A fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating a low-dimensional proton acid and a method for preparing and using the same

Abstract

The application relates to a fuel cell catalyst structure introducing low-dimensional proton acid and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of fuel cells and water electrolysis. The application is a modification on the surface of a catalyst carrier or / and a catalytic component, and the application is not to control the structure of a catalytic layer by adjusting the structure of a catalyst and ionomer Nafion, but to form proton adsorption and desorption sites on the surface of the catalyst carrier or the surface of the catalytic component, transmit protons through the proton sites, and provide higher proton accessibility. The proton channels can synergistically play a role with ionomer Nafion channels.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating low-dimensional protic acids, its preparation method, and its application, belonging to the fields of fuel cells and water electrolysis technology. Background Technology

[0002] Fuel cells are clean and efficient energy conversion devices. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered one of the most promising energy devices due to their inherent characteristics and have already been applied in automobiles, power plants, and other fields. In a PEMFC, hydrogen introduced at the anode is oxidized to produce electrons and protons, while oxygen at the cathode is reduced and combines with protons to form water. To achieve higher power per unit area, good proton and oxygen transport to the catalyst surface is required to ensure rapid reaction.

[0003] Patent CN1820848B proposes a special catalyst structure that enhances catalyst activity by incorporating a support, nanoparticles on the support, and catalyst particles formed on the nanoparticles. Wang Xin et al., in patent CN105244513A, proposed modifying the surface of carbon black with graphitic carbon nitride to increase its resistance to electrochemical corrosion in acidic electrolytes. Chu Yuanyuan et al., in patent CN106410220A, proposed an oxide nanowire based on quantum dot modification, which can promote proton conduction and thus improve catalyst activity and efficiency. This involves nitrogen-doped carbon modification on the surface of nanowires—titanium, iron, cobalt, and other oxide nanowires. Existing technologies mainly control the distribution of Nafion ionomers to a certain extent through the overall design of the electrode catalyst layer and the modification of the catalyst conductive substrate.

[0004] The limitations of existing technologies: Fuel cells and water electrolysis involve proton transport within the catalyst layer. Typically, the catalyst layer is constructed by combining a polymer PFSA (phosphorus polymerase chain oxidase) with a catalyst, with Nafion being a common PFSA component. This involves designing appropriate Nafion coating on the catalyst particles while simultaneously facilitating the transport of protons, electrons, hydrogen, and oxygen. This places stringent requirements on the combined structure of the Nafion and catalyst. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical problem to be solved by this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and propose a fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating low-dimensional proton acids and its application. This catalyst structure is a catalyst structure constructed with proton anhydrides and metal nanoparticles on the support surface. By introducing proton anions of single-atom or atomic cluster structure (<1nm), proton acids can be formed in a proton-containing environment, forming additional proton transport pathways in the catalyst structure. This improves the macroscopic proton accessibility of fuel cells using the catalyst structure, effectively solving the demanding design of the three-phase interface in the electrode structure. The proton acid-containing catalyst structure can be applied to fuel cells and catalytic reactions involving proton conduction, such as water electrolysis. It constructs suitable proton transport channels without hindering catalyst mass transfer, and improving the proton accessibility of the catalyst layer has a significant impact on fuel cell performance.

[0006] The technical solution of this invention is:

[0007] A fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating a low-dimensional protic acid, the catalyst structure comprising a catalyst support, a protic acid, and a catalytic component, wherein the catalytic component is metal nanoparticles or metal single atoms;

[0008] The protic acids mentioned are tungstic acid, manganese acid, permanganic acid, (di)chromic acid, vanadic acid, metavanadic acid, bismuth acid, molybdic acid, and their corresponding anhydrides: H x WO3, H x ZrO2, H x TiO2, H x Nd2O3, H x Gd2O3, H x CeO2, H x La2O3, H x Sm2O3, H x At least one of Sb2O3;

[0009] The catalytic component is attached to the catalyst support;

[0010] The protic acid is attached to the catalyst support, and the protic acid and the catalytic component form an ortho-position distribution; the size of a single protic acid is a single atom or atomic cluster of 0.1nm-1nm;

[0011] The protic acid may also adhere to the catalytic component. When the protic acid adheres to the catalytic component, the protic acid and the catalytic component form an alloy. Alternatively, the protic acid and the catalytic component may form a coating structure, in which the protic acid coats the catalytic component.

[0012] Protic acid and catalytic components are attached together on the catalyst support. Both protic acid and catalytic components are located on the surface of the catalyst support, forming a spatial distribution of catalyst rich in protic acid and catalytic sites on the surface of the catalyst support.

