Predictive Fallback Reporting in Telecommunication Systems

Abstract

Various communication systems may benefit from selectively monitoring alternative links. In certain exemplary embodiments, an apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to determine that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area and transmit at least one indication to at least one network entity, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The at least one memory and the program code are further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to generate at least one predicted power backoff report (P-PBOR) and transmit the at least one P-PBOR to the at least one network entity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Some exemplary embodiments may generally relate to mobile or wireless telecommunication systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, new radio (NR) access technology, or other communication systems. For example, certain exemplary embodiments may relate to systems and / or methods for selectively monitoring alternative links. Background Art

[0002] Examples of mobile wireless telecommunications systems may include the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), the Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), LTE Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), MulteFire, LTE-A PRO, and / or 5G radio access technology or NR access technology. 5G wireless systems refer to the next generation (NG) of radio systems and network architectures. 5G systems are primarily based on 5G NR, but 5G (or NG) networks may also be based on E-UTRA radio. NR is estimated to provide bit rates of at least 10-20 Gbit / s and support at least service categories such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). NR is expected to provide extreme broadband and ultra-robust, low-latency connectivity and large-scale networks to support the Internet of Things (IoT). As IoT and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications become increasingly prevalent, the demand for networks that meet lower power consumption, lower data rates, and longer battery life will continue to grow. Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) refers to the RAN for 5G, which can provide NR, LTE, and LTE-Advanced radio access. It should be noted that in 5G, a node that can provide radio access functions to user equipment (i.e., similar to the Node B, NB in ​​UTRAN or the evolved NB, eNB in ​​LTE) can be named as the next generation NB (gNB) when it is built on the NR radio, and can be named as the next generation eNB (NG-eNB) when it is built on the E-UTRA radio. Summary of the Invention

[0003] According to some example embodiments, a method may include determining that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area. The method may further include transmitting at least one indication to at least one network entity, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The method may further include generating at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR). The method may further include transmitting the at least one P-PBOR to the at least one network entity.

[0004] According to various exemplary embodiments, an apparatus may include means for determining that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area. The apparatus may further include means for transmitting at least one indication to at least one network entity, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The apparatus may further include means for generating at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR). The apparatus may further include means for transmitting the at least one P-PBOR to the at least one network entity.

[0005] According to certain exemplary embodiments, an apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, using the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least determine that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be further configured to, using the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least transmit at least one indication to at least one network entity, the indication comprising at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be further configured to, using the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least generate at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR). The at least one memory and the computer program code may be further configured to, using the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least transmit the at least one P-PBOR to the at least one network entity.

[0006] According to some exemplary embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may be encoded with instructions that, when executed in hardware, may perform a method. The method may determine that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area. The method may further include transmitting at least one indication to at least one network entity, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The method may further include generating at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR). The method may further include transmitting the at least one P-PBOR to the at least one network entity.

[0007] According to various exemplary embodiments, a computer program product may perform a method comprising determining that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area. The method may further comprise transmitting at least one indication to at least one network entity, the indication comprising at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The method may further comprise generating at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR). The method may further comprise transmitting the at least one P-PBOR to the at least one network entity.

[0008] According to certain exemplary embodiments, an apparatus may include circuitry configured to determine that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area. The circuitry may be further configured to transmit at least one indication to at least one network entity, the indication comprising at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The circuitry may be further configured to generate at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR). The circuitry may be further configured to transmit the at least one P-PBOR to the at least one network entity.

[0009] According to some example embodiments, a method may include receiving at least one indication from at least one user equipment, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The method may further include determining at least one candidate link to be monitored when at least one event is triggered; the method may further include receiving at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR) from the at least one user equipment.

[0010] According to various exemplary embodiments, an apparatus may include means for receiving at least one indication from at least one user equipment, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The apparatus may further include means for determining at least one alternative link to be monitored when at least one event is triggered. The apparatus may further include means for receiving at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR) from the at least one user equipment.

[0011] According to certain exemplary embodiments, an apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive at least one indication from at least one user equipment, the indication comprising at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least determine at least one alternative link to be monitored when at least one event is triggered. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR) from at least one user equipment.

[0012] According to some exemplary embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may be encoded with instructions that, when executed in hardware, may perform a method. The method may include receiving at least one indication from at least one user equipment, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The method further includes determining at least one candidate link to be monitored when at least one event is triggered. The method may further include receiving at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR) from the at least one user equipment.

[0013] According to various exemplary embodiments, a computer program product may perform a method. The method may include receiving at least one indication from at least one user equipment, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The method may further include determining at least one alternative link to monitor when at least one event is triggered. The method may further include receiving at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR) from the at least one user equipment.

[0014] According to certain exemplary embodiments, an apparatus may include circuitry configured to receive at least one indication from at least one user equipment, the indication including at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value. The circuitry may be further configured to determine at least one alternative link to monitor when at least one event is triggered. The circuitry may be further configured to receive at least one predicted-PBO report (P-PBOR) from the at least one user equipment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] For a proper understanding of the exemplary embodiments, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0016] Figure 1 Examples of various uplink scenarios are illustrated.

[0017] Figure 2 The maximum allowed equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) based on antenna distance is shown to comply with maximum permissible exposure limits.

[0018] Figure 3 The diagram shows various scenarios in which the warning is triggered.

[0019] Figure 4 The maximum allowed PA power during the maximum permissible exposure limit is illustrated.

[0020] Figure 5 Signal diagrams are illustrated according to certain exemplary embodiments.

