps of a model of the DPD filter 220 used to at least partially compensate for the nonlinearity of the power amplifier noise. In various implementations, 'P' can equal 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 20, 100, or 200. Additionally or alternatively, 'M' can equal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 20, 100, or 200. The coefficient calculator 280 can utilize equation (1) in conjunction with an algorithm used to reduce (e.g., minimize) the difference between z(k) and y(k), such as a least mean square (LMS) algorithm, a least square (LS) algorithm, or a total least square (TLS) algorithm. Thus, in reducing the difference between z(k) and y(k), the coefficient calculator determines the coefficient data B(n) 243 as the term a

[0054] In some examples, the coefficient calculator determines the coefficient data B(n) 243 to be used in the DPD filter 220 as a "memoryless" system, where the coefficient data B(n) 243 updates the DPD filter 220 with new coefficient data, replacing any coefficient data utilized by the DPD filter prior to receiving the coefficient data B(n) 243. Updating the DPD filter 220 with the coefficient data B(n) 243 can be referred to as optimizing the coefficient data, where some or all of the coefficient data is updated. For example, when other versions of the feedback signal X(n) 277 are not used in the computation, equation (1) can be simplified to equation (2), whereby the'm' term is reduced to 0, such that equation (1) simplifies to equation (2):

[0055]

[0056] In the processing of the received signal and the aforementioned generation of the feedback signal using the same receiver path, the electronic device 200 can utilize board space and / or resources on the circuitry implementing the electronic device 200 compared to an electronic device that includes a separate path for the feedback signal and a separate path for processing the received signal. For example, the electronic device 200 utilizes the LNA 260, the mixer 263 along with the local oscillation signal provided from the local oscillator 290, the intermediate frequency (IF) filter 265, the analog-to-digital converter 270, and the numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 275 not only for generating the feedback signal X(n) 277 but also for processing the received signal R(n) 257. As described, when the switch 245 is activated, the electronic device 200 utilizes the LNA 260, the mixer 263 along with the local oscillation signal provided from the local oscillator 290, the intermediate frequency (IF) filter 265, the analog-to-digital converter 270, and the numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 275 to generate the feedback signal X(n) 277 and the coefficient calculator 280 calculates the coefficient data. When the switch 245 is deactivated, the electronic device 200 utilizes the LNA 260, the mixer 263 along with the local oscillation signal provided from the local oscillator 290, the intermediate frequency (IF) filter 265, the analog-to-digital converter 270, and the numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 275 to receive and process the received signal R(n) 257.

[0057] The switch 245 can be deactivated at the end of the activation period. For example, the control signal that activates the switch 245 can include information that specifies how long the switch 245 is to be activated, e.g., the activation period. The activation period can be the same as the uplink TTI of the radio frame of the time division duplex configuration utilized by the electronic device 200. For example, as described with reference to Figure 6 The activation period can be a particular uplink TTI that operates at a different time period than the downlink TTI. In some examples, the switch 245 can be activated for the length of the signal 216, which can be the same length as the signal 210. Additionally or alternatively, the switch 245 can be deactivated when a wireless signal is detected at the receive antenna 255. For example, when a signal is detected at the receive antenna 255, the control signal can indicate the start of a downlink TTI, which indicates that the activation period has ended. Accordingly, the switch 245 can be deactivated.

[0058] Switch 245 can be deactivated by a control signal indicating that a downlink (TTI) is occurring in a time division duplex configuration radio frame utilized by electronic device 200. Thus, because switch 245 is deactivated, signal X(n) 249 is not provided to the receiver path of electronic device 200. With switch 245 deactivated, received signal R(n) 257 is provided to the receiver path of electronic device 200 for processing in the receiver path for producing baseband received signal 287. Starting at low noise amplifier (LNA) 260, received signal R(n) 257 is provided to the receiver path. Thus, received signal R(n) 257 is processed by LNA 260, mixer 263 along with a local oscillation signal provided from local oscillator 290, intermediate frequency (IF) filter 265, analog-to-digital converter 270, numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 275, and baseband receiver 285 to produce baseband received signal 287. In producing baseband received signal 287, electronic device 200 utilizes the same receiver path for producing and providing feedback signal to coefficient calculator 280, thereby efficiently utilizing computing resources and / or board space of electronic device 200. Thus, the same receiver path of electronic device 200 is used for receiving wireless signals during a downlink time period and providing feedback signals to coefficient calculator during an uplink time period. In some examples, while coefficient calculator 280 is not provided feedback signal X(n) 277 during a downlink time period, it can calculate and / or determine coefficient data while received signal R(n) 257 is being processed. Thus, while a time division duplex configuration radio frame, electronic device 200 utilizes a single receiver path to not only provide feedback signal X(n) 277 to coefficient calculator 280 but also receive wireless transmission signals, such as received signal R(n) 257 to provide baseband received signal r(n) 287.

[0059] Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a wireless transmitter 300. Wireless transmitter 300 receives data signal 311 and performs operations to produce a wireless communication signal for transmission via antenna 303. At transmitter output data x N (n) 310 is amplified by power amplifier 332 before the output data is transmitted on RF antenna 303. Operations of the RF front end can typically be performed or processed with analog circuitry or as digital baseband operations for implementing a digital front end. Operations of the RF front end include scrambler 304, encoder 308, interleaver 312, modulation mapping 316, frame adaptation 320, IFFT 324, guard interval 328, and upconversion 330.

[0060] The scrambler 304 can convert input data to a pseudo-random or random binary sequence. For example, the input data can be transport layer sources (e.g., MPEG-2 transport streams and other data) converted to a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) with a generator polynomial. While described in the context of a generator polynomial, various scramblers 304 are possible.

[0061] The encoder 308 can encode the data output from the scrambler to encode the data. For example, a Reed Solomon (RS) encoder or a turbo encoder can be used as a first encoder to generate parity blocks for each randomized transport packet fed by the scrambler 304. In some examples, the length of the parity blocks and the transport packets can vary according to various wireless protocols. The interleaver 312 can interleave the parity blocks output by the encoder 308, for example, the interleaver 312 can utilize convolutional byte interleaving. In some examples, additional encoding and interleaving can be performed after the encoder 308 and the interleaver 312. For example, additional encoding can include a second encoder that can further encode the data output from the interleaver, for example, with erasure convolutional encoding with a particular constraint length. Additional interleaving can include an inner interleaver that forms a group of stitched blocks. While described in the context of RS encoding, turbo encoding, and erasure convolutional encoding, various encoders 308 are possible, for example, a low density parity check (LDPC) encoder or a polar encoder. While described in the context of convolutional byte interleaving, various interleavers 312 are possible.