[0013] A method for preparing a fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating a low-dimensional protic acid, the method comprising the following steps:

[0014] The catalyst and protic acid are placed together in a reaction vessel, and 5-50 times the mass of the catalyst is added as solvent. A reducing agent with a total mass fraction of 0.05%-20% is also added. After heat treatment, the protic acid can be attached to the catalyst. Then, the target catalyst structure is separated from the solvent.

[0015] The catalysts referred to are commercial Pt / C (e.g., JM 20% Pt / C, JM 40% Pt / C, JM 60% Pt / C, JM 70% Pt / C), transition metal single atoms or alloys (e.g., Fe-NC, Co-NC, Ni-NC, FeCo / C), noble metal single atoms (e.g., Pt-NC, Pd-NC, Rh-NC), noble metal alloys (e.g., TKK 52% PtCo / C, PtNi / C, PtFe / C, PdNi / C), and noble metal nanonetwork films (e.g., PtPd nanonetwork films, PtCu nanonetwork films, AuCu nanonetwork films) that cannot conduct protons.

[0016] The solvent may be at least one of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, butanediol, acetaldehyde, acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, glacial acetic acid, benzene, toluene, chloroform, and diethyl ether.

[0017] The reducing agent is at least one of sulfurous acid, hydrocyanic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tetrahydrofuran, ascorbic acid, and sodium borohydride.

[0018] The heat treatment refers to a temperature between 100℃ and 500℃, with a holding time between 1 and 48 hours.

[0019] The separation method can be centrifugation, filtration, or freeze drying.

[0020] The catalyst structure and Nafion together form a catalyst layer;

[0021] An application of a fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating low-dimensional protic acids is described. The catalyst structure and Nafion together form a catalyst layer, which is then applied to a fuel cell or water electrolysis. When this catalyst layer is applied, the protic acid continuously undergoes proton binding and debinding during fuel cell operation. The presence of the protic acid provides more pathways for proton transport within the catalyst layer, resulting in a macroscopic improvement in proton accessibility—that is, an increase in the overall active area of ​​the catalyst under different humidity conditions—compared to JM 20% Pt / C.

[0022] Beneficial effects

[0023] (1) This invention involves a modification of the catalyst support surface and / or the catalytic component itself. Instead of controlling the structure of the catalytic layer by adjusting the structure of the catalyst and the ionomer Nafion, this invention creates proton adsorption / desorption sites on the catalyst support surface or the surface of the catalytic component. These proton sites facilitate proton transport, providing higher proton accessibility. These proton channels can work synergistically with the ionomer Nafion channels.

[0024] (2) The proton sites formed by the catalyst structure of the present invention are at the single-atom or cluster level, and will not coat the catalyst like the ionomer Nafion, thus hindering the mass transfer process.

[0025] (3) In addition to providing higher proton accessibility, the catalyst structure of the present invention can also play a catalytic or synergistic catalytic role, resulting in improved performance. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the catalyst structure in Example 1 of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 This demonstrates the changing trend of the resistivity response of the catalyst structure in Example 1 in oxygen and hydrogen environments;

[0028] Figure 3 This demonstrates the effect of the catalyst structure in Example 1 on improving proton accessibility in fuel cells;

[0029] Figure 4 This demonstrates the practical application effect of the catalyst structure in Example 1 in a fuel cell. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0031] Example 1

[0032] The PtNi / C catalyst and tungstic acid were placed together in a reaction vessel, and 45 times the mass of butanediol and 2% tetrahydrofuran were added. After heat treatment at 180°C for 36 hours, the protic acid was attached to the catalyst. Then, the target catalyst structure and the solvent were separated by centrifugation.

[0033] The W-doped PtNi / C proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst structure is based on the PtNi / C catalyst structure, with W in an oxidized single-atom state physically adsorbed onto a conductive C support. The introduction of W single atoms further alloys W with PtNi nanoparticles. In this embodiment, a carbon black support is used as the conductive substrate, and the W atoms on the C support surface, in the form of WO3, account for 0.35% of the atomic content. The oxidized W single atoms are randomly spaced on the carbon black support, and oxidized W single atoms are also present on the PtNiW nanoparticles or in the adjacent 1nm micro-region. In this embodiment, Pt alloy particles are loaded on the carbon black support; the W single atoms distributed on the carbon black support, in addition to forming proton acids, also have a relatively fast oxygen reduction ability, specifically exhibiting a lower oxygen reduction reaction energy barrier.