[0021] Figure 6 An example of a power headroom report is illustrated.

[0022] Figure 7 An example of a warning message according to some exemplary embodiments is illustrated.

[0023] Figure 8 An example of a predicted power backoff report is illustrated in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.

[0024] Figure 9 An example of trajectory estimation according to some exemplary embodiments is illustrated.

[0025] Figure 10 Several scenarios of predicted fallback report transmission in response to an alert trigger are illustrated according to various exemplary embodiments.

[0026] Figure 11 An example of a flow chart of a method performed by a user equipment according to certain exemplary embodiments is illustrated.

[0027] Figure 12 An example of a flow chart of a method performed by a network entity is illustrated, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.

[0028] Figure 13 Illustrated are examples of various network devices in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.

[0029] Figure 14 Illustrated are examples of 5G network and system architectures in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] As the number of online services increases each year, the demand for sufficient network bandwidth continues to grow. Millimeter wave (mmW) spectrum, including frequency range 2 (FR2) from 24-52 GHz and above, can provide a large portion of the continuous bandwidth to meet the needs of such high-throughput applications. To compensate for the increase in path loss at mmW, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) fifth generation (5G) wireless technology specification supports user equipment (UE) implemented with antenna arrays to provide base stations (BS) with additional antenna gain on the order of 9dB to 15dB, and often exceeding 20dB. However, operating at high frequencies and such high antenna gain can cause health concerns for its users.

[0031] In response, government organizations such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) have implemented regulations to limit user exposure to high-frequency signals, for example, by regulating the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of power density (PD). In this way, the FCC and ICNIRP limit the MPE between 6-100 GHz and 10-100 GHz to 10 W / m², respectively. 2 (1mW / cm 2Since frequencies below 100 GHz are non-ionizing, the 2 The only potential damage here is heat fusion.

[0032] To illustrate this concept, Figure 1 Two examples of UE uplink (UL) transmissions are presented. In example (a), the UE has an unobstructed line of sight (LOS) to the next-generation Node B (gNB), where the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is maximized. In contrast, example (b) shows a user located between the UE and the gNB. As mentioned above, the UE must reduce its output power when the user is close to it to comply with MPE regulations.

[0033] Since the power density absorbed by a user is inversely proportional to the distance between the user and the source of non-ionizing radiation, the UE needs to back off power and / or reduce its array gain when the user approaches to comply with MPE regulations. In 5G NR, this power backoff will be substantial and may result in radio link failure (RLF). Compared to previous generations (e.g., 4G on FR1), reducing the output power in the FR2 link may result in RLF due to the large amount of power backoff required for radio links on FR2 5G NR, which is already inherently directional.

[0034] Figure 2 A graphical representation of the EIRP at which a UE can safely operate based on the distance of the user from the UE, which is based on a combination of PA power and array gain. For example, a Power Class 3 (PC3) UE would need to significantly reduce its transmit power to 34 decibel milliwatts (dBm or dB) when the user moves within 140 mm. mW w) to comply with MPE regulations. Furthermore, at 100% duty cycle, the allowed peak EIRP drops to only 8dBm at 2mm. Therefore, when a user is nearly touching the antenna, a UE with a 2x2 array will reduce its transmit power by at least 26dB, while arrays larger than 2x2 and with higher array gain will require even greater reductions. This reduction in transmit power will particularly impact the UE's UL transmissions. While there is a tradeoff between transmit power and duty cycle, if a user is sufficiently close to the UE, the UE must simultaneously reduce its transmit power and limit its duty cycle. However, a minimum duty cycle of 15% only reduces the back-off power by 8dB.

[0035] 5G NR operates at relatively high frequencies, coupled with high-gain antennas to maintain high-quality signal strength. However, as mentioned above, high-gain antennas can expose users to significantly higher energy levels, which are limited by government entities using MPE thresholds. With government regulations on millimeter wave exposure, 5G technologies at FR2 and above may experience challenges from UEs significantly and unpredictably reducing their output power, resulting in an increased risk of RLF when communicating with base stations.

[0036] To minimize RLF within MPE limits, the UE will assess the user's location and determine power backoff. This data will allow the network to apply various mitigation strategies, such as handing the UE off to another network entity, switching to an unobstructed antenna panel, and / or redirecting the UL signal to LTE or FR1 frequencies. These techniques can be initiated when the communication network is notified of an MPE event.

[0037] MPE warning and monitoring areas for early user proximity detection can be used to improve link redirection because the network has time to determine which of the available alternative links is the best. For example, to minimize RLF when MPE power limiting is in effect, such MPE warning and monitoring systems can allow the UE to monitor a defined area once an object is detected moving into the vicinity of the UE. The UE can notify a network entity (such as an eNB) that the UE has begun monitoring the area, and can allow the NE to control the pattern of monitoring performed by the UE. The UE can also determine that an object has entered the proximity neighborhood after the object is within a predetermined distance from the UE, and can even use multiple distances to trigger various actions to be taken once these distances are exceeded. However, even if a user is within the MPE warning and monitoring area, the user can potentially remain outside the MPE event trigger distance, be within the MPE event trigger distance only for a short period of time, and / or remain within the MPE trigger distance without approaching the antenna. In any of the above scenarios, it may not be necessary to evaluate whether to initiate some of the above mitigation strategies.