[0062] The modulation mapping 316 can modulate the data output from the interleaver 312. For example, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can be used to map data by varying (e.g., modulating) the amplitude of a related carrier. Various modulation mappings can be used, including but not limited to: quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), SCMA NOMA, and MUSA (multi-user shared access). The output from the modulation mapping 316 can be referred to as data symbols. While described in the context of QAM modulation, various modulation mappings 316 are possible. The frame adaptation 320 can arrange the output from the modulation mapping according to a sequence of bits representing the corresponding modulation symbols, carriers, and frames.

[0063] The IFFT 324 can transform the symbols that have been framed into subcarriers (e.g., framed by the frame adaptation 320) into time domain symbols. Using the 5G wireless protocol scheme as an example, the IFFT can be used as an N-point IFFT:

[0064]

[0065] where X nis a modulated symbol transmitted in the nth 5G subcarrier. Thus, the output of the IFFT 324 can form a time-domain 5G symbol. In some instances, the IFFT 324 can be replaced by a pulse-shaping filter or a polyphase filter bank to output a symbol for upconversion 330.

[0066] In Figure 3 instances, the guard interval 328 adds a guard interval to the time-domain 5G symbol. For example, the guard interval can be a fractional length of the symbol duration added to reduce inter-symbol interference by repeating a portion of the end of the time-domain 5G symbol at the beginning of the frame. For example, the guard interval can be a time period corresponding to a cyclic prefix portion of a 5G wireless protocol scheme.

[0067] The upconversion 330 can upconvert the time-domain 5G symbol to a particular radio frequency. For example, the time-domain 5G symbol can be considered a baseband frequency range, and a local oscillator can mix its oscillation frequency with the 5G symbol to produce a 5G symbol at the oscillation frequency. A digital upconversion (DUC) can also be used to convert the time-domain 5G symbol. Thus, the 5G symbol can be upconverted to a particular radio frequency for RF transmission.

[0068] Prior to transmission, at the antenna 303, a power amplifier 332 can amplify the transmitter output data x N (n) 310 to output data for RF transmission in the RF domain at the antenna 303. The antenna 303 can be an antenna designed to radiate at a particular radio frequency. For example, the antenna 303 can radiate at the frequency at which the 5G symbol was upconverted. Thus, the wireless transmitter 300 can transmit an RF transmission via the antenna 303 based on the data signal 311 received at the scrambler 304. As described above with respect to Figure 3 The operation of the wireless transmitter 300 can include a variety of processing operations, as described above. Such operations can be implemented in a conventional wireless transmitter, where each operation is implemented by hardware specifically designed for that respective operation. For example, a DSP processing unit can be specifically designed to implement the IFFT 324. As should be appreciated, additional operations of the wireless transmitter 300 can be included in a conventional wireless receiver.

[0069] The wireless transmitter 300 can be used to implement, for example, the wireless transmitter 111, 113 or the wireless transmitter 131, 133 of Figure 1 The wireless transmitter 300 can also represent a configuration in which the DPD filter 220 and the coefficient calculator 280 can be utilized. For example, the DPD filter can at least partially compensate for the data signal 311 prior to providing the data signal 311 to the scrambler 304. The coefficient calculator 280 can be implemented in the wireless transmitter 300, where the signal path is from any element of the transmitter path of the wireless transmitter 300 to the coefficient calculator.

[0070] Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of a wireless receiver 400. The wireless receiver 400 receives input data X(i,j) 410 from an antenna 405 and performs the operations of a wireless receiver to produce receiver output data at a descrambler 444. The antenna 405 can be an antenna designed to receive at a particular radio frequency. The operations of a wireless receiver can be performed with analog circuitry or processed as digital baseband operations for an implementation of a digital front end. The operations of a wireless receiver include down-conversion 412, guard interval removal 416, fast Fourier transform 420, synchronization 424, channel estimation 428, demapping 432, deinterleaver 436, decoder 440, and descrambler 444.

[0071] Down-conversion 412 can down-convert frequency domain symbols to a baseband processing range. Continuing with the example of a 5G implementation, for example, a frequency domain 5G symbol can be mixed with a local oscillator frequency to produce a 5G symbol in a baseband frequency range. Digital down-conversion (DDC) can also be used to convert a frequency domain symbol. Thus, an RF transmission including time domain 5G symbols can be down-converted to baseband. Guard interval removal 416 can remove a guard interval from a frequency domain 5G symbol. FFT 420 can transform a time domain 5G symbol into a frequency domain 5G symbol. Taking the 5G wireless protocol scheme as an example, the FFT can be applied as an N-point FFT:

[0072]

[0073] where X n is a modulated symbol transmitted in the nth 5G subcarrier. Thus, the output of the FFT 420 can form a frequency domain 5G symbol. In some examples, the FFT 420 can be replaced by a polyphase filter bank to output symbols for synchronization 424.

[0074] Synchronization 424 can detect pilot symbols in the 5G symbol to synchronize the transmitted data. In some examples of a 5G implementation, a pilot symbol can be detected in the time domain at the beginning of a frame (e.g., in a header). Such a symbol can be used by the wireless receiver 400 for frame synchronization. With frame synchronization, the 5G symbol proceeds to channel estimation 428. Channel estimation 428 can also estimate time or frequency effects (e.g., path loss) on the received signal using time domain pilot symbols and additional frequency domain pilot symbols.

[0075] For example, the channel can be estimated from the N signals received by the N antennas (other than antenna 405) in the preamble period of each signal. In some examples, the channel estimate 428 can also use the guard interval removed at guard interval removal 416. In the case of channel estimation processing, the channel estimate 428 can at least partially compensate for the effects of the frequency domain 5G symbols by some factor. While channel estimation is described in terms of time domain pilot symbols and frequency domain pilot symbols, other channel estimation techniques or systems are possible, such as MIMO-based channel estimation systems or frequency domain equalization systems.

[0076] Demodulation mapping 432 can demodulate the data output from channel estimate 428. For example, a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) demodulator can map data by varying (e.g., modulating) the amplitude of a related carrier wave. Any modulation mapping described herein can have a corresponding demodulation mapping performed by demodulation mapping 432. In some examples, demodulation mapping 432 can detect the phase of a carrier signal to facilitate demodulation of the 5G symbols. Demodulation mapping 432 can produce bit data from the 5G symbols for further processing by deinterleaver 436.

[0077] Deinterleaver 436 can deinterleave the data bits arranged as parity blocks from the demodulation mapping into a bit stream for decoder 440, e.g., deinterleaver 436 can perform the inverse operation of convolutional byte interleaving. Deinterleaver 436 can also use channel estimates to at least partially compensate for channel effects on the parity blocks.