[0034] To illustrate the effects of this embodiment in detail, a schematic diagram of a structure is shown where the conductive substrate is carbon black and W exists as single atoms in the oxidized state, as follows. Figure 1 As shown.

[0035] The obtained catalyst structure and Nafion were used together to form a catalyst layer, which was then applied to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The resistance response, proton accessibility, and cell polarization of the simulated half cell were tested.

[0036] During the resistance response test of the simulated half-cell, the electrolyte dissolution atmosphere was periodically switched between hydrogen and oxygen. The results showed that the designed catalyst structure exhibited a significant electrochemical conduction effect when the electrode was in an acidic electrolyte environment. Figure 2 As shown, in an oxygen environment, an oxygen reduction reaction occurs, opening up the proton transport pathway and significantly increasing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure, resulting in a decreasing resistance. In a hydrogen environment, single atoms form tungstate structures, gradually closing the proton transport pathway and causing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure to decrease to a stable value, resulting in a gradually increasing resistance. This is because the introduction of proton acid into the catalyst structure creates proton transport channels within the catalyst layer under operating conditions, effectively solving the stringent requirements of the contact structure between the catalyst and the ionomer Nafion, and overcoming the technical bottleneck of the catalyst slurry mixing process. Furthermore, this proton acidification process is cyclical.

[0037] In the proton accessibility test, the active area of ​​the catalyst structure in the battery was measured under conditions where hydrogen was introduced at the anode and a mixture of 1% carbon monoxide and 99% nitrogen was introduced at the cathode. The results showed that, under different humidity levels, the proton accessibility of the PtNiW / C catalyst structure was improved by 16.34% compared to JM 20% Pt / C. Figure 3 As shown.

[0038] During battery polarization testing, the test conditions were set as follows: the anodic loading of Pt was 0.1 mg / cm³. 2 Pt The cathode loading is 0.05 mg / cm³. 2 Pt A comparative test was conducted on PtNiW / C cells and JM 20%Pt / C cells under oxygen conditions, and the performance improvement of the fuel cells was as follows: Figure 4 As shown, in this type of battery where there is no oxygen mass transfer problem, the peak power exhibits 795 mW / cm². 2 The huge differences.

[0039] Example 2

[0040] The PtFe / C catalyst and tungstic acid were placed together in a reaction vessel, and 42 times the mass of the catalyst, butanediol and 3% tetrahydrofuran were added. After heat treatment at 220°C for 36 hours, the protic acid was attached to the catalyst. Then, the target catalyst structure and the solvent were separated by vacuum filtration.

[0041] The W-doped PtFe / C catalyst structure is based on the PtFe / C catalyst structure, with W doped with H x WO y The W and PtFe nanoparticles are physically adsorbed and distributed on the conductive substrate. The introduction of tungstic acid further alloys the W and PtFe nanoparticles. In this embodiment, carbon is used as the conductive substrate, with W atoms comprising 0.35% of the substrate surface, forming tungstic acid. The tungstic acid molecules are randomly spaced on the carbon support, and tungstic acid molecules are also present on or within the adjacent 1 nm micro-region of the PtFeW nanoparticles. In this embodiment, Pt alloy particles are loaded onto the conductive substrate; the tungstic acid molecules, physically adsorbed and distributed on the conductive substrate, are not only protic acids but also possess a rapid oxygen reduction capacity, specifically exhibiting a lower oxygen reduction reaction energy barrier.

[0042] To illustrate the effects of this embodiment in detail, a schematic diagram of a structure is shown where the conductive substrate is carbon black and W exists as single atoms in the oxidized state.

[0043] The obtained catalyst structure and Nafion were used together to form a catalyst layer, which was then applied to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The resistance response, proton accessibility, and cell polarization of the simulated half cell were tested.

[0044] During the resistance response test of the simulated half-cell, the electrolyte dissolution atmosphere was periodically switched between hydrogen and oxygen. The results showed that the designed catalyst structure exhibited a significant electrochemical conduction effect when the electrode was in an acidic electrolyte. Specifically, in an oxygen environment, an oxygen reduction reaction occurred, opening the proton conduction pathway and significantly increasing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure, resulting in a decreasing resistance. In a hydrogen environment, single atoms formed tungstate structures, gradually closing the proton transport pathway, causing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure to decrease to a stable value, and the tested resistance showed a gradual increasing trend. This is because the catalyst structure, through the introduction of proton acid, forms proton transport channels within the catalyst layer under operating conditions, effectively solving the stringent requirements of the contact structure between the catalyst and the ionomer Nafion, and overcoming the technical bottleneck of the catalyst slurry mixing process. Furthermore, this proton acidification process is cyclical.