[0038] As will be described in further detail below, if the network initiates a link redirection, such as a handover, after an MPE event notification, the network may not have sufficient time to identify the best alternative link and may need to make an uninformed decision about the best directional link. In this case, the network will be blind because the UE may not have continued to transmit UL after the MPE event. However, if the network receives an MPE notification within an MPE warning region, the network can utilize the UE to perform an exhaustive evaluation of all possible alternative links, thereby allowing the best alternative link to be selected. Some of the techniques described herein optimize this link evaluation by reducing its time and resource requirements. If the network receives a predicted power backoff report (P-PBOR) after an MPE warning region is triggered, the network can determine which alternative links to utilize the UE to evaluate during the MPE warning region.

[0039] This challenge can be compounded by the fact that the MPE trigger distance varies based on array type, e.g., 14 cm for a 2x2 array but farther for larger arrays, and that MPE event conditions vary based on UE panel configuration and operating conditions. These complications do not arise in fourth generation (4G) and earlier technologies, where UL limits are triggered only a few millimeters from the antenna and the required P-PBO is typically lower.

[0040] Figure 3 The three scenarios illustrated in Figure 1 show both warning and monitoring modes being triggered, but with different monitoring actions. In Case 1, the gNB requires an alternative link on another panel to avoid RLF, while Case 2 shows the user triggering monitoring without triggering power backoff. Similarly, Case 3 demonstrates that the user triggers power backoff for such a short time that the gNB can simply adjust to lost UL packets without declaring RLF, rather than initiating a handover procedure. Each of these scenarios demonstrates the trade-off between the resources allocated for monitoring and the consequences of UL power backoff. Therefore, it would be beneficial to enable the gNB to assess the severity of an MPE event and then respond with the optimal action by selectively monitoring alternative links.

[0041] Figure 4 The P-PBO required to comply with MPE varies at a given distance (such as EIRP) based on array size or configuration. Similarly, the distance at which P-PBO is required depends on array size or configuration. Furthermore, the maximum P-PBO may also be affected, depending on, for example, whether the UE is operating at maximum PA power and channel conditions. Therefore, it would be beneficial to evaluate the maximum P-PBO based on UE conditions and then communicate this to the network.

[0042] Certain exemplary embodiments described herein may provide various benefits and / or advantages that overcome the aforementioned shortcomings. For example, some exemplary embodiments may indicate not only that an MPE event is possible, but also its severity; that is, an MPE warning signal without further indication, such as a P-PBO, may not provide the network with an indication of the severity of the MPE event. Various exemplary embodiments discussed below may inform the network of the P-PBO level to be applied by reporting time and severity conditions, thereby allowing the network to prioritize solutions to mitigate UL degradation and RLF. Furthermore, the P-PBOR enables the gNB to coordinate effective problem resolution. Furthermore, the P-PBOR indicates how much time remains until an MPE event occurs and how such an event can be mitigated. Therefore, certain exemplary embodiments are directed to improvements in computer-related technologies.

[0043] Figure 5 FIG2 illustrates an example of a signaling diagram showing communication between a UE 530 and a NE 540. The UE 530 and the NE 540 may be similar to the UE 1310 and the NE 1320, respectively. Figure 13 At 501, UE 530 may monitor whether at least one object (eg, a user or other obstacle) enters at least one warning and monitoring area.

[0044] At 503, in response to UE 530 detecting at least one object entering at least one warning and monitoring area at 501, UE 530 may calculate at least one predicted power back-off (P-PBO) value. In certain exemplary embodiments, the at least one P-PBO may be associated with a worst-case scenario based on at least one current operating condition of UE 530. For example, the at least one worst-case P-PBO may be a maximum P-PBO.

[0045] At 505 , UE 530 may transmit at least one warning indication to NE 540 , indicating having entered at least one warning and monitoring area, the likelihood of at least one MPE event occurring, at least one calculated P-PBO value, and / or the worst-case P-PBO calculated at 503 .

[0046] In some exemplary embodiments, the at least one warning indication may depend on at least one reporting configuration and / or may be similar to a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) element, such as a power headroom report (PHR) structure described in section 6.1.3.8 of 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.321, e.g. Figure 6Typically, the PHR reports any changes in path loss, both UL and DL. However, the PHR itself may not be practical for P-PBO reporting because the UE power headroom is 100% regardless of the NE requested transmit power, while the transmit exposure may vary dramatically as the UE moves.

[0047] In addition, at least one bit of the MAC CE element may be reserved for indicating that at least one warning indication includes at least one maximum P-PBO (maxP-PBO). In various exemplary embodiments, the at least one warning indication may include one or more of the following: at least one cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI); at least one value, such as the current maximum output power (P) of the UE 530 for the carrier f of the serving cell C configured as a reference; CMAX,f,c ); and / or at least one UL duty cycle (if applicable). The at least one warning indication may include any combination of these characteristics, Figure 7 Several different combinations are shown in the figure.

[0048] At 507, NE 540 may determine at least one candidate link to monitor based on at least one MPE event being triggered. In various exemplary embodiments, this determination may be based on at least one warning indication indicating that at least one warning area has been triggered and / or an indication of the worst P-PBO received from UE 530. As an example, if it is determined that a handover procedure may be required, NE 540 may further evaluate at least one neighboring cell load.

[0049] At 509, UE 530 may continue to monitor whether at least one object (eg, a user or other obstacle) enters at least one warning and monitoring area (similar to 501). However, 509 may be performed concurrently with 503-507.