[0078] Decoder 440 can decode the data output from the scrambler to encode the data. For example, a Reed Solomon (RS) decoder or a turbo decoder can be used as a decoder to produce a decoded bit stream for descrambler 444. For example, a turbo decoder can implement a parallel concatenated decoding scheme. In some examples, additional decoding and / or deinterleaving can be performed after decoder 440 and deinterleaver 436. For example, additional decoding can include another decoder that can further decode the data output from decoder 440. While described in the context of RS decoding and turbo decoding, various decoders 440 are possible, such as a low density parity check (LDPC) decoder or a polar decoder.

[0079] Descrambler 444 can convert the output from decoder 440 from a pseudo-random or random binary sequence to the original source data. For example, descrambler 444 can convert the decoded data to a transport layer destination (e.g., an MPEG-2 transport stream) that is inversely scrambled with the generator polynomial of scrambler 304. The descrambler thus outputs receiver output data. Thus, wireless receiver 400 receives an RF transmission including input data X(i,j) 410 to produce receiver output data.

[0080] For example, in this article, regarding Figure 4 The operation of the wireless receiver 400 may include a variety of processing operations. These operations can be implemented in a conventional wireless receiver, with each operation implemented by hardware specifically designed for that corresponding operation. For example, a DSP processing unit may be specifically designed to implement FFT 420. It should be understood that additional operations of the wireless receiver 400 may be included in a conventional wireless receiver.

[0081] The wireless receiver 400 can be used to implement, for example Figure 1 The wireless receiver 400 may be a wireless receiver 115, 117 or a wireless receiver 135, 137. The wireless receiver 400 may also represent a configuration in which the coefficient calculator 280 is available. For example, the wireless receiver 400 may provide a feedback signal to the coefficient calculator 280 after descrambling the feedback signal at the descrambler 444. Therefore, the coefficient calculator 280 may be implemented in the wireless receiver 400, wherein the signal path is from the receiver path of the wireless receiver 400 to the coefficient calculator.

[0082] Figure 5 This is a block diagram of a processing unit 550, which can be implemented as a coefficient calculator 280 according to the examples described herein. The processing unit 550 can receive input data (e.g., X(i,j)) 560a to c, such as t(n) 216 and / or X(n) 277, from this computing system. For example, if the input data 560a to c correspond to a feedback signal, such as feedback signal X(n) 277, then the processing unit 550 can retrieve from memory 580 a signal t(n) 210 to be transmitted or a previous version of a feedback signal, such as a previously received feedback signal X(n) 277. A previously received feedback signal X(n) 277 may have been received in a time period different from the feedback signal X(n) 277 received during the current uplink time period. For example, another feedback signal X(n) 277 stored in memory may have been received during a previous uplink time period prior to the current uplink time period.

[0083] Alternatively, the currently received feedback signal X(n) 277 may be stored in memory 580 for access by processing unit 550 (e.g., coefficient calculator) to calculate coefficient data. For example, the currently received feedback signal X(n) 277 may be stored in memory 580 during the current uplink time period and later calculated by processing unit 550 during the downlink time period or another time period.

[0084] The processing units 550 can include multiplication units / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c, and memory lookup units 564a-c, 568a-c, which can generate output data (e.g., B(u,v)) 570a-c. The output data B(u,v) 570a-c can be provided, for example, in the electronic device 200 as the coefficient data B(n) 243 to the DPD filter 220 for use in a model of the DPD filter 220 that at least partially compensates for nonlinear power amplifier noise. The processing units 550 can be provided instructions that cause the processing units 550 to configure the multiplication units 562a-c to multiply the input data 560a-c by the coefficient data and to configure the accumulation units 566a-c to accumulate the results of the processing to generate the output data 570a-c and thus the coefficient data B(n) 243.

[0085] The multiplication units / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c multiply two operands from the input data 560a-c to generate a multiplication processing result that is accumulated by the accumulation unit portion of the multiplication units / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c. The multiplication units / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c add the multiplication processing result to update the processing result stored in the accumulation unit portion, thereby accumulating the multiplication processing result. For example, the multiplication units / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c can perform a multiply-accumulate operation such that two operands M and N are multiplied and then added with P to generate a new version of P stored in their respective multiplication units / accumulation units. The memory lookup units 564a-c, 568a-c retrieve data stored in the memory 580. For example, the memory lookup units can be lookup tables that retrieve specific coefficients of additional coefficient data stored in the memory 580. For example, the memory 580 can additionally store previously computed versions of the coefficient data B(n) 243. The outputs of the memory lookup units 564a-c, 568a-c are provided to the multiplication units / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c, which can serve as multiplication operands in the multiplication unit portion of the multiplication units / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c. Using this circuitry arrangement, the output data (e.g., B(u,v)) 570a-c can be generated from the input data (e.g., X(i,j)) 560a-c.

[0086] In some examples, the coefficient data, for example from the memory 580, can be mixed with the input data X(i,j) 560a-c to generate the output data B(u,v) 570a-c. The relationship of the coefficient data to the output data B(u,v) 570a-c based on the input data X(i,j) 560a-c can be expressed as:

[0087]

[0088] where a'k,l , a" m,n are coefficients for the first and second sets of multiplication / accumulation units 562a-c and 566a-c, respectively, and where f(·) represents a mapping relationship performed by the memory lookup units 564a-c and 568a-c. As described above, the memory lookup units 564a-c and 568a-c retrieve previously computed coefficient data (e.g., a previous version of the coefficient data B(n) 243) to mix with the input data. Thus, the output data can be provided by manipulating the input data with the multiplication / accumulation units using the coefficient data stored in the memory 580. The resulting mapped data can be manipulated by additional multiplication / accumulation units using additional sets of coefficients stored in the memory associated with a desired wireless protocol.

[0089] Further, it can be shown that, in some examples, the system 500, as represented by equation 5, can approximate any nonlinear mapping with arbitrarily small error, and the mapping of the system 500 is determined by the coefficients a' k,l , a" m,n For example, if this coefficient data is specified, then any mapping and processing between the input data X(i,j) 560a-c and the output data B(u,v) 570a-c can be accomplished by the system 500. This relationship, as derived from the circuitry arrangement depicted in the system 500, can be used to train an entity of the computing system 500 to produce the coefficient data. For example, using equation (5), an entity of the computing system 500 can compare input data with output data to produce the coefficient data.

[0090] In examples of the system 500, the processing units 550 utilize the memory lookup units 564a-c and 568a-c to mix coefficient data with the input data X(i,j) 560a-c. In some examples, the memory lookup units 564a-c and 568a-c can be referred to as lookup table units. The coefficient data can be associated with a mapping relationship of the input data X(i,j) 560a-c to the output data B(u,v) 570a-c. For example, the coefficient data can represent a nonlinear mapping of the input data X(i,j) 560a-c to the output data B(u,v) 570a-c. In some examples, the nonlinear mapping of the coefficient data can represent a Gaussian function, a piecewise linear function, a sigmoid function, a thin plate spline function, a polydiagonal function, a cubic approximation, an inverse polydiagonal function, or a combination thereof. In some examples, some or all of the memory lookup units 564a-c and 568a-c can be deactivated. For example, one or more of the memory lookup units 564a-c and 568a-c can operate as a gain unit with a unity gain.