[0045] During the proton accessibility test, the active area of ​​the catalyst structure in the battery was measured under the conditions of hydrogen gas being introduced at the anode and a mixture of 1% carbon monoxide and 99% nitrogen gas being introduced at the cathode. The results showed that the proton accessibility of the PtFeW / C catalyst structure was improved by 16.34% compared with JM 20%Pt / C under different humidity conditions.

[0046] During battery polarization testing, the test conditions were set as follows: the anodic loading of Pt was 0.1 mg / cm³. 2 Pt The cathode loading is 0.05 mg / cm³. 2 Pt A comparative test was conducted on PtFeW / C cells and JM 20%Pt / C cells under oxygen conditions. The fuel cell performance was improved; in this cell where oxygen mass transfer is not an issue, the peak power output reached 795 mW / cm². 2 The huge differences.

[0047] Example 3

[0048] The PdNi / C catalyst and molybdic acid were placed together in a reaction vessel, and 43 times the mass of butanediol and 1% tetrahydrofuran were added. After heat treatment at 200°C for 36 hours, the protic acid was attached to the catalyst. Then the target catalyst structure and the solvent were separated by vacuum filtration.

[0049] The Mo-doped PdNi / C catalyst structure is based on the PdNi / C catalyst structure, with Mo distributed as oxidized single atoms on a conductive substrate through physical adsorption. The introduction of Mo single atoms further alloys Mo with PdNi nanoparticles. In this embodiment, carbon is used as the conductive substrate, and the Mo atoms on the substrate surface account for approximately 0.35% of the total atomic content, forming MoO3. The elemental distribution of the support is as follows... Figure 1 As shown, the distribution of oxidized Mo single atoms on the carbon support is random and spaced out. Oxidized Mo single atoms also exist on the PdNiMo nanoparticles or in the adjacent 1 nm micro-region. In this embodiment, Pd alloy particles are loaded on a conductive substrate. The Mo single atoms distributed on the conductive substrate through physical adsorption can form protonic acids and also have a relatively fast oxygen reduction ability, specifically exhibiting a lower oxygen reduction reaction energy barrier.

[0050] To illustrate the effects of this embodiment in detail, a schematic diagram of a structure is shown where the conductive substrate is carbon black and Mo exists as single atoms in the oxidized state.

[0051] The obtained catalyst structure and Nafion were used together to form a catalyst layer, which was then applied to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The resistance response, proton accessibility, and cell polarization of the simulated half cell were tested.

[0052] During the resistance response test of the simulated half-cell, the electrolyte dissolution atmosphere was periodically switched between hydrogen and oxygen. The results showed that the designed catalyst structure exhibited a significant electrochemical conduction effect when the electrode was in an acidic electrolyte. Specifically, in an oxygen environment, an oxygen reduction reaction occurred, opening the proton conduction pathway and significantly increasing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure, resulting in a decreasing resistance. In a hydrogen environment, single atoms formed a molybdate structure, gradually closing the proton transport pathway, causing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure to decrease to a stable value, and the tested resistance showed a gradual increasing trend. This is because the catalyst structure, through the introduction of proton acid, forms a proton transport channel within the catalyst layer under the working environment, effectively solving the stringent requirements of the contact structure between the catalyst and the ionomer Nafion, and overcoming the technical bottleneck of the catalyst slurry mixing process. Furthermore, this proton acidification process is cyclical.

[0053] During the proton accessibility test, the active area of ​​the catalyst structure in the battery was measured under the conditions of hydrogen gas being introduced at the anode and a mixture of 1% carbon monoxide and 99% nitrogen gas being introduced at the cathode. The results showed that the proton accessibility of the PdNiMo / C catalyst structure was improved by 16.34% compared with JM 20%Pt / C under different humidity conditions.

[0054] During battery polarization testing, the test conditions were set as follows: the anodic loading of Pt was 0.1 mg / cm³. 2 Pt The cathode loading is 0.05 mg / cm³. 2 Pd A comparative test was conducted on PdNiMo / C and JM 20%Pt / C batteries under oxygen conditions. The fuel cell performance was improved in this battery, which does not have oxygen mass transfer issues, exhibiting a peak power of 795 mW / cm². 2 The huge differences.