[0050] At 511, UE 530 may generate at least one P-PBOR. In certain exemplary embodiments, UE 530 may calculate a trajectory of a user / object entering the warning area relative to UE 530, for example, by using at least one array of UE 530 as a radar and / or using at least one specific beam. Furthermore, UE 530 may associate at least one future frame number with at least one predicted object position, which may be based on its distance from the active array.

[0051] While PHR reports the power headroom and link quality in UL and DL associated with the current frame, the P-PBOR discussed here can separate and report the UL degradation due to predicted user mobility for the upcoming frame. This can enable the best link to be recovered from the UE.

[0052] Additionally or alternatively, the UE 530 may estimate the required P-PBO at a time point associated with at least one future frame number and perform a duty cycle calculation. Finally, the UE 530 may generate at least one vector, such as a P-PBOR vector, comprising a predicted P-PBO value associated with the at least one future frame number.

[0053] At 513, UE 530 may transmit at least one warning indication to NE 540, which indicates at least one P-PBOR curve over a predetermined number of future frames. For example, UE 530 may transmit at least one P-PBOR to NE 540, which may be transmitted in at least one MAC container. The at least one P-PBOR may be configured similar to Figure 8 In some different exemplary embodiments, the at least one P-PBOR may include one or more of the following: a vector of at least one P-PBOR value, a vector of at least one DC value, at least one vector of subframe offsets (such as Figure 8 sfn_off_n in), and at least one P for reference cmax .

[0054] In various exemplary embodiments, the UE 530 may calculate the value included in the at least one P-PBOR by estimating the trajectory of the user / object. Figure 9 In the example of FIG5 , UE 530 can determine the position of a user (using a beam from an array not used for communication) relative to the active array based on the beam providing detection. This positioning can also be performed using delay calculations. The at least one P-PBOR can be generated based at least in part on data from the active and / or passive arrays. The at least one active array can be connected to at least one network entity, such as a gNB similar to NE 540, while the at least one passive array may not be similarly connected but can monitor the at least one user / object and / or provide user / object trajectory data, which is configured for use in the generation of the at least one P-PBOR.

[0055] Figure 10Several scenarios associated with at least one P-PBOR are described. As described above, UE 530 transmits at least one P-PBOR before at least one MPE event occurs. At least one warning indication notifies NE 540 of the worst-case scenario using a P-PBOR vector in subframe form, which indicates the actual predicted severity of the MPE event over time. As shown in scenario 1, a user may approach the antenna, first triggering warning zone detection and then an MPE triggering event. As presented in scenario 2, the user may enter the warning zone without triggering an MPE event, allowing the network to use the received P-PBOR to determine a list of alternative links that do not need to be monitored, thereby saving resources and improving throughput. Furthermore, in scenario 3, the MPE event may be predicted to be short-lived and of moderate severity, leaving it to the network to determine whether to balance the links rather than performing a handover procedure. This will cause UE 530 to periodically monitor user / obstacle status and transmit updated P-PBORs as discussed above. In each of these three scenarios, the NE 540 is notified in advance of the severity and timeframe of the MPE event, which allows the NE 540 to avoid failures and optimize related resources in response.

[0056] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one P-PBOR vector of at least one P-PBO may include at least one indication of the actual severity of at least one MPE event and a time period during which the NE 540 may adjust and / or redirect at least one alternative link.

[0057] At 515, NE 540 may perform at least one action based on the at least one P-PBOR received from UE 530 at 513. In some exemplary embodiments, NE 540 may adjust its policy to compensate for any imbalance between UL and DL. For example, if the severity of the MPE event indicated by UE 530 is below a predetermined threshold, NE 540 may determine that a handover procedure should not be performed. Alternatively, if the severity of the MPE event indicated by UE 530 is equal to or above a predetermined threshold, NE 540 may determine to switch at least one UL transmission to a different frequency, such as FR1.

[0058] At 517, based on the at least one action of 515, NE 540 may transmit at least one message to UE 530, the message configured to cause UE 530 to monitor at least one specific alternative link. At 519, UE 530 may transmit at least one received reference signal received power (RSRP) to NE 540, which indicates the at least one alternative link.

[0059] At 521, UE 530 may continue to monitor whether at least one object (such as a user or other obstacle) has entered at least one warning and monitoring area (similar to 501 and 509). However, 521 may be performed concurrently with 501-519. In addition, at 523, UE 530 may update at least one P-PBOR, which may be transmitted to NE 540 at 525.

[0060] Similar to step 515 , at step 527 , NE 540 may perform at least one action based on the at least one P-PBOR received from UE 530 at step 525 . In some exemplary embodiments, NE 540 may adjust its policy to compensate for any imbalance between UL and DL traffic. For example, if the severity of the MPE event indicated by UE 530 is below a predetermined threshold, NE 540 may determine that a handover procedure should not be performed. Alternatively, if the severity of the MPE event indicated by UE 530 is equal to or above a predetermined threshold, NE 540 may determine to switch at least one UL transmission to a different frequency, such as FR1. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold may be configured by UE 530 or NE 540 and / or may be associated with at least one future subframe number. Furthermore, the length of the P-PBOR may be configured by NE 540.

[0061] Figure 11 FIGURES illustrate a method that may be used by a UE such as Figure 13 An example of a flow chart of a method performed by a UE 1310 is shown. At 1101, the UE may monitor whether at least one object (such as a user or other obstacle) enters at least one warning and monitoring area.