[0091] Each of the multiplication unit / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c can include a plurality of multipliers, a plurality of accumulation units, or and / or a plurality of adders. Any of the multiplication unit / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a can be implemented using an ALU. In some examples, any of the multiplication unit / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c can include one multiplier and one adder each performing a plurality of multiplications and a plurality of additions, respectively. The input-output relationship of the multiplication / accumulation units 562, 566 can be represented as:

[0092]

[0093] where "I" represents the number of multiplications performed in that unit, C i represents coefficients that can be accessed from a memory, such as the memory 580, and B in (i) represents factors from input data X(i,j) 560a-c or from the outputs of the multiplication unit / accumulation units 562a-c, 566a-c. In examples, the output B out of one set of multiplication unit / accumulation units is equal to the sum of the coefficient data C i multiplied by the output B in (i) of another set of multiplication unit / accumulation units. B in (i) can also be input data such that the output B out of one set of multiplication unit / accumulation units is equal to the sum of the coefficient data C i multiplied by the input data.

[0094] While described above as the processing unit 550 implementing the coefficient calculator 280, additionally or alternatively, the coefficient calculator 280 can be implemented using one or more processing units, such as the processing unit 550, having any number of cores. In various implementations, the processing units can include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a bit manipulation unit, a multiplication unit, an accumulation unit, an adder unit, a lookup table unit, a memory lookup unit, or any combination thereof. For example, the processing unit 550 includes a multiplication unit, an accumulation unit, and a memory lookup unit.

[0095] Figure 6This is a schematic illustration of a time frame 600 arranged according to the example described herein, representing a TDD transmission time interval (TTI). Time frame 600 includes downlink TTIs 601, 604, and 605. The time frame also includes an uplink TTI 603. Time frame 600 also includes a special time frame 602, which may contain additional uplink and / or downlink TTIs within a specific TDD time period. For example, a special time period may be allocated within time frame 600 for a specific function of the radio protocol (e.g., signaling / handshake). Downlink TTIs may have different time period lengths as depicted, where downlink TTI 604 is three times longer than downlink TTI 601.

[0096] Time frame 600 can be used in the radio frames of the time-division duplex configuration of the electronic device described herein. For example, with respect to electronic device 200, when the wireless receiver path is not receiving a valid radio signal, switch 245 is activated to provide the feedback signal X(n) 277 to coefficient calculator 280 via the wireless receiver path. For example, the wireless receiver path may not receive a valid radio signal during uplink TTI 603. Therefore, during uplink TTI 603, switch 245 can be activated to provide the feedback signal X(n) 277 to coefficient calculator 280 via the wireless receiver path. When providing feedback through multiple uplink TTIs 603, coefficient calculator 280 can provide coefficients of the model that at least partially compensate for the nonlinear power amplifier noise. Alternatively, during at least a portion of downlink TTIs 601, 604, and 605, the switch may deactivate the path that provides feedback signal X(n)277 via the wireless receiver path, such that the wireless receiver portion of the wireless receiver can receive wireless transmission signal R(n)257, thereby providing a radio frame with effective TDD configuration to not only provide feedback signal X(n)277 to coefficient calculator 280 but also to receive wireless signal R(n)257 using the same wireless receiver path.

[0097] Figure 7 This is an illustrative description of a full-duplex compensation method 700 based on the examples described herein. Example method 700 can use, for example... Figure 1 Electronic devices 102, 110 Figure 2 Electronic devices 200 Figure 5 The processing unit 550 or the diagrams described herein (e.g., in conjunction with) Figure 6 The operations described in frames 600 (as depicted in the time frame) can be implemented in any system or combination of systems. The operations described in boxes 708 to 728 may also be stored as computer-executable instructions in a computer-readable medium.

[0098] Example method 700 may begin at block 708, which begins the execution of an amplifier noise compensation method and includes providing the input signal to be transmitted at the transmitter to the receiver via a path coupled to the transmitter and receiver. In this example, the transmitter and receiver may be contained in a wireless transceiver having paths from respective transmitting and receiving antennas, such as electronic device 200. Figure 2 In the context of [the above], the signal T(n) 247 to be transmitted is provided to the transmitting antenna 250 via switch 245. The transmitter path to the transmitting antenna 250 includes a path via switch 245 to transmit any signal to be transmitted. When switch 245 is activated, the same amplified signal T(n) 247 to be transmitted is provided to the receiver path via switch 245 as signal X(n) 249. Box 708 may be followed by box 712, such that the method further includes providing a feedback signal based on the input signal to be transmitted to a coefficient calculator after processing by the receiver. Figure 2 In the context of processing signal X(n)249, feedback signal X(n)277 is provided to coefficient calculator 280.

[0099] Box 712 may be followed by box 716, such that the method further includes, in part, calculating an error representing the power amplifier noise based on the input signal to be transmitted and the feedback signal, to generate coefficient data associated with the power amplifier noise. For example, individual ALUs, such as multiplication units in an integrated circuit, may be configured to operate as... Figure 5 The circuit system thereby combines the transmitted input signal with the feedback signal to generate and / or update multiple coefficients for use in the DPD filter as a model for at least partially compensating for the noise of the nonlinear power amplifier. Box 716 may be followed by box 720, such that the method further includes deactivating the paths of the coupled transmitter and receiver. Figure 2 In the context of this, switch 245 deactivates the path provided between the transmitter and receiver that delivers the amplified signal X(n) 249 to the wireless receiver. When that path is deactivated, the wireless receiver portion of the wireless receiver can receive the wireless transmission signal, thereby providing a radio frame with effective TDD configuration.

[0100] Box 720 may be followed by box 724, such that the method further includes receiving additional signals to be transmitted at the radio frequency (RF) antenna. With switch 245 deactivated, electronic device 200 utilizes LNA 260, mixer 263 along with a local oscillation signal provided from local oscillator 290, intermediate frequency (IF) filter 265, analog-to-digital converter 270, and numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) 275 to receive and process one or more received signals R(n) 257. Box 724 may be followed by box 728, concluding example method 700.

[0101] The blocks included in the described example method 700 are for illustration purposes. In some embodiments, the blocks can be performed in a different order. In some other embodiments, various blocks can be eliminated. In yet other embodiments, various blocks can be divided into additional blocks, supplemented with other blocks, or combined into fewer blocks. Other variations of these specific blocks, including the order in which the blocks are included, the content of the blocks that are separated or combined into other blocks, etc., are contemplated.