[0055] Example 4

[0056] The FeCo / C catalyst and titanic acid were placed together in a reaction vessel, and 43 times the mass of toluene and 2% tetrahydrofuran were added. After heat treatment at 150°C for 16 hours, the protic acid was attached to the catalyst. Then, the target catalyst structure and the solvent were separated by vacuum filtration.

[0057] The Ti-doped FeCo / C catalyst structure is based on the FeCo / C catalyst structure, with Ti atoms in their oxidized single-atom state physically adsorbed onto a conductive substrate. The introduction of these Ti single atoms further alloys the Ti with the FeCo nanoparticles. In this embodiment, carbon is used as the conductive substrate, with Ti atoms on the substrate surface comprising approximately 0.35% of the total content, forming TiO2. The elemental distribution of the support is as follows... Figure 1 As shown, the distribution of oxidized Ti single atoms on the carbon support is random and spaced out. Oxidized Ti single atoms also exist on the FeCoTi nanoparticles or in the adjacent 1 nm micro-region. In this embodiment, FeCo alloy particles are loaded on a conductive substrate. The Ti single atoms distributed on the conductive substrate through physical adsorption can not only form protonic acids but also have a relatively fast oxygen reduction ability, specifically exhibiting a lower oxygen reduction reaction energy barrier.

[0058] To illustrate the effects of this embodiment in detail, a schematic diagram of a structure is shown where the conductive substrate is carbon black and Ti exists as single atoms in the oxidized state.

[0059] The obtained catalyst structure and Nafion were used together to form a catalyst layer, which was then applied to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The resistance response, proton accessibility, and cell polarization of the simulated half cell were tested.

[0060] During the resistance response test of the simulated half-cell, the electrolyte dissolution atmosphere was periodically switched between hydrogen and oxygen. The results showed that the designed catalyst structure exhibited a significant electrochemical conduction effect when the electrode was in an acidic electrolyte. Specifically, in an oxygen environment, an oxygen reduction reaction occurred, opening the proton conduction pathway and significantly increasing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure, resulting in a decreasing resistance. In a hydrogen environment, single atoms formed titanate structures, gradually closing the proton transport pathway, causing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure to decrease to a stable value, and the tested resistance showed a gradual increasing trend. This is because the catalyst structure, through the introduction of proton acid, forms proton transport channels within the catalyst layer under operating conditions, effectively solving the stringent requirements of the contact structure between the catalyst and the ionomer Nafion, and overcoming the technical bottleneck of the catalyst slurry mixing process. Furthermore, this proton acidification process is cyclical.

[0061] During the proton accessibility test, the active area of ​​the catalyst structure in the battery was measured under the conditions of hydrogen gas being introduced at the anode and a mixture of 1% carbon monoxide and 99% nitrogen gas being introduced at the cathode. The results showed that the proton accessibility of the FeCoTi / C catalyst structure was improved by 16.34% compared with JM 20%Pt / C under different humidity conditions.

[0062] During battery polarization testing, the test conditions were set as follows: the anodic loading of Pt was 0.1 mg / cm³. 2 Pt The cathode loading is 0.3 mg / cm³. 2 FeCoTi Comparative tests were conducted on FeCoTi / C and JM 20%Pt / C batteries under oxygen conditions. The fuel cell performance was improved; in this battery where oxygen mass transfer is not an issue, the peak power output reached 795 mW / cm². 2 The huge differences.

[0063] Example 5

[0064] The Fe-NC catalyst and tungstic acid were placed together in a reaction vessel, and toluene (33 times the mass of the catalyst) and tetrahydrofuran (4% by mass) were added. After heat treatment at 160°C for 16 hours, the protic acid was attached to the catalyst. Then, the target catalyst structure and the solvent were separated by vacuum filtration.

[0065] The W-doped Fe-NC catalyst structure is based on the Fe-NC catalyst structure, with W atoms in their oxidized single-atom state physically adsorbed onto the Fe-NC catalyst surface. In this embodiment, the W atoms account for approximately 0.35% of the Fe-NC catalyst surface, forming tungsten oxide, and the W elemental distribution of the support is as follows. Figure 1 As shown, the distribution of oxidized W single atoms on the Fe-NC catalyst is a random, interspersed distribution. In this embodiment, an FeW-NC catalyst is used; the W single atoms distributed on the catalyst surface through physical adsorption can not only form protic acids, but also have a relatively fast oxygen reduction ability, specifically exhibiting a lower oxygen reduction reaction energy barrier.