[0062] At 1103, in response to detecting at least one object entering at least one warning and monitoring area at 1101, at least one P-PBO may be calculated. In certain exemplary embodiments, the at least one P-PBO may be associated with a worst-case scenario based on at least one current operating condition of the UE. For example, the at least one worst-case P-PBO may be a maximum P-PBO.

[0063] At 1105, at least one warning indication may be transmitted to at least one NE, such as Figure 13 NE 1320 in 1103 indicates that at least one warning and monitoring area has been entered, the possibility of at least one MPE event occurring, and / or the worst case P-PBO calculated at 1103.

[0064] In some exemplary embodiments, the at least one warning indication may depend on at least one reporting configuration and / or may be similar to a MAC CE element, such as Figure 6The PHR structure is described in 3GPP TS 38.321 Section 6.1.3.8 as shown in Figure 3. Typically, the PHR reports any changes in path loss, both UL and DL. However, the PHR itself may not be practical for P-PBO reporting because the UE power headroom is 100% regardless of the NE's requested transmit power, while the transmit exposure may vary dramatically as the UE moves.

[0065] In addition, at least one bit of the MAC CE element may be reserved for indicating that at least one warning indication includes at least one maximum P-PBO. In various exemplary embodiments, the at least one warning indication may include one or more of the following: at least one C-RNTI; at least one value, such as the current maximum output power (P) of the UE 530 for the carrier f of the serving cell C configured as a reference; CMAX,f,c ); and / or at least one UL duty cycle (if applicable). At least one warning indication may include any combination of these characteristics, wherein Figure 7 Several different combinations are shown in the figure.

[0066] At 1107, the UE may continue to monitor whether at least one object (such as a user or other obstacle) enters at least one warning and monitoring area, similar to 1101. However, 1107 may be performed concurrently with 1101-05.

[0067] At 1109, at least one P-PBOR may be generated. In certain exemplary embodiments, the UE may calculate a user trajectory, for example, by using at least one array of the UE as a radar and / or at least one specific beam. Furthermore, at least one future frame number may be associated with at least one predicted object position, which may be based on its distance from the active array.

[0068] While PHR reports the power headroom associated with the current frame and link quality in both UL and DL, the P-PBOR discussed here can separate and report the UL degradation due to predicted user movement in the upcoming frame. This can allow for optimal link recovery from the NE.

[0069] Additionally or alternatively, a required P-PBO may be estimated at a time point associated with at least one future frame number and a duty cycle calculation may be performed. Finally, at least one vector, such as a P-PBOR vector, may be generated that includes a predicted P-PBO value associated with at least one future frame number.

[0070] At 1111, at least one P-PBOR vector may be transmitted to the NE, indicating at least one set of P-PBOR values ​​over a predetermined number of future frames. For example, the at least one P-PBOR may be transmitted to the at least one NE, which may be transmitted in at least one MAC container. The at least one P-PBOR is configured similar to Figure 8 In some different exemplary embodiments, the at least one P-PBOR may include one or more of the following: a vector of at least one P-PBOR value, a vector of at least one DC value, at least one vector of frame offsets, and at least one P-PBOR for reference. cmax .

[0071] In various exemplary embodiments, the value contained in the at least one P-PBOR may be calculated by estimating the trajectory of the user / object. Figure 9 In the example of FIG, the position of a user / object relative to an active array can be determined based on the beam provided for detection (by the active array, the passive array, or both). This positioning can also be performed using delay calculations. The at least one P-PBOR can be generated based at least in part on data from the active array and / or the passive array. The at least one active array can be connected to at least one network entity, such as a gNB, while the at least one passive array may not be similarly connected but can monitor the at least one user / object and / or provide user / object trajectory data, which is configured for use in the generation of the at least one P-PBOR.

[0072] Figure 10 Several scenarios associated with at least one P-PBOR are described. As described above, at least one P-PBOR can be transmitted before at least one MPE event occurs. At least one warning indication notifies the NE of the worst-case scenario using a P-PBOR vector in subframe form, which can indicate the actual predicted severity of the MPE event over time. As shown in Scenario 1, a user can approach the antenna, first triggering warning zone detection and then triggering an MPE triggering event. As presented in Scenario 2, the user can enter the warning zone without triggering an MPE event, allowing the network to maintain a comprehensive list of alternative links for monitoring, saving resources and improving throughput. Furthermore, in Scenario 3, the MPE event can be predicted to be brief and of moderate severity, leaving the network to determine whether to balance the links rather than performing a handover procedure. This will enable the UE to periodically monitor the status of the user / obstacle and transmit an updated P-PBOR as discussed above. In each of these three scenarios, the NE can be notified of the severity and timeframe of the MPE event in advance, allowing it to prepare for the failure and optimize relevant resources in response.

[0073] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one P-PBOR vector set of the P-PBO level may include at least one indication of actual severity of at least one MPE event and a time period during which the NE may regulate and / or redirect at least one alternative link.

[0074] At 1113 , at least one candidate link may be received from the NE for testing, and at 1115 , at least one received RSRP may be transmitted to the NE, indicating the at least one candidate link.

[0075] At 1117 , the UE may continue to monitor whether at least one object, such as a user or other obstacle, enters at least one warning and monitoring area. Additionally, at 1119 , at least one P-PBOR may be updated, which may be transmitted to the NE at 1121 .

[0076] Figure 12 The diagram illustrates a method that can be used by a NE (such as Figure 13 At 1201, a user may access a network from at least one UE (such as a UE 1320). Figure 13 1310) receiving at least one warning indication indicating that at least one warning and monitoring area has been entered, a likelihood of at least one MPE event occurring, and / or at least one calculated worst-case P-PBO.