[0102] Figure 8 is a block diagram of an electronic device 800 according to the example arrangements described herein. The electronic device 800 can operate according to any of the examples described herein, such as Figure 1 the electronic device 102, 110, Figure 2 the electronic device 200, Figure 5 the processing unit 550, or any system or combination of systems depicted in the figures described herein, such as in connection with Figure 6 the time frame 600 depicted. The electronic device 800 can be implemented in a smartphone, a wearable electronic device, a server, a computer, an appliance, a vehicle, or any type of electronic device. The electronic device 800 includes a computing system 802, a coefficient calculator 840, an I / O interface 870, and a network interface 890 coupled to a network 895. The computing system 802 includes a wireless transceiver 810. The wireless transceiver can include a wireless transmitter and / or a wireless receiver, such as the wireless transmitter 300 and the wireless receiver 400. The coefficient calculator 840 can include any type of microprocessor, central processing unit (CPU), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), digital signal processor (DSP) implemented as part of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), system on a chip (SoC), or other hardware that provides processing for the device 800.

[0103] The computing system 802 includes a memory unit 850 (e.g., a memory lookup unit) that can be a non-transitory hardware-readable medium that includes instructions for computing coefficients or can be a memory unit for retrieving, computing, or storing signals to be compensated based on computed coefficient data, respectively. The coefficient calculator 840 can control the computing system 802 with control instructions that indicate when to execute such stored instructions for computing coefficients or for retrieving or storing signals to be compensated based on computed coefficients. Upon receiving such control instructions, the wireless transceiver 810 can execute such instructions. For example, such instructions can include a program that executes the method 700. Communications between the coefficient calculator 840, the I / O interface 870, and the network interface 890 are provided via an internal bus 880. The coefficient calculator 840 can receive control instructions from the I / O interface 870 or the network interface 890, such as instructions to compute an autocorrelation matrix.

[0104] Bus 880 can include one or more physical buses, communications lines / interfaces, and / or point-to-point connections, such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus, Gen-Z switch, CCIX interface, or the like. I / O interface 870 can include various user interfaces, including video and / or audio interfaces for a user, such as a tablet display with a microphone. Network interface 890 communicates with other electronic devices over network 895, such as electronic device 800 or a cloud electronic server. For example, network interface 890 can be a USB interface.

[0105] Figure 9 An example of a wireless communication system 900 in accordance with aspects of the disclosure is illustrated. Wireless communication system 900 includes base station 910, mobile device 915, drone 917, small cell 930, and vehicles 940, 945. Base station 910 and small cell 930 can be connected to a network that provides access to the Internet and traditional communication links. System 900 can facilitate a wide range of wireless communication connections in a 5G system that can include various frequency bands, including but not limited to: sub-6 GHz bands (e.g., 700 MHz communication frequencies), mid-range communication bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz), millimeter wave bands (e.g., 24 GHz), and NR bands (e.g., 3.5 GHz).

[0106] Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication connections can support various modulation schemes, including but not limited to: filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) transmission, bi-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (BFDM), sparse code multiple access (SCMA), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), multi-user shared access (MUSA), and faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling with time-frequency packing. Such frequency bands and modulation techniques can be part of a standard framework, such as long term evolution (LTE) (e.g., 1.8 GHz bands) or other technical specifications published by organizations such as 3GPP or IEEE, which can include various specifications for subcarrier frequency ranges, number of subcarriers, uplink / downlink transmission speeds, TDD / FDD, and / or other aspects of wireless communication protocols.

[0107] System 900 can depict aspects of a radio access network (RAN), and system 900 can communicate with or include a core network (not shown). The core network can include one or more serving gateways, mobility management entities, home subscriber servers, and packet data gateways. The core network can facilitate user and control planes links to mobile devices via the RAN, and it can be an interface to external networks, such as the Internet. Base station 910, communication device 920, and small cell 930 can be coupled with the core network or with each other, or both, via wired or wireless backhaul links (e.g., S1 interface, X2 interface, etc.).

[0108] The system 900 can provide a communication link to devices or "things" (e.g., solar cells 937) connected to, for example, sensor devices to provide an Internet of Things ("IoT") framework. Connected things within the IoT can operate within a frequency band licensed to and controlled by a cellular network service provider. Such a frequency band and operation can be referred to as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) because the frequency band allocated for IoT operation can be small or narrow relative to the overall system bandwidth. The frequency band allocated for NB-IoT can have a bandwidth of, for example, 50, 100, 150, or 200 kHz.

[0109] Additionally or alternatively, the IoT can include devices or things that operate at frequencies different from traditional cellular technology to facilitate use of the wireless spectrum. For example, the IoT framework can allow multiple devices in the system 900 to operate in a sub-6 GHz band or other industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio bands, where devices can operate on shared spectrum used without a license. The sub-6 GHz band can also be characterized as a NB-IoT band. For example, when operating in a low frequency range, devices providing sensor data for "things" such as solar cells 937 can utilize less energy, be power efficient, and can utilize a less complex signaling framework so that devices can transmit asynchronously on that sub-6 GHz band. The sub-6 GHz band can support a wide variety of use cases, including communication of sensor data from various sensor devices. Examples of sensor devices include sensors for detecting energy, heat, light, vibration, biological signals (e.g., pulse, EEG, EKG, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure), distance, velocity, acceleration, or combinations thereof. Sensor devices can be deployed on buildings, on individuals, and / or in other locations in an environment. Sensor devices can communicate with each other and with a computing system that can aggregate and / or analyze data provided from one or more sensor devices in an environment.

[0110] In this 5G framework, devices can perform functionality performed by base stations in other mobile networks (e.g., UMTS or LTE), such as forming connections between nodes or managing mobility operations (e.g., handovers or reselections) between the nodes. For example, mobile device 915 can receive sensor data, such as blood pressure data, from a user utilizing mobile device 915 and can transmit those sensor data over a narrowband IoT band to base station 910. In this example, some parameters for determination by mobile device 915 can include availability of licensed spectrum, availability of unlicensed spectrum, and / or time-sensitive nature of the sensor data. Continuing in the example, mobile device 915 can transmit blood pressure data because the narrowband IoT band is available, and can quickly transmit the sensor data, identifying a time-sensitive component of blood pressure (e.g., if the blood pressure measurement is too high or too low, such as systolic blood pressure deviating from the standard three standard deviations).