[0066] To illustrate the effects of this embodiment in detail, a schematic diagram of a structure is shown where the conductive substrate is carbon black and W exists as single atoms in the oxidized state.

[0067] The obtained catalyst structure and Nafion were used together to form a catalyst layer, which was then applied to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The resistance response, proton accessibility, and cell polarization of the simulated half cell were tested.

[0068] During the resistance response test of the simulated half-cell, the electrolyte dissolution atmosphere was periodically switched between hydrogen and oxygen. The results showed that the designed catalyst structure exhibited a significant electrochemical conduction effect when the electrode was in an acidic electrolyte. Specifically, in an oxygen environment, an oxygen reduction reaction occurred, opening the proton conduction pathway and significantly increasing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure, resulting in a decreasing resistance. In a hydrogen environment, single atoms formed tungstate structures, gradually closing the proton transport pathway, causing the overall conductive carrier concentration of the catalyst structure to decrease to a stable value, and the tested resistance showed a gradual increasing trend. This is because the catalyst structure, through the introduction of proton acid, forms proton transport channels within the catalyst layer under operating conditions, effectively solving the stringent requirements of the contact structure between the catalyst and the ionomer Nafion, and overcoming the technical bottleneck of the catalyst slurry mixing process. Furthermore, this proton acidification process is cyclical.

[0069] During the proton accessibility test, the active area of ​​the catalyst structure in the battery was measured under the conditions of hydrogen gas being introduced at the anode and a mixture of 1% carbon monoxide and 99% nitrogen gas being introduced at the cathode. The results showed that the proton accessibility of the FeW-NC catalyst structure was improved by 16.34% compared with JM 20% Pt / C under different humidity conditions.

[0070] During battery polarization testing, the test conditions were set as follows: the anodic loading of Pt was 0.1 mg / cm³. 2 Pt The cathode loading is 0.3 mg / cm³. 2 FeW Comparative tests were conducted on FeW-NC and JM 20% Pt / C batteries under oxygen conditions. The fuel cell performance was improved; in this battery where oxygen mass transfer is not an issue, the peak power output reached 795 mW / cm². 2The huge differences.

Claims

1. A fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating a low-dimensional protic acid, characterized in that: The catalyst structure includes a catalyst support, a protic acid, and a catalytic component; The protic acid is at least one of tungstic acid, manganic acid, permanganic acid, chromic acid, vanadic acid, metavanadic acid, bismuthic acid, and molybdic acid. The catalytic component is attached to the catalyst support; The protic acid is distributed on the surface of the catalyst support in the form of clusters or single atoms; Protic acids form an ortho-position distribution with catalytic components, and the size of a single protic acid is a single atom or atomic cluster of 0.1nm-1nm.

2. The fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating a low-dimensional protic acid according to claim 1, characterized in that: The catalytic components are metal nanoparticles or metal single atoms.

3. The fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating a low-dimensional protic acid according to claim 1, characterized in that: The protic acid is attached to the catalytic component. When the protic acid is attached to the catalytic component, the protic acid and the catalytic component form an alloy or a coating structure, and the protic acid coats the catalytic component.

4. A method for preparing a fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating a low-dimensional protic acid as described in claim 1, characterized in that... The steps of this method include: The catalyst, protic acid, solvent and reducing agent are mixed, and then the mixture is heat-treated. After the heat treatment is completed, the mixture is separated to obtain a fuel cell catalyst structure with low-dimensional protic acid introduced. The mass of the solvent is 5-50 times the mass of the catalyst; The reducing agent is 0.05%-20% of the total mass of the substance, which includes the catalyst, protic acid, and solvent. The ratio of the catalyst to the protic acid is between 1000:1 and 2:

1. The catalyst is at least one of Fe-NC, FeCo / C, PtNi / C, PtFe / C, and PdNi / C; The solvent is at least one selected from methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, butanediol, acetaldehyde, acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, glacial acetic acid, benzene, toluene, chloroform, and diethyl ether. The reducing agent is at least one of sulfurous acid, hydrocyanic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tetrahydrofuran, ascorbic acid, and sodium borohydride. The separation mentioned refers to the separation of solids and liquids, and the separation methods are centrifugation, filtration or freeze drying; The heat treatment temperature is 100-500℃, and the heat treatment time is 1-48h.

5. The application of the fuel cell catalyst structure incorporating a low-dimensional protic acid as described in claim 1, characterized in that: When the catalyst layer formed by the catalyst structure and Nafion is applied to fuel cells or water electrolysis, proton binding and debinding occur in proton-rich acids during fuel cell operation.

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