[0077] In some exemplary embodiments, the at least one warning indication may depend on at least one reporting configuration and / or may be similar to a MAC CE element, such as Figure 6 The PHR structure is described in 3GPP TS 38.321 Section 6.1.3.8 as shown in Figure 3. Typically, the PHR reports any changes in path loss, both UL and DL. However, the PHR itself may not be practical for P-PBO reporting because the UE power headroom is 100% regardless of the NE requested transmit power, while the transmit exposure may change dramatically as the UE moves.

[0078] In addition, at least one bit of the MAC CE element may be reserved for indicating that at least one warning indication includes at least one maximum P-PBO. In various exemplary embodiments, the at least one warning indication may include one or more of the following: at least one C-RNTI; at least one value, such as the current maximum output power (P) of the UE 530 for the carrier f of the serving cell C configured as a reference; CMAX,f,c ); and / or at least one UL duty cycle (if applicable). At least one warning indication may include any combination of these characteristics, wherein Figure 7 Several different combinations are shown in the figure.

[0079] At 1203, at least one candidate link may be determined based on at least one MPE event being triggered. In various exemplary embodiments, this determination may be based on at least one alarm indication indicating that at least one warning zone has been triggered and / or an indication of the worst P-PBO received from the UE. As an example, if it is determined that a handover procedure may be required, the NE may further evaluate at least one neighboring cell load.

[0080] At 1205, at least one P-PBO vector may be received from at least one UE, which indicates at least one set of P-PBO values ​​over a predetermined number of future frames. For example, the NE may receive at least one P-PBOR from the UE, which may be received in at least one MAC container. The at least one P-PBOR may be configured similarly to Figure 8 In some different exemplary embodiments, the at least one P-PBOR may include one or more of the following: a vector of at least one P-PBOR value, a vector of at least one DC value, at least one vector of subframe offsets, and at least one P-PBOR for reference. cmax .

[0081] In various exemplary embodiments, the value contained in at least one P-PBOR may be derived by estimating the trajectory of the user / object. Figure 9 In the example of FIG, the value can be determined by the passive array based on the position of the user relative to the active array, based on the beam providing the detection. This positioning can also be performed using a delay calculation. The at least one P-PBOR can be generated based at least in part on data from the active and / or passive arrays. The at least one active array can be connected to at least one network entity, such as a gNB, while the at least one passive array may not be similarly connected but can monitor the at least one user / object and / or provide user / object trajectory data, which is configured for use in the generation of the at least one P-PBOR.

[0082] Figure 10Several scenarios associated with at least one P-PBOR are described. As described above, the NE can receive at least one P-PBOR before at least one MPE event occurs. This at least one warning indication notifies the NE of the worst-case scenario using a P-PBOR vector in subframe form, which indicates the actual predicted severity of the MPE event over time. As shown in Scenario 1, a user can approach the antenna, first triggering warning zone detection and then triggering an MPE triggering event. As presented in Scenario 2, the user can enter the warning zone without triggering an MPE event, allowing the network to maintain a comprehensive list of alternative links for monitoring, saving resources and improving throughput. And in Scenario 3, the MPE event can be predicted to be brief and of moderate severity, allowing the network to determine whether to balance links rather than perform a handover procedure. As discussed above, this will cause the UE to periodically monitor the status of users / obstacles and transmit updated P-PBORs. In each of these three scenarios, the NE can be informed of the severity and timeframe of the MPE event in advance, allowing the NE to prepare for the failure and optimize relevant resources in response.

[0083] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one set of P-PBO values ​​may include at least one indication of an actual severity of at least one MPE event and a time period during which the NE may adjust and / or redirect at least one alternative link.

[0084] At 1207, at least one action may be performed based on at least one P-PBOR received from the UE. In some exemplary embodiments, the NE may adjust its policy to compensate for any imbalance between UL and DL. For example, if the severity of the MPE event indicated by the UE is below a predetermined threshold, the NE may determine that a handover procedure should not be performed. Alternatively, if the severity of the MPE event indicated by the UE is equal to or above a predetermined threshold, the UE may determine to switch at least one UL transmission to a different frequency, such as FR1.

[0085] At 1209, based on at least one action in 1207, at least one message may be transmitted to at least one UE, the at least one message configured to cause the UE to monitor at least one specific alternative link. At 1211, at least one received RSRP may be received from the UE, indicating the at least one alternative link. Furthermore, at 1213, at least one updated P-PBOR may be received from the at least one UE.

[0086] At 1215, at least one action may be performed based on at least one P-PBOR received from the UE. In some exemplary embodiments, the NE may adjust its policy to compensate for any imbalance between UL and DL. For example, if the severity of the MPE event indicated by the UE is below a predetermined threshold, the NE may determine that a handover procedure should not be performed. Alternatively, if the severity of the MPE event indicated by the UE is equal to or above a predetermined threshold, the UE may determine to switch at least one UL transmission to a different frequency, such as FR1.

[0087] Figure 13 An example of a system according to certain exemplary embodiments is illustrated. In one exemplary embodiment, the system may include multiple devices, such as UE 1310 and NE 1320.

[0088] UE 1310 may include one or more mobile devices, such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet or portable media player, a digital camera, a camcorder, a video game console, a navigation unit, such as a Global Positioning System (GPS) device, a desktop or laptop computer, a single point positioning device, such as a sensor or smart meter, or any combination thereof.