[0111] Additionally or alternatively, mobile device 915 can form device-to-device (D2D) connections with other mobile devices or other elements of system 900. For example, mobile device 915 can form an RFID, WiFi, MultiFire, Bluetooth, or Zigbee connection with other devices including communication device 920 or vehicles 945. In some examples, D2D connections can be made using licensed spectrum bands, and such connections can be managed by a cellular network or service provider. Thus, while the above example is described in the context of narrowband IoT, it should be appreciated that mobile device 915 can utilize other device-to-device connections to provide information (e.g., sensor data) collected on a frequency band different from the frequency band determined by mobile device 915 to transmit the information.

[0112] Further, some communication devices can facilitate ad hoc networks, such as networks formed with communication device 920 attached to stationary objects and vehicles 940, 945, without necessarily forming traditional connections to base station 910 and / or a core network. Other stationary objects can be used to support communication device 920, such as (but not limited to) trees, plants, poles, buildings, airships, spaceships, balloons, road signs, mailboxes, or combinations thereof. In this system 900, communication device 920 and small cell 930 (e.g., small cell, microcell, WLAN access point, cellular hotspot, etc.) can be mounted on or attached to another structure, such as a light pole and a building, to facilitate the formation of ad hoc networks and other IoT-based networks. Such networks can operate on a different frequency band than existing technology, such as mobile device 915 communicating with base station 910 on a cellular communication band.

[0113] The communication device 920 can form part of a wireless network operating in a hierarchical or ad hoc network fashion depending on connections to other elements of the system 900. For example, while forming another connection with the vehicle 945 using a licensed spectrum communication frequency, the communication device 920 can form a connection with the mobile device 915 in an unlicensed spectrum using a 700 MHz communication frequency. The communication device 920 can communicate with the vehicle 945 on a licensed spectrum to provide direct access to time sensitive data, such as data for autonomous driving capabilities of the vehicle 945 on a dedicated short range communications (DSRC) 5.9 GHz band.

[0114] The vehicles 940 and 945 can form an ad hoc network with the connection between the communication device 920 and the vehicle 945 being different frequency bands. For example, a 24 GHz millimeter wave band can be used for data transmission between the vehicles 940, 945 for high bandwidth connections providing time sensitive data between the vehicles 940, 945. For example, when the vehicles 940, 945 pass by each other across a relatively narrow intersection, the vehicles 940, 945 can share real-time directional and navigation data with each other through the connection. Each vehicle 940, 945 can be tracking the intersection and providing image data to an image processing algorithm to facilitate autonomous navigation of each vehicle as each vehicle travels along the intersection. In some examples, this real-time data can also be shared substantially simultaneously through the exclusive licensed spectrum connection between the communication device 920 and the vehicle 945, such as for processing image data received at both the vehicle 945 and the vehicle 940, such as image data transmitted by the vehicle 940 to the vehicle 945 through the 24 GHz millimeter wave band. While shown in FIG. 1 as a car, other vehicles can be used, including but not limited to an airplane, a spacecraft, a balloon, an airship, a train, a submarine, a boat, a ferry, a yacht, a helicopter, a motorcycle, a bicycle, a drone, or a combination thereof. Figure 9

[0115] ​While described in the context of the 24 GHz millimeter wave band, it should be appreciated that connections can be formed in the system 900 in other millimeter wave bands or other frequency bands that can be licensed bands or unlicensed bands such as 28 GHz, 37 GHz, 38 GHz, 39 GHz. In some cases, vehicles 940, 945 can share frequency bands in which they are communicating with other vehicles in different networks. For example, a fleet of vehicles can pass by vehicle 940 and temporarily share the 24 GHz millimeter wave band to form connections between that fleet of vehicles in addition to the 24 GHz millimeter wave connections between vehicles 940, 945. As another example, communication device 920 can maintain a 700 MHz connection with a mobile device 915 operated by a user (e.g., a pedestrian walking along a street) at substantially the same time to provide information about the user's location to vehicle 945 over the 5.9 GHz band. In providing such information, communication device 920 can utilize an antenna diversity scheme as part of a massive MIMO framework to facilitate time-sensitive separate connections with both mobile device 915 and vehicle 945. The massive MIMO framework can involve a transmitting and / or receiving device with a large number of antennas (e.g., 12, 20, 64, 128, etc.) that can facilitate precise beamforming or spatial diversity that is difficult for devices operating with fewer antennas according to legacy protocols (e.g., WiFi or LTE) to achieve.

[0116] Base stations 910 and small base stations 930 can communicate wirelessly with devices in the system 900 or other communication-capable devices in the system 900 that have at least one sensor wireless network, such as solar cell 937 and / or one or more other sensor devices that can operate in active / sleep cycles. Base stations 910 can provide wireless communication coverage for devices (e.g., mobile device 915 and drone 917) that enter their coverage areas. Small base stations 930 can provide wireless communication coverage for devices that enter their coverage areas, such as vehicle 945 and drone 917, for example, near a building on which the small base station 930 is installed.

[0117] In general, small base stations 930 can be referred to as small cells and provide coverage to a local geographic area, such as 200 meters or less in some examples. This can be in contrast to large base stations that can provide coverage over a broad area of approximately a few square miles or kilometers. In some examples, small base stations 930 can be deployed (e.g., installed on a building) within some coverage areas of base stations 910 (e.g., large base stations) where wireless communication traffic can be denser according to traffic analysis for that coverage area. For example, if a base station 910 typically receives and / or transmits a higher amount of wireless communication transmissions than other coverage areas of that base station 910, then a small base station 930 can be installed in that coverage area to provide additional wireless communication coverage. Figure 9A building in the area can be deployed with a base station 910. The base station 910 can be deployed in a geographic area to provide wireless coverage to a portion of that geographic area. As wireless communication traffic becomes denser, additional base stations 910 can be deployed in a particular area, which can alter the coverage area of existing base stations 910, or other supporting stations, such as small cell 930, can be deployed. The small cell 930 can be a microcell, which can provide coverage for a smaller area than a small cell, e.g., 100 meters or less (e.g., one floor of a building) in some examples.

[0118] While the base station 910 and the small cell 930 can provide communication coverage for a portion of the geographic area around their respective areas, both can alter aspects of their coverage to facilitate faster wireless connections for particular devices. For example, the small cell 930 can primarily provide coverage for devices around or in the building on which the small cell 930 is installed. However, the small cell 930 can also detect that a device has entered its coverage area and adjust its coverage area to facilitate faster connections to that device.

[0119] For example, the small cell 930 can support massive MIMO connections with a drone 917, which can also be referred to as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and when the vehicle 945 enters its coverage area, the small cell 930 adjusts some of the antennas to be directionally pointed in the direction of the vehicle 945 (rather than the drone 917) to facilitate massive MIMO connections with the vehicle in addition to the drone. In adjusting some of the antennas, the small cell 930 can not be able to support connections with the drone as quickly as before at a particular frequency. For example, the small cell 930 can be communicating with the drone 917 at a first frequency of various possible frequencies of a 1.8 GHz 4G LTE band. However, the drone 917 can also request a connection at a different frequency with another device in its coverage area (e.g., the base station 910), which can facilitate similar connections as described with reference to the small cell 930 or different (e.g., faster, more reliable) connections with the base station 910, e.g., at a 3.5 GHz frequency in a 5G NR band. In some examples, the drone 917 can act as a movable or aerial base station. Thus, the system 900 can enhance existing communication links, e.g., in 4G LTE and 5G NR bands, at least partially compensating for nonlinear power amplifier noise of devices including power amplifiers.