[0089] NE 1320 may be one or more base stations, such as an evolved Node B (eNB) or a next generation Node B (gNB), a next generation radio access network (NG RAN), a serving gateway, a server, and / or any other access node or a combination thereof.

[0090] One or more of these devices may include at least one processor, indicated as 1311 and 1321, respectively. At least one memory may be provided in one or more of the devices indicated at 1311 and 1321. The memory may be fixed or removable. The memory may include computer program instructions or computer code contained therein. The processors 1311 and 1321 and the memories 1312 and 1322, or a subset thereof, may be configured to provide Figure 6 、 Figure 11 and Figure 12 Although not shown, the device may also include positioning hardware, such as a global positioning system (GPS) or micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) hardware, which can be used to determine the location of the device. Other sensors such as barometers, compasses, etc. are also allowed and can be included to determine location, altitude, direction, etc.

[0091] like Figure 13As shown, transceivers 1313 and 1323 may be provided, and one or more devices may also include at least one antenna, as illustrated at 1314 and 1324, respectively. The device may have many antennas, such as an antenna array configured for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, or multiple antennas for multiple radio access technologies. For example, other configurations of these devices may be provided.

[0092] The transceivers 1313 and 1323 may be transmitters, receivers, or both transmitters and receivers, or units or devices that may be configured for both transmission and reception.

[0093] Processors 1311 and 1321 may be implemented by any computing or data processing device, such as a central processing unit (CPU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or the like. The processor may be implemented as a single controller or multiple controllers or multiple processors.

[0094] Memories 1312 and 1322 can independently be any suitable storage device, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A hard disk drive (HDD), random access memory (RAM), flash memory, or other suitable memory can be used. The memory can be combined on a single integrated circuit as a processor, or can be separate from one or more processors. In addition, the computer program instructions stored in the memory and processed by the processor can be any suitable form of computer program code, for example, a compiled or interpreted computer program written in any suitable programming language. The memory can be removable or non-removable.

[0095] The memory and computer program instructions may be configured to cause a hardware device, such as a user device, to perform any of the processes described below using a processor for a particular device (e.g., see Figure 6 、 Figure 11 and Figure 12 Thus, in some exemplary embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may be encoded with computer instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform a process such as one of the processes described herein. Alternatively, some exemplary embodiments may be implemented entirely in hardware.

[0096] In certain exemplary embodiments, the apparatus may include a Figure 6 、 Figure 11 and Figure 12Circuitry for any of the processes or functions illustrated. For example, the circuitry may be a pure hardware circuit implementation, such as analog and / or digital circuitry. In another example, the circuitry may be a combination of hardware circuitry and software, such as a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuitry with software or firmware, and / or a combination of any portion of a hardware processor with software (including multiple digital signal processors), the software and at least one memory working together to enable the device to perform various processes or functions. In yet another example, the circuitry may be a hardware circuitry and / or a processor, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that includes software, such as firmware for operation. When the software is not required for the operation of the hardware, the software in the circuitry may not be present.

[0097] Figure 14 An example of a 5G network and system architecture according to certain exemplary embodiments is illustrated. Multiple network functions are shown, which may be implemented as software running as part of a network device or dedicated hardware, as a network device itself or dedicated hardware, or as virtual functions running as a network device or dedicated hardware. Figure 1 The NE and UE illustrated in FIG6 may be similar to UE 610 and NE 620, respectively. The UPF may provide services such as intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, routing and forwarding of data packets, inspection of packets, user plane QoS processing, buffering of downlink packets, and / or triggering of downlink data notifications. The AF may primarily interface with the core network to facilitate application use of traffic routing and interact with the policy framework.

[0098] The features, structures, or characteristics of the exemplary embodiments described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more exemplary embodiments. For example, use of the phrases "certain embodiments," "some embodiments," or other similar language throughout this specification means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an exemplary embodiment may be included in at least one exemplary embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in certain embodiments," "in some embodiments," "in other embodiments," or other similar language throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same set of exemplary embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more exemplary embodiments.

[0099] It will be readily understood that the components of certain exemplary embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a variety of different configurations. Accordingly, the following detailed description of certain exemplary embodiments of systems, methods, apparatus, and computer program products for selectively monitoring alternative links is not intended to limit the scope of certain exemplary embodiments, but rather represents selected exemplary implementations.

[0100] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the exemplary embodiments discussed above can be practiced with procedures in a different order and / or hardware elements in configurations different from those disclosed. Therefore, although some exemplary embodiments have been described based on these exemplary embodiments, certain modifications, variations, and alternative configurations will be apparent to those skilled in the art while remaining within the spirit and scope of the exemplary embodiments.

[0101] Partial Glossary

[0102] 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

[0103] 5G fifth generation

[0104] ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit

[0105] BOR Rollback Report

[0106] BS Base Station

[0107] CE control unit

[0108] C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0109] CPU Central Processing Unit

[0110] DC duty cycle

[0111] DL Downlink

[0112] EIRP equivalent isotropically radiated power

[0113] eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband

[0114] eNB Evolved Node B

[0115] EPS Evolved Packet System

[0116] E-UTRAN Evolved Terrestrial Radio Access Network

[0117] FCC Federal Communications Commission

[0118] FR frequency range

[0119] GHz Gigahertz

[0120] gNB Next Generation Node B

[0121] GPS Global Positioning System

[0122] ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

[0123] HDD Hard Drive

[0124] LOS sight

[0125] LTE Long Term Evolution

[0126] MAC Media Access Control

[0127] MmW millimeter wave

[0128] MEMS Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

[0129] MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

[0130] MME Mobility Management Entity

[0131] mMTC massive machine type communication

[0132] MPE Maximum permissible exposure

[0133] NAS Non-Access Stratum

[0134] NE Network Entity

[0135] NG Next Generation

[0136] NG-RAN Next Generation Radio Access Network

[0137] NR New Radio

[0138] NR-U Unlicensed New Radio

[0139] PA power amplifier

[0140] P-PBO Predicted Power Back-off

[0141] P-PBOR Predicted Power Back-off Report

[0142] PC power levels

[0143] P CMAX Maximum output power of user equipment

[0144] PD power density

[0145] PDA Personal Digital Assistant

[0146] PHR Power Headroom Report

[0147] QoS Quality of Service

[0148] RAM Random Access Memory

[0149] RAN Radio Access Network

[0150] RLF Radio Unit Failure

[0151] RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

[0152] TS Technical Specification

[0153] UE User Equipment

[0154] UL Uplink

[0155] UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

[0156] URLLC Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication

[0157] UTRAN Terrestrial Radio Access Network

[0158] WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

Claims

1. A device for communication, comprising: at least one processor; as well as at least one memory including computer program code, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: determining that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area; transmitting at least one indication to at least one network entity, the at least one indication comprising at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value; Generate at least one predicted PBO report P-PBOR; as well as transmitting the at least one P-PBOR to the at least one network entity; wherein the at least one P-PBO value is a maximum P-PBO value based on one or more of: a trajectory of at least one user, a trajectory of at least one obstacle, a speed of at least one user, a speed of at least one obstacle, and at least one time indicator; wherein the at least one P-PBOR is associated with at least one time indicator, and wherein the at least one P-PBOR comprises at least one vector, the at least one vector comprising the at least one P-PBO value from a first time instant (t1) to a second time instant (t2), the first time instant being associated with determining that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area, the second time instant being associated with a maximum PBO value; The at least one time indicator includes one or more of the following: at least one frame number, at least one subframe number, at least one frame offset, at least one subframe offset, at least one time slot number, at least one time slot offset, and at least one subslot offset.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one predefined area is one or more of: configured by said device; configured by the at least one network entity; Based on at least one current T X Power threshold; Based on at least one current EIRP threshold; Based on at least one P CMAX Threshold value; as well as Defined according to one or more of: at least one user device, at least one array type, and at least one current array configuration.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one P-PBOR is further associated with at least one interval value, the interval value being based on one or more of at least one PBO offset and at least one time offset and configured by the at least one network entity.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one P-PBOR is further associated with at least one interval value, the at least one interval value being configured by the apparatus based on one or more of: a trajectory of at least one user, a trajectory of at least one obstacle, a speed of at least one user, and a speed of at least one obstacle. 5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one P-PBO value is updated based on one or more of: a change in the trajectory of the at least one user, a change in the trajectory of at least one obstacle, periodic monitoring, and at least one network request. 6 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one P-PBOR is transmitted if it is determined that one or more of at least one user and at least one obstacle has entered the at least one predefined area.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one P-PBOR is transmitted based on one or more of: The one or more of at least one user and at least one obstacle stepping into the at least one predefined area; and According to at least one threshold configured by the at least one network entity.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one P-PBOR is transmitted according to a periodicity associated with one or more of: at least one time-based threshold; At least one fixed PBO threshold; At least one variable PBO threshold; at least one threshold value configured by the at least one network entity; at least one threshold value configured by the device, and The speed of the at least one user.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one P-PBOR is transmitted after one or more of at least one user and at least one obstacle enters the at least one predefined area.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one P-PBOR further comprises one or more of: at least one vector of PBO values, at least one vector of uplink duty cycle values, at least one vector of subframe offsets, and at least one P CMAX .

11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: At least one indication of at least one candidate link is received for testing.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one P-PBOR further comprises at least one of: at least one maximum P-PBO value associated with at least one future subframe number based on an estimated trajectory of the at least one obstacle associated with at least one array of the apparatus; and One or more vectors of at least one worst possible PBO value associated with at least one array of the apparatus at one or more of at least one specific frame number and at least one specific subframe number.

13. An apparatus for communication, comprising: at least one processor; as well as at least one memory including computer program code, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: receiving at least one indication from at least one user equipment, the at least one indication comprising at least one predicted power backoff (P-PBO) value; determining at least one candidate link to be monitored when at least one event is triggered; and receiving at least one predicted-PBO report P-PBOR from the at least one user equipment; wherein the at least one P-PBO value is a maximum P-PBO value based on one or more of: a trajectory of at least one user, a trajectory of at least one obstacle, a speed of at least one user, a speed of at least one obstacle, and at least one time indicator; wherein the at least one P-PBOR is associated with at least one time indicator, and wherein the at least one P-PBOR comprises at least one vector, the at least one vector comprising the at least one P-PBO value from a first time instant (t1) to a second time instant (t2), the first time instant being associated with determining that at least one obstacle has entered at least one predefined area, the second time instant being associated with a maximum PBO value; The at least one time indicator includes one or more of the following: at least one frame number, at least one subframe number, at least one frame offset, at least one subframe offset, at least one time slot number, at least one time slot offset, and at least one subslot offset.

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