[0120] The wireless communication system 900 can include devices such as base station 910, communication device 920, and small cell 930 that can support several connections to devices in the system 900 at different frequencies while also compensating, at least in part, for nonlinear power amplifier noise using a coefficient calculator, such as the coefficient calculator 280. Such devices can operate in a hierarchical mode or an ad hoc mode with other devices in the network of the system 900. While described in the context of a base station 910, a communication device 920, and a small cell 930, it should be appreciated that other devices that can support several connections to devices in the network while also compensating, at least in part, for nonlinear power amplifier noise using a coefficient calculator can be included in the system 900, including, but not limited to: a macrocell base station, a microcell base station, a router, a satellite, and an RFID detector.

[0121] In various examples, elements of the wireless communication system 900, such as the base station 910, the mobile device 915, the drone 917, the communication device 920, the small cell 930, and the vehicle 940, 945, can be implemented as electronic devices described herein that compensate, at least in part, for nonlinear power amplifier noise using a coefficient calculator. For example, the communication device 920 can be implemented as an electronic device described herein, such as Figure 1 the electronic device 102, 110, Figure 2 the electronic device 200, Figure 5 the processing unit 550 of FIG. 1, or any system or combination of systems depicted in the figures described herein, such as in connection with Figure 6 the time frame 600 depicted in FIG. 1.

[0122] Figure 10 An example of a wireless communication system 1000 in accordance with aspects of the disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 1000 includes a mobile device 1015, a drone 1017, a communication device 1020, and a small cell 1030. The building 1010 also includes devices of the wireless communication system 1000 that can be configured to communicate with other elements in the building 1010 or the small cell 1030. The building 1010 includes networked workstations 1040, 1045, a virtual reality device 1050, IoT devices 1055, 1060, and a networked entertainment device 1065. In the depicted system 1000, the IoT devices 1055, 1060 can be a washing machine and a dryer, respectively, for home use that are controlled by the virtual reality device 1050. Thus, although a user of the virtual reality device 1050 can be in a different room of the building 1010, the user can control the operation of the IoT device 1055, such as configuring washing machine settings. The virtual reality device 1050 can also control the networked entertainment device 1065. For example, the virtual reality device 1050 can broadcast a virtual game being played by a user of the virtual reality device 1050 onto a display of the networked entertainment device 1065.

[0123] Any of the devices of the small cell 1030 and the building 1010 can be connected to a network that provides access to the Internet and traditional communication links. Like the system 900, the system 1000 can facilitate a wide range of wireless communication connections in a 5G system that can include various frequency bands, including, but not limited to: sub-6 GHz bands (e.g., 700 MHz communication frequencies), mid-range communication bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz), millimeter wave bands (e.g., 24 GHz), or any other bands such as 1 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz bands. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication connections can support various modulation schemes described above with reference to the system 900. The system 1000 can operate and be configured to communicate similarly to the system 900. Thus, similarly numbered elements of the system 1000 and the system 900 can be configured in a similar manner, e.g., the communication device 920 is similar to the communication device 1020, the small cell 930 is similar to the small cell 1030, etc.

[0124] Like the system 900, in cases where the elements of the system 900 are configured to form independent hierarchical or ad hoc networks, the communication device 1020 can form a hierarchical network with the small cell 1030 and the mobile device 1015, while additional ad hoc networks can be formed in the small cell 1030 network that includes the drone 1017 and portions of the building 1010, such as the networked workstations 1040, 1045 and the IoT devices 1055, 1060.

[0125] Devices in the communication system 1000 can also form (D2D) connections with other mobile devices or other elements of the system 1000. For example, the virtual reality device 1050 can form a narrowband IoT connection with other devices including the IoT devices 1055 and the networked entertainment device 1065. As described above, in some examples, the D2D connections can be made using licensed frequency bands, and such connections can be managed by a cellular network or service provider. Thus, while the above example is described in the context of narrowband IoT, it should be appreciated that other device-to-device connections can be utilized by the virtual reality device 1050.

[0126] In various examples, elements of the wireless communication system 1000, such as the mobile device 1015, the drone 1017, the communication device 1020, and the small cell 1030 and the networked workstations 1040, 1045, the virtual reality device 1050, the IoT devices 1055, 1060, and the networked entertainment device 1065, can be implemented as electronic devices described herein that at least partially compensate for nonlinear power amplifier noise using a figure of merit calculator. For example, the communication device 1020 can be implemented as an electronic device described herein, such as Figure 1 the electronic device 102, 110, Figure 2 the electronic device 200,Figure 5 processing unit 550 or any system or combination of systems depicted in the figures described herein (e.g., in connection with Figure 6 time frame 600 depicted) or any system or combination of systems depicted in the figures described herein (e.g., in connection with

[0127] The foregoing statements of the specification are presented to provide a sufficient understanding of the described examples. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the examples can be practiced without various of these specific details. The description herein with the accompanying figures describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that can be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The terms “exemplary” and “example” as can be used herein mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “superior over other examples.” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the described techniques. However, these techniques can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0128] Information and signals described herein can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that can be referenced throughout the above description can be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0129] The techniques described herein can be used for various wireless communication systems such as a multiple access cellular communication system, and can employ code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), or any combination of such technologies. Some of these techniques and standards are already adopted or under development or discussion by organizations such as the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), and IEEE, for standardization of wireless communication protocols. These wireless standards include Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-A Pro, New Radio (NR), IEEE 802.11 (WiFi), and IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), among others.

[0130] The term “5G” or “5G communication system” can refer to a system operating according to a standardized protocol developed or discussed by its respective sponsoring organization after, for example, LTE Release 13 or 14 or WiMAX 802.16e-2005. The features described herein can be used in systems configured according to other generations of wireless communication systems, including systems configured according to the standards described above.

[0131] The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection with the disclosure herein can be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0132] The functions described herein can be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof executed by a processor. If implemented in software, the functions can be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium can be any available medium that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), or optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired program elements in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.

[0133] Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0134] Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described above can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of the above. Features implementing functions can also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0135] Also, as used herein, including in the claims, "or" as used in a list of items prefaced by "at least one of" or "one or more of" indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase "based on" is not to be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an exemplary step that is described as "based on condition A" can be based on both a condition A and a condition B without deviating from the scope of the application. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" is to be construed in the same manner as the phrase "based at least in part on."

[0136] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific examples have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications can be made without deviating from the scope of the technology. The description provided herein is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive, of the technology. Many modifications and variations of the present technology described herein will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be made without departing from the scope of the technology. None of the features or components described herein are essential, necessary, or critical to the technology unless expressly indicated otherwise. Accordingly, the technology is not to be limited by the examples described herein but is to be defined by the language of the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A communication system comprising: a communication device attached to a stationary object, the communication device comprising a plurality of antennas; and at least one vehicle configured to move past the communication device, the communication device and the at least one vehicle configured to form an ad-hoc network to transmit a communication from the communication device to the at least one vehicle; wherein the communication device comprises a switch configured to at least partially compensate for nonlinear power amplifier noise in the communication from the communication device to the at least one vehicle, the switch configured to selectively activate a first switch path that provides feedback of an output from a transmitter path to a pre-distortion (DPD) filter of the transmitter path via a receiver path, wherein the communication device comprises a coefficient calculator configured to receive a communication signal when the first switch path is selectively activated and coupled between a transmitter and a receiver, the coefficient calculator configured to provide coefficient data to the DPD filter, and wherein the coefficient calculator comprises a network of processing elements configured to combine portions of the communication signal into a plurality of sets of intermediate results, the communication signal received from the receiver, wherein the network of processing elements is further configured to sum each set of intermediate results to generate the coefficient data.

2. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the switch is further configured to selectively activate a second switch path that couples a transmitter of the communication device to at least one of the plurality of antennas, the transmitter path comprising the transmitter.

3. The communication system of claim 1, wherein at least one antenna of the plurality of antennas is configured to operate according to a wireless communication protocol that employs at least one of GFDM, FBMC, UFMC, DFDM, SCMA, NOMA, MUSA, or FTN, or any combination thereof.

4. The communication system of claim 2, wherein the switch is further configured to selectively activate the first switch path by coupling the transmitter of the communication device to the receiver of the communication device, the receiver path comprising the receiver.

5. The communication system of claim 4, wherein the receiver is further configured to receive the communication from the transmitter and process the communication as feedback for the DPD filter.

6. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the switch is further configured to receive a selection signal that indicates whether the first switch path is to be activated, the selection signal based in part on a downlink transmission time interval (TTI) or an uplink transmission time interval (TTI) of a time division duplex (TDD) configured radio frame.

7. The communication system of claim 6, wherein at least one antenna of the plurality of antennas is configured to transmit during the uplink TTI of the TDD configured radio frame.

8. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the communication device corresponds to at least one of a base station, a mobile device, or a device configured to operate on a narrowband Internet of Things (IoT) frequency band.

9. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the communication device corresponds to at least one of a small cell, a drone, or a vehicle communication device.

10. The communication system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of antennas is configured to transmit the communication between the communication device and the vehicle at a frequency corresponding to a 5G New Radio (NR) frequency band.

11. The communication system of claim 1, the communication device further comprising: a plurality of wireless transceivers, each wireless transceiver configured to provide a respective signal of a plurality of signals to a respective antenna of the plurality of antennas, at least one of the plurality of wireless transceivers comprising the transmitter path and the receiver path; and a plurality of power amplifiers configured to receive respective signals and amplify the signals to generate respective amplified signals of a plurality of amplified signals, each amplified signal comprising a portion of the non-linear power amplifier noise.

12. The communication system of claim 11, wherein each wireless transceiver comprises: a digital pre-distortion (DPD) filter configured to compensate a respective baseband signal; a digital-to-analog converter configured to convert the respective compensated baseband signal to a respective digital signal; and an intermediate frequency (IF) filter configured to provide the filtered digital signal to a respective power amplifier via a respective transmitter mixer.

13. The communication system of claim 12, wherein each wireless transceiver further comprises: a local oscillator configured to provide a local oscillator signal to the respective transmitter mixer of each wireless transceiver and to the respective receiver mixer of each wireless transceiver.

14. A communication system comprising: a base station comprising: a transmit antenna; a transmitter configured to transmit a first communication signal via the transmit antenna, the transmitter comprising a digital pre-distortion (DPD) filter; a receive antenna; a receiver configured to receive a second communication signal via the receive antenna; a switch configured to selectively activate a first switch path to couple the transmitter with the transmit antenna and a second switch path to couple the receiver with the transmitter to provide the first communication signal from the transmitter to the receiver as feedback for the DPD filter; and a coefficient calculator configured to receive the first communication signal when the second switch path is selectively activated and coupled between the transmitter and the receiver, the coefficient calculator configured to provide coefficient data to the DPD filter, wherein the coefficient calculator comprises a network of processing elements configured to combine portions of the first communication signal into a plurality of sets of intermediate results, the first communication signal received from the receiver, wherein the network of processing elements is further configured to sum each set of intermediate results to generate the coefficient data; at least one mobile device within a communication range of the base station, the base station and the at least one mobile device configured to form a hierarchical network for base station transmission and reception of the first communication signal and the second communication signal, respectively.

15. The communication system of claim 14, wherein the switch is further configured to at least partially compensate for nonlinear power amplifier noise in the first communication signal from the base station to the at least one mobile device.

16. The communication system of claim 14, the receiver is further configured to receive the first communication signal from the transmitter and process the first communication signal as feedback for the DPD filter.

17. The communication system of claim 14, wherein the switch is further configured to receive a selection signal indicating whether the second switch path is to be activated, the selection signal based in part on a downlink transmission time interval (TTI) or an uplink transmission time interval (TTI) of a time division duplex (TDD) configured radio frame.

18. A communication system comprising: a first device comprising: a transmitter configured to transmit a first communication signal via a transmit antenna, the transmitter comprising a digital pre-distortion (DPD) filter; a receiver configured to receive a second communication signal; a switch configured to selectively activate a first switch path to couple the transmitter with the transmit antenna and a second switch path to couple the receiver with the transmitter to provide at least a portion of the first communication signal from the transmitter to the receiver as feedback for the DPD filter; and a coefficient calculator configured to receive the first communication signal when the second switch path is selectively activated and coupled between the transmitter and the receiver, the coefficient calculator configured to provide coefficient data to the DPD filter, wherein the coefficient calculator comprises a network of processing elements configured to combine portions of the first communication signal into groups of intermediate results, the first communication signal received from the receiver, wherein the network of processing elements is further configured to sum each group of intermediate results to generate the coefficient data; and a second device configured to communicate with the first device via a device-to-device (D2D) connection.

19. The communication system of claim 18, wherein the D2D connection comprises at least one of an RFID, WiFi, MultiFire, Bluetooth, or Zigbee connection.

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